├── .github └── workflows │ └── rust.yml ├── .gitignore ├── Cargo.toml ├── LICENSE-APACHE ├── LICENSE-MIT ├── README.md └── src └── lib.rs /.github/workflows/rust.yml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | name: Rust 2 | 3 | on: 4 | push: 5 | branches: [main] 6 | pull_request: 7 | branches: [main] 8 | 9 | env: 10 | CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always 11 | 12 | jobs: 13 | build: 14 | runs-on: ubuntu-latest 15 | 16 | steps: 17 | - uses: actions/checkout@v2 18 | - uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1 19 | with: 20 | toolchain: nightly 21 | override: true 22 | - name: install 23 | run: rustup target add thumbv7em-none-eabi 24 | - name: Test 25 | run: cargo test 26 | - name: Build no_std 27 | run: cargo build --target thumbv7em-none-eabi --no-default-features -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /.gitignore: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | /target 2 | Cargo.lock 3 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /Cargo.toml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | [package] 2 | name = "rcobs" 3 | version = "0.1.1" 4 | authors = ["Dario Nieuwenhuis "] 5 | description = "Reverse-COBS encoding" 6 | repository = "https://github.com/Dirbaio/rcobs" 7 | edition = "2018" 8 | readme = "README.md" 9 | license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0" 10 | 11 | categories = [ 12 | "embedded", 13 | "no-std", 14 | "encoding", 15 | ] 16 | 17 | [features] 18 | default = ["std"] 19 | std = [] 20 | 21 | [dependencies] 22 | 23 | [dev-dependencies] 24 | hex-literal = "0.3.1" 25 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /LICENSE-APACHE: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | Apache License 2 | Version 2.0, January 2004 3 | http://www.apache.org/licenses/ 4 | 5 | TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION 6 | 7 | 1. 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IN NO EVENT 21 | SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY 22 | CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION 23 | OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR 24 | IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER 25 | DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. 26 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # rcobs 2 | 3 | [![Documentation](https://docs.rs/rcobs/badge.svg)](https://docs.rs/rcobs) 4 | 5 | Reverse-COBS encoding (rCOBS) is a variant of [COBS encoding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consistent_Overhead_Byte_Stuffing) 6 | designed to allow encoding with zero lookahead. 7 | 8 | COBS and rCOBS are useful for framing a stream of messages for transmission over a pipe of bytes (like UART or TCP). 9 | COBS encoding ensures encoded messages don't contain `0x00` bytes, so the `0x00` byte can then be used as a message separator. 10 | 11 | Standard COBS splits the input into zero-byte-separated chunks of up to 254 bytes, and prefixes them with 12 | a length byte. This requires a lookahead of up to 254 bytes when doing streaming encoding. 13 | 14 | rCOBS outputs the length byte at the *end* of the chunk instead of at the start, completely 15 | eliminating the lookahead requirement for encoding. The tradeoff is decoding now has to be done starting 16 | from the *end* of the message backwards, so streaming decode is not possible at all. The message has to be 17 | read in its entirety into a buffer before it can be decoded. 18 | 19 | This makes rCOBS ideal for situations where data is *encoded* in constrained, embedded systems and *decoded* in 20 | more capable systems, where the full buffering requirement is not a problem, such as: 21 | 22 | - Logging 23 | - Crash reporting 24 | - Telemetry/monitoring 25 | - Sensor data feeds 26 | 27 | This crate implements a streaming `no-std`-friendly encoder, and a non-streaming `std`-only decoder (enabled with `std` Cargo feature). 28 | `no-std` decoding is intentionally not provided: if you need to decode on embedded devices, standard COBS is a better fit for you. 29 | 30 | ## Examples 31 | 32 | Chunks are delimited by double-spaces for your convenience. 33 | 34 | ``` 35 | Message: 11 22 33 44 36 | COBS-encoded: 05 11 22 33 44 37 | rCOBS-encoded: 11 22 33 44 05 38 | 39 | Message: 11 22 00 33 40 | COBS-encoded: 03 11 22 02 33 41 | rCOBS-encoded: 11 22 03 33 02 42 | 43 | Message: 11 00 00 00 42 42 42 44 | COBS-encoded: 02 11 01 01 04 42 42 42 45 | rCOBS-encoded: 11 02 01 01 42 42 42 04 46 | ``` 47 | 48 | ## Credits 49 | 50 | Idea of reversing COBS to allow encoding with no lookahead by @jamesmunns. Implementation by @dirbaio. 51 | 52 | ## License 53 | 54 | This work is licensed under either of 55 | 56 | - Apache License, Version 2.0 ([LICENSE-APACHE](LICENSE-APACHE) or 57 | http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0) 58 | - MIT license ([LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT) or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT) 59 | 60 | at your option. 61 | 62 | ## Contribution 63 | 64 | Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted 65 | for inclusion in the work by you, as defined in the Apache-2.0 license, shall be 66 | dual licensed as above, without any additional terms or conditions. 67 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /src/lib.rs: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #![cfg_attr(not(feature = "std"), no_std)] 2 | 3 | /// Write trait to use with Encoder 4 | pub trait Write { 5 | type Error; 6 | 7 | /// Write a single byte. 8 | fn write(&mut self, byte: u8) -> Result<(), Self::Error>; 9 | } 10 | 11 | /// Streaming encoder 12 | /// 13 | /// Allows encoding of reverse-COBS messages in a streaming fashion, with almost 14 | /// no memory usage (internal state is just one single byte!). 15 | /// 16 | /// To encode a message, call [write](Self::write) for each byte in the message, then call [end](Self::end). 17 | /// 18 | /// You may use the same Encoder instance to encode multiple messages. In this case, you 19 | /// will probably want to separate messages with a `0x00`, which you have to write manually 20 | /// after calling [end](Self::end), for example with `encoder.writer().write(0)`. 21 | pub struct Encoder { 22 | w: W, 23 | run: u8, 24 | } 25 | 26 | impl Encoder { 27 | /// Create a new encoder with the given writer. 28 | pub fn new(w: W) -> Self { 29 | Self { w, run: 0 } 30 | } 31 | 32 | /// Mutably borrow the inner writer. 33 | pub fn writer(&mut self) -> &mut W { 34 | &mut self.w 35 | } 36 | 37 | /// Write a message byte. 38 | pub fn write(&mut self, byte: u8) -> Result<(), W::Error> { 39 | self.run += 1; 40 | if byte == 0 { 41 | self.w.write(self.run)?; 42 | self.run = 0; 43 | } else { 44 | self.w.write(byte)?; 45 | if self.run == 254 { 46 | self.w.write(0xFF)?; 47 | self.run = 0; 48 | } 49 | } 50 | Ok(()) 51 | } 52 | 53 | /// Finish encoding a message. 54 | /// 55 | /// This does NOT write a `0x00` separator byte, you must write it yourself 56 | /// if you so desire. 57 | pub fn end(&mut self) -> Result<(), W::Error> { 58 | self.write(0)?; 59 | Ok(()) 60 | } 61 | } 62 | 63 | /// Encode a full message. 64 | /// 65 | /// Encodes a single message and returns it as a `Vec`. The returned data does 66 | /// not include any `0x00` separator byte, you have to add it yourself. 67 | /// 68 | /// This is a convenience function using [Encoder] internally. For streaming encoding, use [Encoder]. 69 | #[cfg(feature = "std")] 70 | pub fn encode(data: &[u8]) -> Vec { 71 | struct VecWriter<'a>(&'a mut Vec); 72 | 73 | impl<'a> Write for VecWriter<'a> { 74 | type Error = std::convert::Infallible; 75 | fn write(&mut self, byte: u8) -> Result<(), Self::Error> { 76 | self.0.push(byte); 77 | Ok(()) 78 | } 79 | } 80 | 81 | let mut res = Vec::new(); 82 | let mut enc = Encoder::new(VecWriter(&mut res)); 83 | for &b in data { 84 | enc.write(b).unwrap(); 85 | } 86 | enc.end().unwrap(); 87 | res 88 | } 89 | 90 | /// Error indicating the decoded data was malformed reverse-COBS. 91 | #[cfg(feature = "std")] 92 | #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)] 93 | pub struct MalformedError; 94 | 95 | /// Decode a full message. 96 | /// 97 | /// `data` must be a full reverse-COBS encoded message. Decoding partial 98 | /// messages is not possible. `data` must NOT include any `0x00` separator byte. 99 | #[cfg(feature = "std")] 100 | pub fn decode(data: &[u8]) -> Result, MalformedError> { 101 | let mut res = vec![0; data.len()]; 102 | let mut dp = res.len(); 103 | let mut rp = res.len(); 104 | 105 | while dp != 0 { 106 | let n = data[dp - 1] as usize; 107 | if n == 0 { 108 | return Err(MalformedError); 109 | } 110 | 111 | if n != 255 { 112 | // push a 0 113 | rp -= 1; 114 | } 115 | 116 | if dp < n { 117 | return Err(MalformedError); 118 | } 119 | res[rp + 1 - n..rp].copy_from_slice(&data[dp - n..dp - 1]); 120 | rp -= n - 1; 121 | dp -= n; 122 | } 123 | 124 | // Remove extra zero 125 | res.pop(); 126 | 127 | // Remove unused space at the beginning 128 | res.drain(0..rp); 129 | 130 | Ok(res) 131 | } 132 | 133 | #[cfg(feature = "std")] 134 | #[cfg(test)] 135 | mod tests { 136 | use super::*; 137 | use hex_literal::hex; 138 | 139 | #[test] 140 | fn it_works() { 141 | let tests: &[(&[u8], &[u8])] = &[ 142 | ( 143 | &hex!(""), 144 | &hex!("01"), 145 | ), ( 146 | &hex!("00"), 147 | &hex!("0101"), 148 | ), ( 149 | &hex!("0000"), 150 | &hex!("010101"), 151 | ), ( 152 | &hex!("11220033"), 153 | &hex!("1122033302"), 154 | ), ( 155 | &hex!("11000000"), 156 | &hex!("1102010101"), 157 | ), ( 158 | &hex!("11223344"), 159 | &hex!("1122334405"), 160 | ), ( 161 | &hex!("0011001100110011"), 162 | &hex!("011102110211021102"), 163 | ), ( 164 | &hex!("0102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f202122232425262728292a2b2c2d2e2f303132333435363738393a3b3c3d3e3f404142434445464748494a4b4c4d4e4f505152535455565758595a5b5c5d5e5f606162636465666768696a6b6c6d6e6f707172737475767778797a7b7c7d7e7f808182838485868788898a8b8c8d8e8f909192939495969798999a9b9c9d9e9fa0a1a2a3a4a5a6a7a8a9aaabacadaeafb0b1b2b3b4b5b6b7b8b9babbbcbdbebfc0c1c2c3c4c5c6c7c8c9cacbcccdcecfd0d1d2d3d4d5d6d7d8d9dadbdcdddedfe0e1e2e3e4e5e6e7e8e9eaebecedeeeff0f1f2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9fafbfcfdfe"), 165 | &hex!("0102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f202122232425262728292a2b2c2d2e2f303132333435363738393a3b3c3d3e3f404142434445464748494a4b4c4d4e4f505152535455565758595a5b5c5d5e5f606162636465666768696a6b6c6d6e6f707172737475767778797a7b7c7d7e7f808182838485868788898a8b8c8d8e8f909192939495969798999a9b9c9d9e9fa0a1a2a3a4a5a6a7a8a9aaabacadaeafb0b1b2b3b4b5b6b7b8b9babbbcbdbebfc0c1c2c3c4c5c6c7c8c9cacbcccdcecfd0d1d2d3d4d5d6d7d8d9dadbdcdddedfe0e1e2e3e4e5e6e7e8e9eaebecedeeeff0f1f2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9fafbfcfdfeff01"), 166 | ), ( 167 | &hex!("000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f202122232425262728292a2b2c2d2e2f303132333435363738393a3b3c3d3e3f404142434445464748494a4b4c4d4e4f505152535455565758595a5b5c5d5e5f606162636465666768696a6b6c6d6e6f707172737475767778797a7b7c7d7e7f808182838485868788898a8b8c8d8e8f909192939495969798999a9b9c9d9e9fa0a1a2a3a4a5a6a7a8a9aaabacadaeafb0b1b2b3b4b5b6b7b8b9babbbcbdbebfc0c1c2c3c4c5c6c7c8c9cacbcccdcecfd0d1d2d3d4d5d6d7d8d9dadbdcdddedfe0e1e2e3e4e5e6e7e8e9eaebecedeeeff0f1f2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9fafbfcfdfe"), 168 | &hex!("010102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f202122232425262728292a2b2c2d2e2f303132333435363738393a3b3c3d3e3f404142434445464748494a4b4c4d4e4f505152535455565758595a5b5c5d5e5f606162636465666768696a6b6c6d6e6f707172737475767778797a7b7c7d7e7f808182838485868788898a8b8c8d8e8f909192939495969798999a9b9c9d9e9fa0a1a2a3a4a5a6a7a8a9aaabacadaeafb0b1b2b3b4b5b6b7b8b9babbbcbdbebfc0c1c2c3c4c5c6c7c8c9cacbcccdcecfd0d1d2d3d4d5d6d7d8d9dadbdcdddedfe0e1e2e3e4e5e6e7e8e9eaebecedeeeff0f1f2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9fafbfcfdfeff01"), 169 | ), ( 170 | &hex!("0102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f202122232425262728292a2b2c2d2e2f303132333435363738393a3b3c3d3e3f404142434445464748494a4b4c4d4e4f505152535455565758595a5b5c5d5e5f606162636465666768696a6b6c6d6e6f707172737475767778797a7b7c7d7e7f808182838485868788898a8b8c8d8e8f909192939495969798999a9b9c9d9e9fa0a1a2a3a4a5a6a7a8a9aaabacadaeafb0b1b2b3b4b5b6b7b8b9babbbcbdbebfc0c1c2c3c4c5c6c7c8c9cacbcccdcecfd0d1d2d3d4d5d6d7d8d9dadbdcdddedfe0e1e2e3e4e5e6e7e8e9eaebecedeeeff0f1f2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9fafbfcfdfeff"), 171 | &hex!("0102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f202122232425262728292a2b2c2d2e2f303132333435363738393a3b3c3d3e3f404142434445464748494a4b4c4d4e4f505152535455565758595a5b5c5d5e5f606162636465666768696a6b6c6d6e6f707172737475767778797a7b7c7d7e7f808182838485868788898a8b8c8d8e8f909192939495969798999a9b9c9d9e9fa0a1a2a3a4a5a6a7a8a9aaabacadaeafb0b1b2b3b4b5b6b7b8b9babbbcbdbebfc0c1c2c3c4c5c6c7c8c9cacbcccdcecfd0d1d2d3d4d5d6d7d8d9dadbdcdddedfe0e1e2e3e4e5e6e7e8e9eaebecedeeeff0f1f2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9fafbfcfdfeffff02"), 172 | ), ( 173 | &hex!("02030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f202122232425262728292a2b2c2d2e2f303132333435363738393a3b3c3d3e3f404142434445464748494a4b4c4d4e4f505152535455565758595a5b5c5d5e5f606162636465666768696a6b6c6d6e6f707172737475767778797a7b7c7d7e7f808182838485868788898a8b8c8d8e8f909192939495969798999a9b9c9d9e9fa0a1a2a3a4a5a6a7a8a9aaabacadaeafb0b1b2b3b4b5b6b7b8b9babbbcbdbebfc0c1c2c3c4c5c6c7c8c9cacbcccdcecfd0d1d2d3d4d5d6d7d8d9dadbdcdddedfe0e1e2e3e4e5e6e7e8e9eaebecedeeeff0f1f2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9fafbfcfdfeff00"), 174 | &hex!("02030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f202122232425262728292a2b2c2d2e2f303132333435363738393a3b3c3d3e3f404142434445464748494a4b4c4d4e4f505152535455565758595a5b5c5d5e5f606162636465666768696a6b6c6d6e6f707172737475767778797a7b7c7d7e7f808182838485868788898a8b8c8d8e8f909192939495969798999a9b9c9d9e9fa0a1a2a3a4a5a6a7a8a9aaabacadaeafb0b1b2b3b4b5b6b7b8b9babbbcbdbebfc0c1c2c3c4c5c6c7c8c9cacbcccdcecfd0d1d2d3d4d5d6d7d8d9dadbdcdddedfe0e1e2e3e4e5e6e7e8e9eaebecedeeeff0f1f2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9fafbfcfdfeffff0101"), 175 | ), ( 176 | &hex!("030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f202122232425262728292a2b2c2d2e2f303132333435363738393a3b3c3d3e3f404142434445464748494a4b4c4d4e4f505152535455565758595a5b5c5d5e5f606162636465666768696a6b6c6d6e6f707172737475767778797a7b7c7d7e7f808182838485868788898a8b8c8d8e8f909192939495969798999a9b9c9d9e9fa0a1a2a3a4a5a6a7a8a9aaabacadaeafb0b1b2b3b4b5b6b7b8b9babbbcbdbebfc0c1c2c3c4c5c6c7c8c9cacbcccdcecfd0d1d2d3d4d5d6d7d8d9dadbdcdddedfe0e1e2e3e4e5e6e7e8e9eaebecedeeeff0f1f2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9fafbfcfdfeff0001"), 177 | &hex!("030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f202122232425262728292a2b2c2d2e2f303132333435363738393a3b3c3d3e3f404142434445464748494a4b4c4d4e4f505152535455565758595a5b5c5d5e5f606162636465666768696a6b6c6d6e6f707172737475767778797a7b7c7d7e7f808182838485868788898a8b8c8d8e8f909192939495969798999a9b9c9d9e9fa0a1a2a3a4a5a6a7a8a9aaabacadaeafb0b1b2b3b4b5b6b7b8b9babbbcbdbebfc0c1c2c3c4c5c6c7c8c9cacbcccdcecfd0d1d2d3d4d5d6d7d8d9dadbdcdddedfe0e1e2e3e4e5e6e7e8e9eaebecedeeeff0f1f2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9fafbfcfdfefffe0102"), 178 | ), 179 | ]; 180 | 181 | for (dec, enc) in tests { 182 | assert_eq!(&encode(dec), enc); 183 | assert_eq!(&decode(enc).unwrap(), dec); 184 | } 185 | } 186 | } 187 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------