├── .gitignore ├── 1、已译文章.md ├── 2、区块链英中字典.md ├── Baymax_0330-生存的秘密：19位专业人士分享关于加密货币交易的建议.md ├── MedRec.md ├── Medrec2.md ├── NonTechDoc. 4 Reasons Why Now is the Best Time for You to Invest in Cryptocurrencies.md ├── NonTechDoc ├── mastering-shitcoins-the-poor-mans-guide-to-getting-crypto-rich.md ├── 18-predictions-for-2018.md ├── 2017-Was-Bitcoin-Year-2018-Will-Be-Ethereum.md ├── 2017：A Defining Year for Cryptocurrency Regulation.md ├── 2018's-Big-Question-Can-Bitcoin-Forks-Deliver-Value.md ├── 2018-Another-Growth-Year-for-Blockchain.md ├── 2018-The-Year-We-Make-Contract.md ├── 4个原因告诉你为什么现在是投资加密货币的最好时机.md ├── 7-pro-tips-for-keeping-your-crypto-safe.md ├── A Legal Renaissance, Blockchain Style.md ├── Avoiding Digital Feudalism Built on Blockchains.md ├── Baymax_0404-去中心化是加密货币交易所的未来.md ├── Best-alternatives-to-Bitcoin-10-cryptocurrencies-to-watch-in-2018.md ├── Beyond-the-Red-Tape-The-Path-Ahead-for-Token-Sales（一）.md ├── Beyond-the-Red-Tape-The-Path-Ahead-for-Token-Sales（二）.md ├── Bitcoin's Real Bottleneck(一）.md ├── Bitcoin's Real Bottleneck(二）.md ├── Blockchain in the Boardroom：Toward Enterprise Deployment.md ├── Blockchain will kill the traditional firm.md ├── Crypto-Cat-and-Mouse-2018-Will-Be-the-Year-of-Policy-Subterfuge.md ├── Cryptocurrency Regulation Cross-Country Analysis.md ├── Don’t-fall-for-the-hype —Why-Bitcoin’s-$10,000 Price-Doesn’t-Reflect-Its-True-Value.md ├── Google-and-Facebook-Too-Can-Be-Disrupted.md ├── Hacks, Scams and Attacks：Blockchain's 2017 Disasters.md ├── How Blockchains Will Turn Supply Chains Into Demand Chains.md ├── How-Blockchain-Tech-Will-Add-Value-in-2018.md ├── How-to-Save-on-Bitcoin's-Soaring-Fees.md ├── How-to-unleash-the-full-potential-of-cryptocurrencies-on-the-markets.md ├── I-Love-Bitcoin-That's-Why-I-Sue-Exchanges.md ├── ICO-The-Tech-Is-Here-But-Where-Are-the-Standards.md ├── It’s Too Late — Nothing Can Stop The Bitcoin Protocol.md ├── Mark-Zuckerberg-2018.md ├── NEO-versus-Ethereum(1).md ├── NEO-versus-Ethereum(2).md ├── NEO-versus-Ethereum(3).md ├── NEO-versus-Ethereum(4).md ├── NEO-versus-Ethereum(5).md ├── Powers of Tau Tutorial.md ├── Regulators-Are-Looking-at-Cryptocurrency.md ├── The Key to Massive Innovation in Crypto.md ├── The-Colony-Token-Sale.md ├── Whale-Tactics.md ├── What-trends-await-us-in-2018.md ├── Who-Should-Control-A-Blockchain.md ├── Why 2018 Will Be The Year Of Ethereum And QTUM(1).md ├── Why 2018 Will Be The Year Of Ethereum And QTUM(2).md ├── Why Crypto Looks A Lot Like Wall Street.md ├── Why the Brazilian and Argentinian Bitcoin communities oppose SegWit2x.md ├── Why the Web 3.0 Matters and you should know about it _ 为什么 Web 3.0 很重要并且你应该了解它.md ├── Why-Bitcoin-Needs-Fiat -(-And-This-Won't-Change-in-2018).md ├── a look into on-chain data.md ├── all-my-trusty-crypto-trading-wisdom-in-one-spot.md ├── blockchain constitution.md ├── blockchain-constitution.md ├── economics of filecoin.md ├── five-investments-guaranteed-better-than-bitcoin.md ├── hello-world.md ├── how-to-be-prepared-for-the-coming-altcoin-bull-market.md ├── iot-iota-is-the-crypto-currency-of-the-future.md ├── my-most-valuable-crypto-market-insights-for-2018-and-beyond.md ├── pics │ ├── 1.png │ ├── 1524558369512.png │ ├── 2.png │ ├── 3.png │ ├── 4.png │ ├── 5.png │ ├── 5_step_cycle.jpeg │ ├── 7-pro-tips-1.png │ ├── 7-pro-tips-2.png │ ├── CityOfZion.jpeg │ ├── Cryptocurrency-Regulation-Cross-Country-Analysis-1.png │ ├── Cryptocurrency-Regulation-Cross-Country-Analysis-2.png │ ├── DigitalAssets.jpeg │ ├── Digital_Identity.jpeg │ ├── NEO_Network.jpeg │ ├── Regulators-Are-Looking-at-Cryptocurrency.md │ ├── Whale-Tactics-1.jpeg │ ├── Whale-Tactics-2.png │ ├── Whale-Tactics-3.png │ ├── Whale-Tactics-4.jpeg │ ├── bitcoin-10000 │ │ ├── 1 │ │ ├── Dont-fall-for-the-hype-1.jpg │ │ ├── Dont-fall-for-the-hype-10.jpg │ │ ├── Dont-fall-for-the-hype-11.jpg │ │ ├── Dont-fall-for-the-hype-12.jpg │ │ ├── Dont-fall-for-the-hype-2.png │ │ ├── Dont-fall-for-the-hype-3.jpg │ │ ├── Dont-fall-for-the-hype-4.jpg │ │ ├── Dont-fall-for-the-hype-5.jpg │ │ ├── Dont-fall-for-the-hype-6.jpg │ │ ├── Dont-fall-for-the-hype-7.png │ │ ├── Dont-fall-for-the-hype-8.jpg │ │ └── Dont-fall-for-the-hype-9.jpg │ ├── bitcoin_confidence_high.jpeg │ ├── bitcoin_confidence_high_1.jpeg │ ├── bitcoin_prediction_1.jpeg │ ├── bitcoin_prediction_2.jpeg │ ├── bitcoin_prediction_3.jpeg │ ├── bitcoin_prediction_4.jpeg │ ├── bitcoin_prediction_5.jpeg │ ├── bitcoin_prediction_6.jpeg │ ├── bitcoin_prediction_7.jpeg │ ├── btclogo.jpg │ ├── ethLogo.jpeg │ ├── first.jpg │ ├── gpz.png │ ├── growth.jpg │ ├── ink.jpeg │ ├── lwx-NEON.png │ ├── lwx-execution.jpeg │ ├── lwx-renewable.jpeg │ ├── lwx-smartcontract.png │ ├── lwx_bank.jpg │ ├── lwx_bgs.jpg │ ├── lwx_bird.jpg │ ├── lwx_bitcoin.jpg │ ├── lwx_cih.jpg │ ├── lwx_eps.jpg │ ├── lwx_fiat.png │ ├── lwx_nmb.jpg │ ├── lwx_putin.jpg │ ├── lwx_pwb.jpg │ ├── lwx_pwf.jpg │ ├── lwx_thh.jpg │ ├── lwx_wallStreet.jpeg │ ├── makerDaiLogo.jpeg │ ├── pk.png │ ├── protocol.jpeg │ ├── sc.jpeg │ ├── steve-jobs-insult-response.png │ ├── timg.jpg │ └── workers.jpg ├── the-harsh-truth-about-cryptocurrency-trading-and-get-rich-quick-schemes.md ├── understanding-token-velocity.md ├── what-will-bitcoin-look-like-in-20-years.md ├── why-and-how-the-cryptobubble-will-burst.md └── why-do-we-fight-to-change-the-world.md ├── NonTechDoc加密货币估值三要素.md ├── README.md ├── TechDoc ├── A-Tour-of-Cosmos-for-Developers.md ├── Bitcoin Threat Model.md ├── Blockchain-Project-Ecosystem.md ├── Comparison-of-Ethereum-Hyperledger-Fabric-and-Corda.md ├── Ethereum Casper 101.md ├── Ethereum-what-is-it.md ├── Introducing eDollar.md ├── The-Future-of-Enigma-and-Data.md ├── The-Triangle-of-Harm.md ├── Understanding-Token-Velocity.md ├── Value-of-the-Token-Model.md ├── Why-I-Bet-on-Ethereum.md ├── Why-I-Bet-on-Ethereum2.md ├── a-proof-of-stake-design-philosophy.md ├── blockchain-governance-programming-our-future.md ├── collateralized-debt-obligations-for-issuer-backed-tokens.md ├── cryptoasset-valuations.md ├── decentraland-command-line-interface.md ├── deep-dive-on-kyber-network-knc-a-leading-decentralized-exchange.md ├── designing-a-simple-and-secure-ethereum-wallet-for-the-masses.md ├── fundamental-challenges-with-public-blockchains.md ├── future-of-bitcoin.md ├── generalized-state-channel.md ├── how-to-explain-lightning-network-to-your-non-technical-friends.md ├── how-will-ethereum-scale.md ├── hyperledger-fabric-blockchain.md ├── hyperledger-fabric-faq.md ├── hyperledger-fabric-getting-started.md ├── hyperledger-fabric-model.md ├── hyperledger-fabric-prerequisites.md ├── hyperledger-fabric-samples.md ├── ipfsguide.md ├── lnd-beta.md ├── maker-for-dummies-a-plain-english-explanation-of-the-dai-stablecoin.md ├── our-process-for-evaluating-new-tokens.md ├── pics │ ├── 15180212005285.png │ ├── 15180212170526.png │ ├── 15180212315987.png │ ├── 15180212554889.png │ ├── 15180212743189.png │ ├── A-Tour-of-Cosmos-for-Developers.png │ ├── Comparison-of-Ethereum-Hyperledger-Fabric-and-Corda-1.png │ ├── Comparison-of-Ethereum-Hyperledger-Fabric-and-Corda-2.png │ ├── Ethereum-what-is-it-1.jpg │ ├── The-Triangle-of-Harm-1.png │ ├── Understanding-Token-Velocity-1.png │ ├── blockchain_project_ecosystem.jpeg │ ├── blockchain_project_ecosystem_2.jpeg │ ├── blockchain_project_ecosystem_3.jpeg │ ├── blockchain_project_ecosystem_4.jpeg │ ├── blockchain_project_ecosystem_5.jpeg │ ├── blockchain_project_ecosystem_6.jpeg │ ├── blockchain_project_ecosystem_7.jpeg │ ├── blockchain_project_ecosystem_8.jpeg │ ├── colony_1.png │ ├── colony_7.2.png │ ├── colony_7.3.png │ ├── fc-1.png │ ├── fc-2.png │ ├── fc-3.png │ ├── fc-4.png │ ├── fc-5.png │ ├── fc-6.png │ ├── fc-7.png │ ├── how-will-ethereum-scale-1.jpg │ ├── how-will-ethereum-scale-2.png │ ├── how-will-ethereum-scale-3.png │ ├── how-will-ethereum-scale-4.png │ ├── how-will-ethereum-scale-5.png │ ├── how-will-ethereum-scale-6.png │ ├── lighting-1.png │ ├── lighting-2.png │ ├── lightning-network-1.png │ ├── lightning-network-2.png │ ├── lightning-network-3.png │ ├── lightning-network-4.png │ ├── lightning-network-5.png │ ├── lightning-network-6.png │ ├── lightning-network-7.png │ ├── lightning-network-8.png │ ├── lightning-network-9.png │ ├── what-is-iota-1.png │ └── what-is-iota-2.png ├── raiden-plasma-and-generalized-state-channels.md ├── scalingnow-scaling-solution-summit-summary.md ├── state-of-decentralized-exchanges-2018.md ├── the-convergence-of-ai-and-blockchain-whats-the-deal.md ├── transaction-flow.md ├── triple-entry-accounting.md ├── understanding-hyperledger-in-a-bit-more-detail.md ├── what-is-hyperledger-fabric.md ├── what-is-iota.md ├── what-is-the-lightning-network.md ├── who-is-the-next-microsoft-in-blockchain.md ├── why-enigmas-privacy-protocol-will-power-our-decentralized-future.md └── why-the-web-3-0-matters-and-you-should-know-about-it.md ├── TheBitcoinConundrum.md ├── _Tasks ├── 2017-11-13.md ├── 2017-11-20.md ├── 2017-11-27.md ├── 2017-11-6.md └── archive_2017.md ├── beginners-guide-to-blockchain.md ├── blockchainforhealth.md ├── everythingaboutblockchain.md ├── filecoin.jpeg ├── guide of filecoin.md ├── keystocrypto.md ├── lightningnetwork.md ├── medrec3.md ├── medrec4.md ├── medrecsummary.md ├── newcryptoera.md ├── thefutureofbitcoin.md └── 为什么巨头们会为 WEB 3.0 而担忧.md /.gitignore: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | .DS_Store 2 | 3 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /2、区块链英中字典.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 区块链英中字典 2 | ------------------------------- 3 | ***1.  contract*** 4 | 5 |       n. 合约   /'kɒntrækt'/ 6 | 7 |       We have several example contracts that you can use as a starting point 8 | 9 | ***2. air gapped*** 10 | 11 | n. 气隙; 空隙; 12 | 译：隔离 13 | you should keep the majority of your crypto “cold” — that is, air gapped and offline. 14 | You can either build an air gapped computer by removing the network card from your PC or laptop 15 | 16 | ***3. commitment failures*** 17 | 18 | 19 | and theoretical it could handle 1000s if is limited commitment failures. 20 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /Baymax_0330-生存的秘密：19位专业人士分享关于加密货币交易的建议.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | Secrets to survival: 19 pros share their advice on crypto trading 生存的秘密：19位专业人士分享关于加密货币交易的建议 2 | 3 | 本文翻译自：https://hackernoon.com/secrets-to-survival-19-pros-share-their-advice-on-crypto-trading-ec4b9d1dbb8b 4 | 译者：区块链中文字幕组 币圈大白 5 | 翻译时间：2018-3-30 6 | I have never feared for crypto as much as I am fearing for it today. The state of the market is abysmal. Quite frankly It’s crippling my sleeping pattern, it’s destroying my productivity at work. I’m torn. Do I sell or do I hold? You’re the same way, I know it. 7 | 我从来没有像现在一样恐惧过加密货币，现在的加密货币市场真是糟糕透顶。十分坦率地讲，它已经严重影响到我的睡眠，降低了我的工作效率，我整个人饱受煎熬。我到底应该割肉还是继续持有？我想，现在你也一定和我一样处在这个困境中。 8 | 9 | You can’t pull yourself away from the graphs. Every 5 minutes there’s this little voice in your head. 10 | 11 | Check the graphs, maybe things are okay now” says the voice. 12 | You know things are not okay now. You also know that checking those price graphs isn’t going to make you feel any better. But you do it anyway. There’s money on the line, A LOT of money. 13 | 你总是管不住自己去去看那些行情走势，你脑海中每五分钟就有一个小小的声音提醒你：“看看行情吧，也许现在已经好转了。” 其实，你心理知道情况并没有变化，你也清楚看价格曲线并不会让你感觉好受一些，但是你还是去看了，因为这曲线和钱相关，而且是很多很多钱。 14 | 15 | That’s not the first time you’ve done that today. Maybe it’s the secon.. No no, it’s at least the third. It’s painful trust me, I know. 16 | 这可能已经不是你今天第一次这样做了，也许是第二次，不，至少是第三次了。我知道，这很痛苦。 17 | 18 | What I’m about to tell you is going to change your trading techniques forever. What you’re about to learn is great for trading in any market, but in a bear market — like the one we’re facing now, it’s absolutely essential. I’m about to tell you how to keep cool when the fire alarm is blazing. 19 | 我要告诉你的事情将会永远改变你的交易技巧。你即将学到的是在任何市场交易中都好用的方法，尤其像我们现在正在经历的熊市，这个方法是非常个必要的。我将要告诉你当火警亮起时你要如何保持冷静。 20 | 21 | I’m about to tell you what coin and crypto learned after a week of interviewing 19 crypto trading professionals. 22 | 在我采访了19位加密货币交易专业人士后，我想告诉你我所了解到的事情。 23 | 24 | Always have a game plan 拥有一个计划 25 | Now to me, this one seems obvious.But I mess this one up so many times. It’s too easy to say you have a plan, most of us have one loosely defined before we enter a trade or purchase a coin. But there’s a world of difference between having a plan and sticking to it. 26 | 现在对我来说，这一点是显而易见的。.但是我把这一点搞砸了很多次。有一个计划说起来容易，我们大部分人在进入一个交易或者购买一种加密货币之前只是做了一个轻率的计划。但是有计划和坚持执行计划之间有着天壤之别。 27 | 28 | I know you’ve probably made the same mistake before too. You decide to change the plan on the last minute and as a result you sell too soon or too late. 29 | 我知道你之前也可能犯过同样的错误。你在最后一分钟的时候改变计划，结果导致你卖的太早或者太晚。 30 | You need to set a criteria. Clearly defined rules you will abide by when the market goes one way or another. Every professional has a trading plan — and they follow it religiously. 31 | 你需要制定一个标准。当市场朝不同方向发展时，你要有一个明确的规则去遵守。每一个专业人士都有一个交易计划，并且他们会严格遵守。 32 | 33 | So it’s time for us to think like the professionals. It’s time to make a game plan. To help you get started I’ve attached the template our team uses when making trades. It hits on all the key points the professional traders taught me. 34 | 我们现在是时候像专业人士那样去思考了。我们现在是时候该制定一个游戏计划了。为了帮助你更好的开始，我在下面附上了我们团队在交易时所使用的模板。它包括了那些专业交易者教给我的所有关键点。 35 | 36 | [download our free template] 下载我们的免费模板 37 | 38 | After you’ve filled that in, I want you to print it and stick it wherever you do the most of your trading. It needs to be in plain sight, and when the market meets any of those thresholds all you need to do is execute. 39 | Having your strategy written down and in front of you makes it much harder to ignore. 40 | 在你填写完这个表格后，把它打印出来贴在你做交易时可以看到的地方。 41 | 你应该把它放在一个显而易见的地方，当市场到达任何一个你的预期价格时，你需要做的就是执行计划。 42 | 把你的策略写下来并且放在面前，这样你就很难忽视它。 43 | 44 | Consolidate your portfolio 整合你的投资组合 45 | Go through your portfolio and separate the coins that have long-term potential from the coins that don’t. 46 | 仔细检查你的投资组合并将那些长期看来有潜力的加密货币和那些并不具备长期潜力的币分开。 47 | 48 | It’s a bear market. The ship may not be going down just yet, but it’s definitely going through a rough patch. Any unnecessary weight is just going to drag you down. 49 | 现在是个熊市，虽然船可能还没有沉，但是它确实正在经历一个艰难的时期，任何不必要的重量都可能把你拖下水。 50 | 51 | Henry, A trader with 7 years of experience in stocks and now crypto, told me all about his procedure in the event of a major market downturn. 52 | Henry有着7年的炒股经验并且现在涉足加密货币，他告诉我他在市场低迷时所做的事情。 53 | 54 | Cut the dead weight. In a bull market, go nuts. In a bull market, it really doesn’t matter what you choose to invest in — the market goes up and everyone wins, some more than others.” 55 | “卸掉负担。在牛市中要尽可能疯狂。在牛市中，你投资什么没那么重要，因为市场在涨，每个人都是赢家，而且有一些人比其他人赚的更多。” 56 | Because in a market like this everything changes. You have real money at stake. If you don’t move fast you will ACTUALLY lose it. Gone. 57 | 因为，在像这样的熊市中，一切都在变化。你的钱处于风险之中，如果不快点行动，你将遭受损失。 58 | 59 | Henry stressed how important it is to act decisively when the market goes down. Consider what investments you have, consider the shitcoins — and be frugal. Even look at coins that you genuinely think have potential in the long run. Ask yourself, Is it worth the risk? Because if it isn’t pull out. Put your money into a coin that has better trading groups, or into something that you truly believe is going to withstand this crash. 60 | Henry重点强调了当市场下跌时果断行动是非常重要的。要考虑你有哪些投资，想想哪些是垃圾币以及如何节省成本。甚至要仔细考虑那些你认为具备长期潜力的币，问问你自己，值得冒此风险吗？ 如果风险不能平息，把你的钱放在那些有更好的交易团队的币上或者那些你坚信可以抵抗这次大跌的币上。 61 | 62 | ACTION: Add this to your game plan document, list all your coins. List them in priority. When the market crashes, at what point will you begin to make cutbacks? 63 | 行动：把这一点加入到你的计划中去，并且按照优先顺序列出你所有的加密货币。当市场大跌时，在什么时候你会抛售其中一些？ 64 | 65 | Cut the noise 屏蔽噪音 66 | You need to stay away from all the mumbo jumbo.Out of the 19 professional traders I spoke to, all 19 of them stressed this exact same point. 67 | 你要远离所有噪音，我所采访的19位专家无一例外的强调了这一点。 68 | 69 | Long term profitability means positioning yourself either ahead or behind the crowd. Never in the crowd. Stay away from the chat rooms and the discussion boards. Everyone in these groups has an ulterior motive. 70 | 长期盈利能力意味着你要把自己放在人群前或者人群后，绝不是在人群中间。远离聊天室和论坛，这些组里的每一个人都有别有用心的动机。 71 | 72 | Far too many people spend their time in huge discussion feeds like Slack, Reddit, Telegram, Facebook, Discord… the list goes on. You need to distance yourself from these groups, there’s too much misinformation being spread and this will cause you to make rash decisions and sell too soon. 73 | 太多太多的人把时间花在像Slack, Reddit, Telegram, Facebook, Discord等等这样的讨论组中，你需要远离这些群组，因为里面散播着太多的错误信息，这将会使你做出草率的决定，而过早卖掉一些加密货币。 74 | 75 | Your only job as a trader is to watch the graphs and make predictions. To make accurate predictions it’s not about gathering as much data as you can fit in your head. It’s just about getting quality information, it doesn’t have to be too much — it just has to be right. 76 | 作为一名交易者，你唯一需要做的就是看懂价格走势并且做出预测。为了做出正确的预测，你不需要尽可能多的收集数据，而是需要获得高质量的信息，这些信息可能不是很多，但一定是准确的。 77 | 78 | For those of you who still want some informed data, some traders suggested joining VIP groups. These are close knit communities looking to share insights with one another and to make better trades as a collective. 79 | 对于那些想要获得有根据的数据的人，一些交易者建议加入VIP群组，这些紧密联系的群组会互相分享观点并且做出更好的交易。 80 | 81 | ACTION: Question the sources you follow. Ask yourself — is this necessary? Am I following sources that really aid my trading predictions? If not, cut ‘em. 82 | 行动：好好考虑一下你的信息来源，问问你自己，这是必要的吗？我所遵循的这些信息来源对我的交易真的有好处吗？如果没有，那就屏蔽这些消息吧。 83 | 84 | Find your dream team 找到你的理想中的团队 85 | This technique comes from Sparky — a trader from Sweden. Sparky is 43 years old, he has a wife and 2 kids. Time for him is limited between his family and trading. So he came up with an ingenious solution. 86 | 这种技巧来自一位瑞典的交易者Sparky，他今年43岁，有一位妻子和两个孩子，他需要平衡自己的时间来照顾家庭和完成投资交易，因此他想出了一个别出心裁的解决方案。 87 | 88 | Sparky has a small team of 5 traders. Each of them are subscribed to 2–3 primary sources of information. Everyday, it’s each person’s mission to study those sources and relay the best data back into the group. 89 | Sparky有一个5人交易小组，其中每个人都订阅了2到3个主要信息来源。他们每天都会研究这些信息来源并且把最好的数据转达到组里。 90 | 91 | Only the best of the best information is shared. Sparky makes 5x better trading decisions because of it. Efficiency. 92 | 只有其中最好的信息才会被分享，Sparky因此做出了更高效的交易决定。 93 | It’s not that hard to start either! 94 | 开始做这件事也不难！ 95 | 96 | ACTION: Go out and find a few other people that trade, find people you trust. Start a group chat on Facebook messenger — or on whatever platform you prefer. Each of you should research 2–3 credible sources to begin following and then delegate the sources equally. Each day your team should study their respective sources and relay only the necessary information to the group, focus only on information that is crucial for advising trading decisions. 97 | 行动：找到一些你信任的交易伙伴。在Facebook或者任何一个你喜欢的平台上组成一个聊天组。你们每个人找到2到3个可靠的信息来源。每天你们的小组应该研究各自的信息，只把必要的信息转达到组里，只关注那些对交易决策有重要建议的信息。 98 | 99 | 区块链中文字幕组 100 | 致力于前沿区块链知识和信息的传播，为中国融入全球区块链世界贡献一份力量。如果您懂一些技术、懂一些英文，欢迎加入我们，加微信号：w1791520555。 101 | 102 | 点击查看GITHUB,及更多的译文… https://github.com/BlockchainTranslator/General 103 | 104 | 本文译者介绍 105 | 大白，一名拥抱区块链的英语老师。欢迎加我的微信：baichao2015 106 | 107 | 本文源自新闻媒体medium，如有侵权，请与译者联系删除。 108 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /MedRec.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 文章来自：A Case Study for Blockchain in Healthcare: “MedRec” prototype for electronic health records and medical research data 2 | 3 | 作者：Ariel Ekblaw, Asaph Azaria, John D. Halamka, MD, Andrew Lippman, MIT Media Lab, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center 4 | 5 | 译者：区块链中文字幕组 Chuan 6 | 7 | 时间：2018-04-06 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | #### Abstract 12 | 13 | A long-standing focus on compliance has traditionally constrained development of fundamental design changes for Electronic Health Records (EHRs). We now face a critical need for such innovation, as personalization and data science prompt patients to engage in the details of their healthcare and restore agency over their medical data. In this paper, we propose MedRec: a novel, decentralized record management system to handle EHRs, using blockchain technology. Our system gives patients a comprehensive, immutable log and easy access to their medical information across providers and treatment sites. Leveraging unique blockchain properties, MedRec manages authentication, confidentiality, accountability and data sharing—crucial considerations when handling sensitive information. A modular design integrates with providers' existing, local data storage solutions, facilitating interoperability and making our system convenient and adaptable. We incentivize medical stakeholders (researchers, public health authorities, etc.) to participate in the network as blockchain “miners”. This provides them with access to aggregate, anonymized data as mining rewards, in return for sustaining and securing the network via Proof of Work. MedRec thus enables the emergence of data economics, supplying big data to empower researchers while engaging patients and providers in the choice to release metadata. The purpose of this paper is to expose, in preparation for field tests, a working prototype through which we analyze and discuss our approach and the potential for blockchain in health IT and research. 14 | 15 | #### 摘要 16 | 17 | 长久对既有形式的遵循使得对电子病历的改变一直受限。MedRec，一个去中心化的、使用区块链技术的病历管理系统。这个系统提供给病人全面的、不可篡改的检查结果，并且可以通过各种医疗机构和治疗中心查看他们的诊断信息。利用区块链独特的特性，MedRec管理授权、保密、责任和数据共享 — 当处理敏感内容时，这些都是重要的考量因素。模块设计整合了医院现存的本地数据存储方案，促进协同操作，使系统便于使用并具有适应性。通过激励措施让医疗机构的股东（研究人员，公共健康权威人士等等）作为“矿工”参与到这个网络中。作为挖矿的奖励，这为他们提供了能够访问累积的、匿名的数据，用以换取他们用工作量证明来维持和保障网络的安全。MedRec让数据经济变得可能，把大数据提供给研究人员，同时使病人和各种医疗机构有提供元数据的选择。 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | #### Introduction 引言 22 | 23 | EHRs were never designed to manage multi-institutional, life time medical records. Patients leave data scattered across various organizations as life events take them away from one provider's data silo and into another. In doing so they lose easy access to past data, as the provider, not the patient, generally retains primary stewardship (either through explicit legal means in over 21 states, or through default arrangements in the process of providing care) [1]. Through the HIPAA Privacy Rule, providers can take up to 60 days to respond (not necessarily to comply) to a request for updating or removing a record that was erroneously added [2]. Beyond the time delay, record maintenance can prove quite challenging to initiate as patients are rarely encouraged and seldom enabled to review their full record [1], [2]. Patients thus interact with records in a fractured manner that reflects the nature of how these records are managed. 24 | 25 | 电子病历从来都不是被设计用来管理多机构的病历记录。病人的看病记录分散在不同的机构中，当他们就医时，他们要从一所医院中获取数据，再导入另一所医院。他们也不太容易查看过去的看病记录，因为医院一般保留主要的管理权。因此，病人与自己的看病记录之间的联系是零零散散的，这也反应出这些病历被管理的本质。 26 | 27 | Interoperability challenges between different provider and hospital systems pose additional barriers to effective data sharing. This lack of coordinated data management and exchange means health records are fragmented, rather than cohesive [3]. Patients and providers may face significant hurdles in initiating data retrieval and sharing due to economic incentives that encourage “health information blocking.” A recent ONC report details several examples on this topic, namely health IT developers interfering with the flow of data by charging exorbitant prices for data exchange interfaces [4]. 28 | 29 | 不同的医疗机构和医院系统之间的协调操作问题对数据共享也产生进一步的阻碍。缺乏数据之间的合作和交换手段意味着看病记录是到处分散的，而不是统一的。 30 | 31 | When designing new systems to overcome these barriers, we must prioritize patient agency. Patients benefit from a holistic, transparent picture of their medical history [3]. This proves crucial in establishing trust and continued participation in the medical system, as patients that doubt the confidentiality of their records may abstain from full, honest disclosures or even avoid treatment. In the age of online banking and social media, patients are increasingly willing, able and desirous of managing their data on the web and on the go [3]. However, proposed systems must also recognize that not all provider records can or should be made available to patients (i.e. provider psychotherapy notes, or physician intellectual property), and should remain flexible regarding such record-onboarding exceptions [5], [6]. 32 | 33 | 为了克服这些障碍，新系统的设计中，我们必须优先考虑病人代理。病人能够从他们的看病记录获益。这个系统证明在医疗系统中建立信任和持续的参与是非常重要的，因为病人对检查结果的可信度的怀疑会阻碍他们真心提供这些数据。但是，我们这一系统必须认清，不是所有的医疗机构记录都能够或应该供病人所用，应该对一些例外情况保持灵活处理。 34 | 35 | In this work, we explore a blockchain structure applied to EHRs. We build on this distributed ledger protocol originally associated with Bitcoin [8]. The blockchain uses public key cryptography to create an append-only, immutable, timestamped chain of content. Copies of the blockchain are distributed on each participating node in the network. The Proof of Work algorithm used to secure the content from tampering depends on a “trustless” model, where individual nodes must compete to solve computationally-intensive “puzzles” (hashing exercises) before the next block of content can be appended to the chain. These worker nodes are known as “miners,” and the work required of miners to append blocks ensures that it is difficult to rewrite history on the blockchain. 36 | 37 | 我们探索将区块链技术应用到电子病历管理中。区块链使用公钥密码来创建一个链，链上的内容是只能添加的、不可篡改的、并加上了时间戳。区块链的副本被分散到这个网络中的每个参与的节点上。工作量证明算法用来保证内容不被篡改，其中，在下一个内容块被添加到链上之前，每一个节点必须通过竞争来解决集中算力的谜题（哈希计算）。这些工作节点被称为“矿工”，要求矿工完成添加块的工作量确保很难在区块链上重写过去的数据。 38 | 39 | Our MedRec blockchain implementation addresses the four major issues highlighted above: fragmented, slow access to medical data; system interoperability; patient agency; improved data quality and quantity for medical research. We build on the work of Zyskind et al. [9] to assemble references to data and encode these as hashed pointers onto a blockchain ledger. We then organize these references to explicitly create an accessible bread crumb trail for medical history, without storing raw medical data on the blockchain. Our system supplements these pointers with on-chain permissioning and data integrity logic, empowering individuals with record authenticity, auditability and data sharing. We build robust, modular APIs to integrate with existing provider databases for interoperability. A novel data-mining scheme is proposed to sustain the MedRec network and bring open, big data to medical researchers. We present MedRec not as the panacea for medical record management, but as a foray into this space to demonstrate innovative EHR solutions with blockchain technology. 40 | 41 | MedRec区块链方案解决四个主要的问题：碎片化、查询病历的效率低下；系统的协同操作；病人代理；改进检查结果数据的质量和数量以供研究所用。在Zyskind等人工作的基础上，我们整理了对数据的引用，并将之编码为哈希指针放到区块链账簿上。然后，对这些引用进行整理，创建一个可用的的就医记录的导引软件，而无需把原始数据存储到区块链上。这一系统将这些指针补充上链许可和数据完整性逻辑，使得个人对数据具有权威、审核和分享的权利。我们创建健壮的、模块化的应用程序接口来整合现存的医疗机构数据库，改善协同操作。我们提出一个数据挖掘方案来维护MedRec网络，并将开放的、大量的数据提供给医疗研究人员。MedRec并不是病历管理的万能方法，而是对把区块链技术运用到电子病历管理解决方案的探索之举。 42 | 43 | 44 | （续） 45 | ------ 46 | 47 | **区块链中文字幕组** 48 | 49 | 致力于前沿区块链知识和信息的传播，为中国融入全球区块链世界贡献一份力量。如果您懂一些技术、懂一些英文，欢迎加入我们，加微信号：w1791520555。 50 | 51 | [点击查看 GITHUB 及更多的译文](https://github.com/BlockchainTranslator/EOS) 52 | 53 | **本文译者介绍** 54 | 55 | Chuan，区块链技术爱好者。欢迎加我的微信：youyuxiaochuan 56 | 57 | 译文版权所有，转载需完整注明以上内容。 58 | 59 | 60 | 61 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /NonTechDoc. 4 Reasons Why Now is the Best Time for You to Invest in Cryptocurrencies.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 翻译自: https://masterthecrypto.com/invest-in-cryptocurrencies/ 2 | 3 | 译者：区块链中文字幕组 比圈大白 4 | 5 | 翻译时间：2018-4-21 6 | The cryptocurrency market has been growing at an exponential pace and making a number of people very rich. But is it all about making money? The technology underlying cryptocurrencies – called Blockchain technology – has the potential to change our lives for the better. What does the crypto world have in store for you? Here are 4 reasons why you should get on board and invest in cryptocurrencies. 7 | 加密货币市场发展得越来越快，一些人因此发了大财。但这仅仅是关于赚钱吗？作为加密货币底层技术的区块链技术有望将改善人类的生活。加密货币会给你带来什么？以下是4个原因告诉你为什么你需要上车来投资加密货币。 8 | 9 | 1.Returns You Could Never Have Imagined你未曾想象过的回报。 10 | 11 | Let us just compare Bitcoin’s rate of return with that of S&P 500 stocks, which is the leading indicator of the performance of U.S. equities from the year 2016.I wish I can say that we’re dreaming. But we’re not. Say you invested 12,000. But if you invested in Bitcoin, you would be worth a whopping $60,000. Let’s choose another prominent coin: Ethereum. 12 | 我们就拿Bitcoin的收益率和S&P500来比较一下吧。假如说，2016年你在美国股市投资了10000美金，到现在你的总投资价值为12000美金。但是，如果你投资的是Bitcoin，那么你现在会有60000美金。我们来看看另一种更显著的Ethereum. 13 | 14 | This is even crazier. And this chart is from the start of this year. If you’d invested in Ethereum, your investment would have increased by a multiple of 46. If you had invested 470,000 in a span of 6 months. Think about it. These kinds of returns are impossible to acquire within the realm of traditional investments. 15 | 这个更疯狂。表格显示的是从2017年开始，如果投资了Ethereum，那么它会增长46倍。如果你投了10000美金，那么6个月内你将会拥有470000美金。这些收益在传统投资中是不可能实现的。 16 | 17 | Bitcoin and Ethereum may be the biggest coins now, but there are hundreds of coins which can achieve similar or even better rates of return. Each coin has a specific purpose or solves a particular issue. 18 | Bitcoin和Ethereum也许是现在价值最大的币，但是还有上百种其他种类的币，可以为你带来同样的甚至是更好的收益率。每种币都有具体的目的或者可以解决一个特殊的问题。 19 | 20 | However, a word of caution: Make sure sufficient due diligence is undertaken before investing. Cryptos can be highly volatile and they are at the stage of infancy; there’s a possibility that many coins may fail or are downright scams. 21 | 然而，说句谨慎的话：投资之前一定要做好尽职调查。加密货币有非常大的波动性，而且它们现在处于行业初始阶段；很多币存在失败或者是骗局的可能性。 22 | 23 | 2.Huge Growth Potential巨大的增长潜力。 24 | 25 | The crypto world is extremely intimidating, due to the complexities in understanding the technology. The use of technical computing terms can confuse and deter outsiders. This is the main reason why many stay away from Cryptos. In addition, it can be a real challenge navigating through the ecosystem; from opening an exchange account, to sending coin transactions, to managing one’ private wallet for safekeeping. 26 | 理解加密货币的科技是复杂的，使得这个领域非常恐怖。计算机术语使很多人对此领域感到困惑并敬而远之。此外，从注册交易所账户，到发送货币交易，再到管理个人钱包，跑通整个流程也是极具挑战的。 27 | 28 | The fact that the Cryptos intimidate most people is the very reason why you would want to be in it. Jumping on the bandwagon earlier than most would give you an edge, both in terms of potential gains and experience. It can be a steep learning curve, but it would all be worth it. Once there’s adequate mainstream coverage on cryptos, the masses will start pouring in, purely because the rates of returns are relatively astounding! 29 | 事实上，加密货币吓倒了大部分人恰恰就是你为什么你想要加入进来的原因。比大部分人早上车会给你带来潜在收益、经验两个方面的优势。这可能是一个很曲折的学习过程，但一切都是值得的。一旦加密货币受到大部分人的关注，普通大众将会涌入进来，因为它的回报率太高了。 30 | 31 | 3.Ideological Empowerment意识形态授权 32 | 33 | If you’re not a big fan of the government, the big banks or monopolistic corporation, then cryptos are perfect for you. Let’s face it, humans are used to a central authority– in the form of a government, an institution, or any authority – that set rules to dictate the way things should be done. What if the tables are turned, and the masses have a real say in how things should operate? Now that is a truly democratic ecosystem. 34 | 如果你不热衷于政府，大型银行或者垄断性的公司，那么加密货币就非常适合你。承认了吧，人类习惯于中心化的权力-可能是政府、机构或者是任何可以支配事情发展的权力。如果扭转一下这个局面，那么大多数人将会有说话的权力。这才是真正的民主。 35 | 36 | The decentralization of cryptocurrencies democratizes traditional powers and empowers the masses. No more shall you depend on financial institutions for transferring money that comes with an exorbitant fee. There are many coins – most notably Bitcoin – that allows users to transfer money to anyone at any location with a fraction of the fees. Not only that, having private wallets to store your coins gives you full control of your money. It’s like managing your own bank; you decide your own rules. 37 | 加密货币的去中心化可使传统的权力机构民主化并把权力赋予给大众。你再也不需要依赖收取高额手续费的金融机构来汇款。有很多种币使用户可以以小额手续费在任何地点给任何人汇款。不仅如此，有一个私人钱包存储自己的币可以让你对自己的钱有完全的掌控。这就如同管理你自己的银行；规则你来定。 38 | 39 | Moreover, the nature of a decentralized economy powered by Blockchain naturally aligns the economic incentives of participants. This means that actors with bad intentions would find it extremely unproductive and expensive to attack or compromise the system, as the amount of resources needed to do so would be astronomical. Instead of wasting their resources to compromise the system without gaining any incentive, the logical thing to do is to contribute their resources to strengthen the security of the system (a process called “mining”). They would, therefore, be entitled to economic rewards for doing so. Anyone can take part in the network by contributing resources and earn coins for the commensurate work that you put in. The capacity for any person to participate and power the entire system is the nature of decentralization. 40 | 而且，区块链所驱动的去中心化经济的本质与参与者的经济刺激是相互关联的。这意味着具有不良意图的参与者们会发现攻击或者损害系统是无效且昂贵的，因为这样做将会耗费巨大的资源。与其耗费巨大资源来损害系统却没有半点收货，倒不如把资源贡献给系统来加强系统的安全性（这个过程被称作“挖矿”）。因此，他们会被称作旷工而受到奖励。每个人都可以通过共享资源的形式加入网络并赢得代币。任何人都可以参与并为整个网络附能，这是去中心化的本质。 41 | 42 | 4.Bragging Rights吹牛的权力 43 | 44 | Imagine having the opportunity to be part of the internet revolution in the 1990s. It was a perfect opportunity for you to acquire a vast amount of wealth and more importantly, bragging rights. The rights exclusive only to the initial investors and backers of the revolutionary technology, and that which could serve as your lifetime legacy. That recognition goes beyond material wealth and it really is currently at your fingertips. How many can claim the rights of being the few that took part in the development of a revolutionary part of human evolution? Very few. Cryptocurrencies are the gateway to that legacy. 45 | 想象一下，有机会参与90年代的互联网革命。那对你来说是一个获取大量财富的绝佳机会。更重要的是，吹牛的权力。这些权利只属于这项革命性科技的初期投资者及支持者。那种赞誉胜过物质财富，目前它触手可及。人类进化的革命性时刻，有多少人能声称自己参与其中？非常少。加密货币就是其中的一扇门。 46 | 47 | All in All总结 48 | The crypto world is a blossoming to be a real game-changer that could change the way we do things. As we speak, applications are being developed to disrupt the current status quo, for the better. Imagine having transparent access to government or organizational activity at your fingertips, or allowing part of your computing power to be shared in the advancement of key scientific and medical projects. A decentralized system allows the masses to leverage each other’s resources and qualities to uplift the community. It is a force of good. Additionally, you can also get very rich investing in the ecosystem too. So what are you waiting for? 49 | 加密货币正百花齐放，可以改变我们的生活方式。此时，诸多应用正在被开发，来改善目前的状况。想象一下政府和机构活动的透明化，或者想象一下把自己的一部分算力分享给重要的科研及医学项目。一个去中心化的系统使得大众可以影响彼此的资源从而推动社区，这是一种正能量。此外，你也可以在投资的过程中变得非常富有。那么，你还在等什么呢？ 50 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /NonTechDoc/2017-Was-Bitcoin-Year-2018-Will-Be-Ethereum.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # 2017 Was Bitcoin's Year. 2018 Will Be Ethereum's 2 | # 2017年是比特币的一年,而2018将是以太坊的一年 3 | 4 | 5 | > 本文翻译自：https://www.coindesk.com/dont-hodl-buidl-blockchain-tech-will-add-value-2018/ 6 | > 7 | > 译者：[区块链中文字幕组](https://github.com/BlockchainTranslator/EOS) [林炜鑫](https://github.com/weixin1993) 8 | > 9 | > 翻译时间：2017-12-29 10 | 11 | ![](pics/timg.jpg) 12 | 13 | As a long time investor in bitcoin and cryptocurrencies, 2017 has been remarkable. But it's important to remember, this is really just the beginning. 14 | 15 | 对于比特币和加密货币的长期投资者来说，2017年非常了不起。 但重要的是要记住，这只是一个开始。 16 | 17 | Despite the valuations, major protocols remain deficient in delivering value to users. Bitcoin with it's high fees and slow transaction times is hardly suitable for payments – spending the [same fee](https://www.coindesk.com/bought-first-bitcoin-ether-now-brace-fees/) whether you buy a coffee or send $100,000 is a joke and the promise of scaling solutions such as the [Lightning Network](https://www.coindesk.com/lightning-bitcoin-scaling-tech-really-know/) hasn’t been fulfilled. 18 | 19 | 尽管有估价，但主要协议书在为用户提供价值方面依然不足。 比特币的收费较高，交易时间较慢，不太适合支付 - 无论您是购买咖啡还是发送10万美元，都花费[相同的费用](https://www.coindesk.com/bought-first-bitcoin-ether-now-brace-fees/)，这只是一个笑话，[闪电网络](https://www.coindesk.com/lightning-bitcoin-scaling-tech-really-know/)等解决方案的承诺还没有实现。 20 | 21 | Suffice to say, its new positioning as a store of value is precarious, even if, judging by the huge uptick in bitcoin price, the store of value narrative is winning for now. 22 | 23 | 可以说，作为一个价值储备的新定位是岌岌可危的，即使如此，从比特币价格的巨大上升来看，价值叙事的存储目前是胜利的。 24 | 25 | While there's no shortage of old and new believers to keep the party going, along with plenty of developers working to create better, forked versions of bitcoin, I’m betting my chips on a more flexible alternative. 26 | 27 | 虽然不乏新老信徒保持工程继续，加上大量的开发者努力创造比较好的分支版本的比特币，但我打赌我的筹码是一个更灵活的选择。 28 | 29 | The door is wide open for blockchains that use [smart contracts](https://www.coindesk.com/information/ethereum-smart-contracts-work/), like ethereum, and I believe their potential market dwarfs that of "store of value" chains. Platforms like ethereum are an operating system for decentralized finance and commerce. 30 | 31 | 对于使用[智能合约](https://www.coindesk.com/information/ethereum-smart-contracts-work/)的区块链来说，门户是敞开的，比如以太坊，我相信他们的潜在市场很大。 像以太坊这样的平台是分去中心式金融和商业的操作系统。 32 | 33 | They power applications – lots of them. 34 | 35 | 他们为大多数的应用程序提供支持。 36 | 37 | ### A comparison 38 | ### 一个对比 39 | 40 | Think of bitcoin as [DOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS) and ethereum as Windows or Mac OS. There is nothing wrong with DOS. It came first and was an essential part of the computer's success. 41 | 42 | 把比特币想象成[DOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS)，而以太坊，就像Windows或者Mac OS一样。 DOS没有错。它第一个创建，是电脑成功的关键部分。 43 | 44 | Us geeks grew up on DOS, but computers only went mainstream when Windows and Mac OS appeared. DOS is difficult to learn, tricky to program and few applications ever ran on it. Windows and Mac OS support and encourage applications to be built and are ultimately easier for people to use. 45 | 46 | 我们的极客们在DOS上长大，但是当Windows和Mac OS出现时，电脑才成为主流。 DOS很难学，编程也很棘手，很少有应用程序在它上面运行。 Windows和Mac OS支持并鼓励应用程序的构建，最终让人们更容易使用。 47 | 48 | Ethereum is like Windows and Mac OS, and as a result, developers are creating applications in the thousands. 49 | 50 | 以太坊就像Windows和Mac OS，因此，开发人员正在创造数以千计的应用程序。 51 | 52 | It feels like the internet boom in 2000. Thousands of new companies are sprouting up with highly innovative business models and bleeding edge compliance with regulation, and new methods are being found to finance them. Most, like Pets.com and Webvan, will fail. But some will be the next Amazon, eBay, or Google of the blockchain generation. 53 | 54 | 这感觉就像2000年的互联网繁荣。成千上万的新公司正在萌芽，创新的商业模式徘徊在监管的边缘，并找到了新的方法来资助他们。 像Pets.com和Webvan一样，大多数都会失败。 但一些将成为区块链下一代的亚马逊，eBay或谷歌。 55 | 56 | But with its proven stability and exceptional immutability, don’t bitcoin’s developers deserve the reverence that the rocketing price implies? 57 | 58 | 但是，由于其稳定性和卓越的不变性，比特币的开发者们难道不应该受到飞涨的价格所带来的尊敬吗？ 59 | 60 | I wouldn't be quick to yes to this. They are so resistant to change that they’d rather give up all hope of serving the common man. Let's face it, bitcoin today is a product for an elitist few that can afford the high transaction fees. They have chosen a path to a technical dead end. 61 | 62 | 对此我不会很快地给出肯定的答案。 他们如此抗拒改变，宁愿放弃为普通人服务的所有想法。 让我们面对现实，比特币今天是一个少数精英才能够支付高额交易费用的产品。 他们选择了一条通往技术死胡同的道路。 63 | 64 | ### A better way 65 | ### 一个更好的方式 66 | 67 | Last month’s DevCon3, an ethereum developer conference, may be evidence of a contrasting approach. 68 | 69 | 上个月的DevCon3，一个以太坊开发者大会，可能是一个另外的方法的证据。 70 | 71 | With 2,000 developers in attendance, each paying 1,000 dollars plus expenses to collectively push the boundaries of blockchain innovation, ethereum’s future seems secure. But what of other smart contract-enabling technologies? 72 | 73 | 2000名开发者参与其中，每个人支付1000美元以上的费用，共同推动区块链创新的进程，以太坊的未来似乎是安全的。 但是其他的智能合约技术呢？ 74 | 75 | Sure, there are a few new pretenders out there claiming to be ethereum 2.0. None have yet demonstrated anything like the innovation or rapid improvement of ethereum, nor do they have the developer mindset. 76 | 77 | 当然，还有一些新的伪装者声称是以太坊2.0。 迄今为止，还没有任何一个像以太坊的创新或快速改进，也没有像样的开发人员的想法。 78 | 79 | You can’t write any of them off just yet, but ethereum has shown a dedication to innovation at all costs and an effectiveness that leaves no doubt that it will be the main platform for blockchain application development for years to come. 80 | 81 | 你们现在还不能实现上述任何一点，但是以太坊已经表现出不惜一切代价创新的奉献精神，而且毫无疑问，它将成为未来几年区块链应用开发的主要平台。 82 | 83 | Those guys are already working on privacy and scaling, the likes of which the other blockchains can only dream. To me, you must evolve or die. In 2018 and beyond, ethereum and other technologies will continue to evolve and power applications will drive the next technology age. 84 | 85 | 这些人已经在研究隐私和扩展性，其他区块链只是在做梦。 对我来说，你必须进化或死亡。 在2018年以后，以太坊和其他技术将继续发展，智能应用将推动下一个技术时代。 86 | 87 | ---------------------------------------------------- 88 | 89 | #### 区块链中文字幕组 90 | 91 | 致力于前沿区块链知识和信息的传播，为中国融入全球区块链世界贡献一份力量。 92 | 93 | 如果您懂一些技术、懂一些英文，欢迎加入我们，加微信号:w1791520555。 94 | 95 | [点击查看项目GITHUB，及更多的译文...](https://github.com/BlockchainTranslator/EOS) 96 | 97 | #### 本文译者简介 98 | 99 | 林炜鑫，在读硕士，专注区块链技术研究与行业分析，欢迎加微信号:happyzai1993。 100 | 101 | 本文由币乎社区（bihu.com）内容支持计划奖励。 102 | 103 | 版权所有，转载需完整注明以上内容。 104 | 105 | ---------------------------------------------------- 106 | 107 | 108 | 109 | 110 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /NonTechDoc/2017：A Defining Year for Cryptocurrency Regulation.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # 2017: A Defining Year for Cryptocurrency Regulation 2 | # 2017年:加密货币监管的元年 3 | 4 | > 本文翻译自：https://www.coindesk.com/2017-in-review-how-the-world-regulated-crypto/ 5 | > 6 | > 译者：[区块链中文字幕组](https://github.com/BlockchainTranslator/EOS) [林炜鑫](https://github.com/weixin1993) 7 | > 8 | > 翻译时间：2018-01-08 9 | 10 | 11 | In a year of soaring cryptocurrency prices and countless initial coin offerings, it's perhaps unsurprising that, over the course of 2017, regulators worldwide stepped in to define how they would oversee what had been to date a legally murky environment. 12 | 13 | From China's crackdown on exchanges to the SEC's report on The DAO, 2017 was perhaps one of the most significant years to date on the regulatory front. Indeed, the year saw regulators from many of the world's leading economies issue investor alerts and cautionary statements about financial use cases for the tech. 14 | 15 | 在比特币价格飙升和无数首次发行货币的一年里--2017年的时候，世界各地的监管机构都介入，定义他们将如何监管在法律上不明确的环境。 16 | 17 | 从中国对交易所的打击到美国证交会关于“DAO”的报告，这可能是迄今为止监管方面最重要的一年。事实上，今年全球许多主要经济体的监管机构都发布了对投资者的警告，并对该技术的金融用例提出了警告。 18 | 19 | The past two months especially have seen growing activity on the ICO funding model, as seen by bans in major Asian countries to enforcement actions in North America. 20 | 21 | In this article, we look at some of the big policy shifts from the past 12 months – many of which may have set the stage for further industry-defining developments in the year ahead. 22 | 23 | 特别是在过去两个月，ICO资助模式的活动日益增多，亚洲主要国家采取禁止措施，而北美则直接采取执法行动。 24 | 25 | 在这篇文章中，我们来看看过去12个月来的一些重大政策转变 - 其中许多可能为未来一年进一步确定行业发展奠定了基础。 26 | 27 | ## The People's Bank vs bitcoin 28 | ## 人民银行vs比特币 29 | 30 | ![](pics/lwx_bank.jpg) 31 | 32 | It was the first week of 2017 and China's "Big Three" bitcoin exchanges – OKCoin, Huobi and BTCC – were being warned by the country's central bank. 33 | 34 | That warning about staying compliant with "relevant laws and regulations" was followed in February by a freeze on withdrawals and the creation of new trading fees – both of which were measures imposed by the People's Bank of China in a stated effort to curb the risk of money laundering. And after months of waiting, exchanges ultimately returned access to funds to users in late May. 35 | 36 | 在2017年的第一周，中国的“三大”比特币交易所——OKCoin、Huobi和BTCC——都受到了中国央行的警告。 37 | 38 | 17年2月，中国政府出台了一项有关“相关法律法规”的警告，即冻结提款和新增交易费，这两项措施都是中国人民银行为了遏制洗钱风险所采取的措施。经过几个月的等待，交易所最终在5月底恢复了向用户提供资金的渠道。 39 | 40 | Officials in the world's most populous nation ultimately ordered those cryptocurrency exchanges to cease trading and shut down in mid-September, which combined with BTCC's closure effectively ended the "Big Three" ecosystem and pushed trading activities within China to over-the-counter markets. 41 | 42 | News of the pending shutdowns came just days after the country stopped ICOs within its borders, saying the campaigns operated by "illegally selling and distributing tokens." 43 | 44 | Where 2018 will head remains to be seen, though commentators on state-owned television in China have said in recent months that OTC cryptocurrency trading may be deemed against the law as well. 45 | 46 | 这个世界上人口最多的国家的官员最终命令这些加密货币的交易所在9月中旬停止交易和关闭，这与BTCC的关闭有效地终结了“三大”生态系统，并将中国境内的交易活动推到了场外交易市场。 47 | 48 | 就在前段时间，该国停止了在其境内的ICOs，称这些活动是“非法销售和分发代币”的活动。 49 | 50 | 尽管中国国有电视台的评论员最近几个月曾表示，场外的加密货币交易也可能被认为是违法的，但2018年的情况仍有待观察。 51 | 52 | ## The DAO report 53 | ## DAO报告 54 | 55 | ![](pics/lwx_bird.jpg) 56 | 57 | Rumors had circulated for months that the SEC would move to define how it would regulate ICOs. Yet the agency played its cards close until late July, when it declared that U.S. securities laws could be applied to some token sales depending on the nature of the token itself and the manner in which it was offered. 58 | 59 | The funding model, through which the sale and distribution of cryptographic tokens would be used to kickstart work on a new blockchain network, was at the heart of The DAO, the now-defunct funding vehicle that raised millions of dollars in ethers in 2016 through the sale of DAO tokens. It collapsed later that summer following a debilitating exploit, sparking months of infighting, recovery efforts and, ultimately, a split in the ethereum blockchain. 60 | 61 | 数月来，有传言称SEC将决定如何监管ICOs。然而，该机构在7月下旬之前就已经发行了代币，当时它宣布，根据代币本身的性质和所提供的方式，美国的证券法可以应用于某些代币的销售。 62 | 63 | 通过出售和分发加密代币来启动新的区块链网络的融资模式，是DAO的核心。DAO是现已不存在的融资工具，通过出售DAO代币，在2016年筹集了数百万美元的资金。在经历了一场让人精疲力竭的开发之后，这个夏天的晚些时候，它崩溃了，引发了几个月的内斗，通过努力恢复了之后，最终在ethereum区块链上出现了分裂。 64 | 65 | According to a report published by the SEC in July, the DAO tokens were securities under U.S. law, though the agency said that it had declined to pursue any enforcement action related to the sale. 66 | 67 | The SEC wrote at the time: 68 | 69 | >"...the Commission deems it appropriate and in the public interest to issue this Report in order to stress that the U.S. federal securities law may apply to various activities, including distributed ledger technology, depending on the particular facts and circumstances, without regard to the form of the organization or technology used to effectuate a particular offer or sale." 70 | 71 | 根据美国证交会7月发布的一份报告，DAO代币是根据美国法律规定的证券，不过该机构表示，它拒绝采取任何与售股有关的强制措施。 72 | 73 | 证券交易委员会当时写道: 74 | 75 | >“…委员会认为为了强调美国联邦证券法可能适用于包括分布式账本技术在内的各种活动，在特定的事实和情况下，不用考虑组织的形式或技术用于完成特定提供或出售。” 76 | 77 | The agency's statements are significant because they sparked a host of similar warnings and publications from other regulators around the world. 78 | 79 | The SEC itself would go on to warn about celebrity endorsed ICOs and public-stock scams that use the funding model as a way to entice investors. The agency has also pursued civil lawsuits against ICO organizers since July through a newly-created unit focused on digital investigations. 80 | 81 | 该机构的声明意义重大，因为它们引发了世界各地其他监管机构发出的类似警告和出版物。 82 | 83 | 证交会本身将继续警告名人代言的ICOs和公共股票欺诈，利用融资模式作为吸引投资者的一种方式。自7月以来，该机构还通过一个专注于数字调查的新成立单位，对ICO的组织者提起民事诉讼。 84 | 85 | ## Putin's edicts 86 | ## 普京的法令 87 | 88 | ![](pics/lwx_putin.jpg) 89 | 90 | CoinDesk readers are likely familiar with the long-running saga of cryptocurrency regulation in Russia. 91 | 92 | And while recent statements from senior lawmakers suggest that Russia's State Duma may finally approve rules governing the trade and issuance of cryptocurrencies, statements from earlier this year from president Vladimir Putin are arguably more impactful for the tech's future in the country. 93 | 94 | CoinDesk读者可能熟悉俄罗斯的长期运行的加密货币管理。 95 | 96 | 尽管最近国会议员的声明表明，俄罗斯State Duma最终可能会批准加密货币贸易和发行的规则，但今年早些时候普京总统的声明对该国未来技术的影响可以说是更有影响力。 97 | 98 | In late October, the Kremlin published five orders from Putin focused on various uses for the tech. He ordered new registration requirements for cryptocurrency miners, the application of securities laws to the initial coin offering (ICO) funding model and research into how the tech could be used as part of a digital payments ecosystem in the Eurasian Economic Union. 99 | 100 | 十月下旬，克里姆林宫发布了五个来自普京的法令，重点是技术的各种用途。他为加密货币矿工颁布了新的注册要求，将证券法律应用于初始投币（ICO）融资模式，并研究如何将这项技术用作欧亚经济联盟数字支付生态系统的一部分。 101 | 102 | Echoing moves by other countries in the past year, Putin also ordered the creation of a regulatory "sandbox" for companies that use technologies like blockchain to develop new products and services. 103 | 104 | While the orders undoubtedly nudged forward the work on legislation around cryptocurrencies, Putin's edicts have arguably advanced efforts to integrate the tech into the Russian state government infrastructure. They also came months after the Russian leader briefly met with ethereum creator Vitalik Buterin. 105 | 106 | 普京在过去一年的回应中，还下令为使用区块链等技术开发新产品和服务的公司设立监管“沙箱”。 107 | 108 | 尽管这些命令毫无疑问地推动了有关加密货币立法的工作，但是普京的这些法令也可以说是推进了将技术融入俄罗斯政府基础设施的努力。之后的几个月，俄罗斯领导人还与埃菲娜创造者Vitalik Buterin进行了短暂的会面。 109 | 110 | Other leaders in Russia have pushed the idea of using blockchain for public-sector purposes as well. Prime minister Dmitry Medvedev, for example, ordered government officials to begin researching uses of blockchain last spring. 111 | 112 | 113 | 俄罗斯的其他领导人也推动了将区块链用于公共部门的想法。例如总理梅德韦杰夫（Dmitry Medvedev），去年春天下令政府官员开始研究区块链的使用。 114 | 115 | 116 | ---------------------------------------------------- 117 | 118 | #### 区块链中文字幕组 119 | 120 | 致力于前沿区块链知识和信息的传播，为中国融入全球区块链世界贡献一份力量。 121 | 122 | 如果您懂一些技术、懂一些英文，欢迎加入我们，加微信号:w1791520555。 123 | 124 | [点击查看项目GITHUB，及更多的译文...](https://github.com/BlockchainTranslator/EOS) 125 | 126 | #### 本文译者简介 127 | 128 | 林炜鑫，在读硕士，专注区块链技术研究与行业分析，欢迎加微信号:happyzai1993。 129 | 130 | 本文由币乎社区（bihu.com）内容支持计划奖励。 131 | 132 | 版权所有，转载需完整注明以上内容。 133 | 134 | ---------------------------------------------------- 135 | 136 | 137 | 138 | 139 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /NonTechDoc/4个原因告诉你为什么现在是投资加密货币的最好时机.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 翻译自: https://masterthecrypto.com/invest-in-cryptocurrencies/ 2 | 3 | 译者：区块链中文字幕组 比圈大白 4 | 5 | 翻译时间：2018-4-21 6 | The cryptocurrency market has been growing at an exponential pace and making a number of people very rich. But is it all about making money? The technology underlying cryptocurrencies – called Blockchain technology – has the potential to change our lives for the better. What does the crypto world have in store for you? Here are 4 reasons why you should get on board and invest in cryptocurrencies. 7 | 加密货币市场发展得越来越快，一些人因此发了大财。但这仅仅是关于赚钱吗？作为加密货币底层技术的区块链技术有望将改善人类的生活。加密货币会给你带来什么？以下是4个原因告诉你为什么你需要上车来投资加密货币。 8 | 9 | 1.Returns You Could Never Have Imagined你未曾想象过的回报。 10 | 11 | Let us just compare Bitcoin’s rate of return with that of S&P 500 stocks, which is the leading indicator of the performance of U.S. equities from the year 2016.I wish I can say that we’re dreaming. But we’re not. Say you invested 12,000. But if you invested in Bitcoin, you would be worth a whopping $60,000. Let’s choose another prominent coin: Ethereum. 12 | 我们就拿Bitcoin的收益率和S&P500来比较一下吧。假如说，2016年你在美国股市投资了10000美金，到现在你的总投资价值为12000美金。但是，如果你投资的是Bitcoin，那么你现在会有60000美金。我们来看看另一种更显著的Ethereum. 13 | 14 | This is even crazier. And this chart is from the start of this year. If you’d invested in Ethereum, your investment would have increased by a multiple of 46. If you had invested 470,000 in a span of 6 months. Think about it. These kinds of returns are impossible to acquire within the realm of traditional investments. 15 | 这个更疯狂。表格显示的是从2017年开始，如果投资了Ethereum，那么它会增长46倍。如果你投了10000美金，那么6个月内你将会拥有470000美金。这些收益在传统投资中是不可能实现的。 16 | 17 | Bitcoin and Ethereum may be the biggest coins now, but there are hundreds of coins which can achieve similar or even better rates of return. Each coin has a specific purpose or solves a particular issue. 18 | Bitcoin和Ethereum也许是现在价值最大的币，但是还有上百种其他种类的币，可以为你带来同样的甚至是更好的收益率。每种币都有具体的目的或者可以解决一个特殊的问题。 19 | 20 | However, a word of caution: Make sure sufficient due diligence is undertaken before investing. Cryptos can be highly volatile and they are at the stage of infancy; there’s a possibility that many coins may fail or are downright scams. 21 | 然而，说句谨慎的话：投资之前一定要做好尽职调查。加密货币有非常大的波动性，而且它们现在处于行业初始阶段；很多币存在失败或者是骗局的可能性。 22 | 23 | 2.Huge Growth Potential巨大的增长潜力。 24 | 25 | The crypto world is extremely intimidating, due to the complexities in understanding the technology. The use of technical computing terms can confuse and deter outsiders. This is the main reason why many stay away from Cryptos. In addition, it can be a real challenge navigating through the ecosystem; from opening an exchange account, to sending coin transactions, to managing one’ private wallet for safekeeping. 26 | 理解加密货币的科技是复杂的，使得这个领域非常恐怖。计算机术语使很多人对此领域感到困惑并敬而远之。此外，从注册交易所账户，到发送货币交易，再到管理个人钱包，跑通整个流程也是极具挑战的。 27 | 28 | The fact that the Cryptos intimidate most people is the very reason why you would want to be in it. Jumping on the bandwagon earlier than most would give you an edge, both in terms of potential gains and experience. It can be a steep learning curve, but it would all be worth it. Once there’s adequate mainstream coverage on cryptos, the masses will start pouring in, purely because the rates of returns are relatively astounding! 29 | 事实上，加密货币吓倒了大部分人恰恰就是你为什么你想要加入进来的原因。比大部分人早上车会给你带来潜在收益、经验两个方面的优势。这可能是一个很曲折的学习过程，但一切都是值得的。一旦加密货币受到大部分人的关注，普通大众将会涌入进来，因为它的回报率太高了。 30 | 31 | 3.Ideological Empowerment意识形态授权 32 | 33 | If you’re not a big fan of the government, the big banks or monopolistic corporation, then cryptos are perfect for you. Let’s face it, humans are used to a central authority– in the form of a government, an institution, or any authority – that set rules to dictate the way things should be done. What if the tables are turned, and the masses have a real say in how things should operate? Now that is a truly democratic ecosystem. 34 | 如果你不热衷于政府，大型银行或者垄断性的公司，那么加密货币就非常适合你。承认了吧，人类习惯于中心化的权力-可能是政府、机构或者是任何可以支配事情发展的权力。如果扭转一下这个局面，那么大多数人将会有说话的权力。这才是真正的民主。 35 | 36 | The decentralization of cryptocurrencies democratizes traditional powers and empowers the masses. No more shall you depend on financial institutions for transferring money that comes with an exorbitant fee. There are many coins – most notably Bitcoin – that allows users to transfer money to anyone at any location with a fraction of the fees. Not only that, having private wallets to store your coins gives you full control of your money. It’s like managing your own bank; you decide your own rules. 37 | 加密货币的去中心化可使传统的权力机构民主化并把权力赋予给大众。你再也不需要依赖收取高额手续费的金融机构来汇款。有很多种币使用户可以以小额手续费在任何地点给任何人汇款。不仅如此，有一个私人钱包存储自己的币可以让你对自己的钱有完全的掌控。这就如同管理你自己的银行；规则你来定。 38 | 39 | Moreover, the nature of a decentralized economy powered by Blockchain naturally aligns the economic incentives of participants. This means that actors with bad intentions would find it extremely unproductive and expensive to attack or compromise the system, as the amount of resources needed to do so would be astronomical. Instead of wasting their resources to compromise the system without gaining any incentive, the logical thing to do is to contribute their resources to strengthen the security of the system (a process called “mining”). They would, therefore, be entitled to economic rewards for doing so. Anyone can take part in the network by contributing resources and earn coins for the commensurate work that you put in. The capacity for any person to participate and power the entire system is the nature of decentralization. 40 | 而且，区块链所驱动的去中心化经济的本质与参与者的经济刺激是相互关联的。这意味着具有不良意图的参与者们会发现攻击或者损害系统是无效且昂贵的，因为这样做将会耗费巨大的资源。与其耗费巨大资源来损害系统却没有半点收货，倒不如把资源贡献给系统来加强系统的安全性（这个过程被称作“挖矿”）。因此，他们会被称作旷工而受到奖励。每个人都可以通过共享资源的形式加入网络并赢得代币。任何人都可以参与并为整个网络附能，这是去中心化的本质。 41 | 42 | 4.Bragging Rights吹牛的权力 43 | 44 | Imagine having the opportunity to be part of the internet revolution in the 1990s. It was a perfect opportunity for you to acquire a vast amount of wealth and more importantly, bragging rights. The rights exclusive only to the initial investors and backers of the revolutionary technology, and that which could serve as your lifetime legacy. That recognition goes beyond material wealth and it really is currently at your fingertips. How many can claim the rights of being the few that took part in the development of a revolutionary part of human evolution? Very few. Cryptocurrencies are the gateway to that legacy. 45 | 想象一下，有机会参与90年代的互联网革命。那对你来说是一个获取大量财富的绝佳机会。更重要的是，吹牛的权力。这些权利只属于这项革命性科技的初期投资者及支持者。那种赞誉胜过物质财富，目前它触手可及。人类进化的革命性时刻，有多少人能声称自己参与其中？非常少。加密货币就是其中的一扇门。 46 | 47 | All in All总结 48 | The crypto world is a blossoming to be a real game-changer that could change the way we do things. As we speak, applications are being developed to disrupt the current status quo, for the better. Imagine having transparent access to government or organizational activity at your fingertips, or allowing part of your computing power to be shared in the advancement of key scientific and medical projects. A decentralized system allows the masses to leverage each other’s resources and qualities to uplift the community. It is a force of good. Additionally, you can also get very rich investing in the ecosystem too. So what are you waiting for? 49 | 加密货币正百花齐放，可以改变我们的生活方式。此时，诸多应用正在被开发，来改善目前的状况。想象一下政府和机构活动的透明化，或者想象一下把自己的一部分算力分享给重要的科研及医学项目。一个去中心化的系统使得大众可以影响彼此的资源从而推动社区，这是一种正能量。此外，你也可以在投资的过程中变得非常富有。那么，你还在等什么呢？ 50 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /NonTechDoc/Baymax_0404-去中心化是加密货币交易所的未来.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | Decentralization Is the Future for Crypto Exchanges 去中心化是加密货币交易所的未来 2 | 3 | 本文节选翻译自：：https://www.newsbtc.com/press-releases/decentralization-is-the-future-for-crypto-exchanges-states-cto-of-localcoinswap/ 4 | 译者：区块链中文字幕组 币圈大白 5 | 翻译时间：2018-4-4 6 | “The emergence of cryptocurrencies is nothing short of a revolution”, according to Nathan Worsley, the CTO of decentralized exchange platform LocalCoinSwap. “This gives us a chance to avoid the traditional business structures of the past, and choose models which work for the 21st century instead.” 7 | 去中心化交易平台LocalCoinSwap的首席技术官Nathan Worsley称：加密货币的出现无异于一次改革，让我们有机会避免过去的传统商业结构，选择适合21世纪的商业模式。 8 | 9 | “However, despite the relative youth of the industry, what we’re seeing in terms of cryptocurrency exchanges, is that they’re being run increasingly like traditional banks. They have complicated verification processes, make profits for growing monopoly interests, and restrict who can use them. They’re unaccountable, inefficient, and sometimes provably unethical — but they’re the gatekeepers to investment. Often they’re really challenging for new users to get to grips with, and offer a limited range of currencies and tokens for trading. This deters people from getting involved in crypto in the first place, which is counterproductive for every stakeholder — mass adoption being absolutely critical for the transformation which we know the global economy needs”. 10 | 然而， 尽管这个产业相对比较年轻，但是我们看到加密货币交易所的运营方式却越来越像传统银行。它们的认证程序复杂，为越来越多的垄断集团获得利润，并且限制用户。它们无需负责，效率低下，有时甚至毫无道德可言，但是它们是投资的守门人。它们对于那些想要掌握它们的新用户来说确实是一种挑战，并且给那些用户提供有限的货币和代币去交易。这首先就阻止了人们参与到加密货币中，这对于每一位利益相关者来说都是适得其反的。我们知道大规模参与对于全球经济改革绝对是至关重要的。 11 | 12 | And as every investor learns fast, centralized exchanges have major vulnerabilities from a security point of view, simply by virtue of the large number of private keys they control. Barely a month goes by without news of another breach, as the arms race between hackers and platforms continues to escalate. 13 | 随着投资者们快速了解这个领域，从安全角度来看，中心化的交易所有主要的漏洞，仅仅是凭借他们控制的大量私钥。距离上一次遭遇黑客攻击仅仅过去一个月，黑客和平台之间的军备竞赛仍然在持续升级。 14 | 15 | By decentralizing the storage of funds the risk is spread, reducing the temptation those who might try to penetrate the system — but that doesn’t mean LocalCoinSwap are complacent about this fundamental issue for every exchange. A full-time dedicated security team has been enlisted to safeguard all vulnerable information at all times, and for funds held by the exchange itself (for example during escrow), 95% of cryptocurrency deposits will be stored in offline wallets to minimise potential loss due to hacking. 16 | 通过去中心化资金存储，风险就会被分散，这会减少对那些想要入侵系统的人的诱惑，但是这不意味着 LocalCoinSwap并不满足于此，因为这对于每一个交易所来说是一个基本问题。一个全天候的专业的安全团队已经加入到保卫易受攻击信息的队伍中（比如在暂由第三方保管期间），95%的加密货币存款将被储存在离线钱包中以最小化因黑客攻击造成的潜在损失。 17 | 18 | Removing the central point of failure also reduces regulatory risk, such as the intervention of governments to control or shut down exchanges, based on local jurisdiction changes. Indeed for many libertarian pioneers, centralization of exchanges fundamentally contradicts the whole purpose of using cryptocurrencies in the first place. Worsley and his colleagues believe that we have to act now, to prevent the industry simply modeling that of historical financial institutions, and allowing control to remain centralized in a few powerful hands. 19 | 移除中心点故障也可以减少监管风险，比如基于当地的管辖归属变化，政府介入来控制或者关闭交易所。的确，对于许多自由的先驱者来说，中心化的交易所首先从根本上就与使用加密货币的目的相矛盾。Worsley与其同事认为我们不得不马上行动来阻止这个产业去模仿历史上的金融机构，允许一些权力来进行中心化控制。 20 | 21 | “It’s the very technology of the blockchain, which enables us to approach things totally differently”, he explains. “Not only does blockchain facilitate safe and easy peer-to-peer transactions within the exchange, it has enabled us to design a completely accountable and transparent democratic structure to not only run the exchange but distribute its ownership across the membership itself. Using smart contracts and proof-of-stake, everyone can own and vote their own share of the business, and take part in the operational decisions which shape its future.” 22 | 他解释道：“正是区块链技术使我们能够接触到完全不同的东西。区块链不仅保障安全和使点对点的交易更加便利，它也使我们可以设计一个完全负责的、透明的民主结构。这个结构不仅可以运行交易所，还可以给所有的用户分配所有权。通过使用智能合约和权益证明，每个人可以拥有并且给自己的股份投票，还可以参与到有关其未来发展的经营决策中去。” 23 | 24 | It’s not just the decision-making which is distributed. LocalCoinSwap decentralises the most crucial part of the exchange: the profits. Holders of Cryptoshares, the LCS token, receive guaranteed rights to 100% of the profits from trades on the LocalCoinSwap exchange. “By tokenizing the exchange itself, we put the control back in the hands of the users, and pay them directly via dividends”. 25 | 不仅是决策权分配，LocalCoinSwap还将交易所最重要的部分进行去中心化，即利润。持有LCS代币的用户拥有被保障的权益，使他们在LocalCoinSwap交易所中能够获得100%的交易利润。“通过使交易所本身代币化，我们把控制权交回到用户手中并且通过股息直接支付给他们。 26 | 27 | 区块链中文字幕组 28 | 致力于前沿区块链知识和信息的传播，为中国融入全球区块链世界贡献一份力量。如果您懂一些技术、懂一些英文，欢迎加入我们，加微信号：w1791520555。 29 | 30 | 点击查看GITHUB,及更多的译文… https://github.com/BlockchainTranslator/General 31 | 32 | 本文译者介绍 33 | 大白，一名拥抱区块链的英语老师。欢迎加我的微信：baichao2015 34 | 35 | 本文源自新闻媒体newsbtc，如有侵权，请与译者联系删除。 36 | 37 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /NonTechDoc/Mark-Zuckerberg-2018.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | ### 马克·扎克伯格 2018 新年思考 2 | 3 | > 本文翻译自：https://www.facebook.com/zuck?hc_ref=ARQs-DfrRwo0cjybhVS2UjSwYTk0p6aoiyxKPAGLsJ-Vw--C-fYGIPVbaFE0cC9KOw0&fref=nf 4 | > 5 | > 作者：马克·扎克伯格 Facebook创始人兼首席执行官 6 | > 7 | > 译者：[区块链中文字幕组](https://github.com/BlockchainTranslator) [鱼](https://github.com/oscnet) 8 | > 9 | > 翻译时间：2018-1-7 10 | > 11 | > 本文由[币乎社区（bihu.com）](http://www.bihu.com)内容支持计划奖励。 12 | 13 | Every year I take on a personal challenge to learn something new. I've visited every US state, run 365 miles, built an AI for my home, read 25 books, and learned Mandarin. 14 | 15 | 每年我都通过挑战自己来学习新的知识。我已经游遍了美国的每个州，跑了365英里，为我家做了一个人工智能程序，读了25本书，学习了普通话。 16 | 17 | I started doing these challenges in 2009. That first year the economy was in a deep recession and Facebook was not yet profitable. We needed to get serious about making sure Facebook had a sustainable business model. It was a serious year, and I wore a tie every day as a reminder. 18 | 19 | 2009 年我开始这些挑战, 第一年经济陷入了严重衰退, 脸书还没有盈利. 我们需要认真考虑，确保脸书有一个可持续的业务模式。那是危急的一年, 我每天都戴着领带作为警示。 20 | 21 | Today feels a lot like that first year. The world feels anxious and divided, and Facebook has a lot of work to do -- whether it's protecting our community from abuse and hate, defending against interference by nation states, or making sure that time spent on Facebook is time well spent. 22 | 23 | 今天的感觉跟第一年很像. 世界充满焦虑，面临分裂, 而且 facebook 还有很多工作要做--不管是保护我们的社区免受虐待和仇恨、抵御国家的干涉、或者确保用户花在 facebook 上的时间是值得的. 24 | 25 | My personal challenge for 2018 is to focus on fixing these important issues. We won't prevent all mistakes or abuse, but we currently make too many errors enforcing our policies and preventing misuse of our tools. If we're successful this year then we'll end 2018 on a much better trajectory. 26 | 27 | 我 2018 年的个人挑战把重点放在解决这些重要问题上。我们不能避免所有的错误或辱骂, 但我们目前在执行我们的政策和防止不当使用我们的工具方面犯了太多错误. 如果我们今年成功了, 2018年结束的时候，我们将有一个更好的运行轨道。 28 | 29 | This may not seem like a personal challenge on its face, but I think I'll learn more by focusing intensely on these issues than I would by doing something completely separate. These issues touch on questions of history, civics, political philosophy, media, government, and of course technology. I'm looking forward to bringing groups of experts together to discuss and help work through these topics. 30 | 31 | 这看起来似乎并不是一个单纯面对个人的挑战, 但我想我会更多地专注于这些问题, 而不是其它完全不同的事情. 这些问题涉及历史、公民、政治哲学、媒体、 政府、当然还有技术等问题. 我期待着召集专家组一起讨论帮助解决这些问题. 32 | 33 | For example, one of the most interesting questions in technology right now is about centralization vs decentralization. A lot of us got into technology because we believe it can be a decentralizing force that puts more power in people's hands. (The first four words of Facebook's mission have always been "give people the power".) Back in the 1990s and 2000s, most people believed technology would be a decentralizing force. 34 | 35 | 例如, 目前技术上最有趣的问题之一是集中与去中心化。我们很多人深入技术, 是因为我们相信它是一个使权力下放的力量，能把更多的权力下放到人民手上. (facebook 的使命首四个字就是"给人民权力"), 回到1990、2000年代, 那个时候大多数人认为技术将是一种权力下放的力量. 36 | 37 | But today, many people have lost faith in that promise. With the rise of a small number of big tech companies — and governments using technology to watch their citizens — many people now believe technology only centralizes power rather than decentralizes it. 38 | 39 | 但今天, 许多人对这一承诺失去了信心. 随着少数大型科技公司的崛起，以及政府利用技术来监控他们的公民，很多人现在相信技术只能使权力更为集中, 而不是能将权力下放. 40 | 41 | There are important counter-trends to this --like encryption and cryptocurrency -- that take power from centralized systems and put it back into people's hands. But they come with the risk of being harder to control. I'm interested to go deeper and study the positive and negative aspects of these technologies, and how best to use them in our services. 42 | 43 | This will be a serious year of self-improvement and I'm looking forward to learning from working to fix our issues together. 44 | 45 | 现在有一个重要的相反的趋势--如加密和加密货币--能将中心化系统中的权力取回人民的手中. 虽然它们存在着更难控制的风险。我有兴趣深入研究这些技术的积极和消极方面, 以及如何更好在我们的服务中使用这些技术。 46 | 47 | 这将是一个重要的自我改善年度, 我将努力一起工作解决我们的问题并期待能从中学到更多。 48 | 49 | ---------------------------------------------------- 50 | 51 | #### 区块链中文字幕组 52 | 53 | 致力于前沿区块链知识和信息的传播，为中国融入全球区块链世界贡献一份力量。 54 | 55 | 如果您懂一些技术、懂一些英文，欢迎加入我们，加微信号:w1791520555。 56 | 57 | [点击查看项目GITHUB，及更多的译文...](https://github.com/BlockchainTranslator/EOS) 58 | 59 | #### 本文译者简介 60 | 61 | 鱼 区块链技术爱好者，欢迎加微信号交流：**oscnet** 62 | 63 | 本文由[币乎社区（bihu.com）](http://www.bihu.com)内容支持计划奖励。 64 | 65 | 版权所有，转载需完整注明以上内容。 66 | 67 | ---------------------------------------------------- 68 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /NonTechDoc/Who-Should-Control-A-Blockchain.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Who Should Control A Blockchain? 2 | # 谁应该控制一个区块链项目？ 3 | 4 | 5 | > 本文翻译自：https://steemit.com/eos/@eosio/who-should-control-a-blockchain 6 | > 7 | > 译者：[区块链中文字幕组](https://github.com/BlockchainTranslator/EOS) [林炜鑫](https://github.com/weixin1993) 8 | > 9 | > 翻译时间：2017-11-05 10 | 11 | Recently the topic of voting and control has been discussed by multiple blockchain projects. 12 | 13 | 最近，多个区块链项目讨论了投票和控制权的话题。 14 | 15 | EOS, Ethereum, Bitcoin, and others all agree that blockchains must be controlled by voting, but who should do the voting? 16 | 17 | EOS、以太坊、比特币和其他项目都同意通过投票来控制区块链，但谁应该来进行投票呢? 18 | 19 | ### Token Holders 20 | ### 代币持有者 21 | 22 | This model adopted by EOS is straight forward and creates 100% alignment and accountability for the voters and voting outcomes respectively; this is the most successful and widely used voting model throughout the world today, in and out of technology. 23 | 24 | EOS采用的模式是直接（面向所有代币持有者）的，为选民和投票结果分别建立了100%的一致性和问责制;这是当今世界上最成功、最广泛使用的投票模式。 25 | 26 | By combining a Constitution with Token Holder Voting, EOS defines the scope of the miners to a degree that manages everyone’s expectations equally and restores control of the network to those affected by the decision making. 27 | 28 | 29 | 通过将宪法与代币持有者投票相结合，EOS将矿工的范围定义为一个管理每个人期望的程度，并对受决策影响的人恢复网络控制权。 30 | 31 | ### Not the Token Holders 32 | ### 非代币持有者 33 | 34 | If you don’t allow token holders to vote, it means someone else is voting for them. 35 | 36 | 如果你不允许代币持有者投票，那意味着其他人正在投票给区块链项目。 37 | 38 | This model splits the beneficiaries and the decision makers and results in outcomes that may not be in the best interest of the token holders. This structure is analogous to U.K. citizens voting on behalf of US citizens for government; a connection can be argued, but they are not the direct beneficiaries of the outcome. This is how both Bitcoin and Ethereum are structured today. 39 | 40 | 这种模式将受益人和决策者分开，结果可能不符合代币持有者的最大利益。这种结构类似于英国公民代表美国公民投票支持政府;这种联系是可以争辩的，但它们并不是结果的直接受益者。这就是今天比特币和以太坊的结构。 41 | 42 | Proof of work voting has shown to quickly centralize; both hardware and electricity are cheaper in bulk which results in controlling mining pools; this creates an oligarchy that has little to no accountability for their actions and are not directly affected by their decisions. 43 | 44 | 已经证明工作投票迅速被中心化;硬件和电力都比较便宜，导致了对矿池的控制;这就造成了一种寡头政治，他们对自己的行为几乎没有责任，也不会受到他们的决定的直接影响。 45 | 46 | The following examples have taught us the dangers of having others vote on our behalf: 47 | 48 | 下面的例子告诉我们，让别人为我们投票的危害: 49 | 50 | **Bitcoin Scaling** — From 2015–2017 block producers refused to increase the block size limited while the network was at capacity, so that higher transaction fees could be charged. 51 | 52 | **比特币扩容**——从2015年到2017年，区块链开发者拒绝在网络容量有限的情况下扩大区块规模，这样就可以收取更高的交易费用。 53 | 54 | **Ethereum and The DAO**  — Dominant mining pools isolated the information and decision making to a few. The lack of transparency or public framework for making such decisions gave inequitable trading opportunities to decision makers with little to no exposure to ramifications of their decisions; this taught us that code was not law, but the pool operators/voters were. 55 | 56 | **以太坊和The DAO** - 占主导地位的矿池将信息和决策分离到少数。缺乏透明度或做出此类决定的公共框架，给决策制定者提供了不公平的交易机会，他们几乎没有暴露自己决策的后果;这告诉我们，代码不是规则，但矿池操作人员/选民是。 57 | 58 | Taxation without Representation — in the 1750’s the British government began taxing American colonies without allowing them to vote in parliament. This ultimately led to the American revolution and the creation of the U.S.A. 59 | 60 | **无代表税收** - 在1750年的时候，英国政府开始对美国殖民地征税，而不允许他们在国会投票。这最终导致了美国的革命和美国的诞生。 61 | 62 | ### Voting Cartels 63 | ### Cartels投票 64 | 65 | 66 | All Blockchains are susceptible to large influencers, regardless of the voting model. Token Holder voting models however are far more resilient than Miner/Non Token Holder Voting Models. 67 | 68 | 无论投票模式如何，所有的区块链都容易受到势力庞大的影响者影响。然而，代币持有者投票模型比矿工/非代币持有人投票模型更具弹性。 69 | 70 | Token Holder Voting subjects the Cartels to the outcome of the vote. Their tokens are also affected by the perceived healthiness of the network due to the size of their stake. 71 | 72 | 代币持有人投票将Cartels意见组织到投票结果中。由于手上的代币表示所占股份大小，他们的价值也受网络运营的健康状况影响。 73 | 74 | 75 | In models where voting power is given to other parties, Cartels become unable to be impeded and quickly consume the decision making of the network in such a way that does not hold them accountable for, or affect them by their decisions; Bitcoin and Ethereum have shown this unintended outcome. 76 | 77 | 在将投票权交给其他团体的模式中，Cartels无法被阻碍，并迅速地利用网络做出的决定，使其无法对其负责，也无法通过他们的决定对其产生影响;比特币和Ethereum已经展示了这一意想不到的结果。 78 | 79 | ### Healthy Debate 80 | ### 有健康发展的辩论 81 | 82 | 83 | We encourage an open healthy debate on this issue and will continue to leverage good ideas from the ecosystem no matter where they come from. 84 | 85 | 我们鼓励在这一问题上展开一场公开的健康辩论，并将继续利用来自生态系统的好点子，无论它们来自哪里。 86 | 87 | ---------------------------------------------------- 88 | 89 | #### 区块链中文字幕组 90 | 91 | 致力于前沿区块链知识和信息的传播，为中国融入全球区块链世界贡献一份力量。 92 | 93 | 如果您懂一些技术、懂一些英文，欢迎加入我们，加微信号:w1791520555。 94 | 95 | [点击查看项目GITHUB，及更多的译文...](https://github.com/BlockchainTranslator/EOS) 96 | 97 | #### 本文译者简介 98 | 99 | 林炜鑫，在读硕士，专注区块链技术研究与行业分析，欢迎加微信号:happyzai1993。 100 | 101 | 本文由币乎社区（bihu.com）内容支持计划赞助。 102 | 103 | 版权所有，转载需完整注明以上内容。 104 | 105 | ---------------------------------------------------- 106 | 107 | 108 | 109 | 110 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /NonTechDoc/economics of filecoin.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 2 | 3 | 文章来自：https://medium.com/@ryanshea/the-economics-of-filecoin-a8d826774674 4 | 5 | 作者：Ryan Shea，Co-founder of Blockstack 6 | 7 | 译者：区块链中文字幕组 Chuan 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | ## The economics of filecoin Filecoin经济学 12 | 13 | *How it stacks up against Bitcoin, Ethereum, Zcash & Tezos* 14 | *它如何与比特币、以太坊、Zcash以及Tezos相提并论* 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | At Blockstack, we’re thinking very hard about crypto-economic system design, particularly as we approach the release of our own mining system and token sale for the Blockstack network. 19 | 20 | 在Blockstack（译者注：一个去中心化的操作系统），我们认真思考加密货币经济体系设计，尤其是当我们自己的挖矿系统发布以及Blockstack网络的代币销售临近时。 21 | 22 | Bitcoin, Ethereum, Zcash and Tezos have been the networks that we’ve studied most extensively, given that they are truly independent systems with differentiating factors, strong teams, and very promising market opportunities. 23 | 24 | 比特币、以太坊、Zcash和Tezos是我们研究最多的区块链网络，考虑到它们是真正独立的系统，都带有不同的基因，强大的团队和非常有前景的市场机会。 25 | 26 | Beyond these three, Filecoin particularly intrigued us as we see it shares the aforementioned properties as well. And with the Filecoin sale coming up, I thought this was a great opportunity to share some analysis we’ve been doing on the economics of the system and how it compares to Bitcoin, Ethereum, Zcash and Tezos. 27 | 28 | 除了这三个以外，Filecoin尤其让我们眼前一亮，因为我们认为它也具有上述的特性。由于Filecoin代币销售日期迫近，我认为这是个很棒的机会来分享一些我们对这个系统的经济学分析，以及它跟比特币、以太坊、Zcash和Tezos相比表现如何。 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | ### Supply 供应量 33 | 34 | The Filecoin supply has four components: the miner supply, the Protocol Labs supply, the Filecoin Foundation supply, and the sale supply. 35 | 36 | Filecoin供应量由4部分组成：矿工的供应量，Protocol Labs持有的，Filecoin基金会所持的，以及用于销售的代币。 37 | 38 | The miner supply follows an exponential decay curve with a half life of 6 years. We’ll explore that some more below. 39 | 40 | 矿工的供应量遵循一个6年的半衰期的指数衰减曲线。 41 | 42 | The Protocol Labs supply and the Filecoin Foundation supply each vest over a period of 6 years. 43 | 44 | Protocol Labs持有的和Filecoin基金会所持的代币是6年的授权期限。 45 | 46 | The sale supply, meanwhile, has variable amounts of vesting. The main sale has vesting over a period of 6 months while the advisor sale allowed participants to vest over periods of 1, 2 or 3 years. For the purposes of this graph, I averaged the vesting out at 1 year. 47 | 48 | 与此同时，用于销售的代币则有不同的vest周期。主要销售有一个6个月的授予期限，而顾问销售允许参与人有1年、2年或3年的授予期限。对于这张图，平均的授予期限是1年。 49 | 50 | The total number of Filecoin that will ever be created is 2B. 51 | 52 | Filecoin的代币总量是20亿。 53 | 54 | 55 | 56 | ### Supply as a % of Supply After N Years N年后供应量的占比 57 | 58 | As mentioned earlier, the Filecoin miner supply schedule follows an exponential decay curve with a half life of 6 years. This is similar to the Bitcoin supply schedule, but with two important differences. 59 | 60 | 前面提到，Filecoin矿工供应量进度表遵循一个6年的半衰期的指数衰减曲线。这类似于比特币供应量的进度安排，但是有两个重要的区别。 61 | 62 | First, the half life of Filecoin is 6 years while the half life of Bitcoin is 4 years. Second, while Bitcoin’s exponential decay is sampled every 4 years, Filecoin’s is sampled every month, leading to a smoother drop-off in the rate of coins mined in each block. 63 | 64 | 首先，Filecoin的半衰期是6年，而比特币是4年。其次，尽管比特币的指数衰减每4年抽样，但是Filecoin每月取样，这带来的结果就是在每个区块中挖矿速度下降的更加平缓。 65 | 66 | You can see from the graph below that Filecoin is a smoother variant of the Bitcoin exponential decay curve. Note that the graph uses yearly sampling, so some of the smoothness of the Filecoin curve could not be adequately captured. 67 | 68 | 从下图中可以看出，Filecoin跟比特币的指数级衰减曲线相比更加平滑。请注意，图中使用的年度抽样，所以Filecoin的平滑性可能没有被充分地展示出来。 69 | 70 | 71 | 72 | ### Annual Supply Growth 年度供应量增加 73 | 74 | The growth in the supply of Filecoin is approximately that of Bitcoin for each year that passes, with two exceptions. First, the curve is smoother as it is sampled every month instead of every 4 years. Second, the Filecoin supply growth includes the amount that is being sold in the sale and distributed to Protocol Labs and the Filecoin Foundation, which means that a greater amount is released in the first year. 75 | 76 | Filecoin供应量的增加大概与比特币每年释放的数量差不多，但是有两个例外。首先，当按照每月而不是每4年进行抽样的时候，曲线更加平滑。其次，Filecoin供应量增加包含在销售中被卖出的数量以及被分发到Protocol Labs和Filecoin基金会的数量，这意味着更多的Filecoin是在第一年释放的。 77 | 78 | You can see the annual supply growth in the chart below: 79 | 80 | 下面这个图显示了年度供应量增加的情况。 81 | 82 | 83 | 84 | Please note that the Ethereum supply numbers are completely speculative after year 3. Empirically the miner supply increased the total supply by about 11M coins in year 1 and 7M coins in year 2. This number has been decreasing and rapidly approaching 0 as a result of the fork bomb. After Ethereum has migrated over to proof-of-stake, Vitalik has said that the annual inflation rate will be somewhere between 0.5% and 2.0%. I’ve chosen to go with 2.0% for now. 85 | 86 | 请注意：以太坊供应量在第3年后完全是猜测的。根据经验，矿工供应量增加了总供应量，在第1年达到1100万个代币，第2年则是700万个代币。这个数字一直在减少，由于分叉危险的原因快速地接近于0。在以太坊将工作量证明改为权益证明后，Vitalik说，年通胀率将在0.5%到2%之间。到目前为止，我选择的是2%。 87 | 88 | 89 | 90 | ### Creator Ownership 创建者所有权 91 | 92 | The Filecoin creator ownership (factoring in the amount going to both Protocol Labs and the Filecoin Foundation) is somewhat higher than the known creator ownerships of Ethereum and Zcash and the estimated creator ownership of Bitcoin (Satoshi’s holdings). 93 | 94 | Filecoin 创建者所有权（把后续的数量放入Protocal Labs和Filecoin基金会）比已知的以太坊和Zcash的创建者所有权以及比特币的创始人所有权（中本聪的持有量）要高一些。 95 | 96 | Whether that’s a good thing or a bad thing is up to the community to judge. One could say it’s not good for the creators and associated entities to take up such a sizable portion of the protocol tokens. On the other hand, this could be a very good thing for the system if a large portion of the Protocol Labs tokens are reserved for a future financing round, as it would further capitalize the business and provide them the extra fuel they need to compete with AWS. 97 | 98 | 这是好是坏由社区来判断。人们可能会说创始人和相关人员持有那么高比例的协议代币不是一件好事。另一方面，如果Protocol Labs持有的大量代币用于未来融资，那么这可能对这个系统是好的，因为它会为公司注入资本，为他们提供所需要的额外支持来与AWS竞争。 99 | 100 | You can see creator ownerships over time graphed below: 101 | 102 | 从下图中可以看出创始人拥有量creator ownership的变化情况。 103 | 104 | 105 | 106 | We can break the creator supply amount down further and see that 25% of this amount goes to the Filecoin Foundation while 75% of this amount goes to Protocol Labs. That means that Protocol Labs will end up with 15% of the total final supply while the Filecoin Foundation will end up with 5% of the total final supply. 107 | 108 | 我们把创始人持有量进一步分解，可以看出持有量的25%流向Filecoin基金会，而75%则流向Protocol Labs。这意味着Protocal Labs最终将获得总供应量的15%，而Filecoin基金会可以获得总供应量的5%。 109 | 110 | 111 | 112 | ### Coin Price 代币价格 113 | 114 | As a bonus, here’s an analysis of the Filecoin price and what it means for your ownership of the network, as benchmarked against the figures for Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Zcash. 115 | 116 | 下面是Filecoin价格的分析以及这对你持有的币意味着什么，以比特币、以太坊和Zcash的价格为参照。 117 | 118 | 119 | 120 | Assuming a Filecoin price of 2, it would cost 37.22 to buy 1 one-hundred-millionth of all of the Filecoin tokens that will be minted over the next 20 years. 121 | 122 | 假设Filecoin价格为2美元，接下来20年要被挖的1亿个Filecoin代币中，则需要花37.22美元才能买到1个。 123 | 124 | 125 | 126 | Meanwhile, it would cost 42.43 to buy the equivalent percentage of the Zcash network. Similarly, to buy equivalent percentages of Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Tezos, you’d have to spend 684.92, 345.31, and 3.18, respectively. 127 | 128 | 同时，要花费42.43美元来购买同等比例的Zcash代币。同样地，购买相同比例的比特币、以太坊和Tezos，分别需要花费684.92美元，345.31美元和3.18美元。 129 | 130 | 131 | 132 | Here’s a graph that further illustrates the difference: 133 | 134 | 下面的图进一步表明了这种差异。 135 | 136 | 137 | 138 | ### Conclusion 139 | 140 | The Protocol Labs team has taken quite a few learnings from its predecessors and incorporated them into the design of an entirely novel protocol. 141 | 142 | Protocol Labs团队从前辈身上获取了一些教训，并把它们结合到全新的协议设计中。 143 | 144 | Protocol Labs has taken the exponential decay curve of Bitcoin and improved upon it. They’ve created some interesting dynamics with their token sale. And they’re setting a new precedent with CoinList. 145 | 146 | Protocol Labs采用了比特币的指数级衰减曲线，并在此基础上加以改善。他们对自己的代币销售采用了一些有趣的推动措施。他们和CoinList树立了新的先例set a new precedent with CoinList。 147 | 148 | Disclosure: I participated in the Filecoin advisor sale and I’m a big fan of Juan and the Protocol Labs team. The article above contains my personal analysis only, not investment advice. Information I have about Filecoin and Protocol Labs may be inaccurate and should not form the basis for any investment decision. 149 | 150 | 以上只是我个人分析，不构成投资建议。 151 | 152 | 153 | 154 | 155 | 156 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /NonTechDoc/hello-world.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | ### Hello World 世界，你好 - Web3 基金会介绍 2 | 3 | > 本文翻译自：https://medium.com/web3foundation/hello-world-47d95dcd71ba 4 | > 5 | > 作者：Web3 基金会团队 6 | > 7 | > 译者：[区块链中文字幕组](https://github.com/BlockchainTranslator) [鱼](https://github.com/oscnet) 8 | > 9 | > 翻译时间：2018-1-3 10 | > 11 | > 本文由[币乎社区（bihu.com）](http://www.bihu.com)内容支持计划奖励。 12 | 13 | ![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*_erQDZhPj7bVjuS6c1CFNQ.jpeg) 14 | 15 | Not too long ago, the World Wide Web had a humble start, with very big ideals. Central to the development and implementation of early web protocols were permissionless access, decentralization, and consensus. These fundamental ideals set forth the prolific growth of a web that enabled access for thousands, then millions, then billions of people. 16 | 17 | 不久之前，万维网从不起眼中启步，理念却很伟大。早期 WEB 协议的开发和实施的核心是无许可接入，中心化和一致。这些基本理念使得网络使用量暴增，最初是成千人，然后上万，最终数以百万计的人使用了这个网络。 18 | 19 | The web has grown up over the years. It has become social. And mobile. With rapidly evolving technological progress from both a hardware and software perspective, a new world of glimmering opportunities became available to the masses for the first time. Opportunities for widespread organization, access to education on any topic imaginable, new markets, emerging global businesses, emerging small businesses, Instagram celebrities, and dating sites. We can learn anything, we can build anything, we can connect with anyone. The human condition has improved in immeasurable ways because of the ideals of individuals who built, tinkered and dedicated their lives to building the web. 20 | 21 | WEB 万维网网络已经发展了多年。已然社会化、可移动化。随着硬件和软件技术的迅速发展，包括各类组织、学习任何你想到的内容、新市场、新兴的全球企业，新兴的小企业、Instagram 名人和约会网站等一个个崭新的、闪闪发光的机会世界第一次向大众开放。我们在 Web 万维网上可以学到任何知识，也可以在上面建立任何内容，还可以与任何人连接沟通。在创建了万维网这个理念人们、及献身建设 web 网络的人们的一齐努力下，人类的生存状况得到了无法估量的改善。 22 | 23 | But the web we generally know today has become increasingly more centralized and increasingly less private. We now rely on corporations to provide access to our data, rather than owning it ourselves. And while there have always been those idealists — still tinkering in the background, developing protocols and languages — there was not yet the technology or mainstream desire to enable a widespread and truly decentralized web. The past few years however, have shown a significant shift towards a new paradigm. 24 | 25 | 但是，我们现在普遍认识到这个网络正变得越来越中心化，也越来越不私密。我们依靠公司提供的服务来访问我们自己数据，但自己却不能拥有它。虽然还是有些理想主义者 - 仍然在为 Web 网络进行后台软件修补，修定协议和语言 - 但是在技术或主流愿望要求上，都没能实现广泛和真正去中心化的网络。然而，近几年已经显示出向新的模式转变的迹象。 26 | 27 | We support a new World Wide Web: Web 3.0. A web that holds the same vision and ideals of the first World Wide Web, but with improved software protocols that allow for a truer execution of that vision. 28 | 29 | 我们支持一个崭新的万维网：Web 3.0，一个拥有与第一个万维网相同的愿景和理念的网络，但是改进了软件协议，使得我们能够更真实地实现这个愿景。 30 | 31 | #### We’d like to introduce you to the Web3 Foundation. | Web3 基金会介绍 32 | 33 | The Web3 Foundation has one very clear mission — to nurture and steward technologies and applications in the fields of decentralized web software protocols, particularly those which utilize modern cryptographic methods to safeguard decentralization, to the benefit and for the stability of the Web3 ecosystem. 34 | 35 | Web3 基金会有一个非常明确的使命 - 在分布式 Web 软件协议、特别是对那些利用现代密码学方法来促进去中心化的领域，及对有利于 Web3 生态系统和稳定性的相关技术和应用进行有效管理和培育。 36 | 37 | We seek to be an advocate of a decentralized web, and a resource and support network for those working on it. While a core focus of the Foundation will be blockchain protocols and decentralized apps, we will also seek to fund and support non-blockchain projects focused on cryptography. To that end, we will engage with a number of projects and individuals on an ongoing basis on the needs and challenges they face. 38 | 39 | 我们力求成为一个去中心化网络的倡导者，并为那些为此努力的人们提供资源和支持网。虽然基金会的核心重点将是区块链协议和去中心化的应用程序，但我们也会资助和支持专注于密码学的非区块链项目。为此，我们将不断地与一些项目和个人进行接触, 以期满足他们的需求，帮助他们克服他们所面临的挑战。 40 | 41 | The Foundation will steward pragmatic solutions that will benefit the ecosystem as a whole. Some of those initiatives include: 42 | 43 | 为了有利于整个生态系统，基金会将实行务实的工作解决方案。包括以下一些举措： 44 | 45 | #### Advocacy: | 倡导： 46 | 47 | General support for the education and adoption of decentralized technology. 48 | 49 | 支持去中心化技术的教育与应用 50 | 51 | Collaborative Community Efforts: 协助社区工作： 52 | 53 | The Foundation looks to find alignments and solutions for decentralization. Where we discover multiple projects working towards a common solution, we aim to facilitate collaboration across teams. 54 | 55 | 基金会希望找到去中化的路线和解决方案。在我们发现多个项目朝着共同解决方案努力的过程中，我们旨在促进团队间的协作。 56 | 57 | Grant Programs: | 拨款计划： 58 | 59 | The Foundation will set aside funds for research and development initiatives led by third parties that address general ecosystem issues. 60 | 61 | 基金会将留出资金, 用于由第三方领导的解决普遍的生态系统问题的研究和开发。 62 | 63 | Joint Funding Initiatives: | 联合资助举措： 64 | 65 | Web3 Foundation will align with other projects and Foundations who look to deploy funds towards further ecosystem research and development. 66 | 67 | Web3 基金会将与其他项目和基金会保持一致，这些项目和基金会希望将资金用于进一步的生态系统研发。 68 | 69 | Research: | 研究： 70 | 71 | Our Foundation will build out a research team to work on topics that are central to the development of Web 3.0. Some of the initial topics we look to explore are: 72 | 73 | 我们的基金会将建立一个研究小组来研究 Web 3.0 发展的中心议题。以下是一些我们希望探索的初步的主题： 74 | 75 | >Network Dynamics. 动态网络 76 | > 77 | >Cryptography (secret transactions and contracts, succinct proofs，subjective proofs). 密码学 (秘密交易和合约, 简明证明, 主观证明) 78 | > 79 | >Governance models. 治理模式 80 | > 81 | >Consensus Algorithms. 共识算法 82 | > 83 | >Policy Learning and Reputation Systems. 策略学习和声誉系统 84 | > 85 | >Statistical Modeling and Anomaly Detection. 统计建模和异常检测 86 | > 87 | >Secure Computation Hardware. 安全计算硬件。 88 | > 89 | >Unique Item Identification. 90 | > 91 | >Blockchain scalability technologies. 可扩展区块链技术。 92 | 93 | 94 | Development: | 开发： 95 | 96 | Polkadot Network: Polkadot is a protocol that will create interoperability between blockchains. 97 | 98 | Polkadot 网络： Polkadot 是一个可在区块链之间的进行互操作的协议。 99 | 100 | Smart Contract Development Tools. 101 | 102 | 智能合约开发工具。 103 | 104 | Testing Frameworks. 105 | 106 | 测试框架。 107 | 108 | #### Where are we now? | 目前的情况 109 | 110 | The Foundation is responsive to the needs of the community, and this proposal only represents the early stages of our planning. We are currently working to gather further insights and data from projects so we can best align on overarching ecosystem needs. In Q1 2018 we plan to determine budget allocation for a number of first initiatives. The Foundation will provide updates and transparency to the community regarding our funding deployment and will amplify findings for the benefit of all. 111 | 112 | 基金会将对社区的需求作出回应，这表明我们正处于计划的早期阶段。我们目前正在努力从项目中收集更多的意见和数据，以便最好地协调生态系统总体的需求。在2018年第一季度，我们计划为一些最初的项目确定预算拨款。基金会将向社区提供有关我们资金调配的更新信息，保持资金使用的透明度。并将扩大调查结果以有助于更多的人。 113 | 114 | There’s a lot of work to be done to restore the original promise of the World Wide Web. It will take a lot of tinkering, experimenting, exploring, and sometimes failing. But as our lives become increasingly more digital, we believe the importance to construct more open, transparent, and fair societies start with a more decentralized web. We look forward to building it alongside you. 115 | 116 | 为实现万维网最初的承诺还有很多工作需要去做。这将需要大量的修补，试验，探索，也有可能会失败。但是随着我们的生活越来越数字化，我们相信，一个更去中心化的网络，对建立一个更加开放、透明和公平的社会非常重要。所以我们期待与您一起创建。 117 | 118 | The Web3 Foundation 119 | 120 | Join us on Riot: https://riot.im/app/#/room/#web3foundation:matrix.org 121 | 122 | Twitter: https://twitter.com/web3foundation 123 | 124 | Web3 基金会 125 | 126 | 加入我们的 Riot：https://riot.im/app/#/room/#web3foundation:matrix.org 127 | 128 | Twitter：https://twitter.com/web3foundation 129 | 130 | ---------------------------------------------------- 131 | 132 | #### 区块链中文字幕组 133 | 134 | 致力于前沿区块链知识和信息的传播，为中国融入全球区块链世界贡献一份力量。 135 | 136 | 如果您懂一些技术、懂一些英文，欢迎加入我们，加微信号:w1791520555。 137 | 138 | [点击查看项目GITHUB，及更多的译文...](https://github.com/BlockchainTranslator/EOS) 139 | 140 | #### 本文译者简介 141 | 142 | 鱼 区块链技术爱好者，欢迎加微信号交流：**oscnet** 143 | 144 | 本文由[币乎社区（bihu.com）](http://www.bihu.com)内容支持计划奖励。 145 | 146 | 版权所有，转载需完整注明以上内容。 147 | 148 | ---------------------------------------------------- 149 | 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Let’s use Ether (ETH) as a case study. In order for anyone to execute commands and develop applications in the Ethereum Blockchain one needs to have ETH, as it will be converted into gas and represents the ‘fuel’ for the Ethereum ecosystem. Therefore, ETH is used as a currency within its system to fuel transactions and development. The more people that execute transactions and develop apps, the greater the demand for ETH and will, therefore, push prices up. 9 | 为了激励人们去持有，币必须有实用性。一种币的实用性和其价值有着密切的联系。比如ETH, 人们想要在ETH区块链上执行命令和开发应用需要先持有ETH,因为它将被用作燃料，并且会推动着ETH系统的运行。因此，ETH被作为一种货币在其系统内撮合交易并推动发展。越多人来执行交易及发展应用，对于ETH的需求就越高，从而抬高其价格。 10 | 11 | Some utility includes voting rights, dividend payments or most commonly a medium of exchange within their respective ecosystem. A coin without a use is simply speculative in nature that’s substantiated without any fundamental value. 12 | 一些实用性包括投票权、股息支付或者最常见的在其系统内作为交换媒介。没有实用性的币种本质上只是投机，而这已被证明没有任何基础价值的。 13 | 14 | Scarcity 稀缺性 15 | Scarcity refers to the finite nature of the coins. In economics, a fixed supply of a certain item would increase its value in the long term, assuming its demand increases. This creates scarcity, as there is only a limited supply of coins in circulation. For instance, Bitcoin’s maximum supply is fixed at 21 million coins. Especially for coins that have a great utility, demand will undeniably push its value up. 16 | 稀缺性就是指币的总量是有限的。从经济学角度看，当某个物品供给是固定的，假设需求量提升的情况下，那么从长期来讲它的价值将会提升，这便创造出了稀缺性，因为流通量是有限的。例如，比特币的总量是固定的，有2100万个。对于那些非常具有实用性的币种，需求量肯定会促进其价格的提升。 17 | 18 | Some coins even employ a “burning” mechanism, which refers to the act of destroying a portion of the coin supply. This would increase the value of the coin as there is now a much lesser supply of coins. (See also: 19 | 一些币甚至采用了“燃烧”机制，也就是说会销毁总量中的一部分币。这会提升币的价格，因为币的总量减少了嘛。 20 | 21 | Perceived Value 感知价值 22 | 23 | 译者注： 24 | 感知价值（ Perceived Value，PV）就是顾客所能感知到的利益与其在获取产品或服务时所付出的成本进行权衡后对产品或服务效用的总体评价。顾客感知价值体现的是顾客对企业提供的产品或服务所具有价值的主观认知，而区别于产品和服务的客观价值。（来源于百度） 25 | 26 | A coin is only as valuable as what the markets deem it to be, and how a project is valued depends on factors that are core to the development of the project. Therefore, projects that persistently achieve their milestones that were set out in their white paper. Additionally, collaborations and partnerships with credible companies or other projects is a good sign of expansion. Other news that can enhance the perceived value in the eyes of the market includes a successful launch of their Minimum Viable Product (MVP) or the beta version of their protocol/software. These are positive indicators of good progress by the project and will enhance the value of their coin. 27 | 市场认为一个币有多大价值，它就有多大价值，一个项目的价值依赖于项目进展情况。因此，如果项目持续取得如白皮书中所陈述的进展，价值就会提升。 28 | 此外，和一些信誉良好的公司或者其他项目达成的合作，也是项目进展的良好迹象。 29 | 能够增强人们对于某项目的感知价值的因素还包括：最小化可行产品的发布或者软件的beta版本的发布。这些都可以表明项目进展顺利，将会提升币的价值。 30 | 31 | These are key elements of a coin that will affect its value and is vital for everyone wanting to invest in cryptocurrencies to understand. 32 | 上述这些是影响币的价值的关键因素，每个投资加密货币的人都有必要去了解。 33 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 简介 2 | ------------------------------- 3 | 4 | 区块链中文字幕/General 5 | 6 | 是区块链中文字幕下一个区块链爱好者发起成立的翻译小组，致力从区块链技术文档的翻译、传播和推广。 7 | 8 | 欢迎更多的志愿者加入我们的团队。 9 | 10 | 任务组成 11 | ------------------------------- 12 | 13 | - **选题** 负责选择合适的内容，并将原文转换为 markdown 格式，提交到。 14 | 15 | - **译者** 负责从选题中选择内容进行翻译。 16 | 17 | - **审核** 负责将初译的文章进行审核、润色、技术校对等工作。 18 | 19 | - **发布** 负责将校对后的文章，排版进行发布。 20 | 21 | 组织构成 22 | ------------------------------- 23 | 24 | - **专家组**  负责选题、指导、审核等工作 25 | - **翻译组**  负责翻译相关技术文档 26 | - **运营组**  负责传播、校核、技术支撑等工作 27 | 28 | 加入我们 29 | ------------------------------- 30 | 31 | 请加微信:w1791520555，并备注：BlockChainTranslator。 32 | 群主会拉您进群。 33 | 34 | 进群后， 35 | - 如果您加入专家组 36 |  请发简历及以往翻译文档给群主，群主转专家组评估后加入 37 | - 如果您加入翻译组 38 |  请翻译[https://steemit.com/eosdev/@dan/eos-development-sneak-peek-for-very-early-developers](https://steemit.com/eosdev/@dan/eos-development-sneak-peek-for-very-early-developers)中任意链接部分的内容，以中英对照的方式提交给群主，群主转专家组评估后加入 39 | - 如果您加入运营组 40 |  留意群内消息通知，有任务招募时报名即可。 41 | 42 | 历史 43 | ------------------------------- 44 | 45 | * 2017/08/11 倡议并得到了大家的积极响应，成立翻译组。 46 | * 2017/08/12 首批3位翻译成员通过专家组的资格审查。 47 | * 2017/08/13 GITHUB创建。 48 | 49 | 已有成员 50 | ------------------------------- 51 | 52 | - **专家组** 53 | 54 |    @梓岑@YOYOW、程亮、@Alex、@馋嘴猫在路上、@ranger-老石、@咕噜 BIHU.COM、许昕 Xin 55 | 56 | - **翻译组** 57 | 58 |    王明华-BCT001、张 奎-BCT002、胡 亮-BCT003、程 伟-BCT004、鱼-BCT005、龙心小台-BCT006、晓顿-BCT007、 59 |    林炜鑫-BCT008、胖子Ricky-BCT009、AMY-BCT010、楷书-BCT011、Haoshi Hu-BCT012、茶猫-BCT013、小丹-BCT014、荆凯(shuke0327)-BCT015 60 |   61 | - **运营组** 62 | 63 | 浅浅的月光杨若暄、StarFading、楚青歌 64 | 65 | 66 | 当前工作 67 | ------------------------------- 68 | 69 | - **翻译组成员招募** 70 | 71 | 72 | 负责人：何德林 73 | 74 | - **LOGO及徽章设计** 75 | 76 | 77 |  负责人：浅浅的月光杨若暄 78 | 79 | - **GITHUB 使用指南编写**(招募中) 80 | 81 | 82 | 负责人：胡亮 83 | 84 | - **区块链字典维护** 85 | 86 | 87 | 负责人：@茶猫 88 | 89 | - **正式译文翻译** 90 | 91 | 92 | 张 奎、胡 亮 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 谢谢大家的支持！ 97 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /TechDoc/Value-of-the-Token-Model.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | Value of the Token Model--代币模型的价值 2 | ------------------------------------------------------ 3 | 4 | > 本文翻译自：https://medium.com/@FEhrsam/value-of-the-token-model-6c65f09bcba8 5 | > 6 | > 译者：[区块链中文字幕组](https://github.com/BlockchainTranslator/EOS) [Xuming Meng](https://github.com/jonas-meng) 7 | > 8 | > 翻译时间：2017-10-27 9 | 10 | --------------------------- 11 | Since my [prior post](https://blog.coinbase.com/app-coins-and-the-dawn-of-the-decentralized-business-model-8b8c951e734f#.g9utdxbxx) on app coins (I think the more appropriate term is now tokens or blockchain tokens) we’ve seen [more and more](http://www.coindesk.com/2016-ico-blockchain-replace-traditional-vc/) projects use this model. The tide is turning. While [over $1bn](http://www.coindesk.com/bitcoin-venture-capital/) of venture capital was invested in Bitcoin and blockchain based startups up through 2015, 2016 saw over $100m of crowdsourced, non-venture money fund 60+ projects. 12 | 13 | 从我之前关于应用程式货币上的帖子（我觉得更合适的术语现在是代币或区块链代币），我们已经看到越来越多的项目使用这种模型。时代潮流正在改变。截至2015年，已有超过10亿美元的风险投资投资于比特币和基于区块链的创业公司，在2016年，已有超过1亿美元的众筹形式的非营利性资金资助了60多个项目。 14 | 15 | As momentum has increased, there have been some intelligent critiques of the model which help to hone in on the value a token really provides. I especially enjoyed [these](https://www.reddit.com/r/ethereum/comments/5hv1jk/the_psychology_behind_ico_funding_post_3_of_4_of/) [two](https://www.reddit.com/r/ethereum/comments/5mtnqr/the_future_is_a_decentralized_internet/dc6he9z/), where the author argues it’d be more efficient to port the smart contracts of a token to use Ether directly, eliminating the token. He argues this will happen because 1) it eliminates the cost to convert between Ether and tokens, and 2) Ether will be a “better money” than any token because it will be more broadly used, thus more stable, so people will prefer to just use Ether. I want to succinctly describe the core value of the token model and address some of the common critiques below. 16 | 17 | 随着势头的增加，有一些对模型合理的评论，有助于体现一个代币真正提供的价值。我特别喜欢这两个，其中作者认为，将使用某种代币的智能合同直接移植到太币将会更有效率，从而消除该代币。他认为这将会发生，因为1）它消除了在以太币和代币之间转换的成本，以及2）以太币将成为比任何代币“更好的钱”，因为它将被更广泛地使用，从而更加稳定，所以人们更喜欢 只需使用以太币。我想简要地描述代币模型的核心价值，并解释下面的一些常见评论。 18 | 19 | Value of the Token Model--代币模型的价值 20 | ------------------------ 21 | Governance--治理 22 | ========== 23 | People will want to have governance over their own communities separate from the global governance of Ethereum (or any other base blockchain). A token is necessary for this sub-governance. Not having sub-governance would be like anyone who owns USD being able to walk into a Google shareholder meeting and voting without owning Google stock just because Google shares happen to be denominated in USD. Or like everyone in the US being able to vote on the bylaws of a social club in San Francisco, just because it happens to exist in the US. 24 | 25 | 人们希望对自己的社区进行独立治理，与以太网（或任何其他基础块链）的全球治理分开。代币对于次级治理是必需的。没有次级治理就像任何拥有美元的人都能够进入 Google 股东会议并且在不拥有 Google 股票的情况下投票，只因为Google股票以美元计价。或者像美国的所有人都能够在旧金山的一个社交俱乐部的章程上投票，只是因为它在美国存在。 26 | 27 | A token offers security to community governance. While anyone can buy a token with Ether, in order to meaningfully influence the governance of that token community they’d have to buy a lot, increasing the price drastically while doing so. Finally, if they voted on something bad for the community, they would be destroying the value of what they own. 28 | 29 | 代币为社区治理提供安全保障。虽然任何人都可以用以太币购买代币，为了有意义地影响该代币社区的治理，他们必须购买很多，这样做会大大提高价格。 最后，如果他们投票对社区造成不利影响，他们将破坏他们拥有的价值。 30 | 31 | It may be that the rules around some communities and their protocols can be static and thus don’t need governance — but I imagine most will want the option to evolve. 32 | 33 | 一些社区及其协议的规则可能是静止不变的，因此不需要治理 - 但是我想，大多数人都希望改变这个选择。 34 | 35 | Monetary policy--货币政策 36 | =============== 37 | Ethereum may make monetary policy decisions like “let’s do 1% inflation to support the ongoing development of the Ethereum protocol.” A token built on Ethereum might want to do the same. And you’d want each to be able to do that independently. This is similar to what we are seeing with the Euro: you don’t necessarily want monetary union without fiscal union. 38 | 39 | 以太网可能会作出如“让我们通过1％的通货膨胀来支持持续开发以太网协议”这样的货币政策决策。基于以太网的构建的代币可能也希望做到同样的事。而且你希望每个代币都能够独立地做到这一点。这与我们看到的欧元类似：你不一定要在没有财政联盟的情况下想要货币联盟。 40 | 41 | Aligning incentives--调整激励 42 | =================== 43 | Tokens align incentives between developers, contributors, users, and investors. They allow everyone who wants to contribute to a project early the opportunity to get in on the ground floor. This overcomes the classic [chicken and the egg problem for systems based on network effects](https://blog.coinbase.com/app-coins-and-the-dawn-of-the-decentralized-business-model-8b8c951e734f#.g9utdxbxx). 44 | 45 | 代币将协调开发者，贡献者，用户和投资者之间的激励。他们允许每个想要为项目做出贡献的人提早有机会进入底层。 这克服了基于网络效应的系统的经典鸡和蛋问题。 46 | 47 | Addressing the original critiques--解决原始评论 48 | ================================= 49 | > “Just using Ether is more efficient because it eliminates the cost to convert between Ether and tokens” 50 | 51 | > “只需使用以太币更高效，因为它消除了在以太币和代币之间转换的成本” 52 | 53 | The marginal cost argument for why it’s cheaper to do a contract on ETH is weak in my opinion. The cost of exchanging a token for ETH is already low at ~0.25% and will approach 0. 54 | 55 | 关于为什么在以太币上使用智能合同更便宜的边际成本论点在我看来是薄弱的。转换代币到以太币的开销已经很低，约为0.25％，接近0。 56 | 57 | The more interesting economic force, in my opinion, is that Ether holders have a strong economic incentive to take any token protocol that works and port it directly to Ether. Let’s say Filecoin gets 30% of the Ethereum market cap. If Ether holders successfully port it — a simple matter of copying the code of the smart contracts — they absorb that value, and the value of their Ether goes up. So it seems like it will be tried. The question is whether or not it will work. In cases where a token is really needed for the reasons described above, I think the answer is no. 58 | 59 | 在我看来，更有趣的经济力量是，以太币的持有人有强烈的经济激励，将任何代币协议移植到以太币上。让我们说，Filecoin 获得了30％的以太网市值。如果以太币持有者成功地移植它 - 这是一个复制智能合同代码的简单问题 - 他们吸收了这个价值，其以太币的价值也上升了。所以看起来好像会被尝试。问题在于它能否奏效。如果由于上述原因确实需要一个代币，我认为答案是否定的。 60 | 61 | Separately, I wonder what happens here if/when tokens start to span multiple base blockchains. For example: what if Filecoin is its own virtualized blockchain, where its ledger state is maintained across blockchains. If that is possible, you can imagine a token not being dependent on any one blockchain. 62 | 63 | 另外，我不知道如果/当代币开始跨越多个基本区块链时，会发生什么。 例如：如果 Filecoin 是它自己的虚拟化区块链，如果它的分类帐状态是跨区块链保存的。如果可能的话，你可以想象一个代币不依赖于任何一个区块链。 64 | 65 | > “People will prefer use Ether instead of tokens because it will be more stable in value” 66 | 67 | > “人们更愿意使用以太网代替令牌，因为它将在价值上更加稳定” 68 | 69 | Holding/pricing in Ether instead of a token can be both a benefit and a drawback. On the benefit side, Ether may be more stable. On the drawback side, these communities may not want to be subject to changes in the price of Ether. This becomes especially true if tokens can start living across multiple base blockchains. In any case, I think this point is least important since holding tokens is not required because they can instantly be converted in/out of Ether. 70 | 71 | 以以太币而不是代币持有/定价可能既是一个好处，也是一个缺点。在好的方面，以太币可能更稳定。在缺点方面，这些社区可能不希望受到以太币的价格的变化。如果代币可以开始跨越多个基本区块链，这一点尤其如此。 在任何情况下，我认为这一点是最不重要的，因为持有代币不必要的，因为它们可以立即被转换成以太币。 72 | 73 | Conclusion--结论 74 | ---------- 75 | As with early internet startups, some token models don’t make sense. For every 1 huge hit there will be 3 minor successes and 100 failures, so we shouldn’t be surprised when some fail. However, the fundamentals of the token model are valuable and powerful. They allow communities to govern themselves, their economics, and rally a community in powerful ways that will allow open systems to flourish in a way that was previously impossible. 76 | 77 | 与早期的互联网创业公司一样，一些代币模型也没有意义。对于每一次重大的成功，将有三次小的成功和100次失败，所以我们不应该惊讶，当有些项目失败。然而，代币模型的本质是有价值和强大的。他们允许社区管理自己，他们的经济学，并以强大的方式团结一个社区，这将允许开放系统以先前不可能的方式蓬勃发展。 78 | 79 | 80 | ---------------------------------------------------- 81 | 82 | #### 区块链中文字幕组 83 | 84 | 致力于前沿区块链知识和信息的传播，为中国融入全球区块链世界贡献一份力量。 85 | 86 | 如果您懂一些技术、懂一些英文，欢迎加入我们，加微信号:w1791520555。 87 | 88 | [点击查看项目GITHUB，及更多的译文...](https://github.com/BlockchainTranslator/EOS) 89 | 90 | #### 本文译者简介 91 | 92 | 抖抖，在读博士，专注区块链技术研究与行业分析，欢迎加微信号:jonas-meng 93 | 94 | 本文由币乎社区（bihu.com）内容支持计划赞助。 95 | 96 | 版权所有，转载需完整注明以上内容。 97 | 98 | ---------------------------------------------------- 99 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /TechDoc/Why-I-Bet-on-Ethereum.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Why I Bet on Ethereum（上）？ 2 | # 为什么我押赌注在以太坊上（上）？ 3 | 4 | 5 | > 本文翻译自：https://medium.com/@rauljordan/why-i-bet-on-ethereum-9c1e48741676 6 | > 7 | > 译者：[区块链中文字幕组](https://github.com/BlockchainTranslator/EOS) [林炜鑫](https://github.com/weixin1993) 8 | > 9 | > 翻译时间：2017-11-19 10 | 11 | Back when the wild west of cryptocurrencies was first in full swing and the mainstream media was swamped with stories of drug cartels and launderers smuggling millions through bitcoin, it was pretty hard for an average person to see the value in the concept of a virtual currency. Among the initial questions that echoed across the world were 12 | 13 | 回到“加密货币”的狂野西部第一次全面爆发的时候，主流媒体充斥着贩毒集团和洗钱者通过比特币来走私数百万美元的的故事，一般人很难看到虚拟货币的价值。在世界各地的最初的问题中： 14 | 15 | “What are the practical applications of this aside from buying drugs on silk road?” 16 | 17 | “除了在丝绸之路上买药，还有什么实际的应用?” 18 | 19 | 20 | “How secure is it, really?” 21 | ”它有多安全?“ 22 | 23 | Fast forward a few years and although we have come a long way and blockchain education is easier to access, there is still a strain of naysayers with arguments that focus solely on the currency and not as much on the powerful, but subtle implications of decentralized systems. 24 | 25 | 26 | 经过快速推进的这几年，尽管我们已经走了很长一段路，而且区块链的教育更容易获得，但仍有一群反对者的反驳说道，他们只关注于货币，而不是去中心化系统的强大而微妙的影响。 27 | 28 | These questions are a result of a lack of education on the technology underlying cryptocurrencies themselves, namely, the blockchain. There was too much of a focus on trying to frame Bitcoin purely in transactional terms, automatically assuming the same of other blockchain protocols and completely missing the point. 29 | 30 | 这些问题是由于加密货币本身——即区块链——所缺乏的技术教育所造成的。人们过于关注只以交易的方式来框定比特币，并且自动地假设其他区块链协议与之一样，完全忽略了其技术性。 31 | 32 | ### A Turing Complete System 33 | ### 一个完全图灵系统 34 | 35 | With distributed ledgers came the advent of those desiring more expressive capabilities and applications on these systems. It was only a matter of time before developers were asking why not create fully decentralized applications that do more than just handle payments? Companies started to use blockchain systems as a way to store certain types of data, with various projects aiming to use a blockchain as an immutable store of knowledge, even though large portion of the Bitcoin community have been opposed to on-chain data storage. Many started to ask, could we go even further or use the blockchain for computational purposes? 36 | 37 | 38 | 随着分布式账本的出现，那些希望在这些系统上呈现更多表达能力和应用程序的人出现了。不久后开发者们就问，为什么不创建完全去中心化的应用程序，而不仅仅只是处理支付问题。公司开始使用区块链系统作为存储特定类型数据的一种方式，各种各样的项目旨在使用区块链作为一种不可变的知识存储库，尽管比特币社区的很大一部分人一直反对链锁数据存储。许多人开始问，我们能不能更进一步，或者使用区块链进行计算? 39 | 40 | 41 | The Ethereum project gave us exactly that: a Turing complete environment where anyone can code up smart contracts and spin up entire token ecosystems and applications on a public blockchain. This “global computer” brought us promises that we could only dream of when simplified versions of this idea were conceived by other projects such as MasterCoin. Bitcoin has rejected this level of abstraction and logic within its core system, deliberately using Script, a language with limited expressive capabilities to prevent malicious users from hijacking the blockchain programatically. However, Ethereum has embraced its Turing completeness as its most noteworthy & notorious feature. Although we are able to build any sort of application by leveraging the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), this expressiveness undoubtedly comes at an enormous cost… 42 | 43 | 以太坊项目给了我们这样的结果:完全图灵的环境，任何人都可以在公共区块链上编码智能契约，并将整个代币生态系统和应用程序进行自旋。这个“全球计算机”带给我们的承诺是，我们只需要想象这个想法的简化版本被其他的项目，比如主币，所构思的时刻比特币在其核心系统中拒绝了这种抽象和逻辑，故意使用一种表达能力有限的脚本语言，来防止恶意用户以区块链的方式劫持区块链。然而，Ethereum已经将其“图灵”的完整性作为其最值得关注和臭名昭著的特征。尽管我们可以通过使用Ethereum虚拟机(EVM)来构建任何类型的应用程序，但是这种表达无疑付出了巨大的代价。 44 | 45 | ### Safety-Critical Systems & Big Hacks 46 | ### 安全关键系统和大型黑客侵入 47 | 48 | 49 | Unfortunately, smart contracts have to be written by humans and are prone to extremely critical bugs such as the parity hack where an internal method had public access and was able to be called by anyone, allowing hackers to steal over $30M USD worth of Ether. Teams are even employing formal mathematicians to prove the security of their smart contracts, but is this even enough to prevent small issues that can cost millions to the entire community? 50 | 51 | 不幸的是，智能合同必须由人类编写，而且容易出现极其严重的漏洞，比如奇奇黑客，内部方法有公共访问权限，任何人都可以调用，允许黑客窃取价值超过3000万美元的乙醚。团队甚至雇佣正式的数学家来证明他们的智能契约的安全性，但这是否足以让整个社区耗费数百万美元来防止小问题? 52 | 53 | 54 | So then, is Turing completeness a good idea for blockchains? Maybe not at a large scale for now, but in my opinion, it is the best proving ground we could ask for to accelerate this ecosystem even faster. 55 | 56 | 那么，对于区块链来说，图灵的完整性是一个好主意吗?也许现在还没有大规模的发展，但在我看来，这是我们可以要求的最好的证明，让这个生态系统更快地加速。 57 | 58 | ### Ethereum Gives Back Power to Developers 59 | ### 以太坊向开发者提供了支持 60 | 61 | Despite the obvious flaws of Solidity as a smart contract language, and oh boy are there so many, the Ethereum community did one small thing very, very well: giving agency and tools to developers that had been aching to get their feet wet in crypto. 62 | 63 | 尽管作为一种智能的合同语言存在明显的缺陷，而且缺失却有那么多，以太社区做了一件非常非常好的事情:给开发人员提供代理和工具，他们一直渴望在加密货币中布局。 64 | 65 | Coming from a background in Javascript web development and data science, it was already hard enough to keep up with the newest JS framework and best practice that seemed to pop up every week. As annoying as Javascript fatigue was, the ecosystem managed to flourish because of the vibrant experimentation all types of devs did. Junior & senior developers worked tirelessly on testing front-end tools such as React, Redux, and the babel transpiler to the max to figure out what the best way to build web apps was. As flawed as javascript is as a language, the community was always able to find a way and the tooling got better and better. 66 | 67 | 从Javascript web开发和数据科学的背景中，我们已经很难跟上最新的JS框架和最佳实践了，这似乎是每周都会出现的状况。与Javascript疲倦一样令人讨厌的是，由于各种类型的开发人员所做的充满活力的实验，这个生态系统得以蓬勃发展。初级和高级开发人员不知疲倦地在测试前端工具，如反应、回传和babel传译器，以找出构建web应用的最佳方式是什么。作为一种语言，javascript有缺陷，社区总是能够找到一种方法，工具也变得越来越好。 68 | 69 | We went from not having best practices for managing state in a web application to having extremely robust libraries such as Redux as solutions major problem within a short span of time. Sure, many JS developers accepted parts of their community as broken, but that only gave them an excuse to work even harder and innovate for the good of everyone. 70 | 71 | 我们从没有在web应用程序中实现状态的最佳实践，到在短时间内将Redux等极其健壮的库作为解决方案的主要问题。当然，许多JS开发人员认为他们社区的某些部分是被破坏的，但这只是给了他们一个借口，让他们更加努力地工作，为每个人的利益而创新。 72 | 73 | 74 | ---------------------------------------------------- 75 | 76 | #### 区块链中文字幕组 77 | 78 | 致力于前沿区块链知识和信息的传播，为中国融入全球区块链世界贡献一份力量。 79 | 80 | 如果您懂一些技术、懂一些英文，欢迎加入我们，加微信号:w1791520555。 81 | 82 | [点击查看项目GITHUB，及更多的译文...](https://github.com/BlockchainTranslator/EOS) 83 | 84 | #### 本文译者简介 85 | 86 | 林炜鑫，在读硕士，专注区块链技术研究与行业分析，欢迎加微信号:happyzai1993。 87 | 88 | 本文由币乎社区（bihu.com）内容支持计划赞助。 89 | 90 | 版权所有，转载需完整注明以上内容。 91 | 92 | ---------------------------------------------------- 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /TechDoc/Why-I-Bet-on-Ethereum2.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Why I Bet on Ethereum（下）？ 2 | # 为什么我押赌注在以太坊上（下）？ 3 | 4 | 5 | > 本文翻译自：https://medium.com/@rauljordan/why-i-bet-on-ethereum-9c1e48741676 6 | > 7 | > 译者：[区块链中文字幕组](https://github.com/BlockchainTranslator/EOS) [林炜鑫](https://github.com/weixin1993) 8 | > 9 | > 翻译时间：2017-11-25 10 | 11 | ### It Is Extremely Early, But The Ecosystem Is Made for Devs 12 | ### 这时还为时尚早，不过这是一个为开发者提供的生态系统 13 | 14 | The ease of access to documentation, source code, and fantastic speakers at major conferences made front-end tooling evolve in amazing ways over the past year. Ethereum, along the same vein, has come a long way from its early days. We have awesome listings like state of dApps, fully-transparent, communicative core developers and although so many ICOs are questionable at best, we have fantastic white papers, testing tools, a solid test-net, and a plethora of well-made libraries for beginners to hit the ground running. 15 | 16 | 在过去的一年中，对文档、源代码的获取以及在大型会议上与出色演讲者的接触变得非常容易，这使得前端工具的发展变得非常惊人。以太坊，沿着同样的脉络，从早期就已经走过了很长一段路。我们有很棒的清单，比如dApps，完全透明、愿意公开交流的核心开发者。虽然很多ICO项目的问题都是值得怀疑的，但是我们有很棒的白皮书、测试工具、一个可靠的测试网络，还有大量的优秀的库，供初学者使用。 17 | 18 | In this community, most major projects are open source and have thriving Slack channels where people discuss not only small bugs in projects but also long-term, groundbreaking implications of decentralized applications in our daily life. The unparalleled quality of conferences such as DEVCON and the strength and transparency of Ethereum’s core dev team make it a joy for new developers to deep their feet into this world and add constant improvements to important repos. 19 | 20 | 在这个社区，大部分项目都是开源的，并且有许多发展迅速的Slack栏目。在这些栏目中，人们讨论的不仅是项目中的小问题，还讨论在我们日常生活中能长远发展的、有突破性的分布式应用（dAPP）。像DEVCON这样的高质量会议，以及以太坊核心开发团队的影响力和透明度，都让新的开发者感觉深入到这个项目并不断地改进重要的repos系统是一件令人高兴的事情。 21 | 22 | ### Same Standards: The Foundation of Network Effects 23 | ### 同样的标准：网络效应的标准 24 | 25 | Not only is Ethereum interesting from a developer’s standpoint, but also from an economic and game-theoretical perspective as well. The rise of the ICO token economy has shed light on new problems that companies never even had to consider when building their products in a centralized web. [The idea of token velocity](https://multicoin.capital/2017/12/08/understanding-token-velocity/), where a utility token sees an extremely large number of users trading it but rarely any holding it as a store of value, has been a major hurdle for many dApps to consider when designing their systems and economies. Hard problems in game theory, scalability, and critical design questions come to mind for anyone leveraging the Ethereum protocol to create an ERC20 token economy, and this is just the tip of the iceberg for experts to identify both the pitfalls and best practices within this world. 26 | 27 | 不管是从开发者的角度，还是从经济和博弈论的角度来看，以太坊都是非常有趣的。ICO代币经济的崛起已经让人注意到一些新问题，这些问题是企业在一个集中式网页上推出他们的产品时根本不需要考虑的。[代币速度的概念](https://multicoin.capital/2017/12/08/understanding-token-velocity/)是，许多人看待代币的用处只是拿来交易它，而只有少部分人是真正地把代币当做有价值的东西存储起来。对于许多dAPP项目而言，这已经成为了一个主要的障碍。对于所有利用以太坊协议进行创造一个ERC20代币经济的项目来说，他们会想到在博弈论、可伸缩性、重要的设计问题中会遇到困难，但其实这对于在这个世界中找到缺陷和最佳实践而言，这只是冰山一角。 28 | 29 | Despite these hurdles, there is one fundamental cornerstone of building decentralized applications: all of them are built upon the same [ecosystem of standards](http://preethikasireddy.me/2017/09/19/the-synergies-gained-from-building-on-ethereums-decentralized-app-ecosystem/). All projects share the Ethereum Virtual Machine, all of them are built on smart contracts, all of them are incentivized to learn from each other and contribute by highlighting their own best practices to the greater community. This is why this space is moving at lightning-fast speed. When systems use the same set of shared standards, we all benefit when one finds a key improvement. This is what has driven me into becoming an Ethereum developer above all. 30 | 31 | 尽管存在这些障碍，但构建这些分布式应用的一个基础是：所有的这些应用都是建立在[相同的标准生态系统上](http://preethikasireddy.me/2017/09/19/the-synergies-gained-from-building-on-ethereums-decentralized-app-ecosystem/)。所有项目都共同运营在Ethereum虚拟机上，所有的项目都是基于智能合约构建的，所有这些项目通过相互学习而促进发展，并通过突出自己对社区的最佳实践而向社区贡献。这就是为什么这个领域正以闪电般的速度发展。当系统运用相同的共享标准时，一个关键的改进都能使我们从中受益。这正是促使我成为以太网开发者的原因。 32 | 33 | ### Game-Theoretical Incentives 34 | ### 博弈论的刺激 35 | 36 | Imagine a world where Uber doesn’t take a cut of the drivers’ pay and the customers’ money. Imagine a world where there is no Uber Inc., but rather a decentralized marketplace of drivers and riders. A world where [IPFS](https://ipfs.io/) is our Amazon S3, [Blockstack](https://blockstack.org/) is our DNS Server…the possibilities are endless. However, why should this matter to the average user? Sure, many users could be die-hard decentralization fanatics, but in reality consumers will simply flock to whatever the best economic choice is for them. 37 | 38 | 想象一下，一个Uber不需要抽取司机的收入和用户的付款的世界。想象一下，一个不需要Uber公司存在，而是一个由司机和乘客直接组成的分布式市场。在这样的世界里，[IPFS](https://ipfs.io/)项目就是我们的亚马逊S3，[Blockstack](https://blockstack.org/)就是我们的DNS服务商...可能性是无穷无尽的。然而，这对普通用户来说又有什么意义呢？当然，许多用户可能是顽固的去中心化狂热者，但实际上，消费者会选择最适合他们的经济选择。 39 | 40 | When we get to the point where the price point of these decentralized apps as well as the friction of their user experience are optimized, we will begin to see massive adoption of this technology as a whole. 41 | 42 | 当我们讲到这些分布式应用的价格和他们用户体验的交叉时，我们将会看到这种技术的大规模应用。 43 | 44 | 45 | ### It Takes One Killer App for the Public to Adopt a Technology 46 | ### 它需要一个杀手级应用程序来让大众接受这种技术 47 | 48 | It was only when [Apple launched the Apple II](https://www.cultofmac.com/460680/apple-ii-killer-app-visicalc/) with the world’s first computer spreadsheet, VisiCalc, that owning a computer was a business need. Businesses came in flocks to adopt VisiCalc and the power of its software was so great that the network effects soon became apparent, selling over 700,000 units in the span of six years, enabling other software businesses to create programs for a user base that was increasing exponentially. Build good software and the adoption of your hardware will follow. 49 | 50 | 只有当苹果公司将拥有世界上第一个电子表格应用（VisiCalc）的[Apple II](https://www.cultofmac.com/460680/apple-ii-killer-app-visicalc/)推出时，拥有一台电脑才成了商业需要。企业成群结队地采用VisiCalc。这个软件的威力如此巨大，以至于网络效应很快就显现出来：Apple II在6年的时间里售出了超过70万台，使得软件企业为用户开发新程序的需求正呈指数级增长。开发出优秀的软件并采用好的硬件也随之而来。 51 | 52 | I believe the first killer app will come from a system such as Ethereum and its vibrant developer community. So sure, Turing complete blockchains have a lot left to be desired from a security standpoint, but are a breeding ground for ideas, innovations, and vibrant economies that I am thrilled to be a part of. 53 | 54 | 我相信，第一款杀手级应用将来自于以太坊和活跃的开发者社区等系统。当然，从安全的角度来看，图灵完整的区块链还有很多值得期待的地方，但它是创意、创新和充满活力的经济体的滋生地，我很高兴能成为其中的一部分。 55 | 56 | 57 | 58 | 59 | 60 | 61 | ---------------------------------------------------- 62 | 63 | #### 区块链中文字幕组 64 | 65 | 致力于前沿区块链知识和信息的传播，为中国融入全球区块链世界贡献一份力量。 66 | 67 | 如果您懂一些技术、懂一些英文，欢迎加入我们，加微信号:w1791520555。 68 | 69 | [点击查看项目GITHUB，及更多的译文...](https://github.com/BlockchainTranslator/EOS) 70 | 71 | #### 本文译者简介 72 | 73 | 林炜鑫，在读硕士，专注区块链技术研究与行业分析，欢迎加微信号:happyzai1993。 74 | 75 | 本文由币乎社区（bihu.com）内容支持计划奖励。 76 | 77 | 版权所有，转载需完整注明以上内容。 78 | 79 | ---------------------------------------------------- 80 | 81 | 82 | 83 | 84 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /TechDoc/collateralized-debt-obligations-for-issuer-backed-tokens.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | > 本文由 @咕噜 BIHU.COM 推荐 2 | > 3 | > vitalik 和 Difinity 社区对于 Stablecoin 的思考 4 | > 5 | > 翻译自：https://ethresear.ch/t/collateralized-debt-obligations-for-issuer-backed-tokens/525 6 | > 7 | > 译者：[区块链中文字幕组](https://github.com/BlockchainTranslator) [鱼](https://github.com/oscnet) 8 | > 9 | > 翻译时间：2018-1-30 10 | > 11 | > 本文由[币乎社区（bihu.com）](http://www.bihu.com)内容支持计划奖励。 12 | 13 | ### Collateralized Debt Obligations for Issuer-Backed Tokens 14 | 15 | ### 以债券抵押的由发行人背书的代币 16 | 17 | *Special thanks to some discussions from Dominic Williams from 2015 that brought up the idea of multi-issuer collateral-risk-reduced stablecoins.* 18 | 19 | *特别感谢2015年多米尼克·威廉斯（Dominic Williams）的一些关于降低多个发行者抵押风险的稳定币的想法* 20 | 21 | One major type of "stablecoin" that already exists, and will likely continue to become more popular, on public blockchains is the issuer-backed token (eg. [Tether](https://tether.to/?p=7889), and likely soon Digix Gold). In this model some centralized issuer maintains a reserve (likely a bank or brokerage account or vault depending on context) of some underlying backing asset, and issues a quantity of tokens on the blockchains equal to the quantity of the backing asset. They promise that each unit of the blockchain token will be redeemable for a unit of the backing asset. 22 | 23 | 目前主流的稳定币已经存在，而且可能会变得越来越流行，公链上有由发行人担保的代币（如 [Tether](https://tether.to/?p=7889), 以及即将推出的 Digix Gold）。在这种模式下，一些中央发行机构保存了一些基础资产的储备（类似于银行或经纪人账户或保险库，视情况而定。）， 然后在区块链上发放等值于其资产背书的代币。并且承诺区块链上的每单位代币都可以兑换一个单位的用于背书的资产。 24 | 25 | This kind of token is attractive because it avoids the [financial "black swan" risk](https://prestonbyrne.com/2017/12/10/stablecoins-are-doomed-to-fail/) of stablecoins like DAI that are purely backed by crypto, but it comes with its own set of problems, chief among which is that it brings back the spectre of counterparty risk. Issuers of backed tokens are often met with suspicion, and the tokens are often avoided as a result. 26 | 27 | 这种代币之所以有吸引力, 是因为它避免了象贷币这类单纯由密码学支撑的稳定币的["黑天鹅"金融风险](https://prestonbyrne.com/2017/12/10/stablecoins-are-doomed-to-fail/), 但是也有自己的一系列问题, 其中最主要的问题是它带来了合同对方的风险。有背书的代币的发行方经常会受到怀疑（应该是类似于 USDT 一样怀疑用于背书的资产是否足额，以及中心化等问题。译者注）, （有些人）由此通常会避免使用这种代币。 28 | 29 | The following is a proposal for how to mitigate this risk, effectively creating 1-of-N issuer-backed stablecoins that only fail if most or all of the issuers fail. 30 | 31 | 以下是如何减轻这种风险的方案，它有效地创造了 1-of-N 发行人背书的稳定币，它只有在大多数或所有发行人破产时才会失效。 32 | 33 | --- 34 | 35 | Suppose that we have N issuers of USD on the blockchain, I[1] ... I[n], and there exists a DAO into which M coins from each issuer have been deposited. The DAO releases N new assets, which we call "slice 1" … "slice N", effectively ordered low risk to high risk. The goal is as follows: buyers of slice 1 will be able to redeem a dollar if at least one, any one, of the issuers continues to be solvent. Buyers of slice 2 will be able to redeem a dollar as long as at least two issuers are solvent. And so on and so forth until slice N, which will be able to redeem a dollar only if all issuers are solvent. 36 | 37 | 假设我们在区块链上有 N 个美元发行者，I [1] ... I [n] ，并且存在一个 DAO （去中心化自治组织，也指区块链上的智能合约，译者注），其中存放着来自每家发行人的 M 个币。DAO 发行了 N 个新的资产，我们称之为"第 1 部分"..."第 N 部分"，并且从低风险到高风险进行了排序。规则如下： 38 | * 如果至少有一家（可以是任何一家）发行人仍有偿债能力，则第一部分的买家将能够赎回一美元。 39 | * 只要至少有两家发行人具有偿债能力，第二部分的买家将能够赎回一美元。 40 | * 等等等等，直到第 N 部分，只有当所有的发行人都是有偿债能力的时候，才能赎回一美元。 41 | 42 | The expected loss component of counterparty risk can never be reduced or removed - if the issuers collectively lose $X, that loss of $X has to be paid by someone. But what this does let us do is channel the risk toward those who are most willing to bear it, and give those who are not an asset that is highly robust, losing value only if a very large number of issuers fail. 43 | 44 | 交易对手风险的预期损失部分永远不能减少或消除 - 如果发行人集体损失 X 美元，那么 X 美元的损失必须有人来承担。因此，我们要做的就是把风险转移到那些愿意承担风险的人手上，对那些不愿意承担风险的人，我们就给他们高度稳健的资产，这个资产只有当极大量的发行人都不能偿债时资金才会有所损失。 45 | 46 | To compensate those who are willing to bear risk (or those with insider knowledge that allows them to trust the issuers more than the general public does), the holders of slices closer to N would be paid interest rates, which would come out of the pockets of the holders of slices closer to 1. 47 | 48 | 为了补偿那些愿意承担风险的人(或那些知情的内幕人士、比普通公众更信任发行者的人) , 接近于第 N 部分的持有者将得到利率补偿, 并且这个利率由自接近第 1 部分的持有者来支付。 49 | 50 | --- 51 | 52 | Now, on to implementation. The coins are issued at time T, and have a pre-determined duration D. Before T, anyone is allowed to specify a bid, of the form "I want to buy a unit of slice i, and I am willing to pay x / N units of every coin in the basket to purchase it". The system then keeps track of the bids in highest-to-lowest sorted order for each slice, and once the bidding period ends it starts processing the bids. It looks at the top bid for each slice, and sees if the top bids sum to at least 1. If they do, then it accepts the bids, and if they do not then it terminates. 53 | 54 | 现在，我们来看看实施情况。代币是在时间 T 发行，并且具有预先确定的持续时间 D。在 T 之前，任何人都可以指定出价，以“我想在第 i 部分购买一个单位的代币, 并且我愿意支付 x / N 篮子里的每币单位 来购买它”的形式。然后，系统以每个部分的最高到最低排序顺序跟踪出价，一旦出价周期结束，就开始处理出价。它会查看每个部分的最高出价，并查看这些最高出价总和是否大于等于 1 。如果是的，则接受出价，如果不是则结束。 55 | 56 | At the end of the process, everyone who bid for slice i pays the same price as the last (ie. lowest) accepted bid for slice i. This mechanism ensures that, for every set of bids the system accepts, the system issues one coin for each slice and receives at least one coin from each issuer as backing, so it will be able to meet all obligations. 57 | 58 | 在这个过程的最后，毎个对第 i 部分出价的人支付相同的价格（如最低价）作为 i 部分最后接受的价格。这种机制确保系统接受的每套出价，系统为各部分发行的毎一个代币，至少能收到发行人一个代币的背书，这样就能够满足所有的债务。 59 | 60 | At time T + D, comes the claiming phase, which is split into N periods. In the first period, everyone who has a coin of slice 1 can redeem it in exchange for a coin from any issuer of their choosing. In the second period, everyone who has a coin of slice 2 can do the same, though if there is some issuer whose coins have already been fully drained by the redeeming process they can naturally no longer be claimed. This continues for all N slices. 61 | 62 | T + D 时间到了以后，来到赎回阶段，它被分成 N 个阶段。在第一个时期，每个拥有第 1 部分代币的人都可以 63 | 换取他们选择的任何发行人的代币。在第二个时期，每个拥有第 2 部分代币的人同样如此，但是如果有一些发行人的币已经在赎回过程中赎回，他们当然就不会再被要求赎回了。这种情形一直持续下去，直到第 N 部分。 64 | 65 | This mechanism removes the need to have any kind of fancy dynamically adjusted/controlled interest rate, or an oracle to tell which issuers are insolvent. If k of the N issuers are insolvent, then holders of coins in slices 1…N-k would redeem all of the solvent coins first, leaving the holders of coins in slices N-k+1…N with worthless coins; the need for an oracle is substituted with market-based preference revelation. 66 | 67 | 这种机制不需要有任何形式的动态调整/利率控制，或者靠先知来预测哪些发行人将破产。如果 N 个发行人中有 k 个破产，那么 第 1 部分 ... 第 N-k 部分的币持有者将首先赎回所有的有清还能力的币，留下 第 N-k+1 部分 ... 第 N 部分的币持有人手中就变成没有价值的币; 先知的需求被基于市场的优先偿还权利取代。 68 | 69 | To create an infinite-duration coin on top of this, one can simply imagine a DAO that creates rounds of this game with duration 2D every D (ie. there are always two overlapping games) and another DAO which buys tokens of some specific slice on the open market a quarter of the way through their period and sells them three quarters of the way through to buy the coins from the next game. 70 | 71 | 在此基础上为了创造一个无限持续的代币，可以简单地想象下，一个 DAO 每隔 D 时间建立这个游戏回合，每个回合的持续时间为 2D （即：总是有两个重叠的游戏），另一个 DAO，它们用期间四分之一的时间从公开市场购买一些特定部分的代币，然后用四分之三的时间卖掉，用以买下一场游戏的币。 72 | 73 | ### Variations 74 | ### 其它变化 75 | 76 | * Have one of the "issuers" be a contract that holds ETH and has a redemption process that allows holders of a coin to claim an amount of ETH equivalent to 1 USD. The contract's USD liabilities would be half the value of its ETH holdings at the start, and if the contract becomes insolvent it would simply give each token holder an equal share of its entire quantity of ETH. Any undistributed ETH would be given to a second class of token holder, who would thus be holding "ETH at 2x leverage" 77 | 78 | * Come up with more complex combinatorial mechanisms that allow people to express through the market opinions like "I think issuers 1, 4 and 11 are solvent but have no idea about any of the others" 79 | 80 | * Have one of the "issuers" be DAI 81 | 82 | * "发行人"可以是持有以太的智能合同，并且有一个兑换程序允许持有人兑换相当于 1 美元的以太。智能合同的美元债务开始时是以太持有价值的一半。如果这个合同资不抵债，它会让每个令牌持有者平分全部数量的以太。任何未分配的以太将被分配给第二类代币持有者，这些持有者因此持有"2倍杠杆的以太"。 83 | 84 | * 提出更复杂的组合机制，让人们能够通过市场表达意见，比如"我认为发行人 1, 4 和 11 是具有偿付能力, 但对其它任何一家都不知情" 85 | 86 | * 贷币可以是发行者之一。 87 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /TechDoc/generalized-state-channel.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | Generalized State Channels on Ethereum 2 | ------------------------------------------------------ 3 | 4 | > 本文翻译自：https://medium.com/l4-media/generalized-state-channels-on-ethereum-de0357f5fb44 5 | > 6 | > 译者：[区块链中文字幕组](https://github.com/BlockchainTranslator/EOS) [Xuming Meng](https://github.com/jonas-meng) 7 | > 8 | > 翻译时间：2017-11-12 9 | 10 | --------------------------- 11 | 12 | # Generalized State Channels on Ethereum # 13 | # 以太坊的广义状态通道 # 14 | 15 | A fundamental limitation of blockchain applications is that blockchains are expensive. Sending transactions requires fees, and using ethereum to run smart-contract code is comparatively costly to other kinds of computation. 16 | 17 | 区块链应用的根本局限在于区块链很昂贵。发送交易需要费用，使用以太网运行智能合约代码对于其他类型的计算来说成本相对较高。 18 | 19 | The idea behind state channels is that we can make blockchains more efficient by moving many processes off-chain, while still retaining a blockchain’s characteristic trustworthiness. Despite their conceptual simplicity as a natural extension of the “payment channel” concept, this technique today remains heavily under-utilized and underdeveloped. 20 | 21 | 状态通道背后的想法是，我们可以通过将许多处理事转移到区块链外来提高区块链的效率，同时保持区块链的可信的特征。尽管从概念上的简单性而言，他们只是“支付通道”概念的自然延伸，但是今天的这种技术仍然没有得到充分的利用和发展。 22 | 23 | This is why we are excited to share that we have started working on a generalized state channels implementation with a focus on privacy, speed, trust minimization, security, and modularity. We think this is one of the most important layers of infrastructure that needs to be built today. 24 | 25 | 这就是为什么我们很高兴与大家分享，我们已经开始致力于开发专注于隐私，速度，信任最小化，安全性和模块化的广义状态通道。我们认为这是当今需要建设的最重要的基础设施之一。 26 | 27 | We will not be doing an ICO, token sale, or other kind of fundraising event involving a token. As has been pointed out by Fred Ehrsam, Elad Gil, Vitalik Buterin, and many others, the economic incentives for core protocol innovation and second-layer infrastructure are much too low, and so the token model of funding a project in these domains has unfortunately become overused. Instead, we will initially be funded by a donation from Vitalik Buterin. 28 | 29 | 我们不会做ICO，代币销售或其他类型的涉及代币的筹款活动。正如Fred Ehrsam，Elad Gil，Vitalik Buterin等人所指出的，核心协议的创新和第二层基础设施的经济激励太低，所以在这些领域为项目提供资金的代币模型是被过度使用。相反，我们最初就获得Vitalik Buterin的资金捐助。 30 | 31 | In our view, state channels are the basic foundation for usability in distributed applications. They reduce latency from the unacceptably high levels of today’s blockchain applications to the weblike response times that users expect. 32 | 33 | 我们认为，状态通道是分布式应用可用性的基础。他们将当前区块链应用程序的不可接受的延迟减少到用户期望的网络响应时间。 34 | 35 | Even with other scalability methods like sharding, many applications that rely on large numbers of individual operations (such as streaming payments, IoT devices, games, etc) cannot hope to achieve the cost reductions they require without the added savings that state channels are able to introduce. 36 | 37 | 在不利用状态通道引入的成本节约的情况下，即使使用其他可扩展性方法（如分片），依赖大量独立的操作（如流式支付，物联网设备，游戏等）的应用程序也无法实现所需的成本降低。 38 | 39 | Rather than receiving the benefit of these savings across a wide number of different applications, today’s blockchain application users will be lucky to find a one-off single-purpose state channel design that runs on its own network, isolated from other applications. 40 | 41 | 当今的区块链应用程序用户可以很幸运地找到一种一次性的单一用途的状态通道设计，它可以在自己的网络上运行，与其他应用程序隔离开来，而不是在许多不同的应用程序中获得这些节省的好处。 42 | 43 | These different applications may use the same types of assets, yet deploy separate and highly bespoke contracts that cannot interoperate. They must be audited for security concerns on an individual and ongoing basis; significantly increasing costs. They are rarely optimized to the theoretical limits, often consuming orders of magnitude more gas than is necessary, and frequently going to chain when doing so is not even strictly required. 44 | 45 | 这些不同的应用程序可能使用相同类型的资产，但部署独立且高度定制的不能互相操作的合同。他们必须对每一个安全问题进行持续的审计。大大增加成本。它们很少被优化到理论极限，往往比所需要的要多消耗数量级的燃料，并且在这样做的时候甚至经常在链上进行操作，即使不是必要需求的。 46 | 47 | The state of the art advances slowly, and developers are often left struggling to solve the same problems over and over, where one mistake threatens the entire security model of the application. Even when secure, these custom implementations have significant privacy drawbacks; leaking detailed information about the network graph, participant assets and activity. 48 | 49 | 现有技术发展缓慢，开发人员往往一直在努力解决同样的问题，一个错误威胁到应用程序的整个安全模型。即使在安全的情况下，这些自定义实现也存在重大隐私缺陷；泄漏有关网络图，参与者资产和活动的详细信息。 50 | 51 | We envision a different future. 52 | - We want to see clearly designed general purpose state channels that do not reduce, and in fact in many cases greatly increase, privacy. 53 | - We don’t want to put anything on the chain that doesn’t need to be. 54 | - We want channels that can be easily incorporated into new applications without the requirement for those developers to also be state channel experts. 55 | - We want to achieve a level of privacy where state channel operations are indistinguishable from other common types of on-chain activities. 56 | - We want to see support for multiple parallel operations inside of a single channel that do not interfere with each other. 57 | - We want to provide expertly optimized, formally verified, and highly audited components that developers of decentralized applications can rely on without repeatedly re-inventing the wheel. 58 | - We want to support deploying or upgrading channel designs without requiring the user to make a single on-chain operation. 59 | - And we want to establish clear standards for how all of these generalized state channels will fit together into a global, multi-blockchain network where any user can easily connect to any other. 60 | 61 | 我们设想一个不同的未来。 62 | - 我们希望看到明确设计的通用目的状态通道不会降低，实际上在很多情况下会大大增加隐私。 63 | - 我们不想把任何东西放在不需要的链上。 64 | - 我们希望通道可以很容易地纳入到新的应用程序，而不需要这些开发者也成为状态通道的专家。 65 | - 我们希望达到一定的隐私水平，在这种情况下，状态通道操作与其他常见类型的链上活动没有区别。 66 | - 我们希望看到在单个通道内不会相互干扰的多个并行操作的支持。 67 | - 我们希望提供经过专业优化，经过正式验证且经过高度审计的组件，去中心化应用程序的开发人员可以依靠这些组件，而无需重复发明轮子。 68 | - 我们希望支持部署或升级通道设计，而不需要用户进行一个的链上操作。 69 | - 我们希望就所有广义状态通道如何融入一个全球性，多区块链的网络建立明确的标准，在这个网络中，任何用户都可以轻松地连接到任何其他的网络。 70 | 71 | Together, we are working towards building this future. 72 | We will be making further announcements around our plans for this project soon. For now, we are entirely focused on building a working prototype using our approach and speaking to developers and founders of decentralized application projects. We intend on building the best possible interface for decentralized application developers to work with so they can deliver the web-like experience their users expect without compromising on any component of the decentralized internet. 73 | 74 | 我们一起努力建设这个未来。 75 | 我们将很快就我们的计划进一步公布我们的计划。就目前而言，我们完全专注于使用我们的方法构建原型，并和去中心化应用项目的开发人员和创始人交流。我们打算为去中心化应用程序开发人员构建最好的接口，以便他们能够交付用户所期望的类似网络的体验，而不会影响去中心化互联网的任何组件。 76 | 77 | ---------------------------------------------------- 78 | 79 | #### 区块链中文字幕组 80 | 81 | 致力于前沿区块链知识和信息的传播，为中国融入全球区块链世界贡献一份力量。 82 | 83 | 如果您懂一些技术、懂一些英文，欢迎加入我们，加微信号:w1791520555。 84 | 85 | [点击查看项目GITHUB，及更多的译文...](https://github.com/BlockchainTranslator/EOS) 86 | 87 | #### 本文译者简介 88 | 89 | 抖抖，在读博士，专注区块链技术研究与行业分析，jonas.meng.jm@gmail.com 90 | 91 | 本文由币乎社区（bihu.com）内容支持计划赞助。 92 | 93 | 版权所有，转载需完整注明以上内容。 94 | 95 | ---------------------------------------------------- 96 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /TechDoc/hyperledger-fabric-getting-started.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Getting Started | 从这里开始 2 | 3 | > 本文翻译自：http://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/getting_started.html 4 | > 5 | > 译者：[区块链中文字幕组 胡亮](https://github.com/gumoon) 6 | > 7 | > 翻译时间：2018-1-23 8 | 9 | ## Install Prerequisites | 预备安装 10 | Before we begin, if you haven’t already done so, you may wish to check that you have all the [Prerequisites](http://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/prereqs.html) installed on the platform(s) on which you’ll be developing blockchain applications and/or operating Hyperledger Fabric. 11 | 12 | 开始开发或者使用超级账本 Fabric 之前，如果你还没有做这一步，你要去检查一下所有[预备安装](http://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/prereqs.html) 的软件是否已经安装在你的机器上了。 13 | 14 | ## Install Binaries and Docker Images | 安装二进制包和Docker镜像 15 | While we work on developing real installers for the Hyperledger Fabric binaries, we provide a script that will [Download Platform-specific Binaries](http://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/samples.html#binaries) to your system. The script also will download the Docker images to your local registry. 16 | 17 | 为了真实的在超级账本 Fabric 上开发，我们提供一个脚本来[下载特定平台的二进制包]((http://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/samples.html#binaries))到你的系统。 18 | 19 | ## Hyperledger Fabric Samples | 超级账本 Fabric 案例 20 | We offer a set of sample applications that you may wish to install these [Hyperledger Fabric Samples](http://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/samples.html) before starting with the tutorials as the tutorials leverage the sample code. 21 | 22 | 我们提供案例程序。在开始阅读手册并试验手册中的例子代码之前，你可能想安装这些[超级账本 Fabric 案例](http://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/samples.html)。 23 | 24 | ## API Documentation | 接口文档 25 | The API documentation for Hyperledger Fabric’s Golang APIs can be found on the godoc site for [Fabric](http://godoc.org/github.com/hyperledger/fabric). If you plan on doing any development using these APIs, you may want to bookmark those links now. 26 | 27 | 超级账本 Fabric Go语言版的接口文档，可以在 [Fabric](http://godoc.org/github.com/hyperledger/fabric) godoc 站点找到。如果你计划使用这些接口来开发，你可能想现在就收藏这些链接。 28 | 29 | ## Hyperledger Fabric SDKs | 超级账本 Fabric SDKs 30 | Hyperledger Fabric intends to offer a number of SDKs for a wide variety of programming languages. The first two delivered SDKs are the Node.js and Java SDKs. We hope to provide Python and Go SDKs soon after the 1.0.0 release. 31 | 32 | * [Hyperledger Fabric Node SDK documentation](https://fabric-sdk-node.github.io/). 33 | * [Hyperledger Fabric Java SDK documentation](https://github.com/hyperledger/fabric-sdk-java). 34 | 35 | 超级账本 Fabric 想要为各种编程语言提供 SDKs。首先提供的是 Node.js 和 Java 语言的 SDKs。我们希望在 1.0.0 版本发布后提供 Python 和 Go 语言版的 SDKs。 36 | 37 | ## Hyperledger Fabric CA | 超级账本 Fabric 证书认证服务 38 | Hyperledger Fabric provides an optional [certificate authority service](http://hyperledger-fabric-ca.readthedocs.io/en/latest) that you may choose to use to generate the certificates and key material to configure and manage identity in your blockchain network. However, any CA that can generate ECDSA certificates may be used. 39 | 40 | 超级账本 Fabric 提供一个可选的 [证书认证服务](http://hyperledger-fabric-ca.readthedocs.io/en/latest)，你可以选择已经生成的证书和私钥来配置和管理区块链网络上的身份。然后，任何可以生成 ECDSA 证书的证书认证服务都可以使用。 41 | 42 | ## Tutorials | 教程 43 | We offer four initial tutorials to get you started with Hyperledger Fabric. The first is oriented to the Hyperledger Fabric **application developer**, [Writing Your First Application](http://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/write_first_app.html). It takes you through the process of writing your first blockchain application for Hyperledger Fabric using the Hyperledger Fabric [Node SDK](https://github.com/hyperledger/fabric-sdk-node). 44 | 45 | 为了让你入门，我们提供了四本初级教程。第一本面向超级账本 Fabric 应用开发者，[编写你的首个应用程序](http://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/write_first_app.html)。它带你经历使用 [Node SDK](https://github.com/hyperledger/fabric-sdk-node) 为超级账本 Fabric 编写区块链应用的整个过程。 46 | 47 | The second tutorial is oriented towards the Hyperledger Fabric network operators, [Building Your First Network](http://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/build_network.html). This one walks you through the process of establishing a blockchain network using Hyperledger Fabric and provides a basic sample application to test it out. 48 | 49 | 第二本教程面向超级账本Fabric网络运维人员, 叫 [构建你的首个网络](http://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/build_network.html)。该手册带你体验使用超级账本 Fabric 构建一个区块链网络，并且提供一个简易的例子应用来测试它。 50 | 51 | Finally, we offer two chaincode tutorials. One oriented to developers, [Chaincode for Developers](http://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/chaincode4ade.html), and the other oriented to operators, [Chaincode for Operators](http://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/chaincode4noah.html). 52 | 53 | 最后，我们提供两个关于链码的教程。一个面向开发者, 叫 [链码 for Developers](http://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/chaincode4ade.html), 另一个面向运维人员，叫做 [链码 for Operators](http://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/chaincode4noah.html)。 54 | 55 | >**Note** | **注意** 56 | 57 | >If you have questions not addressed by this documentation, or run into issues with any of the tutorials, please visit the [Still Have Questions?](http://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/questions.html) page for some tips on where to find additional help. 58 | >如果你的问题没有记录在这个文档中，或者使用该手册是遇到了问题，请访问 [仍然有问题?](http://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/questions.html) 页，那里会有一些提示告诉你怎么找到额外的帮助。 59 | 60 | ---------------------------------------------------- 61 | 62 | #### 区块链中文字幕组 63 | 64 | 致力于前沿区块链知识和信息的传播，为中国融入全球区块链世界贡献一份力量。 65 | 66 | 如果您懂一些技术、懂一些英文，欢迎加入我们，加微信号:w1791520555。 67 | 68 | [点击查看项目GITHUB，及更多的译文...](https://github.com/BlockchainTranslator/) 69 | 70 | #### 本文译者简介 71 | 72 | 胡亮 区块链技术爱好者，欢迎加微信号:haobaba-huliang 73 | 74 | 本文由币乎社区（bihu.com）内容支持计划赞助。 75 | 76 | 版权所有，转载需完整注明以上内容。 77 | 78 | ---------------------------------------------------- 79 | 80 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /TechDoc/hyperledger-fabric-samples.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Hyperledger Fabric Samples | 超级账本 Fabric 案例 2 | 3 | > 本文翻译自：http://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/samples.html 4 | > 5 | > 译者：[区块链中文字幕组 胡亮](https://github.com/gumoon) 6 | > 7 | > 翻译时间：2018-1-28 8 | 9 | >**Note** | **注意** 10 | 11 | >If you are running on Windows you will want to make use of the Docker Quickstart Terminal for the upcoming terminal commands. Please visit the [Prerequisites](http://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/prereqs.html) if you haven’t previously installed it. 12 | 13 | >如果你在 Windows 系统上运行，你会想使用容器的快速开始终端来执行命令。如果还没有安装，请访问 [先决条件](http://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/prereqs.html) 查看相关说明。 14 | 15 | >If you are using Docker Toolbox on Windows 7 or macOS, you will need to use a location under `C:\Users` (Windows 7) or `/Users` (macOS) when installing and running the samples. 16 | 17 | >如果你正在 Winodows7 或者 macOS 上使用容器工具箱，你将需要分别在 `C:\Users` （Windows 7）和 `/Users` （macOS）目录下安装和运行例子。 18 | 19 | >If you are using Docker for Mac, you will need to use a location under `/Users`, `/Volumes`, `/private`, or `/tmp`. To use a different location, please consult the Docker documentation for [file sharing](https://docs.docker.com/docker-for-mac/#file-sharing). 20 | 21 | >如果你正在 Mac 机器上运行容器，你将需要使用 `/Users`, `/Volumes`, `/private`, 或 `/tmp` 任一目录或其子目录。若想使用其他目录，请查看容器文档：[文件共享](https://docs.docker.com/docker-for-mac/#file-sharing)。 22 | 23 | >If you are using Docker for Windows, please consult the Docker documentation for [shared drives](https://docs.docker.com/docker-for-windows/#shared-drives) and use a location under one of the shared drives. 24 | 25 | >如果你正在还是Windows版的容器，请查看容器文档：[共享驱动器](https://docs.docker.com/docker-for-windows/#shared-drives), 然后使用任一共享驱动器下的目录。 26 | 27 | Determine a location on your machine where you want to place the Hyperledger Fabric samples applications repository and open that in a terminal window. Then, execute the following commands: 28 | 29 | 确定了存放超级账本案例应用库的目录后，打开终端窗口，执行以下命令： 30 | 31 | ``` 32 | git clone -b master https://github.com/hyperledger/fabric-samples.git 33 | cd fabric-samples 34 | ``` 35 | 36 | ## Download Platform-specific Binaries | 下载特定平台的二进制文件 37 | Next, we will install the Hyperledger Fabric platform-specific binaries. This process was designed to complement the Hyperledger Fabric Samples above, but can be used independently. If you are not installing the samples above, then simply create and enter a directory into which to extract the contents of the platform-specific binaries. 38 | 39 | 接着，我们将安装超级账本 Fabric 对应平台二进制文件。这些二进制可执行文件是为上面说的超级账本 Fabric 案例设计的，但是，它可以独立使用。如果你没有安装上文提到的例子，只要创建一个目录，然后把二进制文件解压缩到那个目录。 40 | 41 | Please execute the following command from within the directory into which you will extract the platform-specific binaries: 42 | 43 | 请在你想解压二进制包的目录，执行以下命令： 44 | 45 | ``` 46 | curl -sSL https://goo.gl/6wtTN5 | bash -s 1.1.0-preview 47 | ``` 48 | 49 | >**Note** | **注意** 50 | 51 | >If you get an error running the above curl command, you may have too old a version of curl that does not handle redirects or an unsupported environment. 52 | 53 | >如果 curl 命令执行出错，可能是你的 curl 版本太旧了，以至于不能处理重定向或开发环境不存在 curl 命令。 54 | 55 | >Please visit the [Prerequisites](http://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/prereqs.html) page for additional information on where to find the latest version of curl and get the right environment. Alternately, you can substitute the un-shortened URL: [https://github.com/hyperledger/fabric/blob/master/scripts/bootstrap.sh](https://github.com/hyperledger/fabric/blob/master/scripts/bootstrap.sh) 56 | 57 | >请访问 [先决条件](http://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/prereqs.html)页获取关于哪里能找到最新版本的 curl 和获取正确的开发环境的额外信息。另外，你可以替换命令中的短网址为：[https://github.com/hyperledger/fabric/blob/master/scripts/bootstrap.sh](https://github.com/hyperledger/fabric/blob/master/scripts/bootstrap.sh) 58 | 59 | >**Note** | **注意** 60 | 61 | >You can use the command above for any published version of Hyperledger Fabric. Simply replace ‘1.1.0-preview’ with the version identifier of the version you wish to install. 62 | 63 | >你可以使用上面的命令下载任意公开的超级账本 Fabric 版本。只要替换 '1.1.0-preview' 为你想安装的版本的版本标识符即可。 64 | 65 | The command above downloads and executes a bash script that will download and extract all of the platform-specific binaries you will need to set up your network and place them into the cloned repo you created above. It retrieves four platform-specific binaries: 66 | 67 | 以上命令下载并且执行一个批处理脚本，接着下载并解压缩所有特定平台的用于建立fabric网络的二进制文件。然后把它们移动到上面克隆的版本库（案例库）中：它取回四个平台相关二进制文件： 68 | 69 | * `cryptogen`, 70 | * `configtxgen`, 71 | * `configtxlator`, and 72 | * `peer` 73 | 74 | and places them in the `bin` sub-directory of the current working directory. 75 | 76 | 然后，把他们放到当前工作目录的 `bin` 子目录中。 77 | 78 | You may want to add that to your PATH environment variable so that these can be picked up without fully qualifying the path to each binary. e.g.: 79 | 80 | 为了使用时不需要带全路径，你可以把它们添加到 PATH 环境变量中。如： 81 | 82 | ``` 83 | export PATH=/bin:$PATH 84 | ``` 85 | 86 | Finally, the script will download the Hyperledger Fabric docker images from Docker Hub into your local Docker registry and tag them as ‘latest’. 87 | 88 | 最后，脚本会从 Docker Hub 下载超级账本 Fabric 容器镜像到本地容器注册器并且标记他们为：'latest'。 89 | 90 | The script lists out the Docker images installed upon conclusion. 91 | 92 | 脚本结尾会输出已安装的容器镜像列表。 93 | 94 | Look at the names for each image; these are the components that will ultimately comprise our Hyperledger Fabric network. You will also notice that you have two instances of the same image ID - one tagged as “x86_64-1.x.x” and one tagged as “latest”. 95 | 96 | 看看每个镜像的名字,它们将最终组成我们的超级账本 Fabric 网络。你会注意到有两个实例具有相同的镜像ID-一个标记为："x86_64_1.x.x"，另一个标记为“latest"。 97 | 98 | >**Note** | **注意** 99 | 100 | > On different architectures, the x86_64 would be replaced with the string identifying your architecture. 101 | > 不同平台架构， x86_64 字符串会替换为对应架构的标识。 102 | 103 | > **Note** | **注意** 104 | 105 | > If you have questions not addressed by this documentation, or run into issues with any of the tutorials, please visit the Still Have Questions? page for some tips on where to find additional help. 106 | >如果你的问题没有记录在这个文档中，或者使用该手册是遇到了问题，请访问 [仍然有问题?](http://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/questions.html) 页，那里会有一些提示告诉你怎么找到额外的帮助。 107 | 108 | ---------------------------------------------------- 109 | 110 | #### 区块链中文字幕组 111 | 112 | 致力于前沿区块链知识和信息的传播，为中国融入全球区块链世界贡献一份力量。 113 | 114 | 如果您懂一些技术、懂一些英文，欢迎加入我们，加微信号:w1791520555。 115 | 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4 | > 本文翻译自：https://medium.com/@cryptovision/raiden-plasma-and-generalized-state-channels-a84af44bed98 5 | > 6 | > 译者：[区块链中文字幕组](https://github.com/BlockchainTranslator/EOS) [Xuming Meng](https://github.com/jonas-meng) 7 | > 8 | > 翻译时间：2017-11-12 9 | 10 | --------------------------- 11 | 12 | # Raiden, Plasma and Generalized State Channels # 13 | # Raiden, Plasma 和广义状态通道 # 14 | 15 | With this article I would like to give a quick overview of the Raiden Network, Plasma and Generalized State Channels. All of these technologies have the same goal: **Help scaling Ethereum**. They are not the exact same thing though and they have their strengths and weaknesses by design. In the following I want to give a simple outline of each technology and its use case. 16 | 17 | 通过这篇文章，我想简要介绍一下Raiden Network(雷电网络)，Plasma和广义状态通道。 所有这些技术都有相同的目标：帮助扩展以太坊。他们不是完全一样的东西，并且他们在设计上各有自己的优缺点。下面我想简单介绍一下每种技术及其使用案例。 18 | 19 | # Raiden Network # 20 | Raiden is a network of nodes. Nodes establish payment channels to other nodes. A payment is routed through the network via multiple nodes, but each node only communicates with its direct neighbours. Each node has to hold the balance for the amount being moved. That’s why it will be hard to find a path through the network to move 1000 Ether because every node will have to hold that balance. 21 | 22 | # Use Case: # 23 | Transferring small amounts of Ether and ERC20 tokens almost instantly and reliably. 24 | 25 | # 雷电网络 # 26 | 雷电网络是一个多节点网络。节点之间建立支付渠道。一通支付经过多个节点穿过网络，但每个节点只与其直接邻近节点进行通信。每个节点必须持有将要被转移的数目的余额。这就是为什么很难找到一个通过网络转移1000以太币的路径，因为每个节点将不得不持有这么多的余额。 27 | 28 | # 用例： 29 | 几乎瞬间和可靠地传输少量的Ether和ERC20代币。 30 | 31 | # Plasma # 32 | Plasma aims to scale transactions by creating side chains that only interact with the main chain every once in a while. Plasma chains can even be nested (yeah, like Inception). Plasma is being actively developed by OmiseGo. In terms of fees and latency Plasma is probably inferior to Raiden, but it has a wider use case. Plasma chains need to be secured by “fraud proofs”. 33 | 34 | # Use Case: # 35 | Imagine OmiseGo running their own Plasma chain for all their users and business partners. They could do thousands of transactions back and forth every day within their plasma chain and only make a final settlement every other day to the Ethereum main net. From the OmiseGo Plasma chain, McDonald's Thailand could start its own Plasma chain, the 2nd layer chain, only for its users. 36 | 37 | # Plasma # 38 | Plasma旨在通过创造只与主链相互作用的侧链来扩大交易规模。Plasma链甚至可以嵌套（是的，就像Inception）。Plasma是由OmiseGo积极开发的。在费用和延迟方面，Plasma可能不如闪电网络，但它有更广泛的用途。Plasma链需要通过“欺诈证明”来保证安全。 39 | 40 | # 用例： # 41 | 想象一下，OmiseGo为所有用户和业务合作伙伴运行自己的Plasma链。他们每天可以在Plasma链里来回进行数以千计的交易，并且每隔一天才会到以太坊主网进行最终结算。从OmiseGo Plasma链中，泰国的麦当劳可以启动自己的Plasma链，第二层链，仅供其用户使用。 42 | 43 | # Generalized State Channels # 44 | Shortly after Raiden concluded their ICO Liam Horne and Jeff Coleman came forward with announcing the development of generalized state channels funded by Vitalik himself. 45 | The idea is that a Generalized State Channel can execute multiple actions between two parties with only the initial and final settlement happening on-chain. Generalized State channels work best where the interacting parties are somewhat constant. 46 | 47 | #Use Case: # 48 | Imagine a group of crypto exchanges that want to create a shared reserve of ERC20 tokens. They go on and create the pool with all the rules of lending, interest and so on in a smart contract on the main chain. Now all the actual lending and moving of funds can happen off-chain in a generalized state channels. Every month the state channel settles the most recent balances back to the main chain. 49 | 50 | # 广义状态通道 # 51 | 在雷电网络结束他们的ICO不久，Liam Horne和Jeff Coleman就宣布由Vitalik自己资助的广义状态通道。这个想法是，一个广义的状态通道可以在双方之间执行多个动作，只有最初和最后的结算发生在链上。广义状态通道在交互方恒定的情况下效果最好。 52 |   53 | # 用例： # 54 | 设想一组想要创建ERC20代币共享储备的加密货币交易所。他们在主链上的智能合约中创建贷款和利息等所有的规则池。现在所有的实际借贷和资金转移都可以在一个链外的广义状态通道发生。状态通道每个月都会把最近的余额结算回主链。 55 | 56 | # Bonus: Lightning Network # 57 | The Lightning Network is a scaling solution for Bitcoin and Litecoin. It makes use of State Channels, but there are various implementations of it. 58 | 59 | # Bonus: Sharding # 60 | Currently every node has to validate every transaction. 61 | Sharding is an on-chain scaling solution. The idea is to split the network into multiple shards that only validate parts of the transactions. For transactions outside its own shard a node acts like a light client. 62 | 63 | # 额外奖励：闪电网络 # 64 | 闪电网络是比特币和莱特币的缩放解决方案。它使用状态通道，但是它有各种各样的实现。 65 | 66 | # 额外奖励：分片 # 67 | 目前每个节点都必须验证每个事务。 68 | 分片是一种链上缩放解决方案。这个想法是将网络分割成多个分片，只验证部分事务。对于自身分片之外的事务，节点就像一个轻客户端。 69 | 70 | # Summary # 71 | All of the introduced concepts try to scale Ethereum. None of them are direct competitors to each other as their concepts differ and therefore cover different use cases. Ask questions in the comments if anything is unclear or you want more details on a particular topic. 72 | 73 | # 总结 # 74 | 所有引入的概念试图扩展以太坊。由于它们的概念不同，它们都不是直接竞争对手，从而涵盖了不同的使用案例。如果有什么不清楚的地方，可以在评论中提问，或者想要了解更多关于特定主题的细节。 75 | 76 | ---------------------------------------------------- 77 | 78 | #### 区块链中文字幕组 79 | 80 | 致力于前沿区块链知识和信息的传播，为中国融入全球区块链世界贡献一份力量。 81 | 82 | 如果您懂一些技术、懂一些英文，欢迎加入我们，加微信号:w1791520555。 83 | 84 | [点击查看项目GITHUB，及更多的译文...](https://github.com/BlockchainTranslator/EOS) 85 | 86 | #### 本文译者简介 87 | 88 | 抖抖，在读博士，专注区块链技术研究与行业分析，jonas.meng.jm@gmail.com 89 | 90 | 本文由币乎社区（bihu.com）内容支持计划赞助。 91 | 92 | 版权所有，转载需完整注明以上内容。 93 | 94 | ---------------------------------------------------- 95 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /TechDoc/transaction-flow.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | Hyperledger Fabric Transaction Flow -- 超级账本 Fabric 项目的交易流程图 2 | ------------------------------------------------------ 3 | 4 | > 本文翻译自：http://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/txflow.html 5 | > 6 | > 译者：[区块链中文字幕组](https://github.com/BlockchainTranslator/EOS) [荆凯(shuke0327)](https://github.com/shuke0327) 7 | > 8 | > 翻译时间：2017-11-08 9 | 10 | --------------------------- 11 | 12 | 13 | # Transaction Flow 交易流程 14 | 15 | This document outlines the transactional mechanics that take place during a standard asset exchange. The scenario includes two clients, A and B, who are buying and selling radishes. They each have a peer on the network through which they send their transactions and interact with the ledger. 16 | 17 | 本篇文档概述了标准的资产交易过程中发生的交易机制。 18 | 19 | ![](http://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_images/step0.png) 20 | 21 | **Assumptions　假设** 22 | 23 | This flow assumes that a channel is set up and running. The application user has registered and enrolled with the organization’s certificate authority (CA) and received back necessary cryptographic material, which is used to authenticate to the network. 24 | 25 | 在这一流程中，假设已经创建和运行了通道。程序的用户使用机构证书注册，并获取了加密材料，用于在网络之中认证。 26 | 27 | The chaincode (containing a set of key value pairs representing the initial state of the radish market) is installed on the peers and instantiated on the channel. The chaincode contains logic defining a set of transaction instructions and the agreed upon price for a radish. An endorsement policy has also been set for this chaincode, stating that both `peerA` and `peerB` must endorse any transaction. 28 | 29 | 链码（包含一组键值对，表示萝卜市场的初始状态)，安装到peers节点，并且在通道上实例化。链码包含了定义一组交易指令的逻辑，并就萝卜的价格达成一致。也设定了链码的背书策略，两个节点`peer A`和`peer B` 都必须为所有的交易背书。 30 | 31 | ![](http://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_images/step1.png) 32 | 33 | ## 1. Client A initiates a transaction 客户端A发起交易 34 | 35 | What’s happening? - Client A is sending a request to purchase radishes. The request targets 36 | `peerA` and `peerB` , who are respectively representative of Client A and Client B. The endorsement policy states that both peers must endorse any transaction, therefore the request goes to `peerA` and `peerB` . 37 | 38 | 发生了什么？ 客户端 A发起购买萝卜的请求。请求目标是`peer A`和`peer B`，分别代表客户A和客户B。 39 | 40 | Next, the transaction proposal is constructed. An application leveraging a supported SDK (Node, Java, Python) utilizes one of the available API’s which generates a transaction proposal. The proposal is a request to invoke a chaincode function so that data can be read and/or written to the ledger (i.e. write new key value pairs for the assets). The SDK serves as a shim to package the transaction proposal into the properly architected format (protocol buffer over gRPC) and takes the user’s cryptographic credentials to produce a unique signature for this transaction proposal. 41 | 42 | 下一步，构建了交易提案。程序使用支持的SDK 利用api生成交易提案。提案请求会调用链码函数，对账本进行读写（如，为资产写入新的键值对）。SDK作为一个shim，将交易提案打包为正确的架构格式(协议缓冲区在gRPC上)，并获取用户的密码凭证，从而为该交易提案生成唯一的签名。 43 | 44 | ![](http://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_images/step2.png) 45 | 46 | ## 2. Endorsing peers verify signature & execute the transaction 验证peers节点验证签名并执行交易 47 | 48 | The endorsing peers verify (1) that the transaction proposal is well formed, (2) it has not been submitted already in the past (replay-attack protection), (3) the signature is valid (using MSP), and (4) that the submitter (Client A, in the example) is properly authorized to perform the proposed operation on that channel (namely, each endorsing peer ensures that the submitter satisfies the channel’s *Writers* policy). 49 | 50 | The endorsing peers take the transaction proposal inputs as arguments to the invoked chaincode’s function. The chaincode is then executed against the current state database to produce transaction results including a response value, read set, and write set. No updates are made to the ledger at this point. The set of these values, along with the endorsing peer’s signature is passed back as a “proposal response” to the SDK which parses the payload for the application to consume. 51 | 52 | *{The MSP is a peer component that allows them to verify transaction requests arriving from clients and to sign transaction results(endorsements). The Writing policy is defined at channel creation time, and determines which user is entitled to submit a transaction to that channel.}* 53 | 54 | 背书节点验证(1) 交易提案是完整的,(2)过去尚未提交(重放攻击保护),(3)签名是有效的(使用MSP),和(4)提交者（在这个例子中是客户A)得到了正确授权，可以在该通道执行操作(即,每个背书节点都都会确保提交者能够满足通道的 *写入者* 的策略). 55 | 56 | 背书节点将输入的交易提案作为调用链码函数的参数。然后，chaincode针对当前的状态数据库执行操作，产生交易结果，包括一个响应值、读取集和写入集。在此时还不会更新账本。这些值的集合以及背书人的签名，作为一个“提案响应”传回给SDK，以解析有效载荷，供程序使用. 57 | 58 | *{MSP是一个对等节点组件，允许它们验证从客户端到达的交易请求，签署交易结果(背书)。写入策略在通道创建时定义，并确定哪个用户有权向该通道提交交易}* 59 | 60 | ![](http://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_images/step3.png) 61 | 62 | ## 3. Proposal responses are inspected 对提案响应进行检查 63 | 64 | The application verifies the endorsing peer signatures and compares the proposal responses to determine if the proposal responses are the same. If the chaincode only queried the ledger, the application would inspect the query response and would typically not submit the transaction to Ordering Service. If the client application intends to submit the transaction to Ordering Service to update the ledger, the application determines if the specified endorsement policy has been fulfilled before submitting (i.e. did peerA and peerB both endorse). The architecture is such that even if an application chooses not to inspect responses or otherwise forwards an unendorsed transaction, the endorsement policy will still be enforced by peers and upheld at the commit validation phase. 65 | 66 | 应用程序验证背书节点的签名并对提案响应进行比较，以确定提案响应是否相同。 67 | 如果链码只查询账本，应用程序会检查查询的相应，通常不会将事务提交给排序服务 （Ordering Serivce）.如果客户端应用程序打算将事务提交给排序服务节点来更新账本，应用程序将在提交之前，会确定是否符合了指定的背书策略(即，是否peerA和peerB都做了背书)。 68 | 这样的架构，即使应用程序选择不检查响应，或选择转发未经背书的交易，对等节点仍然会强制执行背书策略，并在提交验证阶段维持原状。 69 | 70 | ![](http://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_images/step4.png) 71 | 72 | ## 4. Client assembles endorsements into a transaction 节点将背书组合进交易之中 73 | 74 | The application “broadcasts” the transaction proposal and response within a “transaction message” to the Ordering Service. The transaction will contain the read/write sets, the endorsing peers signatures and the Channel ID. The Ordering Service does not need to inspect the entire content of a transaction in order to perform its operation, it simply receives transactions from all channels in the network, orders them chronologically by channel, and creates blocks of transactions per channel. 75 | 76 | 应用程序在“交易信息”中，将交易提案和响应向排序服务“广播”。交易将包含读/写集,支持peers节点签名和通道的ID。排序服务不需要检查一笔交易中的全部内容来执行其操作, 它只是从网络中的所有通道中接收交易, 分通道按时间顺序, 为每个通道创建交易区块。 77 | 78 | ![](http://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_images/step5.png) 79 | 80 | ## 5. Transaction is validated and committed 验证交易和提交交易 81 | 82 | The blocks of transactions are “delivered” to all peers on the channel. The transactions within the block are validated to ensure endorsement policy is fulfilled and to ensure that there have been no changes to ledger state for read set variables since the read set was generated by the transaction execution. Transactions in the block are tagged as being valid or invalid. 83 | 84 | 交易区块被“传递”到通道上的所有对等节点。对区块中的交易进行验证，以确保背书策略得到满足，并确保在交易执行生成了读取集之后，读取集变量的账本状态没有发生变更。区块中的交易被标记为有效或无效。 85 | ![](http://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/_images/step6.png) 86 | 87 | ## 6. Ledger updated 账本更新 88 | 89 | Each peer appends the block to the channel’s chain, and for each valid transaction the write sets are committed to current state database. An event is emitted, to notify the client application that the transaction (invocation) has been immutably appended to the chain, as well as notification of whether the transaction was validated or invalidated. 90 | 91 | 每个对等节点将区块附加到通道的区块链上，对于每笔有效交易，写入集将提交到当前的状态数据库。事件发出后，通知客户端应用程序此交易(调用)已不可篡改地附加到区块链上，并通知该笔交易是是否有效。 92 | 93 | **Note**: See the swimlane diagram to better understand the server side flow and the protobuffers. 94 | 95 | **注意**: 查看泳道图，以更好地理解服务器端的流程和协议缓冲区。 96 | 97 | ---------------------------------------------------- 98 | 99 | #### 区块链中文字幕组 100 | 101 | 致力于前沿区块链知识和信息的传播，为中国融入全球区块链世界贡献一份力量。 102 | 103 | 如果您懂一些技术、懂一些英文，欢迎加入我们，加微信号:w1791520555。 104 | 105 | [点击查看项目GITHUB，及更多的译文...](https://github.com/BlockchainTranslator/EOS) 106 | 107 | #### 本文译者简介 108 | 109 | 荆凯，程序员，相信区块链终将改变潮水的方向．欢迎加微信号:shuke0327，也可以关注公众号: 增长之道 110 | 111 | 本文由币乎社区（bihu.com）内容支持计划赞助。 112 | 113 | 版权所有，转载需完整注明以上内容。 114 | 115 | ---------------------------------------------------- 116 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /TechDoc/what-is-hyperledger-fabric.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | What is Hyperledger Fabric?--什么是超级账本 Fabirc? 2 | ------------------------------------------------------ 3 | 4 | > 本文翻译自：http://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/blockchain.html#what-is-hyperledger-fabric 5 | > 6 | > 译者：[区块链中文字幕组](https://github.com/BlockchainTranslator/EOS) [荆凯(shuke0327)](https://github.com/shuke0327) 7 | > 8 | > 翻译时间：2017-10-29 9 | 10 | --------------------------- 11 | 12 | The Linux Foundation founded Hyperledger in 2015 to advance cross-industry blockchain technologies. Rather than declaring a single blockchain standard, it encourages a collaborative approach to developing blockchain technologies via a community process, with intellectual property rights that encourage open development and the adoption of key standards over time. 13 | 14 | 超级账本项目由 Linux 基金会创建于2015年，目的是推进跨行业的区块链技术．该项目并未宣布单一的区块链标准，而是鼓励以协作的方式遵照社区标准过程(community process)开发区块链技术，以知识产权鼓励开放式的开发，随着时间发展而采纳关键的标准． 15 | 16 | Hyperledger Fabric is one of the blockchain projects within Hyperledger. Like other blockchain technologies, it has a ledger, uses smart contracts, and is a system by which participants manage their transactions. 17 | 18 | Hyperledger Fabric是超级账本项目内部的一个区块链项目．与其他区块链技术一样，它具有账本，使用智能合约，是一个参与者可以管理其交易的系统． 19 | 20 | Where Hyperledger Fabric breaks from some other blockchain systems is that it is **private** and**permissioned**. Rather than an open permissionless system that allows unknown identities to participate in the network (requiring protocols like Proof of Work to validate transactions and secure the network), the members of a Hyperledger Fabric network enroll through a**Membership Service Provider (MSP)**. 21 | 22 | 超级账本 Fabric 与其他区块链系统不同之处在于，它是**私有**和**具有权限控制的**.它不是一个开放的无权限的系统，　并不会允许任何未知身份的用户可以参与到网络之中(需要类似PoW的协议来验证交易，确保网络安全)， 超级账本Fabric网络的成员需要通过一个成员服务提供商（MSP）注册． 23 | 24 | Hyperledger Fabric also offers several pluggable options. Ledger data can be stored in multiple formats, consensus mechanisms can be switched in and out, and different MSPs are supported. 25 | 26 | 超级账本Fbaric也提供了一些可插拔的选项．账簿信息可以存储为多种格式，共识机制也可以切换，并且支持不同的MSP. 27 | 28 | Hyperledger Fabric also offers the ability to create **channels**, allowing a group of participants to create a separate ledger of transactions. This is an especially important option for networks where some participants might be competitors and not want every transaction they make - a special price they’re offering to some participants and not others, for example - known to every participant. If two participants form a channel, then those participants – and no others – have copies of the ledger for that channel. 29 | 30 | 超级账本Fabric项目还提供了创建**通道(Channel)**的功能，允许一组成员创建单独的交易账本．对于一个参与其中的成员可能具有竞争关系的网络而言，这一特性非常重要，参与者并不想自己的每一笔交易 -- 比如，他们提供给某些成员的特殊价格 -- 对网络之中的所有成员可见．如果两个创建者组成一条通道(Channel),　只有这些参与者 -- 而非其他人 -- 才会拥有该通道账本的副本． 31 | 32 | ## Shared Ledger 共享账本 33 | 34 | Hyperledger Fabric has a ledger subsystem comprising two components: the **world state** and the**transaction log**. Each participant has a copy of the ledger to every Hyperledger Fabric network they belong to. 35 | 36 | 超级账本Fabric的账本子系统具有两个组件："世界状态(world state)"和交易记录．每个成员都会有一份他们所属的每一个超级账本Fabric网络的账本副本． 37 | 38 | The world state component describes the state of the ledger at a given point in time. It’s the database of the ledger. The transaction log component records all transactions which have resulted in the current value of the world state. It’s the update history for the world state. The ledger, then, is a combination of the world state database and the transaction log history. 39 | 40 | 世界状态组件描述了某个时间点上账本的信息．它是账本的数据库．交易记录(transaction log)组件，记录了导致了当前的世界状态的所有交易．它是世界状态的更新历史．账本，就是一个世界状态数据库和交易记录历史的组合． 41 | 42 | The ledger has a replaceable data store for the world state. By default, this is a LevelDB key-value store database. The transaction log does not need to be pluggable. It simply records the before and after values of the ledger database being used by the blockchain network. 43 | 44 | 账本中世界状态的数据库存储方式是可替换的．默认是用的LevelDB的键值存储数据库．交易记录并不需要可插拔．它仅仅记录了区块链网络中所用账本数据库的前值和后值． 45 | 46 | ## Smart Contracts　智能合约 47 | 48 | 49 | Hyperledger Fabric smart contracts are written in **chaincode** and are invoked by an application external to the blockchain when that application needs to interact with the ledger. In most cases chaincode only interacts with the database component of the ledger, the world state (querying it, for example), and not the transaction log. 50 | 51 | 超级账本Fabric智能合约用**链码( chaincode )**编写，区块链外部的程序在需要与账本交互时，会激活链码.　大多数情况下chaincode只与账本的数据库组件--世界状态组件产生交互(例如，查询)，而非交易记录组件． 52 | 53 | Chaincode can be implemented in several programming languages. The currently supported chaincode language is [Go](https://golang.org/) with support for Java and other languages coming in future releases. 54 | 55 | Chaincode可以用多种语言来实现．当前支持的语言是[Go语言](https://glolang.org)，未来发布中会支持Java和其他语言． 56 | 57 | ## Privacy 私有性 58 | 59 | Depending on the needs of a network, participants in a Business-to-Business (B2B) network might be extremely sensitive about how much information they share. For other networks, privacy will not be a top concern. 60 | 不同网络，这方面的需求会有所不同，B2B网络的参与者对于所分享信息的多少会非常敏感．对于其他网络而言，私有性并非最关心的问题． 61 | 62 | Hyperledger Fabric supports networks where privacy (using channels) is a key operational requirement as well as networks that are comparatively open. 63 | 64 | 超级账本Fabric会支持将私有性视为关键运营要求的网络(使用通道)，同时也支持相对公开的网络． 65 | 66 | ## Consensus 共识机制 67 | 68 | 69 | Transactions must be written to the ledger in the order in which they occur, even though they might be between different sets of participants within the network. For this to happen, the order of transactions must be established and a method for rejecting bad transactions that have been inserted into the ledger in error (or maliciously) must be put into place. 70 | 71 | 交易记录必须按照发生的顺序写入到账本上，尽管这些交易可能发生在网络上不同组的参与者中．为了做到这一点，必须确定交易记录的顺序，必须有方式可以拒绝错误的交易记录，这些记录由于错误(或出于恶意)而被插入到账本中． 72 | 73 | This is a thoroughly researched area of computer science, and there are many ways to achieve it, each with different trade-offs. For example, PBFT (Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance) can provide a mechanism for file replicas to communicate with each other to keep each copy consistent, even in the event of corruption. Alternatively, in Bitcoin, ordering happens through a process called mining where competing computers race to solve a cryptographic puzzle which defines the order that all processes subsequently build upon. 74 | 75 | 这是在计算机科学之中得到充分研究的领域，有多种方式可以实现，每种方式都有不同的权衡．例如，PBFT(拜占庭容错)能够提供一种机制，使得即便存在腐败事件，文件副本彼此间能够通讯，保持每份副本的一致性．另外，在比特币中，交易顺序通过一个被称为挖矿的过程产生，相互竞争的计算机争相解决密码学难题，这决定了后续过程所构建于其上的顺序． 76 | 77 | Hyperledger Fabric has been designed to allow network starters to choose a consensus mechanism that best represents the relationships that exist between participants. As with privacy, there is a spectrum of needs; from networks that are highly structured in their relationships to those that are more peer-to-peer. 78 | 79 | 超级账本Fabric项目被设计为允许网络发起者选择能够最好的表示参与者之间关系的共识机制．与私有性一样，这方面的需求也存在一系列的光谱，从关系高度结构化的网路，到p2p的同等节点网络． 80 | 81 | We’ll learn more about the Hyperledger Fabric consensus mechanisms, which currently include SOLO, Kafka, and will soon extend to SBFT (Simplified Byzantine Fault Tolerance), in another document. 82 | 83 | 我们会研究更多的超级账本共识机制，当前包含SOLO, Kafka, 很快也会扩展到　SBFT(简化拜占庭容错)，我们会在另外一篇文档中说明． 84 | 85 | 86 | ---------------------------------------------------- 87 | 88 | #### 区块链中文字幕组 89 | 90 | 致力于前沿区块链知识和信息的传播，为中国融入全球区块链世界贡献一份力量。 91 | 92 | 如果您懂一些技术、懂一些英文，欢迎加入我们，加微信号:w1791520555。 93 | 94 | [点击查看项目GITHUB，及更多的译文...](https://github.com/BlockchainTranslator/EOS) 95 | 96 | #### 本文译者简介 97 | 98 | 荆凯，程序员，相信区块链终将改变潮水的方向．欢迎加微信号:shuke0327，也可以关注公众号: 增长之道 99 | 100 | 本文由币乎社区（bihu.com）内容支持计划赞助。 101 | 102 | 版权所有，转载需完整注明以上内容。 103 | 104 | ---------------------------------------------------- 105 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /TheBitcoinConundrum.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #### 比特币的窘境－加密货币会成为支付方法吗？ 2 | 3 | >本文翻译自：https://medium.com/dataprovider/the-bitcoin-conundrum-will-crypto-ever-become-a-payment-method-ace76f81a896 4 | > 5 | >译者：区块链中文字幕组 Chuan 6 | > 7 | >翻译时间：2018-03-29 8 | 9 | *Cryptocurrencies have entered a confusing time. Only last year, the digital coins became the hype that dominated the internet. Now the market is experiencing problems, and the value of crypto has become unsure. In spite of, or maybe because of this volatility, virtual currencies managed to attract the attention of central banks and monetary funds all around the world. One of those interested in crypto is the Dutch central bank. The financial institute recently published a study on the use of Bitcoin as a payment method for online stores. Will Bitcoin become the next shopping currency?* 10 | 11 | *加密货币进入了一段令人困惑的时间。仅过去一年，数字货币在互联网就被大肆宣传。现在，这个市场正在经历一些问题，而且加密货币的价值变得不那么确定。尽管存在这种波动性，或者可能因为这种波动性，虚拟货币吸引到了各国央行和全世界的货币基金的注意。荷兰央行最近发布了一份关于用比特币作为在线支付方式的研究。比特币会成为下一个支付货币吗？* 12 | 13 | In its study, the Dutch central bank focused on the penetration of Bitcoin as payment method among Dutch online retailers. They asked the online store owners about their use of the cryptocurrency and their reasons for doing so or holding off. Those who accepted Bitcoin mostly did so because they think it attracts new customers (42%), as a response to their customers’ demands (23% ) or because of their interest in the technology (21%). The nay-sayers cited unfamiliarity with the coin (58%), a lack of consumer demand (36%) and the perceived lack of trust (16%) as their primary reasons for not accepting Bitcoin yet. Those not accepting the coin weren’t steadfast on their position: 26 percent said that they would be willing to take cryptocurrency as payment in their online store if the consumer wants it. 14 | 15 | 在这份研究中，荷兰央行重点关注比特币在荷兰在线零售商中作为支付方式的使用情况。他们询问店主关于加密货币的使用情况以及使用比特币和不使用的原因。那些接受比特币支付的人大多是因为这几种情况：能吸引新的客人（占 42%），顾客自身的需求（占 23%），对这一技术感兴趣（占 21%）。那些不采用比特币支付的人则是因为：不了解它（占 58%），客人需求不大（占 36%），不信任它（占 16%）。那些不接收比特币的人对他们的观点并不是坚定不移：26% 的人说，如果客人想用的话，他们愿意接受加密货币作为支付方式。 16 | 17 | And that last bit, the consumer demand, is where the issue lies for Bitcoin as a payment method. It seems that we are dealing with a chicken and egg scenario when it comes to the digital coin. The online retailer has little problem accepting the currency if the consumer wants to pay with it, but the average consumer has no interest in buying a coin that cannot be used as payment. There are, of course, exceptions in those people who buy Bitcoin and hold it as an investment. But for most consumers, the digital coin is something that doesn’t concern them, and that they have no use for at this time. 18 | 19 | 最后那句－客人需要的话－是比特币作为支付方式的问题所在。这一情况好像是，在说到数字货币时，我们面临的情形是先有鸡还是先有蛋。如果客人想要用比特币支付的话，在线零售商接受它是没有什么问题的，但一般的消费者没有什么兴趣去购买这个不能用作支付方式的比特币。当然，那些人当中也有一些例外，他们购买比特币，当作投资来持有它。但是，对大多数消费者来说，数字货币不是他们关心的东西，而且他们当下也用不着它。 20 | 21 | This puts the cryptocurrency in a bit of an impasse. If it wants to become the next payment method, it seems that something needs to change. These measures could help Bitcoin on its way to becoming an asset used in exchange for products: 22 | 23 | 这使加密货币陷于僵局当中。如果比特币要成为下一个支付方式，似乎得要改变点什么。这些方法可能有助于比特币成为一种可用来购买商品的资产。 24 | 25 | **Increased customer knowledge** 26 | **提升顾客认识** 27 | 28 | Even though the coin has had plenty of publicity, the overall knowledge of it is still low. A study done among Americans showed that 79 percent had heard about Bitcoin, but half of those people were unsure about its legality. The company behind the survey, LendEDU, says that Bitcoin still has a long way to go before it moves onto the mass market. The education of people about Bitcoin and its workings can help move this process along. A better understanding of the coin can make it more attractive to the average consumer, and help push its acceptation by the bigger crowd. 29 | 30 | 即使比特币已经被人熟知，但是对它的整体认识还是比较低。对美国人进行的研究显示，79% 的人听说过比特币，但是有一半的人并不确信它的合法性。进行这一调查的公司 LendEDU 说，在比特币进入大众市场之前，它仍旧有相当的长路要走。对人们进行比特币及其工作方式的教育能够推进这一过程。更好的理解比特币能够增加普通消费者的兴趣，有助于提升它被更大的人群所接受。 31 | 32 | **Acceptance by shopping systems** 33 | **购物系统的认可** 34 | 35 | We should give credit where credit is due: some big players in the eCommerce industry already accept Bitcoin. Shopping solution Shopify and payment method Mollie have both integrated the digital coin into their service. Then there are eCommerce solutions that do not support Bitcoin themselves but have an unaffiliated plugin that can be used, such as WooCommerce and Magento. 36 | 37 | 我们应当给予肯定这一行为：电子商务领域一些大型零售商已经接受比特币。购物系统 Shopify 和支付服务提供商 Mollie 都将数字货币整合到他们的系统中。有一些电子商务的解决方法自身不支持比特币，但有第三方插件可以使用，比如 WooCommerce 和 Magento。 38 | 39 | When we look at the most used payment providers and shopping cart systems, however, there is still room for improvement. Of the 15 most popular payment providers, only four support Bitcoin at this moment. With shopping cart systems this number is considerably higher, 11 out of 15 accept crypto, but 8 of them only do so via a plugin that isn’t theirs. 40 | 41 | 可是，当我们察看那些被广泛使用的支付服务提供商和购物系统时，仍旧有改进的空间。15 家最为人们接受的支付服务提供商，只有 4 家支持比特币。对于购物系统，15 家中有 11 家接受加密货币，这个数字相当高了，但是其中 8 家只是通过第三方插件来实现的。 42 | 43 | If Bitcoin wants to become a payment method, these numbers aren’t enough. For consumers to get the feeling that the crypto is an accepted way of paying, the large shopping systems and payment providers need to make their support of the crypto clear. 44 | 45 | 如果比特币想成为支付方式，这些数字还不够。为了消费者感受到加密货币是一种可被接受的支付方式，大型购物系统和支付服务提供商需要非常明确地表示出他们对比特币的支持。 46 | 47 | **Bitcoin's fluctuating price** 48 | **比特币价格的波动** 49 | 50 | It can be ten thousand dollars for a Bitcoin on Monday, and seven thousand for that same coin a day later. These staggering changes in its value make Bitcoin an unreliable payment method. You don’t want to spend a hundred dollars’ worth of Bitcoin on a new jacket, find out a day later that you have only paid eighty bucks because of the price volatility and then be asked to fork over that last twenty dollars to make up for the difference. Before the coin can become a payment method, it will need to stabilize. 51 | 52 | 一枚比特币周一可能是 10000 美元，一天后可能变成 7000 美元。比特币价格上的不稳定使得它成为一种不太可靠的支付方式。你不想花价值 100 块钱的比特币买条裤子，一天后发现，由于价格的波动你只付了 80 块，然后被要求再付上 20 块钱来补上差价。在比特币能成为支付方式前，它需要能够变得稳定。 53 | 54 | **Energy consuming transactions** 55 | **交易消耗能量** 56 | 57 | It dominated the news last year: the process that transfers Bitcoin payments is a difficult one. The coin uses a great deal of power to process payments and on top of that, the payments can take a long time to go through. You can pay extra to make sure that the system handles your transfer first, but this makes the transaction fee so high that it is often not worth the cost. Before we can start to use Bitcoin as a worldwide payment method, these issues have to be solved. A solution in the form of the lightning network seems on its way, but we will have to wait and see. 58 | 59 | 去年，众多媒体都报道了这条新闻：比特币支付的过程是个令人头疼的问题。比特币使用算力来处理支付，而且，重要的是，这些支付需要很长的时间来完成。你可以多付一点钱来确保这个系统先处理你的交易，但是这使得整个交易费太高，对成本来说不值得。在比特币成为世界通用的支付方式前，这些问题都得要被解决掉。闪电网络这一解决方案似乎可行，我们将拭目以待。 60 | 61 | Even if all these changes are implemented, and consumers become more Bitcoin-savvy, the question of whether Bitcoin will become the next big payment method remains. According to the study by the Dutch central bank: ‘It seems unlikely that crypto acceptance by online retailers will rise substantially in the near future’. We, unfortunately, do not have a crystal ball to predict what will happen to the digital coin. What do you think, will the future of Bitcoin be as a payment method? 62 | 63 | 即使这些问题都被解决，消费者对比特币也有了更深的认识，比特币是否会成为下一个支付方式仍旧是个问题。荷兰央行这一研究指出：“在线零售商对加密货币的接受程度在不远的将来似乎不太可能会有显著的增长。”不幸的是，我们并没有预测比特币未来的水晶球。你认为，比特币未来会成为支付方式吗？ 64 | 65 | 66 | --- 67 | Chuan：比特币的支付确认时间过长让人诟病，这会很大程度上影响其在小额支付方面被应用的程度。闪电网络有可能成为奠定比特币作为功能货币的技术：即时支付、每秒可处理交易数以及低廉的手续费。 68 | 69 | --- 70 | 区块链中文字幕组 71 | 72 | 致力于前沿区块链知识和信息的传播，为中国融入全球区块链世界贡献一份力量。如果您懂一些技术、懂一些英文，欢迎加入我们，加微信号：w1791520555。 73 | 74 | [点击查看GITHUB,及更多的译文](https://github.com/BlockchainTranslator/EOS) 75 | 76 | 本文译者介绍 77 | 78 | Chuan 79 | 80 | 区块链技术爱好者。欢迎加我的微信：youyuxiaochuan 81 | 82 | 本文源自新闻媒体 Medium，如有侵权，请与译者联系删除。 83 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /_Tasks/2017-11-13.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | ### 2017/11/06 2 | |作者 |文章来源 | 3 | |---- |--- | 4 | |AMY | | 5 | |茶猫 | | 6 | |程伟 | | 7 | |何德林 | | 8 | |胡亮 | | 9 | |Haoshi Hu | | 10 | |楷书 | | 11 | |龙心小台 | | 12 | |林炜鑫 | | 13 | |王明华 | | 14 | |晓顿 | | 15 | |小丹 | https://hackernoon.com/lightning-network-explained-d4615c12ad09 | 16 | |荆凯 | | 17 | |Xuming Meng | | 18 | |鱼 | | 19 | |张奎 | | 20 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /_Tasks/2017-11-20.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | ### 2017/11/06 2 | |作者 |文章来源 | 3 | |---- |--- | 4 | |AMY | | 5 | |茶猫 | | 6 | |程伟 | | 7 | |何德林 | | 8 | |胡亮 | | 9 | |Haoshi Hu | | 10 | |楷书 | | 11 | |龙心小台 | | 12 | |林炜鑫 | | 13 | |王明华 | | 14 | |晓顿 | | 15 | |小丹 | | 16 | |荆凯 | | 17 | |Xuming Meng | | 18 | |鱼 | | 19 | |张奎 | | 20 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /_Tasks/2017-11-27.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | ### 2017/11/06 2 | |作者 |文章来源 | 3 | |---- |--- | 4 | |AMY | | 5 | |茶猫 | | 6 | |程伟 | | 7 | |何德林 | https://medium.com/@eosforumorg/the-eos-testnet-is-here-in-1-month-heres-what-to-expect-2ef546cac6f1 | 8 | |胡亮 | | 9 | |Haoshi Hu | | 10 | |楷书 | | 11 | |龙心小台 | | 12 | |林炜鑫 | | 13 | |王明华 | | 14 | |晓顿 | | 15 | |小丹 | https://medium.com/loom-network/how-will-ethereum-scale-top-talks-from-devcon3-summarized-f51f99ed4602 | 16 | |荆凯 | | 17 | |Xuming Meng | | 18 | |鱼 | https://medium.com/@greg_10160/maker-for-dummies-a-plain-english-explanation-of-the-dai-stablecoin-e4481d79b90 | 19 | |张奎 | | 20 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /_Tasks/2017-11-6.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | ### 2017/11/06 2 | |作者 |文章来源 | 3 | |---- |--- | 4 | |AMY | | 5 | |茶猫 | | 6 | |程伟 | | 7 | |何德林 | | 8 | |胡亮 | | 9 | |Haoshi Hu | | 10 | |楷书 | | 11 | |龙心小台 | | 12 | |林炜鑫 | https://medium.com/@eosforumorg/how-your-eos-tokens-move-from-ethereum-to-the-eos-blockchain-dafd8448a375 | 13 | |王明华 | | 14 | |晓顿 | | 15 | |小丹 | | 16 | |荆凯 | | 17 | |Xuming Meng | | 18 | |鱼 | | 19 | |张奎 | | 20 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /_Tasks/archive_2017.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | ### 2017/10/30 2 | |作者 |文章来源 | 3 | |---- |--- | 4 | |AMY             |休假       | 5 | |茶猫 | | 6 | |程伟 | | 7 | |何德林 |https://medium.com/@cryptoeconomics/the-blockchain-economy-a-beginners-guide-to-institutional-cryptoeconomics-64bf2f2beec4 | 8 | |胡亮 | | 9 | |Haoshi Hu |https://medium.com/@argongroup/8-things-we-learned-devcon3-day-1-858681157db1 | 10 | |楷书 | | 11 | |龙心小台 |http://vitalik.ca/general/2017/07/16/triangle_of_harm.html | 12 | |林炜鑫 |https://steemit.com/eos/@eosio/who-should-control-a-blockchain | 13 | |王明华 | | 14 | |晓顿 | | 15 | |小丹 | | 16 | |荆凯 | | 17 | |Xuming Meng |https://hackernoon.com/why-cryptocurrencies-still-dont-bring-value-to-any-market-c3113f3f6056 | 18 | |鱼 |https://medium.com/@dennyk/why-and-how-the-cryptobubble-will-burst-de9bc7fc5332 | 19 | |张奎 | | 20 | 21 | 22 | ### 2017/10/23 23 | |作者 |文章来源 | 24 | |---- |--- | 25 | |AMY | | 26 | |茶猫 | | 27 | |程伟 | | 28 | |何德林 | | 29 | |胡亮 | | 30 | |Haoshi Hu | | 31 | |楷书 | | 32 | |龙心小台 | | 33 | |林炜鑫 | | 34 | |王明华 | | 35 | |晓顿 | | 36 | |小丹 |https://hackernoon.com/the-new-age-of-dapps-is-here-and-its-not-based-on-ethereum-2246fc4d9eee | 37 | |荆凯 | | 38 | |Xuming Meng | | 39 | |鱼 | | 40 | |张奎 | | 41 | 42 | ### 2017/10/16 43 | |作者 |文章来源 | 44 | |---- |--- | 45 | |AMY | | 46 | |茶猫 | | 47 | |程伟 | | 48 | |何德林 | | 49 | |胡亮 | | 50 | |Haoshi Hu | | 51 | |楷书 | | 52 | |龙心小台 | | 53 | |林炜鑫 | | 54 | |王明华 | | 55 | |晓顿 | | 56 | |小丹 | https://blog.chain.com/a-letter-to-jamie-dimon-de89d417cb80 | 57 | |荆凯 | | 58 | |Xuming Meng | | 59 | |鱼 | | 60 | |张奎 | | 61 | 62 | ### 2017/10/9 63 | |作者 |文章来源 | 64 | |---- |--- | 65 | |AMY | | 66 | |茶猫 | | 67 | |程伟 | | 68 | |何德林 | | 69 | |胡亮 | | 70 | |Haoshi Hu | | 71 | |楷书 | | 72 | |龙心小台 | | 73 | |林炜鑫 | | 74 | |王明华 | | 75 | |晓顿 | | 76 | |小丹 | https://medium.com/@VitalikButerin/the-meaning-of-decentralization-a0c92b76a274 | 77 | |荆凯 | | 78 | |Xuming Meng | | 79 | |鱼 | | 80 | |张奎 | | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /filecoin.jpeg: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BlockchainTranslator/General/ca49a52ffe53c6716b530759d858a8d7aee3822b/filecoin.jpeg -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /guide of filecoin.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 文章来自：https://medium.com/@CyberStudio.io/what-is-filecoin-b1adb8a9117d 2 | 3 | 作者：Lena and Oxana from Cyber Studio 4 | 5 | 译者：区块链中文字幕组 Chuan 6 | *** 7 | 8 | 9 | 把闲置的存储空间变现听起来是个不错的被动收入来源。谢谢你，Filecoin！ 10 | 11 | ![](https://github.com/gechuan/General/blob/Chuan_180426/filecoin.jpeg) 12 | 13 | *** 14 | 15 | ##### 区块链中文字幕组 16 | 17 | 致力于前沿区块链知识和信息的传播，为中国融入全球区块链世界贡献一份力量。 18 | 19 | 如果您懂一些技术、懂一些英文，欢迎加入我们，加微信号：w1791520555。 20 | 21 | [点击查看 GITHUB 及更多的译文](https://github.com/BlockchainTranslator/EOS) 22 | 23 | ##### 本文译者介绍 24 | 25 | Chuan，区块链技术爱好者。欢迎加我的微信：youyuxiaochuan 26 | 27 | 译文版权所有，转载需完整注明以上内容。 28 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /medrecsummary.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 2 | 3 | > 文章节选自：https://viral.media.mit.edu/pub/medrec 4 | > 5 | > 作者：Ariel Ekblaw, Asaf Azaria 6 | > 7 | > 译者：区块链中文字幕组 Chuan 8 | > 9 | > 时间：2018-04-11 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | ### MedRec: Medical Data Management on the Blockchain 14 | 15 | ### 区块链上的病历管理系统MedRec 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | #### 概述 22 | 23 | Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) crave innovation. Years of regulation have stifled tech development in medical data management, while an array of incompatible back-end systems and fragmented data trails limit patients' ability to engage with their medical history. We demonstrate MedRec as a solution tuned to the needs of patients, the treatment community, and medical researchers. MedRec applies novel, blockchain smart contracts to create a decentralized content-management system for your healthcare data, across providers. The MedRec authentication log governs medical record access, while providing means for auditability and data sharing. A modular design integrates with providers' existing, local data storage solutions, enabling interoperability and making our system convenient and adaptable. As a key feature of our work, we engage the medical research community with an integral role in the protocol. Medical researchers provide the "mining" necessary to secure and sustain the authentication log on a private, Ethereum network, in return for privacy-preserving, medical metadata in the form of "transaction fees." 24 | 25 | 电子病历渴望有根本性的改变。目前的管理系统和数据的凌乱使得病人对自己的就医记录无能为力。MedRec 作为一种解决方法来满足病人、诊疗中心、医学研究人员的需求。MedRec 使用区块链智能合约来创建一个面向医疗健康数据的去中心化的内容管理系统。在提供行为审计和数据共享的同时，通过身份验证日志对病历的访问进行管理。关键的一点是把医疗研究团体纳入进来，作为系统中不可或缺的一部分。医疗研究人员提供必要的“挖矿”来保证并维护私有的以太坊网络上的身份验证日志，来换取以“交易手续费”形式的带有隐私的医疗元数据。 26 | 27 | #### From fragmented access to comprehensive access数据从碎片化到整体 28 | 29 | Patients interact with a staggering number of health care providers through the course of their lives-- from pediatrician, to university physician, dentist, employer health plan provider, specialists, and more. At each stage, they leave data scattered across a particular jurisdiction's system. This leads to a fragmented data trail and decaying ease of access, as providers often retain primary data stewardship. 30 | 31 | 每个人从出生到死亡，每个阶段的看病记录分散各处。同时，这些数据通常还被掌握在各种医疗机构的手上。 32 | 33 | Our MedRec prototype enables patients with one-stop-shop access to their medical history across multiple providers: smart contracts on an Ethereum blockchain aggregate data pointers (references to medical records that are stored elsewhere) into "patient-provider relationships." These contract data structures are stored on the blockchain and associate references to disparate medical data with ownership and viewership permissions and record retrieval location. This provides an immutable data-lifecycle log, enabling later auditing. We include a cryptographic hash of the record in the smart contract to establish a baseline of the original content and thus provide a check against content tampering. The raw medical record content is never stored on the blockchain, but rather kept securely in providers' existing data storage infrastructure. 34 | 35 | MedRec 让病人一站式获取自己在各个医疗机构的看病历史：以太坊上的智能合约把数据指针（指向看病记录）汇集到“病人-医疗机构关系”中。这些合约的数据结构存储在区块链上，并把对分散各处的看病记录的引用与所有权、查看许可和病历检索地点关联起来。在智能合约中加入了看病记录的加密哈希来建立原始数据的基线，从而能够检查数据是否被篡改。原始的看病记录不会被存储在区块链上，而是被保存在医疗机构现有的数据存储设备上。 36 | 37 | MedRFrom obscurity to clarityec facilitates reviewing, sharing and posting of new records via a flexible user interface, designed to reflect best-practices from the Blue Button health record competition. We abstract away the blockchain technology to focus on usability for the medical record use case. The interface includes a notifications system to alert users when a new record has been posted on their behalf or shared with them. 38 | 39 | MedRec通过灵活的用户接口使新的看病记录的查看、共享和发布非常容易。我们去除区块链的抽象技术，来专注于病历的可用性。当一个新记录被以用户的名义发布时或者共享给他们时，这一接口还包括一个消息推送系统来向用户发出提醒。 40 | 41 | #### From data rigidity to data sharing数据从严格管控到共享 42 | 43 | Interoperability challenges between different provider systems pose significant barriers to effective data sharing. Patients face hurdles in authorizing data exchange (with other consulting physicians or even family members) due to the lack of a common interface or standard system that orchestrates record access across databases. MedRec provides streamlined data sharing functionality by updating viewership permissions on the relevant data pointers. With pointers to patient data aggregated in smart contracts on the blockchain, we can offer a single, common interface where patients chose when, and with whom, they share their data. 44 | 45 | 不同医疗机构的管理系统之间的协同配合问题对数据的有效共享产生重要的阻碍。由于缺乏通用的接口或者标准系统来管理跨数据库的病历访问，病人在授权数据交换时面临着一些阻碍。MedRec 通过更新相关的数据指针的查看许可让数据共享变得流畅起来。通过指向区块链上的智能合约里汇集的病人数据的指针，我们能够提供单一的、通用的接口，病人可以选择什么时候以及和谁共享他们的数据。 46 | 47 | #### From obscurity to clarity数据从混乱到清晰 48 | 49 | Though some data trickles through to researchers from clinical studies, surveys and teaching hospitals, we note a growing interest among patients, care providers and regulatory bodies to responsibly share more data, and thus enable better care for others. 50 | 51 | 研究人员缓慢地收集临床研究和调查方面的数据。由于病人、护理机构和监管部门越来越有兴趣来分享更多的数据，从而能够帮助其他人获得更好的治疗。 52 | 53 | With MedRec, we incentivize medical researchers and other healthcare stakeholders to participate in the blockchain network as "miners". These researchers can now obtain greater clarity in their investigations by earning census level, anonymized metadata in return for contributing the computational resources that sustain the network. 54 | 55 | 通过 MedRec，对医疗研究人员还有医疗健康行业的利益相关方提供激励措施让他们参与到区块链网络“挖矿”。研究人员通过贡献维护网络正常运转的算力，来获得人口统计层面的、匿名的数据，从而能够对他们的研究调查获得更清晰的认识。 56 | 57 | #### Designing for patient agency病人获得数据的代理权 58 | 59 | Patients benefit from a holistic, transparent view of their medical history. MedRec restores patient agency by empowering users with a focal point for access and review of their medical history, and an easy mechanism for sharing their data across medical jurisdictions. Patients can authorize a new doctor to review their record and obtain a second opinion. Furthermore, the authorization log persists in the distributed network, providing crucial back-up and restore functionality. Patients can leave and rejoin the system multiple times, for arbitrary periods, and regain access to their history by downloading the latest blockchain from the network. 60 | 61 | 设计这一系统的初衷就是让病人对他们的就医历史有更全面的、清晰的认识。MedRec 赋予病人拥有一个对他们就医历史数据的访问和查看的中心点，以及一个简单的机制来共享他们在不同医疗机构之间的数据。病人可以授权一个新医生查看他们的病历，获得对健康状况的其他诊断。此外，授权日志一直运行在分布式网络上，提供重要的备份和恢复功能。病人可以随时加入或离开这个系统，并且可以从网络上下载最新的区块链重新获得对他们看病记录的访问权。 62 | 63 | #### 数据经济 64 | 65 | The MedRec mining model, where researchers earn metadata as a mining incentive, enables the emergence of data economics by writing in the research community from the very beginning. Medical researchers mine in the network while network beneficiaries (i.e. providers and patients) release access to aggregate, anonymized medical data as transaction "fees" that become mining rewards. Researchers can influence the metadata rewards that providers release by selectively choosing which transactions to mine and validate. Providers are then incentivized to match what researchers are willing to accept, within the boundaries of proper privacy preservation. Patients and providers can limit how much of their data is included in the available mining bounties. 66 | 67 | 挖矿模型（研究人员获得元数据作为一种挖矿激励）使得数据经济成为可能。参与到网络中的病人和医疗机构把对汇总的、匿名的医疗数据提供出来作为交易费来对挖矿进行奖赏，同时，医疗研究人员在网络中挖矿。通过有选择地对哪些数据来进行挖矿和验证，研究人员可以影响医疗机构释放的奖赏。然后，在适当地保护隐私这一条件下，医疗机构被激励去匹配研究人员愿意接受什么样的数据。病人和医疗机构能够限制他们的多少数据被用于挖矿奖赏。 68 | 69 | The "cost" to mine on MedRec will be held constant across participants, thus equalizing access to data and bringing in stakeholders outside of just academia and Big Pharma. We can envision the broader "research" community on MedRec also including public health organizations, the CDC, regulated healthcare NGOs, insurance companies and other stakeholders in the healthcare industry. Because the MedRec blockchain remains private, networks of providers can decide on the proper process and qualifications for onboarding new research entities into the system. This prevents rogue, unregulated entities from joining the mining network. 70 | 71 | 在 MedRec 上挖矿的“成本”在参与者之中将保持不变，从而使得对数据有同等的访问权，并吸引学术界和大型制药公司外的利益相关方加入进来。可以预见到，MedRec 上将包括更广泛的研究团体，如：公共医疗机构，疾控中心，医疗健康非营利性组织，保险公司和医疗健康行业的其他利益相关方。由于 MedRec 区块链是私有链，所以医疗机构能够基于合适的手续和资格来决定把新的研究方加入到系统里。这可以防止恶意的、不受监管的机构加入到挖矿网络。 72 | 73 | 74 | 75 | ------ 76 | 77 | **区块链中文字幕组** 78 | 79 | 致力于前沿区块链知识和信息的传播，为中国融入全球区块链世界贡献一份力量。如果您懂一些技术、懂一些英文，欢迎加入我们，加微信号：w1791520555。 80 | 81 | [点击查看 GITHUB 及更多的译文](https://github.com/BlockchainTranslator/EOS) 82 | 83 | **本文译者介绍** 84 | 85 | Chuan，区块链技术爱好者。欢迎加我的微信：youyuxiaochuan 86 | 87 | 译文版权所有，转载需完整注明以上内容。 88 | 89 | 如有侵权，请与译者联系删除。 90 | 91 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /newcryptoera.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | ### A new Crypto Era加密货币的新时代 2 | 3 | 文章选自： 4 | 5 | 作者：Investa UK 6 | 7 | 译者：区块链中文字幕组 Chuan 8 | 9 | 时间：2018-04-14 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | Since the advent of the “ICO” there has been a surge in new blockchain projects coming forth with a coinsale. Further, since Bitcoin and many Alts hit their all time high (ATH) in December 2017, the price of most exchange traded coins has tailed off. 14 | 15 | 自从ICO问世以来，新的区块链项目暴增，这些项目都带有代币销售。此外，自从比特币和许多山寨币的价格在2017年12月都创了新高后，大多数交易所交易的代币价格慢慢回落。 16 | 17 | For this reason the long term view of bitcoin/alt Hodlers is now under question as the price appreciation which propelled so many fortunes during the 2017 price pump, has now subsided in favour of a market caught in trading ranges. 18 | 19 | 因此，随着推动2017年财富暴涨的价格上涨已经回落，来支持一个价格有涨有降的市场，那些长期持有比特币或山寨币的人在遭受质疑。 20 | 21 | Many hodlers have grown impatient or weary of the daily decline in their Net Asset Valuation (NAV) so are looking for other ways to supplement their crypto portfolio value. This is where the ICO market is looking increasingly attractive as returns of multiple times. 22 | 23 | 许多持有者变得不耐心或者担心他们的净资产每天的减少，所以开始寻找其他的方式来增加他们的加密货币投资组合的价值。这就是ICO市场由于带来很多倍的回报而日益产生吸引力的原因。 24 | 25 | The largest ICO’s such as telegram, Filecoin, Bancor or Bankera all having raised over $100m in their coinsale have presented early investors with an incredible opportunity to multiply their investment within a short time. Presale discounts and incentives such as bonus tokens or bounties give maximum reward to the earliest believers in the project . 26 | 27 | 那些规模非常大的ICO，如telegram, Filecoin, Bancor 或者 Bankera 都通过代币销售募集到了1亿多美元，给早期的投资者在非常短的时间内实现投资翻番的机会。预售价格的打折和激励手段如奖励代币或红包给那些支持项目的早期参与者带来了最大程度的回报。 28 | 29 | A major example of early investors who have hit it big would be Mike Novogratz who invested $500k in Ethereum at an early stage and is now sitting on $250m of ETH from that same investment. Now a 500x ROI is rare even in ICO terms, but the opportunities are still coming up even in a market that is seeing more and more ICO’s by the day. 30 | 31 | 一个早期投资者获得巨大回报的例子可能就是Mike Novogratz，他在以太坊项目的早期投入了50万，现在拥有价值2亿5千万的ETH。现在，一个500倍的投资回报率在ICO中很少见了，但是，当出现越来越多的ICO，这样的机会仍旧在发生。 32 | 33 | Now the main activity of many ICO investors is DD (due diligence) which is effectively vetting and investigating the potential of the project that you are considering giving your money. This is a time consuming and fairly mundane activity which requires a lot of reading and filtering the good from the bad. Hard to do if you also have a day job, family, or other commitments to juggle. Some investors take a more ‘scattergun’ approach to ICO’s thinking that if they buy into 10 or more (with just limited DD on each one) then the good ones will outweigh the losses and the investor will end up in a net profit position. 34 | 35 | 现在，许多ICO投资者的主要做法是尽职调查，它是对你要准备投资的项目可行性进行调查研究的一种方式。这相当耗时，而且是一件很乏味枯燥的事；这需要读大量的白皮书，从坏的中筛选出好的项目。如果你有正常的工作，需要照顾家人，就很难去做这样的事。一些投资者对ICO的态度是采取撒网的方式：如果投资10个以上的项目，每个只是做一点有限的尽职调查，那么一个好的项目带来的回报会超过其余项目的投资损失，获得不错的收益。 36 | 37 | There is no right or wrong way to approach ICO investment, but my advice would simply be to DYOR (do your own research) and make sure you believe in the project. Then try to get an early allocation in a project that looks viable, has a good team, shows signs of community support and has at least a demo of their product available to see. 38 | 39 | 进行ICO投资的方法没有正确或错误之说，但是我的建议很简单，就是自己做研究，相信自己投资的项目。然后，试着早一点把资金投入在那些看起来可行的、团队可信的、有社区支持的项目，而且至少这些项目有个能看到效果的Demo。 40 | 41 | Ones to avoid — anonymous teams, no demo product, short or ‘cookie cutter’ whitepaper, ‘me too’ concepts which have already been seen many times, founders who retain majority of coins or a just poorly presented website with minimal info. 42 | 43 | 需要避开的有：匿名的团队，没有演示样例，简短或千篇一律的白皮书，一些已经看过好多次的类似概念，创始人保留大量代币，项目介绍内容非常少的网站。 44 | 45 | When it comes time to get your ICO coin, make sure to transfer it to your own wallet and choose your time to sell. Maybe hold some and sell some at the start of exchange trading, to average down your investment risk. If you believe in the project then it would make sense to keep some of your coins for a longer term investment and who knows it might be worth 500x someday! 46 | 47 | 说到获得ICO代币，确保把它转到你自己的钱包软件，择机卖掉。或者在交易所上了这个代币时，持有一些，卖掉一些，拉低你的投资风险。如果你认同这个项目，那么就选择长期地持有一些，谁知道哪天它就可能带来500倍的回报呢！ 48 | 49 | Good luck out there and stay safe 50 | 51 | 祝你好运，注意安全。 52 | 53 | *** 54 | 55 | 区块链中文字幕组 56 | 57 | 致力于前沿区块链知识和信息的传播，为中国融入全球区块链世界贡献一份力量。如果您懂一些技术、懂一些英文，欢迎加入我们，加微信号：w1791520555。 58 | 59 | [点击查看 GITHUB 及更多的译文](https://github.com/BlockchainTranslator/EOS) 60 | 61 | 本文译者介绍 62 | 63 | Chuan，区块链技术爱好者。欢迎加我的微信：youyuxiaochuan 64 | 65 | 译文版权所有，转载需完整注明以上内容。 66 | 67 | 本文源自Medium，如有侵权，请与译者联系删除。 68 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /thefutureofbitcoin.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | ### 闪电网络是比特币的未来 2 | 3 | >本文翻译自：https://medium.com/@kingonly/the-future-of-bitcoin-3187aefe2746 4 | > 5 | >作者：Roy Sheinfeld 6 | > 7 | >译者：区块链中文字幕组 Chuan 8 | > 9 | >翻译时间：2018-04-01 10 | 11 | In recent years, Bitcoin and its underlying infrastructure, the Blockchain, have been proven to be safe and reliable technologies. However, despite its continued popularity and high-demand from businesses, Bitcoin still cannot be used as a functional currency to date. Some of the few merchants that had accepted Bitcoin as a payment option, like Valve, removed their support for Bitcoin. Another example is Stripe, a leading payment processing firm for online businesses, ended its Bitcoin support due to lengthy transaction times and growing fees. The fact that out of the leading 500 internet sellers, just three accept Bitcoin indicates that Bitcoin is becoming less popular among merchants and users for use in everyday commerce. Instead, Bitcoin is perceived to be a modern day equivalent to gold as consumers holding it prefer to profit from its price increase rather than spend it on products and goods that could be purchased via fiat currencies. Peter Thiel recently stated that Bitcoin is “like bars of gold in a vault that never move”, adding that it is too cumbersome to be used as a payment system. 12 | 13 | 最近几年，比特币及其底层结构 — 区块链 — 已经被证实是安全、可靠的技术。可是，尽管比特币不断被大众熟知以及来自商业层面的需求不断增大，到目前为止它仍旧不能被运用在实际生活中。为数不多的商户中有一些之前接受使用比特币进行支付，比如Valve，现在取消了对比特币的支持。Stripe，一家领先的处理线上交易支付的公司，由于较长的交易时间和不断增加的手续费，结束了对使用比特币支付的支持。前500家线上销售商中，只有三家接受比特币，这一事实表明：日常交易中，比特币的使用在商户和顾客中的热度正减弱。相反的情况，现在比特币被设想成等同于黄金，因为持有它的消费者更喜欢从它的涨幅中获利，而不是把它用于购买本可以用法币就能买到的商品上。最近，Peter Thiel 指出，比特币就像“保险柜里从来没动过的金块”，并说它过于笨重并不能用作支付系统。 14 | 15 | I don’t agree. I believe that the success of Bitcoin will be greatly impacted by its tradability and its ability to impact our everyday commerce. However, in order for that to happen, we need to face Bitcoin’s shortcomings which prevent it from being accepted by consumers and merchants as a functional currency: 16 | 17 | 我不认同他的说法。我认为，影响比特币的成功很大原因在于它的可交易量和它对我们日常交易的影响能力。然而，要让比特币被广泛接受，我们需要面对比特币以下的不足，而这些不足会阻碍它被消费者和商户接受其为一种可实际使用的货币。 18 | 19 | 1.Payment is not instantaneous. The Blockchain contains blocks, where each block documents several transactions. As soon as a block has been filled with transactions, it needs to be added to the chain before starting to record transactions on the next block. However, before a block can be added to the chain, there is some processing that needs to be done to ensure that everyone agrees with the contents it contains. This process is called mining. With the Blockchain architecture, a payment is accepted once a transaction has been mined into a block. However, on average, it takes between 9 to 10 minutes to mine a block. 20 | 21 | 1.支付不是即时的。区块链包含区块，每个块记录若干交易。当一个块容纳下它能接受的交易量，开始在下一个块上记录交易信息之前，它就需要被添加到链上。可是，在区块被添加到链上之前，需要完成一些处理过程来确保每个节点认同区块包含的内容。这个过程称之为“挖矿“。由于区块链的结构设计，一旦一笔交易被挖出添加到区块里，这一支付就被确认了。然而，平均来说，要花上9到10分钟才能挖出一个块。 22 | 23 | 2.Lack of scalability. In order to maintain its decentralized nature, the Blockchain limits a block size to 1MB. Because of the block size and the minimum delay between blocks mining, the Blockchain is only able to process 2 to 12 transactions per second. For Bitcoin to play a meaningful role as a payment system, transaction processing power needs to increase by at least 3 orders of magnitude. 24 | 25 | 2.缺乏可扩展性。为了维持它的去中心化的特质，区块链将块的大小限制为1MB。由于区块大小和出块的间隔，区块链每秒只能处理2~12笔交易。为了比特币在支付环节发挥出重要的作用，交易处理能力需要增加至少3个数量级。 26 | 27 | 3.High cost of transactions fee. Transactions speed limit is causing network congestion, with thousands of transactions waiting to be confirmed and delays reaching several hours. The nature of the Blockchain architecture (in which miners can be incentivize to include a transaction in a block sooner than others) inherently drives an increase in transaction fees, as users are willing to pay higher fees to get their transaction at the front of the queue. Unfortunately, any temporary decrease in transaction fee can be attributed to lower transaction volume, which defeats the purpose… 28 | 29 | 3.交易手续费太高。交易速度的受限引起网络堵塞，数千笔交易等着被确认，并且延迟时间会达好几个小时。区块链结构的特性本质上就推升了交易手续费的增加，因为用户愿意支付更高的手续费来让他们的交易排在队列的前面。不幸的是，交易手续费临时减少的原因可能都被归结为更低的交易量，这使得这一目的难以实现... 30 | 31 | Lightning Network (LN) lays the foundation in which Bitcoin can be evolved to become a functional currency. Lightning Network offers an off-chain transaction model which addresses the current Blockchain deficiencies. This model enables: 32 | 闪电网络（LN）的基础在于比特币能够被改进为一种具有实用价值的货币。闪电网络提供一种链外交易模型来解决当前区块链的不足。这一模型能够实现以下特点： 33 | 34 | 1.Instant Payments. Lightning-fast Blockchain payments without worrying about block confirmation times. Security is enforced by Blockchain smart-contracts without creating a on-Blockchain transaction for individual payments. Payment speed measured in milliseconds to seconds. 35 | 36 | 1.即时支付。闪电般地快速支付，不用担心区块的确认时间。安全问题由区块链的智能合约保障，无需为单独的支付创建一个链上交易。支付速度以毫秒为单位，最慢也只需要几秒。 37 | 38 | 2.Scalability. Capable of millions to billions of transactions per second across the network. Capacity is better than legacy payment rails by many orders of magnitude. Payments are now possible without custodians. 39 | 40 | 2.可扩展性。网络上可以容纳每秒上百万到数十亿笔交易。通道能力比传统的支付要高出许多个数量级。无需托管就可以完成支付。 41 | 42 | 3.Low Cost. By transacting and settling off-Blockchain, Lightning Network allows for exceptionally low fees, which enables instant micropayments. 43 | 44 | 3.低手续费。通过链外交易，闪电网络实现极低的手续费，使得即时小额支付成为可能。 45 | 46 | The innovation behind LN is that not all transactions are required to be recorded on the Blockchain. In cases where two parties transact a few times among themselves, they can bypass the recording of transactions on the Blockchain and carry them off the Blockchain (off-chain). LN’s fundamental technology is a local two ­party consensus, also known as a payment channel. When two parties are ready to transact, a payment channel is opened and recorded on the Blockchain (an on-chain action). From now on, the parties can transact any number of times through this payment channel and it can stay open for any duration. The only time the parties interact with the Blockchain again will be when they would want to close the channel. Then, the parties record the final status of the transactions that occurred through the channel on the Blockchain. This notion of payment channel enables the creation of a network of payment channels such that it would be only rarely required to transaction on the Blockchain. Meaning, all payment channels can be connected to enable tractions between parties that do not have a direct payment channel between them. In this architecture, because on-chain interactions are reduced to a minimum, transactions are happening at lightning speed. 47 | 48 | 闪电网络背后的创新是：并不是所有的交易都需要在主链上进行记录。有些场合，双方相互之间交易几次，他们可以避开在主链上对交易进行记录，而在链外完成。闪电网络的基础技术是一个局部的双方共识，也被称之为支付通道。当两方准备交易时，在主链上打开一个支付通道并记录下来（链上的一次操作）。这时，两方可以通过这个支付通道完成任意次数的交易，而且这个通道可以保持不断开。双方跟主链再次发生交互的时候就是他们想关闭这个通道。然后，双方记录下通过这个通道的所有交易的最终状态。支付通道这个概念使得创建一个支付通道网络成为可能，这样就几乎不再要求在主链上进行交易。意思是，所有的支付通道能够被连接，使得两方之间的交易不必在相互之间有直连的支付通道。由于这种结构设计，链上交互被减少到最低程度，所以交易就能够迅速完成。 49 | 50 | Lightning Network is a potential breakthrough in transforming Bitcoin to be used as a functional, tradeable currency. LN can help Bitcoin to deliver on its promise, but, in order to do so, most of everyday transactions will need to be processed via LN payment channels, while the Blockchain will only exist as a secure fallback to ensure honest commerce. IMHO, Bitcoin’s success depends on Lighting Network’s ability to flourish as vibrant network, relying on the security infrastructure provided by the Blockchain, but reducing Blockchain transactions to a minimum. 51 | 52 | 闪电网络的潜在的技术革新能将比特币转变为具有实用价值、可交易的货币。闪电网络能够帮助比特币达成它的希望，但是，为了做到这一点，大多数的日常交易都需要经过闪电网络的支付通道处理，而区块链将只作为安全的备选方案来保证诚信交易。我认为，比特币的成功取决于闪电网络的顺利发展，区块链提供的安全底层技术的支持，以及区块链上的交易量降到最低。 53 | 54 | --- 55 | **区块链中文字幕组** 56 | 57 | 致力于前沿区块链知识和信息的传播，为中国融入全球区块链世界贡献一份力量。如果您懂一些技术、懂一些英文，欢迎加入我们，加微信号：w1791520555。 58 | 59 | [点击查看 GITHUB 及更多的译文](https://github.com/BlockchainTranslator/EOS) 60 | 61 | **本文译者介绍** 62 | 63 | Chuan 64 | 65 | 区块链技术爱好者。欢迎加我的微信：youyuxiaochuan 66 | 67 | 本文源自新闻媒体 Medium，如有侵权，请与译者联系删除。 68 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------