);
664 | ```
665 |
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/server/static/file/TypeScript入门学习总结.html:
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1 | TypeScript 常用知识点总结
2 |
3 | TypeScript 中文手册
4 | TypeScript-系统入门到项目实战
5 |
6 |
7 | 什么是 TypeScript
8 | TypeScript 是 JavaScript 的一个超集,在 JavaScript 的基础上增加了可选的静态类型和基于类的面向对象编程。它可以编译成纯 JavaScript,未编译的 ts 代码无法在浏览器执行。我们可以把它和 JavaScript 的关系理解成 css 和 less、sass 的关系。
9 | TypeScript 好在哪里
10 |
11 | - TS 可以进行动态类型检测,可以检测出一些潜在的 bug(例如拼写错误、参数缺失、undefined 等),提升代码健壮性
12 | - 使用 vscode 进行开发可以很好的提示代码,提高开发效率
13 | - 代码可读性好
14 |
15 | 创建第一个 TypeScript 文件
16 | 首先安装 TypeScript
17 | npm install -g typescript
18 |
19 | 安装后看是否成功
20 |
22 | 我安装后出现了以下问题:
23 |
24 | 这种情况只需要以管理员的身份打开命令行运行以下命令:
25 | set-ExecutionPolicy RemoteSigned
26 |
27 | 创建第一个 ts 文件Hello.ts
28 | function sayHello(name: String) {
29 | console.log(`Hello ${name}`);
30 | }
31 | let person = 'Alan';
32 | sayHello(person);
33 |
34 | 我们发现 ts 代码和普通的 js 代码在 sayHello 函数的参数上有所不同。
35 | sayHello(name: String)
36 | 大致的意思就是 sayHello 传入一个名为 name 的参数,该参数的类型必须是 String ,不然无法通过 ts 的编译。
37 | 代码写好后用 tsc 编译上面的 Hello.ts 文件
38 |
40 | 编译成功后在同级目录下生成一个 Hello.js 文件,可以看到生成的 js 文件只是将 es6 语法转化成了 es5 语法,并没有改变其他代码。
41 | function sayHello(name) {
42 | console.log('Hello ' + name);
43 | }
44 | var person = 'Alan';
45 | sayHello(person);
46 |
47 | 如果把Hello.ts文件改写一下
48 | function sayHello(name: String) {
49 | const text = 3 + name;
50 | console.log(`Hello ${name}`);
51 | }
52 | let person = 123;
53 | sayHello(person);
54 |
55 | 再次编译发现会报错但是仍然能生成 js 文件:
56 | 
57 | 上面错误的具体意思是
58 |
59 | - 由于声明了函数形参
name 为静态类型 string ,而在调用时传入得是 number 类型 123 ,与前面的 string 不符。
60 | - 在
sayHello 函数中将 name(string) 和 3(number) 两种不同类型得值进行了相加。
61 |
62 | 我们发现每次都要通过 tsc 来编译 ts 文件能得到 js 文件后再去运行 js 文件,过于麻烦。可以使用插件 ts-node 来直接运行 ts 文件。
63 |
65 |
67 | :::info
68 | ts 能够尝试分析变量类型(类型推断),ts 无法分析出的变量最好显式声明变量类型(类型注解)
69 | :::
70 | 基础类型
71 | 变量的声明:let [变量名] : [类型] = 值
72 | 例如: let age: number = 21
73 | TypeScript 支持与 JavaScript 几乎相同的数据类型
74 |
75 | - boolean(布尔值)
76 | - number(数值)
77 | - string(字符串)
78 | - []/Array<元素类型>(数组)
79 | - 元组 Tuple
80 | - enum(枚举)
81 | - any(任何值)
82 | - void(空值)
83 | - null
84 | - undefined
85 | - never
86 |
87 | 数组
88 | 有 2 种方式定义数组
89 | let arr: number[] = [1, 2, 3]; // 元素类型后接上`[]`
90 | let arr: Array<number> = [1, 2, 3]; // 数组泛型
91 | let arr: (number | string)[] = [1, '2', '4']; // 元素类型可以是number或string(类似元组)
92 |
93 | 元组 tuple
94 | 表示一个数组(各个元素的类型不必相同)
95 | let list: [string, number]; //第一个元素为string类型,第二个为number类型
96 | a = ['abc', 123]; //合格
97 | b = [123, 'abc']; //不合格
98 |
99 | 枚举
100 | 其实有点类似对象
101 | 看例子吧
102 | enum lan {js, ts, css};
103 | console.log(lan.js); // 0 js对应的下标,第一个默认下标为0
104 |
105 | enum lan {
106 | js = 3,
107 | ts,
108 | css,
109 | }
110 | console.log(lan.js); // 3
111 | console.log(lan.ts); // 4
112 | console.log(lan.css); // 5
113 |
114 | enum lan {
115 | js,
116 | ts = 3,
117 | css,
118 | }
119 | console.log(lan.js); // 0
120 | console.log(lan.ts); // 3
121 | console.log(lan.css); // 4
122 | console.log(lan[4]); // css
123 | console.log(lan[1]); // undefined
124 | // 第一个默认下标为0,css接着ts的值+1
125 |
126 | enum lan {js = 'good', ts = 'nice', css = 'well'};
127 | console.log(lan.js); // good
128 |
129 | // const枚举,为了避免在额外生成的代码上的开销和额外的非直接的对枚举成员的访问。
130 | const enum People {
131 | name: 'Alan',
132 | age: 23
133 | }
134 |
135 | // 编译时会自动转化成常量值,不会保留其他代码
136 | console.log(People.name); // Alan
137 |
138 | any
139 | 顾名思义,任意值,当我们想为还不清楚类型的变量指定一个类型时, any 就是最好的选择 🤭
140 | let a: any = 4;
141 | a = '123'; //合格
142 |
143 | let arr: any[] = [1, '123', true]; // 和元组很像
144 | arr[1] = 'good';
145 |
146 | void
147 | 常用于无返回值的函数声明
148 | function func(): void {
149 | console.log('learning typescript...');
150 | }
151 | func(); //合格
152 |
153 | function func(): void {
154 | return 1;
155 | }
156 | func(); // 不合格:Type '1' is not assignable to type 'void'
157 |
158 | null 和 undefined
159 | 用处不大,默认情况下是所有类型的子类型,例如下面代码是没有问题的:
160 | let a: string;
161 | a = undefined;
162 | a = null;
163 |
164 | 但是,当指定--strictNullChecks标记时,null 和 undefined 只能赋值给 void 和他们自己本身。
165 | never
166 | 表示永不存在的值的类型
167 | never 类型是那些总是会抛出异常或根本就不会有返回值的函数表达式或箭头函数表达式的返回值类型;
168 | 变量也可能是 never 类型,当它们被永不为真的类型保护所约束时。
169 | never 类型是任何类型的子类型,也可以赋值给任何类型;然而,没有类型是 never 的子类型或可以赋值给 never 类型(除了 never 本身之外)。 即使 any 也不可以赋值给 never。
170 | function error(message: string): never {
171 | throw new Error(message);
172 | }
173 |
174 | // 返回never的函数必须存在无法达到的终点
175 | function infiniteLoop(): never {
176 | while (true) {}
177 | }
178 |
179 | 结构赋值的写法
180 | function sayAge({ name, age }: { name: string | number; age: number }): void {
181 | console.log(`${name} is ${age} years old`);
182 | }
183 | sayAge({ name: 'Alan', age: 22 });
184 | sayAge({ name: 2, age: 22 });
185 |
186 | 联合类型
187 | 用 | 来表示取值存在多种可能
188 | let a: string | number;
189 | a = 1;
190 | a = 'A';
191 |
192 | 类型断言
193 | 可以自己指定一个值的类型
194 | 格式如下
195 | <类型>值
196 | 值 as 类型
197 | interface student {
198 | isStudent: boolean;
199 | education: number;
200 | }
201 | interface worker {
202 | isStudent: boolean;
203 | seniority: number;
204 | }
205 | function Recruit(candidate: worker | student): void {
206 | if (candidate.isStudent) {
207 | console.log(`your education is ${(candidate as student).education}`);
208 | } else {
209 | console.log(`your seniority is ${(candidate as worker).seniority}`);
210 | }
211 | }
212 |
213 | const a: student = { isStudent: true, education: 4 };
214 | const b: worker = { isStudent: false, seniority: 2 };
215 | Recruit(a);
216 | Recruit(b);
217 |
218 | 由于 candidate 使用了联合类型,所以 ts 无法判断 candidate 究竟是属于 student 还是 worker ,所以要使用类型断言来显式告诉 ts。
219 | 当然还有其他方式来实现
220 | interface student {
221 | isStudent: boolean;
222 | education: number;
223 | }
224 | interface worker {
225 | isStudent: boolean;
226 | seniority: number;
227 | }
228 | function Recruit(candidate: worker | student): void {
229 | 'education' in candidate && console.log(`your education is ${candidate.education}`);
230 | 'seniority' in candidate && console.log(`your seniority is ${candidate.seniority}`);
231 | }
232 |
233 | const a: student = { isStudent: true, education: 4 };
234 | const b: worker = { isStudent: false, seniority: 2 };
235 | Recruit(a);
236 | Recruit(b);
237 |
238 |
239 | - typeof
240 | - instanceof
241 |
242 | 非空断言
243 | !. 对应 --strictNullChecks
244 | interface person {
245 | name: string;
246 | }
247 | function work(personObj?: person) {
248 | // 由于 personObj 可能不传,所以 personObj 可能为 undefined,使用 !. 可以断言 personObj 不为空
249 | console.log(personObj!.name);
250 | }
251 |
252 | 接口 interface
253 | 先看一个接口的例子
254 | interface person {
255 | name: string;
256 | }
257 | function work(personObj: person) {
258 | console.log(personObj.name);
259 | }
260 | let person1 = { name: 'Alan', age: 21 };
261 | work(person1);
262 | let person2 = { age: 21 };
263 | work(person2);
264 |
265 | 
266 | 定义接口的关键字是 interface
267 | 这个例子需要传入 work 的参数必须是一个带有 name(string)的对象,可以理解为我要招聘一个有名字的员工,没有名字的都不需要。当然我们的 person1 中还多了一个age属性,这并不会报错。可是当我们直接传递参数时是会出错的。
268 | work({ name: 'Alan', age: 21 });
269 |
270 | 那如果我不确定要招聘的员工除了有姓名外还需要其他什么属性时,可以像下面一样重新定义接口就可以解决上面的问题了。
271 | interface person {
272 | name: string;
273 | [propName: string]: any;
274 | }
275 |
276 | 可选属性
277 | 那如果我的招聘条件是最好懂 typescript 的,这个时候 typescript 就是可有可无的(最好懂,嘿嘿 😜),那我们就要用到可选属性了
278 | 可选属性在可选属性名后面加上一个?
279 | interface person {
280 | name: string;
281 | ts?: boolean;
282 | }
283 | function Recruit(personObj: person): string {
284 | if (personObj.ts) {
285 | return `congratulations!${personObj.name}`;
286 | } else {
287 | return `sorry,${personObj.name}, we need a employee who know ts!`;
288 | }
289 | }
290 | let person1 = { name: 'Alan', age: 21, ts: true };
291 | console.log(Recruit(person1));
292 | let person2 = { name: 'Bob', age: 21 };
293 | console.log(Recruit(person2));
294 |
295 | 只读属性
296 | 我们都知道人的名字都是不可以改变的(一般情况下),这个时候我们对 person 接口里面的 name 属性稍作修改,在属性名 name 前加上readonly。
297 | :::tip
298 | 当然也可以使用 setter/getter 来实现
299 | :::
300 | interface person {
301 | readonly name: string;
302 | ts?: boolean;
303 | }
304 | let person1: person = { name: 'Alan' };
305 | person1.name = 'Bob'; // Cannot assign to 'name' because it is a read-only property.
306 |
307 | 我们发现 readonly 和 const 的作用好像有点相似,那我们什么时候使用 readonly 什么时候使用 const 呢?
308 | 变量---->const
309 | 属性---->readonly
310 | 函数类型的接口
311 | 接口除了可以描述带有属性的对象外,还可以描述函数类型
312 | 这里创建一个函数来检查你有没有打卡 😁
313 | interface attendanceFunc {
314 | (name: string, startTime: number, endTime: number): boolean;
315 | }
316 | let checkAttendance: attendanceFunc;
317 | checkAttendance = function (name: string, startTime: number, endTime: number): boolean {
318 | let result = startTime < 9 && endTime > 18;
319 | return result;
320 | };
321 | console.log(checkAttendance('Alan', 10, 19)); // false
322 |
323 | 看一下接口的声明:
324 | interface attendanceFunc {
325 | (name: string, startTime: number, endTime: number): boolean;
326 | }
327 |
328 | name,startTime,endTime 放在 () 中代表函数的参数
329 | :boolean 表示函数的返回值类型
330 | 当然上面例子中的checkAttendance的形参以及函数的返回值来说可以不指定类型,因为 checkAttendance 复制给了 attendanceFunc 变量,类型检查器会自动(按照接口中参数的顺序)推断出参数以及返回值的类型,也就是说写成下面这样也是可以的。函数中的参数名可以不和接口中的相同
331 | interface attendanceFunc {
332 | (name: string, startTime: number, endTime: number): boolean;
333 | }
334 | let checkAttendance: attendanceFunc;
335 | checkAttendance = function (n, startTime, endTime) {
336 | let result = startTime < 9 && endTime > 18;
337 | return result;
338 | };
339 | console.log(checkAttendance('Alan', 10, 19)); // false
340 |
341 | 接口的继承
342 | 一个接口可以继承 1 个或者多个接口:
343 | 继承使用关键词extends
344 | interface person {
345 | name: string;
346 | }
347 | interface student {
348 | studentId: number;
349 | }
350 | interface seniorStudent extends person, student {
351 | grade: string;
352 | }
353 | let student1: seniorStudent = { name: 'Alan', studentId: 1, grade: 'one' };
354 | console.log(student1);
355 |
356 | 类 class
357 | TS 中的类和 ES6 中的类很相似,这里只介绍不同的地方
358 | 变量修饰符
359 |
360 | - public(默认)
361 | - private(私有,不能在声明它的类的外部访问)
362 | - protected(和 private 类似,不同的是 protected 声明的变量可以在派生类(即子类)中访问)
363 |
364 | 静态属性 static
365 | class Person {
366 | static fingerNum = 5;
367 | }
368 |
369 | // 只能通过类来访问
370 | console.log(Person.fingerNum);
371 | // 不能通过实例访问
372 | console.log(new Person().fingerNum);
373 |
374 | // 单例模式创建唯一的实例
375 | class singleClass {
376 | private static instance: singleClass;
377 | private constructor(public name: string) {}
378 |
379 | static getInstance() {
380 | if (!this.instance) {
381 | this.instance = new singleClass('Alan');
382 | }
383 | return this.instance;
384 | }
385 | }
386 |
387 | const class1 = singleClass.getInstance();
388 | const class2 = singleClass.getInstance();
389 | console.log(class1.name); // Alan
390 | console.log(class1 === class2); // true
391 |
392 | 构造函数
393 | class Person {
394 | constructor(name, mobile, sex) {
395 | this.name = name;
396 | this.mobile = mobile;
397 | this.sex = sex;
398 | }
399 | public name: string;
400 | private mobile: string;
401 | protected sex: string;
402 | }
403 |
404 | 上面的代码可以简写成下面这样
405 | class Person {
406 | constructor(name: string, private mobile: string, protected sex: string) {}
407 | }
408 |
409 | 抽象类
410 |
411 | - 不能被实例化
412 | - 要使用的话要声明其派生类,并且重写其中的抽象方法
413 |
414 | abstract class Animal {
415 | constructor(public name: string) {}
416 | sayHello() {
417 | console.log('hello');
418 | }
419 | // 声明抽象方法
420 | abstract action(): void;
421 | }
422 |
423 | class Bird extends Animal {
424 | constructor(name) {
425 | super(name);
426 | }
427 | action() {
428 | console.log('jijiji');
429 | }
430 | }
431 |
432 | const bird = new Bird('qc');
433 | console.log(bird);
434 | // Bird { name: 'qc' }
435 |
436 | 泛型
437 |
438 | 泛型(Generics)是指在定义函数、接口或类的时候,不预先指定具体的类型,而在使用的时候再指定类型的一种特性。
439 |
440 | 函数用法:<泛型名>
441 | function Recruit<T>(name: string, props: T) {
442 | return name + props;
443 | }
444 | // 显式指定为T为number类型
445 | console.log(Recruit<number>('Alan', 123)); // Alan123
446 | // TS自动推断为number类型,和上面效果一样
447 | console.log(Recruit('Alan', 123)); // Alan123
448 | console.log(Recruit('Alan', [1, 2, 3])); // Alan1,2,3
449 |
450 | 也可以使用多个泛型名,下面的例子结合了接口来完成
451 | interface Contact {
452 | mobile: string;
453 | }
454 |
455 | interface Address {
456 | province: string;
457 | }
458 |
459 | function Recruit<C extends Contact, A extends Address>(name: string, contact: C, address: A) {
460 | return `${name}'s mobile is ${contact.mobile}, live in ${address.province}`;
461 | }
462 |
463 | console.log(Recruit('Alan', { mobile: '666' }, { province: 'Shanghai' }));
464 | // Alan's mobile is 666, live in Shanghai
465 |
466 | 类用法
467 | interface employee {
468 | name: string;
469 | age: number;
470 | }
471 |
472 | class RecruitManager<T extends employee> {
473 | constructor(private data: Array<T>) {}
474 | select(age: number): T {
475 | return this.data.find((item) => item.age > age);
476 | }
477 | }
478 |
479 | const result = new RecruitManager([
480 | {
481 | name: 'Alan',
482 | age: 22
483 | },
484 | {
485 | name: 'Bob',
486 | age: 18
487 | }
488 | ]);
489 | console.log(result.select(20));
490 |
491 | 泛型约束
492 | 使用 extends 约束泛型
493 | interface info {
494 | mobile: string;
495 | }
496 |
497 | // T泛型必须满足info
498 | function Recruit<T extends info>(name: string, props: T) {
499 | return name + props.mobile;
500 | }
501 |
502 | console.log(Recruit('Alan', { mobile: '1232910830' })); // Alan1232910830
503 |
504 | React 相关
505 | class 组件动态设置 state
506 | this.setState({
507 | [name]: value
508 | } as Pick<CompontentState, keyof CompontentState>);
509 |
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97 | the interface presents a list of user commands or options, such as a
98 | menu, a prominent item in the list meets this criterion.
99 |
100 | 1. Source Code.
101 |
102 | The "source code" for a work means the preferred form of the work
103 | for making modifications to it. "Object code" means any non-source
104 | form of a work.
105 |
106 | A "Standard Interface" means an interface that either is an official
107 | standard defined by a recognized standards body, or, in the case of
108 | interfaces specified for a particular programming language, one that
109 | is widely used among developers working in that language.
110 |
111 | The "System Libraries" of an executable work include anything, other
112 | than the work as a whole, that (a) is included in the normal form of
113 | packaging a Major Component, but which is not part of that Major
114 | Component, and (b) serves only to enable use of the work with that
115 | Major Component, or to implement a Standard Interface for which an
116 | implementation is available to the public in source code form. A
117 | "Major Component", in this context, means a major essential component
118 | (kernel, window system, and so on) of the specific operating system
119 | (if any) on which the executable work runs, or a compiler used to
120 | produce the work, or an object code interpreter used to run it.
121 |
122 | The "Corresponding Source" for a work in object code form means all
123 | the source code needed to generate, install, and (for an executable
124 | work) run the object code and to modify the work, including scripts to
125 | control those activities. However, it does not include the work's
126 | System Libraries, or general-purpose tools or generally available free
127 | programs which are used unmodified in performing those activities but
128 | which are not part of the work. For example, Corresponding Source
129 | includes interface definition files associated with source files for
130 | the work, and the source code for shared libraries and dynamically
131 | linked subprograms that the work is specifically designed to require,
132 | such as by intimate data communication or control flow between those
133 | subprograms and other parts of the work.
134 |
135 | The Corresponding Source need not include anything that users
136 | can regenerate automatically from other parts of the Corresponding
137 | Source.
138 |
139 | The Corresponding Source for a work in source code form is that
140 | same work.
141 |
142 | 2. Basic Permissions.
143 |
144 | All rights granted under this License are granted for the term of
145 | copyright on the Program, and are irrevocable provided the stated
146 | conditions are met. This License explicitly affirms your unlimited
147 | permission to run the unmodified Program. The output from running a
148 | covered work is covered by this License only if the output, given its
149 | content, constitutes a covered work. This License acknowledges your
150 | rights of fair use or other equivalent, as provided by copyright law.
151 |
152 | You may make, run and propagate covered works that you do not
153 | convey, without conditions so long as your license otherwise remains
154 | in force. You may convey covered works to others for the sole purpose
155 | of having them make modifications exclusively for you, or provide you
156 | with facilities for running those works, provided that you comply with
157 | the terms of this License in conveying all material for which you do
158 | not control copyright. Those thus making or running the covered works
159 | for you must do so exclusively on your behalf, under your direction
160 | and control, on terms that prohibit them from making any copies of
161 | your copyrighted material outside their relationship with you.
162 |
163 | Conveying under any other circumstances is permitted solely under
164 | the conditions stated below. Sublicensing is not allowed; section 10
165 | makes it unnecessary.
166 |
167 | 3. Protecting Users' Legal Rights From Anti-Circumvention Law.
168 |
169 | No covered work shall be deemed part of an effective technological
170 | measure under any applicable law fulfilling obligations under article
171 | 11 of the WIPO copyright treaty adopted on 20 December 1996, or
172 | similar laws prohibiting or restricting circumvention of such
173 | measures.
174 |
175 | When you convey a covered work, you waive any legal power to forbid
176 | circumvention of technological measures to the extent such circumvention
177 | is effected by exercising rights under this License with respect to
178 | the covered work, and you disclaim any intention to limit operation or
179 | modification of the work as a means of enforcing, against the work's
180 | users, your or third parties' legal rights to forbid circumvention of
181 | technological measures.
182 |
183 | 4. Conveying Verbatim Copies.
184 |
185 | You may convey verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you
186 | receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and
187 | appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice;
188 | keep intact all notices stating that this License and any
189 | non-permissive terms added in accord with section 7 apply to the code;
190 | keep intact all notices of the absence of any warranty; and give all
191 | recipients a copy of this License along with the Program.
192 |
193 | You may charge any price or no price for each copy that you convey,
194 | and you may offer support or warranty protection for a fee.
195 |
196 | 5. Conveying Modified Source Versions.
197 |
198 | You may convey a work based on the Program, or the modifications to
199 | produce it from the Program, in the form of source code under the
200 | terms of section 4, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
201 |
202 | a) The work must carry prominent notices stating that you modified
203 | it, and giving a relevant date.
204 |
205 | b) The work must carry prominent notices stating that it is
206 | released under this License and any conditions added under section
207 | 7. This requirement modifies the requirement in section 4 to
208 | "keep intact all notices".
209 |
210 | c) You must license the entire work, as a whole, under this
211 | License to anyone who comes into possession of a copy. This
212 | License will therefore apply, along with any applicable section 7
213 | additional terms, to the whole of the work, and all its parts,
214 | regardless of how they are packaged. This License gives no
215 | permission to license the work in any other way, but it does not
216 | invalidate such permission if you have separately received it.
217 |
218 | d) If the work has interactive user interfaces, each must display
219 | Appropriate Legal Notices; however, if the Program has interactive
220 | interfaces that do not display Appropriate Legal Notices, your
221 | work need not make them do so.
222 |
223 | A compilation of a covered work with other separate and independent
224 | works, which are not by their nature extensions of the covered work,
225 | and which are not combined with it such as to form a larger program,
226 | in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an
227 | "aggregate" if the compilation and its resulting copyright are not
228 | used to limit the access or legal rights of the compilation's users
229 | beyond what the individual works permit. Inclusion of a covered work
230 | in an aggregate does not cause this License to apply to the other
231 | parts of the aggregate.
232 |
233 | 6. Conveying Non-Source Forms.
234 |
235 | You may convey a covered work in object code form under the terms
236 | of sections 4 and 5, provided that you also convey the
237 | machine-readable Corresponding Source under the terms of this License,
238 | in one of these ways:
239 |
240 | a) Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product
241 | (including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by the
242 | Corresponding Source fixed on a durable physical medium
243 | customarily used for software interchange.
244 |
245 | b) Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product
246 | (including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by a
247 | written offer, valid for at least three years and valid for as
248 | long as you offer spare parts or customer support for that product
249 | model, to give anyone who possesses the object code either (1) a
250 | copy of the Corresponding Source for all the software in the
251 | product that is covered by this License, on a durable physical
252 | medium customarily used for software interchange, for a price no
253 | more than your reasonable cost of physically performing this
254 | conveying of source, or (2) access to copy the
255 | Corresponding Source from a network server at no charge.
256 |
257 | c) Convey individual copies of the object code with a copy of the
258 | written offer to provide the Corresponding Source. This
259 | alternative is allowed only occasionally and noncommercially, and
260 | only if you received the object code with such an offer, in accord
261 | with subsection 6b.
262 |
263 | d) Convey the object code by offering access from a designated
264 | place (gratis or for a charge), and offer equivalent access to the
265 | Corresponding Source in the same way through the same place at no
266 | further charge. You need not require recipients to copy the
267 | Corresponding Source along with the object code. If the place to
268 | copy the object code is a network server, the Corresponding Source
269 | may be on a different server (operated by you or a third party)
270 | that supports equivalent copying facilities, provided you maintain
271 | clear directions next to the object code saying where to find the
272 | Corresponding Source. Regardless of what server hosts the
273 | Corresponding Source, you remain obligated to ensure that it is
274 | available for as long as needed to satisfy these requirements.
275 |
276 | e) Convey the object code using peer-to-peer transmission, provided
277 | you inform other peers where the object code and Corresponding
278 | Source of the work are being offered to the general public at no
279 | charge under subsection 6d.
280 |
281 | A separable portion of the object code, whose source code is excluded
282 | from the Corresponding Source as a System Library, need not be
283 | included in conveying the object code work.
284 |
285 | A "User Product" is either (1) a "consumer product", which means any
286 | tangible personal property which is normally used for personal, family,
287 | or household purposes, or (2) anything designed or sold for incorporation
288 | into a dwelling. In determining whether a product is a consumer product,
289 | doubtful cases shall be resolved in favor of coverage. For a particular
290 | product received by a particular user, "normally used" refers to a
291 | typical or common use of that class of product, regardless of the status
292 | of the particular user or of the way in which the particular user
293 | actually uses, or expects or is expected to use, the product. A product
294 | is a consumer product regardless of whether the product has substantial
295 | commercial, industrial or non-consumer uses, unless such uses represent
296 | the only significant mode of use of the product.
297 |
298 | "Installation Information" for a User Product means any methods,
299 | procedures, authorization keys, or other information required to install
300 | and execute modified versions of a covered work in that User Product from
301 | a modified version of its Corresponding Source. The information must
302 | suffice to ensure that the continued functioning of the modified object
303 | code is in no case prevented or interfered with solely because
304 | modification has been made.
305 |
306 | If you convey an object code work under this section in, or with, or
307 | specifically for use in, a User Product, and the conveying occurs as
308 | part of a transaction in which the right of possession and use of the
309 | User Product is transferred to the recipient in perpetuity or for a
310 | fixed term (regardless of how the transaction is characterized), the
311 | Corresponding Source conveyed under this section must be accompanied
312 | by the Installation Information. But this requirement does not apply
313 | if neither you nor any third party retains the ability to install
314 | modified object code on the User Product (for example, the work has
315 | been installed in ROM).
316 |
317 | The requirement to provide Installation Information does not include a
318 | requirement to continue to provide support service, warranty, or updates
319 | for a work that has been modified or installed by the recipient, or for
320 | the User Product in which it has been modified or installed. Access to a
321 | network may be denied when the modification itself materially and
322 | adversely affects the operation of the network or violates the rules and
323 | protocols for communication across the network.
324 |
325 | Corresponding Source conveyed, and Installation Information provided,
326 | in accord with this section must be in a format that is publicly
327 | documented (and with an implementation available to the public in
328 | source code form), and must require no special password or key for
329 | unpacking, reading or copying.
330 |
331 | 7. Additional Terms.
332 |
333 | "Additional permissions" are terms that supplement the terms of this
334 | License by making exceptions from one or more of its conditions.
335 | Additional permissions that are applicable to the entire Program shall
336 | be treated as though they were included in this License, to the extent
337 | that they are valid under applicable law. If additional permissions
338 | apply only to part of the Program, that part may be used separately
339 | under those permissions, but the entire Program remains governed by
340 | this License without regard to the additional permissions.
341 |
342 | When you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option
343 | remove any additional permissions from that copy, or from any part of
344 | it. (Additional permissions may be written to require their own
345 | removal in certain cases when you modify the work.) You may place
346 | additional permissions on material, added by you to a covered work,
347 | for which you have or can give appropriate copyright permission.
348 |
349 | Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, for material you
350 | add to a covered work, you may (if authorized by the copyright holders of
351 | that material) supplement the terms of this License with terms:
352 |
353 | a) Disclaiming warranty or limiting liability differently from the
354 | terms of sections 15 and 16 of this License; or
355 |
356 | b) Requiring preservation of specified reasonable legal notices or
357 | author attributions in that material or in the Appropriate Legal
358 | Notices displayed by works containing it; or
359 |
360 | c) Prohibiting misrepresentation of the origin of that material, or
361 | requiring that modified versions of such material be marked in
362 | reasonable ways as different from the original version; or
363 |
364 | d) Limiting the use for publicity purposes of names of licensors or
365 | authors of the material; or
366 |
367 | e) Declining to grant rights under trademark law for use of some
368 | trade names, trademarks, or service marks; or
369 |
370 | f) Requiring indemnification of licensors and authors of that
371 | material by anyone who conveys the material (or modified versions of
372 | it) with contractual assumptions of liability to the recipient, for
373 | any liability that these contractual assumptions directly impose on
374 | those licensors and authors.
375 |
376 | All other non-permissive additional terms are considered "further
377 | restrictions" within the meaning of section 10. If the Program as you
378 | received it, or any part of it, contains a notice stating that it is
379 | governed by this License along with a term that is a further
380 | restriction, you may remove that term. If a license document contains
381 | a further restriction but permits relicensing or conveying under this
382 | License, you may add to a covered work material governed by the terms
383 | of that license document, provided that the further restriction does
384 | not survive such relicensing or conveying.
385 |
386 | If you add terms to a covered work in accord with this section, you
387 | must place, in the relevant source files, a statement of the
388 | additional terms that apply to those files, or a notice indicating
389 | where to find the applicable terms.
390 |
391 | Additional terms, permissive or non-permissive, may be stated in the
392 | form of a separately written license, or stated as exceptions;
393 | the above requirements apply either way.
394 |
395 | 8. Termination.
396 |
397 | You may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly
398 | provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to propagate or
399 | modify it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under
400 | this License (including any patent licenses granted under the third
401 | paragraph of section 11).
402 |
403 | However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
404 | license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
405 | provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and
406 | finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright
407 | holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means
408 | prior to 60 days after the cessation.
409 |
410 | Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
411 | reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
412 | violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
413 | received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that
414 | copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after
415 | your receipt of the notice.
416 |
417 | Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
418 | licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under
419 | this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
420 | reinstated, you do not qualify to receive new licenses for the same
421 | material under section 10.
422 |
423 | 9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies.
424 |
425 | You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or
426 | run a copy of the Program. Ancillary propagation of a covered work
427 | occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission
428 | to receive a copy likewise does not require acceptance. However,
429 | nothing other than this License grants you permission to propagate or
430 | modify any covered work. These actions infringe copyright if you do
431 | not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or propagating a
432 | covered work, you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so.
433 |
434 | 10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients.
435 |
436 | Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically
437 | receives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and
438 | propagate that work, subject to this License. You are not responsible
439 | for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License.
440 |
441 | An "entity transaction" is a transaction transferring control of an
442 | organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an
443 | organization, or merging organizations. If propagation of a covered
444 | work results from an entity transaction, each party to that
445 | transaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever
446 | licenses to the work the party's predecessor in interest had or could
447 | give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to possession of the
448 | Corresponding Source of the work from the predecessor in interest, if
449 | the predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts.
450 |
451 | You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the
452 | rights granted or affirmed under this License. For example, you may
453 | not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of
454 | rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation
455 | (including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that
456 | any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for
457 | sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it.
458 |
459 | 11. Patents.
460 |
461 | A "contributor" is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this
462 | License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The
463 | work thus licensed is called the contributor's "contributor version".
464 |
465 | A contributor's "essential patent claims" are all patent claims
466 | owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or
467 | hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted
468 | by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version,
469 | but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a
470 | consequence of further modification of the contributor version. For
471 | purposes of this definition, "control" includes the right to grant
472 | patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of
473 | this License.
474 |
475 | Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free
476 | patent license under the contributor's essential patent claims, to
477 | make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and
478 | propagate the contents of its contributor version.
479 |
480 | In the following three paragraphs, a "patent license" is any express
481 | agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent
482 | (such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to
483 | sue for patent infringement). To "grant" such a patent license to a
484 | party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a
485 | patent against the party.
486 |
487 | If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license,
488 | and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone
489 | to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through a
490 | publicly available network server or other readily accessible means,
491 | then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so
492 | available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the
493 | patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner
494 | consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent
495 | license to downstream recipients. "Knowingly relying" means you have
496 | actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the
497 | covered work in a country, or your recipient's use of the covered work
498 | in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that
499 | country that you have reason to believe are valid.
500 |
501 | If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or
502 | arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a
503 | covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties
504 | receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify
505 | or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license
506 | you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered
507 | work and works based on it.
508 |
509 | A patent license is "discriminatory" if it does not include within
510 | the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is
511 | conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are
512 | specifically granted under this License. You may not convey a covered
513 | work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is
514 | in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment
515 | to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying
516 | the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the
517 | parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory
518 | patent license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work
519 | conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily
520 | for and in connection with specific products or compilations that
521 | contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement,
522 | or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.
523 |
524 | Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting
525 | any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may
526 | otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.
527 |
528 | 12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.
529 |
530 | If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
531 | otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
532 | excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a
533 | covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
534 | License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may
535 | not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you
536 | to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey
537 | the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this
538 | License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.
539 |
540 | 13. Remote Network Interaction; Use with the GNU General Public License.
541 |
542 | Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, if you modify the
543 | Program, your modified version must prominently offer all users
544 | interacting with it remotely through a computer network (if your version
545 | supports such interaction) an opportunity to receive the Corresponding
546 | Source of your version by providing access to the Corresponding Source
547 | from a network server at no charge, through some standard or customary
548 | means of facilitating copying of software. This Corresponding Source
549 | shall include the Corresponding Source for any work covered by version 3
550 | of the GNU General Public License that is incorporated pursuant to the
551 | following paragraph.
552 |
553 | Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have
554 | permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed
555 | under version 3 of the GNU General Public License into a single
556 | combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this
557 | License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work,
558 | but the work with which it is combined will remain governed by version
559 | 3 of the GNU General Public License.
560 |
561 | 14. Revised Versions of this License.
562 |
563 | The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of
564 | the GNU Affero General Public License from time to time. Such new versions
565 | will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
566 | address new problems or concerns.
567 |
568 | Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the
569 | Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU Affero General
570 | Public License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the
571 | option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered
572 | version or of any later version published by the Free Software
573 | Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the
574 | GNU Affero General Public License, you may choose any version ever published
575 | by the Free Software Foundation.
576 |
577 | If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future
578 | versions of the GNU Affero General Public License can be used, that proxy's
579 | public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you
580 | to choose that version for the Program.
581 |
582 | Later license versions may give you additional or different
583 | permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any
584 | author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a
585 | later version.
586 |
587 | 15. Disclaimer of Warranty.
588 |
589 | THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
590 | APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
591 | HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY
592 | OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
593 | THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
594 | PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM
595 | IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF
596 | ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
597 |
598 | 16. Limitation of Liability.
599 |
600 | IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
601 | WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS
602 | THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY
603 | GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE
604 | USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
605 | DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD
606 | PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS),
607 | EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
608 | SUCH DAMAGES.
609 |
610 | 17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
611 |
612 | If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
613 | above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
614 | reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates
615 | an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the
616 | Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a
617 | copy of the Program in return for a fee.
618 |
619 | END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
620 |
621 | How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
622 |
623 | If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
624 | possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
625 | free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
626 |
627 | To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
628 | to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
629 | state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
630 | the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
631 |
632 |
633 | Copyright (C)
634 |
635 | This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
636 | it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published
637 | by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
638 | (at your option) any later version.
639 |
640 | This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
641 | but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
642 | MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
643 | GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
644 |
645 | You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
646 | along with this program. If not, see .
647 |
648 | Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
649 |
650 | If your software can interact with users remotely through a computer
651 | network, you should also make sure that it provides a way for users to
652 | get its source. For example, if your program is a web application, its
653 | interface could display a "Source" link that leads users to an archive
654 | of the code. There are many ways you could offer source, and different
655 | solutions will be better for different programs; see section 13 for the
656 | specific requirements.
657 |
658 | You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
659 | if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
660 | For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU AGPL, see
661 | .
662 |
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