├── .github └── workflows │ └── rust.yml ├── .gitignore ├── Cargo.toml ├── LICENSE-APACHE ├── LICENSE-MIT ├── README.md └── src └── lib.rs /.github/workflows/rust.yml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | name: Rust 2 | 3 | on: 4 | push: 5 | branches: [main] 6 | pull_request: 7 | branches: [main] 8 | 9 | env: 10 | CARGO_TERM_COLOR: always 11 | 12 | jobs: 13 | build: 14 | runs-on: ubuntu-latest 15 | 16 | steps: 17 | - uses: actions/checkout@v2 18 | - uses: actions-rs/toolchain@v1 19 | with: 20 | toolchain: nightly 21 | override: true 22 | - name: install 23 | run: rustup target add thumbv7em-none-eabi 24 | - name: Test 25 | run: cargo test 26 | - name: Build no_std 27 | run: cargo build --target thumbv7em-none-eabi --no-default-features -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /.gitignore: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | /target 2 | Cargo.lock 3 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /Cargo.toml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | [package] 2 | name = "rzcobs" 3 | version = "0.1.2" 4 | authors = ["Dario Nieuwenhuis "] 5 | description = "Reverse-Zerocompressing-COBS encoding" 6 | repository = "https://github.com/Dirbaio/rzcobs" 7 | edition = "2018" 8 | readme = "README.md" 9 | license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0" 10 | 11 | categories = [ 12 | "embedded", 13 | "no-std", 14 | "encoding", 15 | ] 16 | 17 | [features] 18 | default = ["std"] 19 | std = [] 20 | 21 | [dependencies] 22 | 23 | [dev-dependencies] 24 | hex-literal = "0.3.1" 25 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /LICENSE-APACHE: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | Apache License 2 | Version 2.0, January 2004 3 | http://www.apache.org/licenses/ 4 | 5 | TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION 6 | 7 | 1. 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IN NO EVENT 21 | SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY 22 | CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION 23 | OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR 24 | IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER 25 | DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. 26 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # rzcobs 2 | 3 | [![Documentation](https://docs.rs/rzcobs/badge.svg)](https://docs.rs/rzcobs) 4 | 5 | Reverse-Zerocompressing-COBS encoding (rzCOBS) is a variant of [rCOBS](https://github.com/Dirbaio/rcobs) which aditionally compresses 6 | messages known to contain many zero bytes. 7 | 8 | Standard COBS/rCOBS encoding: 9 | 10 | 00000000 => end of frame 11 | nnnnnnnn => output n-1 bytes from stream, output 0x00 12 | 11111111 => output 254 bytes from stream 13 | 14 | rzCOBS encoding: 15 | 16 | 00000000 => end of frame 17 | 0xxxxxxx => foreach x from LSB to MSB: if x=0 output 1 byte from stream, if x=1 output 0x00 18 | 1nnnnnnn => output n+7 bytes from stream, output 0x00 19 | 11111111 => output 134 bytes from stream 20 | 21 | Zero-compression is achieved by splitting the input in chunks of 7 bytes and encoding in a bitfield 22 | which are zeros, and then transmitting only the non-zero bytes. If there are hore than 7 non-zero bytes in 23 | a row, encoding works COBS-like, where the number of non-zero bytes is emitted. The maximum overhead is therefore 24 | ceil(n/134) bytes, for a message of n bytes. 25 | 26 | When a message is encoded and then decoded, the result is the original message, with up to 6 zero bytes appended. 27 | Higher layer protocols must be able to deal with these appended zero bytes. 28 | 29 | ## License 30 | 31 | This work is licensed under either of 32 | 33 | - Apache License, Version 2.0 ([LICENSE-APACHE](LICENSE-APACHE) or 34 | http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0) 35 | - MIT license ([LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT) or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT) 36 | 37 | at your option. 38 | 39 | ## Contribution 40 | 41 | Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted 42 | for inclusion in the work by you, as defined in the Apache-2.0 license, shall be 43 | dual licensed as above, without any additional terms or conditions. 44 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /src/lib.rs: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #![cfg_attr(not(feature = "std"), no_std)] 2 | 3 | /// Write trait to use with Encoder 4 | pub trait Write { 5 | type Error; 6 | 7 | /// Write a single byte. 8 | fn write(&mut self, byte: u8) -> Result<(), Self::Error>; 9 | } 10 | 11 | /// Streaming encoder 12 | /// 13 | /// Allows encoding of reverse-COBS messages in a streaming fashion, with almost 14 | /// no memory usage (internal state is just one single byte!). 15 | /// 16 | /// To encode a message, call [write](Self::write) for each byte in the message, then call [end](Self::end). 17 | /// 18 | /// You may use the same Encoder instance to encode multiple messages. In this case, you 19 | /// will probably want to separate messages with a `0x00`, which you have to write manually 20 | /// after calling [end](Self::end), for example with `encoder.writer().write(0)`. 21 | pub struct Encoder { 22 | w: W, 23 | run: u8, 24 | zeros: u8, 25 | } 26 | 27 | // Standard COBS/rCOBS: 28 | // 00000000 => end of frame 29 | // nnnnnnnn => output n-1 bytes from stream, output 0x00 30 | // 11111111 => output 254 bytes from stream 31 | // 32 | // zCOBS/rzCOBS: 33 | // 00000000 => end of frame 34 | // 0xxxxxxx => foreach x from LSB to MSB: if x=0 output 1 byte from stream, if x=1 output 0x00 35 | // 1nnnnnnn => output n+7 bytes from stream, output 0x00 36 | // 11111111 => output 134 bytes from stream 37 | 38 | impl Encoder { 39 | /// Create a new encoder with the given writer. 40 | pub const fn new(w: W) -> Self { 41 | Self { 42 | w, 43 | run: 0, 44 | zeros: 0, 45 | } 46 | } 47 | 48 | /// Mutably borrow the inner writer. 49 | pub fn writer(&mut self) -> &mut W { 50 | &mut self.w 51 | } 52 | } 53 | 54 | impl Encoder { 55 | /// Write a message byte. 56 | pub fn write(&mut self, byte: u8) -> Result<(), W::Error> { 57 | if self.run < 7 { 58 | if byte == 0 { 59 | self.zeros |= 1 << self.run; 60 | } else { 61 | self.w.write(byte)?; 62 | } 63 | 64 | self.run += 1; 65 | if self.run == 7 && self.zeros != 0x00 { 66 | self.w.write(self.zeros)?; 67 | self.run = 0; 68 | self.zeros = 0; 69 | } 70 | } else if byte == 0 { 71 | self.w.write((self.run - 7) | 0x80)?; 72 | self.run = 0; 73 | self.zeros = 0; 74 | } else { 75 | self.w.write(byte)?; 76 | self.run += 1; 77 | if self.run == 134 { 78 | self.w.write(0xFF)?; 79 | self.run = 0; 80 | self.zeros = 0; 81 | } 82 | } 83 | Ok(()) 84 | } 85 | 86 | /// Finish encoding a message. 87 | /// 88 | /// This does NOT write a `0x00` separator byte, you must write it yourself 89 | /// if you so desire. 90 | pub fn end(&mut self) -> Result<(), W::Error> { 91 | match self.run { 92 | 0 => {} 93 | 1..=6 => self.w.write((self.zeros | (0xFF << self.run)) & 0x7F)?, 94 | _ => self.w.write((self.run - 7) | 0x80)?, 95 | } 96 | self.run = 0; 97 | self.zeros = 0; 98 | Ok(()) 99 | } 100 | } 101 | 102 | /// Encode a full message. 103 | /// 104 | /// Encodes a single message and returns it as a `Vec`. The returned data does 105 | /// not include any `0x00` separator byte, you have to add it yourself. 106 | /// 107 | /// This is a convenience function using [Encoder] internally. For streaming encoding, use [Encoder]. 108 | #[cfg(feature = "std")] 109 | pub fn encode(data: &[u8]) -> Vec { 110 | struct VecWriter<'a>(&'a mut Vec); 111 | 112 | impl<'a> Write for VecWriter<'a> { 113 | type Error = std::convert::Infallible; 114 | fn write(&mut self, byte: u8) -> Result<(), Self::Error> { 115 | self.0.push(byte); 116 | Ok(()) 117 | } 118 | } 119 | 120 | let mut res = Vec::new(); 121 | let mut enc = Encoder::new(VecWriter(&mut res)); 122 | for &b in data { 123 | enc.write(b).unwrap(); 124 | } 125 | enc.end().unwrap(); 126 | res 127 | } 128 | 129 | /// Error indicating the decoded data was malformed reverse-COBS. 130 | #[cfg(feature = "std")] 131 | #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)] 132 | pub struct MalformedError; 133 | 134 | /// Decode a full message. 135 | /// 136 | /// `data` must be a full rzCOBS encoded message. Decoding partial 137 | /// messages is not possible. `data` must NOT include any `0x00` separator byte. 138 | #[cfg(feature = "std")] 139 | pub fn decode(data: &[u8]) -> Result, MalformedError> { 140 | let mut res = vec![]; 141 | decode_helper(data, &mut res).map_err(|_| MalformedError)?; 142 | Ok(res) 143 | } 144 | 145 | #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)] 146 | pub enum DecodeError { 147 | MalformedError, 148 | BufferOverflow, 149 | } 150 | 151 | /// Collections that allow pushing u8 and reversing the element order in place 152 | trait Buffer { 153 | fn try_push(&mut self, x: u8) -> Result<(), DecodeError>; 154 | fn rev(&mut self); 155 | } 156 | 157 | #[cfg(feature = "std")] 158 | impl Buffer for Vec { 159 | fn try_push(&mut self, x: u8) -> Result<(), DecodeError> { 160 | Vec::::push(self, x); 161 | 162 | Ok(()) 163 | } 164 | 165 | fn rev(&mut self) { 166 | self.reverse(); 167 | } 168 | } 169 | 170 | /// Decode a full message. 171 | /// 172 | /// `data` must be a full rzCOBS encoded message. Decoding partial 173 | /// messages is not possible. `data` must NOT include any `0x00` separator byte. 174 | pub fn decode_to_slice<'a>(data: &[u8], res: &'a mut [u8]) -> Result<&'a mut [u8], DecodeError> { 175 | struct Vec<'a> { 176 | data: &'a mut [u8], 177 | len: usize, 178 | } 179 | 180 | impl<'a> Buffer for Vec<'a> { 181 | fn try_push(&mut self, x: u8) -> Result<(), DecodeError> { 182 | *self 183 | .data 184 | .get_mut(self.len) 185 | .ok_or(DecodeError::BufferOverflow)? = x; 186 | self.len += 1; 187 | 188 | Ok(()) 189 | } 190 | 191 | fn rev(&mut self) { 192 | self.data[..self.len].reverse() 193 | } 194 | } 195 | 196 | let mut res = Vec { data: res, len: 0 }; 197 | decode_helper(data, &mut res)?; 198 | 199 | Ok(&mut res.data[..res.len]) 200 | } 201 | 202 | fn decode_helper(data: &[u8], dst: &mut impl Buffer) -> Result<(), DecodeError> { 203 | let mut data = data.iter().rev().cloned(); 204 | while let Some(x) = data.next() { 205 | match x { 206 | 0 => return Err(DecodeError::MalformedError), 207 | 0x01..=0x7f => { 208 | for i in 0..7 { 209 | if x & (1 << (6 - i)) == 0 { 210 | dst.try_push(data.next().ok_or(DecodeError::MalformedError)?)?; 211 | } else { 212 | dst.try_push(0)?; 213 | } 214 | } 215 | } 216 | 0x80..=0xfe => { 217 | let n = (x & 0x7f) + 7; 218 | dst.try_push(0)?; 219 | for _ in 0..n { 220 | dst.try_push(data.next().ok_or(DecodeError::MalformedError)?)?; 221 | } 222 | } 223 | 0xff => { 224 | for _ in 0..134 { 225 | dst.try_push(data.next().ok_or(DecodeError::MalformedError)?)?; 226 | } 227 | } 228 | } 229 | } 230 | 231 | dst.rev(); 232 | Ok(()) 233 | } 234 | 235 | #[cfg(feature = "std")] 236 | #[cfg(test)] 237 | mod tests { 238 | use super::*; 239 | use hex_literal::hex; 240 | 241 | #[test] 242 | fn it_works() { 243 | let tests: &[(&[u8], &[u8])] = &[ 244 | ( 245 | &hex!(""), 246 | &hex!(""), 247 | ), ( 248 | &hex!("00"), 249 | &hex!("7f"), 250 | ), ( 251 | &hex!("0000"), 252 | &hex!("7f"), 253 | ), ( 254 | &hex!("00000000000000"), 255 | &hex!("7f"), 256 | ), ( 257 | &hex!("0000000000000000"), 258 | &hex!("7f7f"), 259 | ), ( 260 | &hex!("01"), 261 | &hex!("017e"), 262 | ), ( 263 | &hex!("0100"), 264 | &hex!("017e"), 265 | ), ( 266 | &hex!("0001"), 267 | &hex!("017d"), 268 | ), ( 269 | &hex!("0102"), 270 | &hex!("01027c"), 271 | ), ( 272 | &hex!("11223344556600"), 273 | &hex!("11223344556640"), 274 | ), ( 275 | &hex!("11223344556677"), 276 | &hex!("1122334455667780"), 277 | ), ( 278 | &hex!("1122334455667700"), 279 | &hex!("1122334455667780"), 280 | ), ( 281 | &hex!("1122334455667788"), 282 | &hex!("112233445566778881"), 283 | ), ( 284 | &hex!("00000000000000 000000000000ff"), 285 | &hex!("7f ff3f"), 286 | ), ( 287 | &hex!("00000000004400 000000000000ff"), 288 | &hex!("445f ff3f"), 289 | ), ( 290 | &hex!("0102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f202122232425262728292a2b2c2d2e2f303132333435363738393a3b3c3d3e3f404142434445464748494a4b4c4d4e4f505152535455565758595a5b5c5d5e5f606162636465666768696a6b6c6d6e6f707172737475767778797a7b7c7d7e7f808182838485"), 291 | &hex!("0102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f202122232425262728292a2b2c2d2e2f303132333435363738393a3b3c3d3e3f404142434445464748494a4b4c4d4e4f505152535455565758595a5b5c5d5e5f606162636465666768696a6b6c6d6e6f707172737475767778797a7b7c7d7e7f808182838485fe"), 292 | ), ( 293 | &hex!("0102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f202122232425262728292a2b2c2d2e2f303132333435363738393a3b3c3d3e3f404142434445464748494a4b4c4d4e4f505152535455565758595a5b5c5d5e5f606162636465666768696a6b6c6d6e6f707172737475767778797a7b7c7d7e7f80818283848500"), 294 | &hex!("0102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f202122232425262728292a2b2c2d2e2f303132333435363738393a3b3c3d3e3f404142434445464748494a4b4c4d4e4f505152535455565758595a5b5c5d5e5f606162636465666768696a6b6c6d6e6f707172737475767778797a7b7c7d7e7f808182838485fe"), 295 | ), ( 296 | &hex!("0102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f202122232425262728292a2b2c2d2e2f303132333435363738393a3b3c3d3e3f404142434445464748494a4b4c4d4e4f505152535455565758595a5b5c5d5e5f606162636465666768696a6b6c6d6e6f707172737475767778797a7b7c7d7e7f80818283848586"), 297 | &hex!("0102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f202122232425262728292a2b2c2d2e2f303132333435363738393a3b3c3d3e3f404142434445464748494a4b4c4d4e4f505152535455565758595a5b5c5d5e5f606162636465666768696a6b6c6d6e6f707172737475767778797a7b7c7d7e7f80818283848586ff"), 298 | ), ( 299 | &hex!("0102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f202122232425262728292a2b2c2d2e2f303132333435363738393a3b3c3d3e3f404142434445464748494a4b4c4d4e4f505152535455565758595a5b5c5d5e5f606162636465666768696a6b6c6d6e6f707172737475767778797a7b7c7d7e7f8081828384858600"), 300 | &hex!("0102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f202122232425262728292a2b2c2d2e2f303132333435363738393a3b3c3d3e3f404142434445464748494a4b4c4d4e4f505152535455565758595a5b5c5d5e5f606162636465666768696a6b6c6d6e6f707172737475767778797a7b7c7d7e7f80818283848586ff7f"), 301 | ), 302 | ]; 303 | let mut scratch = [0; 141]; 304 | for (dec, enc) in tests { 305 | assert_eq!(&encode(dec), enc); 306 | 307 | let got = decode(enc).unwrap(); 308 | assert_eq!(&got[..dec.len()], *dec); 309 | assert!(&got[dec.len()..].iter().all(|&x| x == 0)); 310 | 311 | let got_slice = decode_to_slice(enc, &mut scratch).unwrap(); 312 | assert_eq!(&got_slice[..dec.len()], *dec); 313 | assert!(&got_slice[dec.len()..].iter().all(|&x| x == 0)); 314 | } 315 | } 316 | } 317 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------