├── .ipynb_checkpoints
    └── Data Cleaning Tutorial - Real Python-checkpoint.ipynb
├── Data Cleaning Tutorial - Real Python.ipynb
└── Datasets
    ├── BL-Flickr-Images-Book.csv
    ├── census.csv
    ├── olympics.csv
    └── university_towns.txt


/.ipynb_checkpoints/Data Cleaning Tutorial - Real Python-checkpoint.ipynb:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   1 | {
   2 |  "cells": [
   3 |   {
   4 |    "cell_type": "code",
   5 |    "execution_count": 154,
   6 |    "metadata": {},
   7 |    "outputs": [],
   8 |    "source": [
   9 |     "import pandas as pd\n",
  10 |     "import numpy as np\n",
  11 |     "from functools import reduce"
  12 |    ]
  13 |   },
  14 |   {
  15 |    "cell_type": "code",
  16 |    "execution_count": 155,
  17 |    "metadata": {},
  18 |    "outputs": [
  19 |     {
  20 |      "data": {
  21 |       "text/html": [
  22 |        "<div>\n",
  23 |        "<style scoped>\n",
  24 |        "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
  25 |        "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
  26 |        "    }\n",
  27 |        "\n",
  28 |        "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
  29 |        "        vertical-align: top;\n",
  30 |        "    }\n",
  31 |        "\n",
  32 |        "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
  33 |        "        text-align: right;\n",
  34 |        "    }\n",
  35 |        "</style>\n",
  36 |        "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
  37 |        "  <thead>\n",
  38 |        "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
  39 |        "      <th></th>\n",
  40 |        "      <th>Identifier</th>\n",
  41 |        "      <th>Edition Statement</th>\n",
  42 |        "      <th>Place of Publication</th>\n",
  43 |        "      <th>Date of Publication</th>\n",
  44 |        "      <th>Publisher</th>\n",
  45 |        "      <th>Title</th>\n",
  46 |        "      <th>Author</th>\n",
  47 |        "      <th>Contributors</th>\n",
  48 |        "      <th>Corporate Author</th>\n",
  49 |        "      <th>Corporate Contributors</th>\n",
  50 |        "      <th>Former owner</th>\n",
  51 |        "      <th>Engraver</th>\n",
  52 |        "      <th>Issuance type</th>\n",
  53 |        "      <th>Flickr URL</th>\n",
  54 |        "      <th>Shelfmarks</th>\n",
  55 |        "    </tr>\n",
  56 |        "  </thead>\n",
  57 |        "  <tbody>\n",
  58 |        "    <tr>\n",
  59 |        "      <th>0</th>\n",
  60 |        "      <td>206</td>\n",
  61 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
  62 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
  63 |        "      <td>1879 [1878]</td>\n",
  64 |        "      <td>S. Tinsley &amp; Co.</td>\n",
  65 |        "      <td>Walter Forbes. [A novel.] By A. A</td>\n",
  66 |        "      <td>A. A.</td>\n",
  67 |        "      <td>FORBES, Walter.</td>\n",
  68 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
  69 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
  70 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
  71 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
  72 |        "      <td>monographic</td>\n",
  73 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
  74 |        "      <td>British Library HMNTS 12641.b.30.</td>\n",
  75 |        "    </tr>\n",
  76 |        "    <tr>\n",
  77 |        "      <th>1</th>\n",
  78 |        "      <td>216</td>\n",
  79 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
  80 |        "      <td>London; Virtue &amp; Yorston</td>\n",
  81 |        "      <td>1868</td>\n",
  82 |        "      <td>Virtue &amp; Co.</td>\n",
  83 |        "      <td>All for Greed. [A novel. The dedication signed...</td>\n",
  84 |        "      <td>A., A. A.</td>\n",
  85 |        "      <td>BLAZE DE BURY, Marie Pauline Rose - Baroness</td>\n",
  86 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
  87 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
  88 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
  89 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
  90 |        "      <td>monographic</td>\n",
  91 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
  92 |        "      <td>British Library HMNTS 12626.cc.2.</td>\n",
  93 |        "    </tr>\n",
  94 |        "    <tr>\n",
  95 |        "      <th>2</th>\n",
  96 |        "      <td>218</td>\n",
  97 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
  98 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
  99 |        "      <td>1869</td>\n",
 100 |        "      <td>Bradbury, Evans &amp; Co.</td>\n",
 101 |        "      <td>Love the Avenger. By the author of “All for Gr...</td>\n",
 102 |        "      <td>A., A. A.</td>\n",
 103 |        "      <td>BLAZE DE BURY, Marie Pauline Rose - Baroness</td>\n",
 104 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
 105 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
 106 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
 107 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
 108 |        "      <td>monographic</td>\n",
 109 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 110 |        "      <td>British Library HMNTS 12625.dd.1.</td>\n",
 111 |        "    </tr>\n",
 112 |        "    <tr>\n",
 113 |        "      <th>3</th>\n",
 114 |        "      <td>472</td>\n",
 115 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
 116 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 117 |        "      <td>1851</td>\n",
 118 |        "      <td>James Darling</td>\n",
 119 |        "      <td>Welsh Sketches, chiefly ecclesiastical, to the...</td>\n",
 120 |        "      <td>A., E. S.</td>\n",
 121 |        "      <td>Appleyard, Ernest Silvanus.</td>\n",
 122 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
 123 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
 124 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
 125 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
 126 |        "      <td>monographic</td>\n",
 127 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 128 |        "      <td>British Library HMNTS 10369.bbb.15.</td>\n",
 129 |        "    </tr>\n",
 130 |        "    <tr>\n",
 131 |        "      <th>4</th>\n",
 132 |        "      <td>480</td>\n",
 133 |        "      <td>A new edition, revised, etc.</td>\n",
 134 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 135 |        "      <td>1857</td>\n",
 136 |        "      <td>Wertheim &amp; Macintosh</td>\n",
 137 |        "      <td>[The World in which I live, and my place in it...</td>\n",
 138 |        "      <td>A., E. S.</td>\n",
 139 |        "      <td>BROOME, John Henry.</td>\n",
 140 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
 141 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
 142 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
 143 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
 144 |        "      <td>monographic</td>\n",
 145 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 146 |        "      <td>British Library HMNTS 9007.d.28.</td>\n",
 147 |        "    </tr>\n",
 148 |        "  </tbody>\n",
 149 |        "</table>\n",
 150 |        "</div>"
 151 |       ],
 152 |       "text/plain": [
 153 |        "   Identifier             Edition Statement      Place of Publication  \\\n",
 154 |        "0         206                           NaN                    London   \n",
 155 |        "1         216                           NaN  London; Virtue & Yorston   \n",
 156 |        "2         218                           NaN                    London   \n",
 157 |        "3         472                           NaN                    London   \n",
 158 |        "4         480  A new edition, revised, etc.                    London   \n",
 159 |        "\n",
 160 |        "  Date of Publication              Publisher  \\\n",
 161 |        "0         1879 [1878]       S. Tinsley & Co.   \n",
 162 |        "1                1868           Virtue & Co.   \n",
 163 |        "2                1869  Bradbury, Evans & Co.   \n",
 164 |        "3                1851          James Darling   \n",
 165 |        "4                1857   Wertheim & Macintosh   \n",
 166 |        "\n",
 167 |        "                                               Title     Author  \\\n",
 168 |        "0                  Walter Forbes. [A novel.] By A. A      A. A.   \n",
 169 |        "1  All for Greed. [A novel. The dedication signed...  A., A. A.   \n",
 170 |        "2  Love the Avenger. By the author of “All for Gr...  A., A. A.   \n",
 171 |        "3  Welsh Sketches, chiefly ecclesiastical, to the...  A., E. S.   \n",
 172 |        "4  [The World in which I live, and my place in it...  A., E. S.   \n",
 173 |        "\n",
 174 |        "                                   Contributors  Corporate Author  \\\n",
 175 |        "0                               FORBES, Walter.               NaN   \n",
 176 |        "1  BLAZE DE BURY, Marie Pauline Rose - Baroness               NaN   \n",
 177 |        "2  BLAZE DE BURY, Marie Pauline Rose - Baroness               NaN   \n",
 178 |        "3                   Appleyard, Ernest Silvanus.               NaN   \n",
 179 |        "4                           BROOME, John Henry.               NaN   \n",
 180 |        "\n",
 181 |        "   Corporate Contributors Former owner  Engraver Issuance type  \\\n",
 182 |        "0                     NaN          NaN       NaN   monographic   \n",
 183 |        "1                     NaN          NaN       NaN   monographic   \n",
 184 |        "2                     NaN          NaN       NaN   monographic   \n",
 185 |        "3                     NaN          NaN       NaN   monographic   \n",
 186 |        "4                     NaN          NaN       NaN   monographic   \n",
 187 |        "\n",
 188 |        "                                          Flickr URL  \\\n",
 189 |        "0  http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...   \n",
 190 |        "1  http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...   \n",
 191 |        "2  http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...   \n",
 192 |        "3  http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...   \n",
 193 |        "4  http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...   \n",
 194 |        "\n",
 195 |        "                            Shelfmarks  \n",
 196 |        "0    British Library HMNTS 12641.b.30.  \n",
 197 |        "1    British Library HMNTS 12626.cc.2.  \n",
 198 |        "2    British Library HMNTS 12625.dd.1.  \n",
 199 |        "3  British Library HMNTS 10369.bbb.15.  \n",
 200 |        "4     British Library HMNTS 9007.d.28.  "
 201 |       ]
 202 |      },
 203 |      "execution_count": 155,
 204 |      "metadata": {},
 205 |      "output_type": "execute_result"
 206 |     }
 207 |    ],
 208 |    "source": [
 209 |     "df = pd.read_csv('Datasets\\BL-Flickr-Images-Book.csv')\n",
 210 |     "df.head()"
 211 |    ]
 212 |   },
 213 |   {
 214 |    "cell_type": "code",
 215 |    "execution_count": 156,
 216 |    "metadata": {},
 217 |    "outputs": [
 218 |     {
 219 |      "data": {
 220 |       "text/html": [
 221 |        "<div>\n",
 222 |        "<style scoped>\n",
 223 |        "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
 224 |        "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
 225 |        "    }\n",
 226 |        "\n",
 227 |        "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
 228 |        "        vertical-align: top;\n",
 229 |        "    }\n",
 230 |        "\n",
 231 |        "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
 232 |        "        text-align: right;\n",
 233 |        "    }\n",
 234 |        "</style>\n",
 235 |        "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
 236 |        "  <thead>\n",
 237 |        "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
 238 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 239 |        "      <th>Place of Publication</th>\n",
 240 |        "      <th>Date of Publication</th>\n",
 241 |        "      <th>Publisher</th>\n",
 242 |        "      <th>Title</th>\n",
 243 |        "      <th>Author</th>\n",
 244 |        "      <th>Flickr URL</th>\n",
 245 |        "    </tr>\n",
 246 |        "    <tr>\n",
 247 |        "      <th>Identifier</th>\n",
 248 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 249 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 250 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 251 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 252 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 253 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 254 |        "    </tr>\n",
 255 |        "  </thead>\n",
 256 |        "  <tbody>\n",
 257 |        "    <tr>\n",
 258 |        "      <th>206</th>\n",
 259 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 260 |        "      <td>1879 [1878]</td>\n",
 261 |        "      <td>S. Tinsley &amp; Co.</td>\n",
 262 |        "      <td>Walter Forbes. [A novel.] By A. A</td>\n",
 263 |        "      <td>A. A.</td>\n",
 264 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 265 |        "    </tr>\n",
 266 |        "    <tr>\n",
 267 |        "      <th>216</th>\n",
 268 |        "      <td>London; Virtue &amp; Yorston</td>\n",
 269 |        "      <td>1868</td>\n",
 270 |        "      <td>Virtue &amp; Co.</td>\n",
 271 |        "      <td>All for Greed. [A novel. The dedication signed...</td>\n",
 272 |        "      <td>A., A. A.</td>\n",
 273 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 274 |        "    </tr>\n",
 275 |        "    <tr>\n",
 276 |        "      <th>218</th>\n",
 277 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 278 |        "      <td>1869</td>\n",
 279 |        "      <td>Bradbury, Evans &amp; Co.</td>\n",
 280 |        "      <td>Love the Avenger. By the author of “All for Gr...</td>\n",
 281 |        "      <td>A., A. A.</td>\n",
 282 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 283 |        "    </tr>\n",
 284 |        "    <tr>\n",
 285 |        "      <th>472</th>\n",
 286 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 287 |        "      <td>1851</td>\n",
 288 |        "      <td>James Darling</td>\n",
 289 |        "      <td>Welsh Sketches, chiefly ecclesiastical, to the...</td>\n",
 290 |        "      <td>A., E. S.</td>\n",
 291 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 292 |        "    </tr>\n",
 293 |        "    <tr>\n",
 294 |        "      <th>480</th>\n",
 295 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 296 |        "      <td>1857</td>\n",
 297 |        "      <td>Wertheim &amp; Macintosh</td>\n",
 298 |        "      <td>[The World in which I live, and my place in it...</td>\n",
 299 |        "      <td>A., E. S.</td>\n",
 300 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 301 |        "    </tr>\n",
 302 |        "  </tbody>\n",
 303 |        "</table>\n",
 304 |        "</div>"
 305 |       ],
 306 |       "text/plain": [
 307 |        "                Place of Publication Date of Publication  \\\n",
 308 |        "Identifier                                                 \n",
 309 |        "206                           London         1879 [1878]   \n",
 310 |        "216         London; Virtue & Yorston                1868   \n",
 311 |        "218                           London                1869   \n",
 312 |        "472                           London                1851   \n",
 313 |        "480                           London                1857   \n",
 314 |        "\n",
 315 |        "                        Publisher  \\\n",
 316 |        "Identifier                          \n",
 317 |        "206              S. Tinsley & Co.   \n",
 318 |        "216                  Virtue & Co.   \n",
 319 |        "218         Bradbury, Evans & Co.   \n",
 320 |        "472                 James Darling   \n",
 321 |        "480          Wertheim & Macintosh   \n",
 322 |        "\n",
 323 |        "                                                        Title     Author  \\\n",
 324 |        "Identifier                                                                 \n",
 325 |        "206                         Walter Forbes. [A novel.] By A. A      A. A.   \n",
 326 |        "216         All for Greed. [A novel. The dedication signed...  A., A. A.   \n",
 327 |        "218         Love the Avenger. By the author of “All for Gr...  A., A. A.   \n",
 328 |        "472         Welsh Sketches, chiefly ecclesiastical, to the...  A., E. S.   \n",
 329 |        "480         [The World in which I live, and my place in it...  A., E. S.   \n",
 330 |        "\n",
 331 |        "                                                   Flickr URL  \n",
 332 |        "Identifier                                                     \n",
 333 |        "206         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
 334 |        "216         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
 335 |        "218         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
 336 |        "472         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
 337 |        "480         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  "
 338 |       ]
 339 |      },
 340 |      "execution_count": 156,
 341 |      "metadata": {},
 342 |      "output_type": "execute_result"
 343 |     }
 344 |    ],
 345 |    "source": [
 346 |     "to_drop = ['Edition Statement',\n",
 347 |     "           'Corporate Author',\n",
 348 |     "           'Corporate Contributors',\n",
 349 |     "           'Former owner',\n",
 350 |     "           'Engraver',\n",
 351 |     "           'Contributors',\n",
 352 |     "           'Issuance type',\n",
 353 |     "           'Shelfmarks']\n",
 354 |     "\n",
 355 |     "df.drop(to_drop, inplace = True, axis = 1)\n",
 356 |     "df = df.set_index('Identifier')\n",
 357 |     "df.head()"
 358 |    ]
 359 |   },
 360 |   {
 361 |    "cell_type": "code",
 362 |    "execution_count": 157,
 363 |    "metadata": {},
 364 |    "outputs": [],
 365 |    "source": [
 366 |     "unwanted_characters = ['[', ',', '-']\n",
 367 |     "\n",
 368 |     "def clean_dates(item):\n",
 369 |     "    dop= str(item.loc['Date of Publication'])\n",
 370 |     "    \n",
 371 |     "    if dop == 'nan' or dop[0] == '[':\n",
 372 |     "        return np.NaN\n",
 373 |     "    \n",
 374 |     "    for character in unwanted_characters:\n",
 375 |     "        if character in dop:\n",
 376 |     "            character_index = dop.find(character)\n",
 377 |     "            dop = dop[:character_index]\n",
 378 |     "    \n",
 379 |     "    return dop\n",
 380 |     "\n",
 381 |     "df['Date of Publication'] = df.apply(clean_dates, axis = 1)"
 382 |    ]
 383 |   },
 384 |   {
 385 |    "cell_type": "code",
 386 |    "execution_count": 158,
 387 |    "metadata": {},
 388 |    "outputs": [
 389 |     {
 390 |      "data": {
 391 |       "text/html": [
 392 |        "<div>\n",
 393 |        "<style scoped>\n",
 394 |        "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
 395 |        "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
 396 |        "    }\n",
 397 |        "\n",
 398 |        "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
 399 |        "        vertical-align: top;\n",
 400 |        "    }\n",
 401 |        "\n",
 402 |        "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
 403 |        "        text-align: right;\n",
 404 |        "    }\n",
 405 |        "</style>\n",
 406 |        "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
 407 |        "  <thead>\n",
 408 |        "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
 409 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 410 |        "      <th>Place of Publication</th>\n",
 411 |        "      <th>Date of Publication</th>\n",
 412 |        "      <th>Publisher</th>\n",
 413 |        "      <th>Title</th>\n",
 414 |        "      <th>Author</th>\n",
 415 |        "      <th>Flickr URL</th>\n",
 416 |        "    </tr>\n",
 417 |        "    <tr>\n",
 418 |        "      <th>Identifier</th>\n",
 419 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 420 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 421 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 422 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 423 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 424 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 425 |        "    </tr>\n",
 426 |        "  </thead>\n",
 427 |        "  <tbody>\n",
 428 |        "    <tr>\n",
 429 |        "      <th>206</th>\n",
 430 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 431 |        "      <td>1879</td>\n",
 432 |        "      <td>S. Tinsley &amp; Co.</td>\n",
 433 |        "      <td>Walter Forbes. [A novel.] By A. A</td>\n",
 434 |        "      <td>A. A.</td>\n",
 435 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 436 |        "    </tr>\n",
 437 |        "    <tr>\n",
 438 |        "      <th>216</th>\n",
 439 |        "      <td>London; Virtue &amp; Yorston</td>\n",
 440 |        "      <td>1868</td>\n",
 441 |        "      <td>Virtue &amp; Co.</td>\n",
 442 |        "      <td>All for Greed. [A novel. The dedication signed...</td>\n",
 443 |        "      <td>A., A. A.</td>\n",
 444 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 445 |        "    </tr>\n",
 446 |        "    <tr>\n",
 447 |        "      <th>218</th>\n",
 448 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 449 |        "      <td>1869</td>\n",
 450 |        "      <td>Bradbury, Evans &amp; Co.</td>\n",
 451 |        "      <td>Love the Avenger. By the author of “All for Gr...</td>\n",
 452 |        "      <td>A., A. A.</td>\n",
 453 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 454 |        "    </tr>\n",
 455 |        "    <tr>\n",
 456 |        "      <th>472</th>\n",
 457 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 458 |        "      <td>1851</td>\n",
 459 |        "      <td>James Darling</td>\n",
 460 |        "      <td>Welsh Sketches, chiefly ecclesiastical, to the...</td>\n",
 461 |        "      <td>A., E. S.</td>\n",
 462 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 463 |        "    </tr>\n",
 464 |        "    <tr>\n",
 465 |        "      <th>480</th>\n",
 466 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 467 |        "      <td>1857</td>\n",
 468 |        "      <td>Wertheim &amp; Macintosh</td>\n",
 469 |        "      <td>[The World in which I live, and my place in it...</td>\n",
 470 |        "      <td>A., E. S.</td>\n",
 471 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 472 |        "    </tr>\n",
 473 |        "  </tbody>\n",
 474 |        "</table>\n",
 475 |        "</div>"
 476 |       ],
 477 |       "text/plain": [
 478 |        "                Place of Publication Date of Publication  \\\n",
 479 |        "Identifier                                                 \n",
 480 |        "206                           London               1879    \n",
 481 |        "216         London; Virtue & Yorston                1868   \n",
 482 |        "218                           London                1869   \n",
 483 |        "472                           London                1851   \n",
 484 |        "480                           London                1857   \n",
 485 |        "\n",
 486 |        "                        Publisher  \\\n",
 487 |        "Identifier                          \n",
 488 |        "206              S. Tinsley & Co.   \n",
 489 |        "216                  Virtue & Co.   \n",
 490 |        "218         Bradbury, Evans & Co.   \n",
 491 |        "472                 James Darling   \n",
 492 |        "480          Wertheim & Macintosh   \n",
 493 |        "\n",
 494 |        "                                                        Title     Author  \\\n",
 495 |        "Identifier                                                                 \n",
 496 |        "206                         Walter Forbes. [A novel.] By A. A      A. A.   \n",
 497 |        "216         All for Greed. [A novel. The dedication signed...  A., A. A.   \n",
 498 |        "218         Love the Avenger. By the author of “All for Gr...  A., A. A.   \n",
 499 |        "472         Welsh Sketches, chiefly ecclesiastical, to the...  A., E. S.   \n",
 500 |        "480         [The World in which I live, and my place in it...  A., E. S.   \n",
 501 |        "\n",
 502 |        "                                                   Flickr URL  \n",
 503 |        "Identifier                                                     \n",
 504 |        "206         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
 505 |        "216         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
 506 |        "218         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
 507 |        "472         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
 508 |        "480         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  "
 509 |       ]
 510 |      },
 511 |      "execution_count": 158,
 512 |      "metadata": {},
 513 |      "output_type": "execute_result"
 514 |     }
 515 |    ],
 516 |    "source": [
 517 |     "df.head()"
 518 |    ]
 519 |   },
 520 |   {
 521 |    "cell_type": "code",
 522 |    "execution_count": 159,
 523 |    "metadata": {},
 524 |    "outputs": [],
 525 |    "source": [
 526 |     "def clean_author_names(item):\n",
 527 |     "    \n",
 528 |     "    author = str(item.loc['Author'])\n",
 529 |     "    \n",
 530 |     "    if author == 'nan':\n",
 531 |     "        return np.NaN\n",
 532 |     "    \n",
 533 |     "    author = author.split(',')\n",
 534 |     "\n",
 535 |     "    if len(author) == 1:\n",
 536 |     "        name = filter(lambda x: x.isalpha(), author[0])\n",
 537 |     "        return reduce(lambda x, y: x + y, name)\n",
 538 |     "    \n",
 539 |     "    last_name, first_name = author[0], author[1]\n",
 540 |     "\n",
 541 |     "    first_name = first_name[:first_name.find('-')] if '-' in first_name else first_name\n",
 542 |     "    \n",
 543 |     "    if first_name.endswith(('.', '.|')):\n",
 544 |     "        parts = first_name.split('.')\n",
 545 |     "        \n",
 546 |     "        if len(parts) > 1:\n",
 547 |     "            first_occurence = first_name.find('.')\n",
 548 |     "            final_occurence = first_name.find('.', first_occurence + 1)\n",
 549 |     "            first_name = first_name[:final_occurence]\n",
 550 |     "        else:\n",
 551 |     "            first_name = first_name[:first_name.find('.')]\n",
 552 |     "    \n",
 553 |     "    last_name = last_name.capitalize()\n",
 554 |     "    \n",
 555 |     "    return f'{first_name} {last_name}'\n",
 556 |     "\n",
 557 |     "\n",
 558 |     "df['Author'] = df.apply(clean_author_names, axis = 1)"
 559 |    ]
 560 |   },
 561 |   {
 562 |    "cell_type": "code",
 563 |    "execution_count": 160,
 564 |    "metadata": {},
 565 |    "outputs": [
 566 |     {
 567 |      "data": {
 568 |       "text/html": [
 569 |        "<div>\n",
 570 |        "<style scoped>\n",
 571 |        "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
 572 |        "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
 573 |        "    }\n",
 574 |        "\n",
 575 |        "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
 576 |        "        vertical-align: top;\n",
 577 |        "    }\n",
 578 |        "\n",
 579 |        "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
 580 |        "        text-align: right;\n",
 581 |        "    }\n",
 582 |        "</style>\n",
 583 |        "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
 584 |        "  <thead>\n",
 585 |        "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
 586 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 587 |        "      <th>Place of Publication</th>\n",
 588 |        "      <th>Date of Publication</th>\n",
 589 |        "      <th>Publisher</th>\n",
 590 |        "      <th>Title</th>\n",
 591 |        "      <th>Author</th>\n",
 592 |        "      <th>Flickr URL</th>\n",
 593 |        "    </tr>\n",
 594 |        "    <tr>\n",
 595 |        "      <th>Identifier</th>\n",
 596 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 597 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 598 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 599 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 600 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 601 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 602 |        "    </tr>\n",
 603 |        "  </thead>\n",
 604 |        "  <tbody>\n",
 605 |        "    <tr>\n",
 606 |        "      <th>206</th>\n",
 607 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 608 |        "      <td>1879</td>\n",
 609 |        "      <td>S. Tinsley &amp; Co.</td>\n",
 610 |        "      <td>Walter Forbes. [A novel.] By A. A</td>\n",
 611 |        "      <td>AA</td>\n",
 612 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 613 |        "    </tr>\n",
 614 |        "    <tr>\n",
 615 |        "      <th>216</th>\n",
 616 |        "      <td>London; Virtue &amp; Yorston</td>\n",
 617 |        "      <td>1868</td>\n",
 618 |        "      <td>Virtue &amp; Co.</td>\n",
 619 |        "      <td>All for Greed. [A novel. The dedication signed...</td>\n",
 620 |        "      <td>A. A A.</td>\n",
 621 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 622 |        "    </tr>\n",
 623 |        "    <tr>\n",
 624 |        "      <th>218</th>\n",
 625 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 626 |        "      <td>1869</td>\n",
 627 |        "      <td>Bradbury, Evans &amp; Co.</td>\n",
 628 |        "      <td>Love the Avenger. By the author of “All for Gr...</td>\n",
 629 |        "      <td>A. A A.</td>\n",
 630 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 631 |        "    </tr>\n",
 632 |        "    <tr>\n",
 633 |        "      <th>472</th>\n",
 634 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 635 |        "      <td>1851</td>\n",
 636 |        "      <td>James Darling</td>\n",
 637 |        "      <td>Welsh Sketches, chiefly ecclesiastical, to the...</td>\n",
 638 |        "      <td>E. S A.</td>\n",
 639 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 640 |        "    </tr>\n",
 641 |        "    <tr>\n",
 642 |        "      <th>480</th>\n",
 643 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 644 |        "      <td>1857</td>\n",
 645 |        "      <td>Wertheim &amp; Macintosh</td>\n",
 646 |        "      <td>[The World in which I live, and my place in it...</td>\n",
 647 |        "      <td>E. S A.</td>\n",
 648 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 649 |        "    </tr>\n",
 650 |        "  </tbody>\n",
 651 |        "</table>\n",
 652 |        "</div>"
 653 |       ],
 654 |       "text/plain": [
 655 |        "                Place of Publication Date of Publication  \\\n",
 656 |        "Identifier                                                 \n",
 657 |        "206                           London               1879    \n",
 658 |        "216         London; Virtue & Yorston                1868   \n",
 659 |        "218                           London                1869   \n",
 660 |        "472                           London                1851   \n",
 661 |        "480                           London                1857   \n",
 662 |        "\n",
 663 |        "                        Publisher  \\\n",
 664 |        "Identifier                          \n",
 665 |        "206              S. Tinsley & Co.   \n",
 666 |        "216                  Virtue & Co.   \n",
 667 |        "218         Bradbury, Evans & Co.   \n",
 668 |        "472                 James Darling   \n",
 669 |        "480          Wertheim & Macintosh   \n",
 670 |        "\n",
 671 |        "                                                        Title    Author  \\\n",
 672 |        "Identifier                                                                \n",
 673 |        "206                         Walter Forbes. [A novel.] By A. A        AA   \n",
 674 |        "216         All for Greed. [A novel. The dedication signed...   A. A A.   \n",
 675 |        "218         Love the Avenger. By the author of “All for Gr...   A. A A.   \n",
 676 |        "472         Welsh Sketches, chiefly ecclesiastical, to the...   E. S A.   \n",
 677 |        "480         [The World in which I live, and my place in it...   E. S A.   \n",
 678 |        "\n",
 679 |        "                                                   Flickr URL  \n",
 680 |        "Identifier                                                     \n",
 681 |        "206         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
 682 |        "216         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
 683 |        "218         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
 684 |        "472         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
 685 |        "480         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  "
 686 |       ]
 687 |      },
 688 |      "execution_count": 160,
 689 |      "metadata": {},
 690 |      "output_type": "execute_result"
 691 |     }
 692 |    ],
 693 |    "source": [
 694 |     "df.head()"
 695 |    ]
 696 |   },
 697 |   {
 698 |    "cell_type": "code",
 699 |    "execution_count": 161,
 700 |    "metadata": {},
 701 |    "outputs": [],
 702 |    "source": [
 703 |     "def clean_publication_place(item):\n",
 704 |     "    place = str(item['Place of Publication'])\n",
 705 |     "    \n",
 706 |     "    if 'London' in place:\n",
 707 |     "        return 'London'\n",
 708 |     "    if 'Oxford' in place:\n",
 709 |     "        return 'Oxford'\n",
 710 |     "    if place == 'Newcastle upon Tyne':\n",
 711 |     "        return 'Newcastle-upon-Tyne'\n",
 712 |     "    \n",
 713 |     "    return place\n",
 714 |     "    \n",
 715 |     "df['Place of Publication'] = df.apply(clean_publication_place, axis = 1)"
 716 |    ]
 717 |   },
 718 |   {
 719 |    "cell_type": "code",
 720 |    "execution_count": 162,
 721 |    "metadata": {},
 722 |    "outputs": [
 723 |     {
 724 |      "data": {
 725 |       "text/html": [
 726 |        "<div>\n",
 727 |        "<style scoped>\n",
 728 |        "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
 729 |        "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
 730 |        "    }\n",
 731 |        "\n",
 732 |        "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
 733 |        "        vertical-align: top;\n",
 734 |        "    }\n",
 735 |        "\n",
 736 |        "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
 737 |        "        text-align: right;\n",
 738 |        "    }\n",
 739 |        "</style>\n",
 740 |        "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
 741 |        "  <thead>\n",
 742 |        "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
 743 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 744 |        "      <th>Place of Publication</th>\n",
 745 |        "      <th>Date of Publication</th>\n",
 746 |        "      <th>Publisher</th>\n",
 747 |        "      <th>Title</th>\n",
 748 |        "      <th>Author</th>\n",
 749 |        "      <th>Flickr URL</th>\n",
 750 |        "    </tr>\n",
 751 |        "    <tr>\n",
 752 |        "      <th>Identifier</th>\n",
 753 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 754 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 755 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 756 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 757 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 758 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 759 |        "    </tr>\n",
 760 |        "  </thead>\n",
 761 |        "  <tbody>\n",
 762 |        "    <tr>\n",
 763 |        "      <th>206</th>\n",
 764 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 765 |        "      <td>1879</td>\n",
 766 |        "      <td>S. Tinsley &amp; Co.</td>\n",
 767 |        "      <td>Walter Forbes. [A novel.] By A. A</td>\n",
 768 |        "      <td>AA</td>\n",
 769 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 770 |        "    </tr>\n",
 771 |        "    <tr>\n",
 772 |        "      <th>216</th>\n",
 773 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 774 |        "      <td>1868</td>\n",
 775 |        "      <td>Virtue &amp; Co.</td>\n",
 776 |        "      <td>All for Greed. [A novel. The dedication signed...</td>\n",
 777 |        "      <td>A. A A.</td>\n",
 778 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 779 |        "    </tr>\n",
 780 |        "    <tr>\n",
 781 |        "      <th>218</th>\n",
 782 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 783 |        "      <td>1869</td>\n",
 784 |        "      <td>Bradbury, Evans &amp; Co.</td>\n",
 785 |        "      <td>Love the Avenger. By the author of “All for Gr...</td>\n",
 786 |        "      <td>A. A A.</td>\n",
 787 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 788 |        "    </tr>\n",
 789 |        "    <tr>\n",
 790 |        "      <th>472</th>\n",
 791 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 792 |        "      <td>1851</td>\n",
 793 |        "      <td>James Darling</td>\n",
 794 |        "      <td>Welsh Sketches, chiefly ecclesiastical, to the...</td>\n",
 795 |        "      <td>E. S A.</td>\n",
 796 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 797 |        "    </tr>\n",
 798 |        "    <tr>\n",
 799 |        "      <th>480</th>\n",
 800 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 801 |        "      <td>1857</td>\n",
 802 |        "      <td>Wertheim &amp; Macintosh</td>\n",
 803 |        "      <td>[The World in which I live, and my place in it...</td>\n",
 804 |        "      <td>E. S A.</td>\n",
 805 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 806 |        "    </tr>\n",
 807 |        "  </tbody>\n",
 808 |        "</table>\n",
 809 |        "</div>"
 810 |       ],
 811 |       "text/plain": [
 812 |        "           Place of Publication Date of Publication              Publisher  \\\n",
 813 |        "Identifier                                                                   \n",
 814 |        "206                      London               1879        S. Tinsley & Co.   \n",
 815 |        "216                      London                1868           Virtue & Co.   \n",
 816 |        "218                      London                1869  Bradbury, Evans & Co.   \n",
 817 |        "472                      London                1851          James Darling   \n",
 818 |        "480                      London                1857   Wertheim & Macintosh   \n",
 819 |        "\n",
 820 |        "                                                        Title    Author  \\\n",
 821 |        "Identifier                                                                \n",
 822 |        "206                         Walter Forbes. [A novel.] By A. A        AA   \n",
 823 |        "216         All for Greed. [A novel. The dedication signed...   A. A A.   \n",
 824 |        "218         Love the Avenger. By the author of “All for Gr...   A. A A.   \n",
 825 |        "472         Welsh Sketches, chiefly ecclesiastical, to the...   E. S A.   \n",
 826 |        "480         [The World in which I live, and my place in it...   E. S A.   \n",
 827 |        "\n",
 828 |        "                                                   Flickr URL  \n",
 829 |        "Identifier                                                     \n",
 830 |        "206         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
 831 |        "216         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
 832 |        "218         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
 833 |        "472         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
 834 |        "480         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  "
 835 |       ]
 836 |      },
 837 |      "execution_count": 162,
 838 |      "metadata": {},
 839 |      "output_type": "execute_result"
 840 |     }
 841 |    ],
 842 |    "source": [
 843 |     "df.head()"
 844 |    ]
 845 |   },
 846 |   {
 847 |    "cell_type": "code",
 848 |    "execution_count": 163,
 849 |    "metadata": {},
 850 |    "outputs": [],
 851 |    "source": [
 852 |     "def clean_title(item):\n",
 853 |     "    title = str(item['Title'])\n",
 854 |     "    \n",
 855 |     "    if title == 'nan':\n",
 856 |     "        return np.NaN\n",
 857 |     "    \n",
 858 |     "    if title[0] == '[':\n",
 859 |     "        title = title[1: title.find(']')]\n",
 860 |     "        \n",
 861 |     "    if 'by' in title:\n",
 862 |     "        title = title[:title.find('by')]\n",
 863 |     "    elif 'By' in title:\n",
 864 |     "        title = title[:title.find('By')]\n",
 865 |     "        \n",
 866 |     "    if '[' in title:\n",
 867 |     "        title = title[:title.find('[')]\n",
 868 |     "\n",
 869 |     "    title = title[:-2]\n",
 870 |     "        \n",
 871 |     "    title = list(map(str.capitalize, title.split()))\n",
 872 |     "    return ' '.join(title)\n",
 873 |     "    \n",
 874 |     "df['Title'] = df.apply(clean_title, axis = 1)"
 875 |    ]
 876 |   },
 877 |   {
 878 |    "cell_type": "code",
 879 |    "execution_count": 164,
 880 |    "metadata": {},
 881 |    "outputs": [
 882 |     {
 883 |      "data": {
 884 |       "text/html": [
 885 |        "<div>\n",
 886 |        "<style scoped>\n",
 887 |        "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
 888 |        "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
 889 |        "    }\n",
 890 |        "\n",
 891 |        "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
 892 |        "        vertical-align: top;\n",
 893 |        "    }\n",
 894 |        "\n",
 895 |        "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
 896 |        "        text-align: right;\n",
 897 |        "    }\n",
 898 |        "</style>\n",
 899 |        "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
 900 |        "  <thead>\n",
 901 |        "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
 902 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 903 |        "      <th>Place of Publication</th>\n",
 904 |        "      <th>Date of Publication</th>\n",
 905 |        "      <th>Publisher</th>\n",
 906 |        "      <th>Title</th>\n",
 907 |        "      <th>Author</th>\n",
 908 |        "      <th>Flickr URL</th>\n",
 909 |        "    </tr>\n",
 910 |        "    <tr>\n",
 911 |        "      <th>Identifier</th>\n",
 912 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 913 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 914 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 915 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 916 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 917 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 918 |        "    </tr>\n",
 919 |        "  </thead>\n",
 920 |        "  <tbody>\n",
 921 |        "    <tr>\n",
 922 |        "      <th>206</th>\n",
 923 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 924 |        "      <td>1879</td>\n",
 925 |        "      <td>S. Tinsley &amp; Co.</td>\n",
 926 |        "      <td>Walter Forbes</td>\n",
 927 |        "      <td>AA</td>\n",
 928 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 929 |        "    </tr>\n",
 930 |        "    <tr>\n",
 931 |        "      <th>216</th>\n",
 932 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 933 |        "      <td>1868</td>\n",
 934 |        "      <td>Virtue &amp; Co.</td>\n",
 935 |        "      <td>All For Greed</td>\n",
 936 |        "      <td>A. A A.</td>\n",
 937 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 938 |        "    </tr>\n",
 939 |        "    <tr>\n",
 940 |        "      <th>218</th>\n",
 941 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 942 |        "      <td>1869</td>\n",
 943 |        "      <td>Bradbury, Evans &amp; Co.</td>\n",
 944 |        "      <td>Love The Avenger</td>\n",
 945 |        "      <td>A. A A.</td>\n",
 946 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 947 |        "    </tr>\n",
 948 |        "    <tr>\n",
 949 |        "      <th>472</th>\n",
 950 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 951 |        "      <td>1851</td>\n",
 952 |        "      <td>James Darling</td>\n",
 953 |        "      <td>Welsh Sketches, Chiefly Ecclesiastical, To The...</td>\n",
 954 |        "      <td>E. S A.</td>\n",
 955 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 956 |        "    </tr>\n",
 957 |        "    <tr>\n",
 958 |        "      <th>480</th>\n",
 959 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 960 |        "      <td>1857</td>\n",
 961 |        "      <td>Wertheim &amp; Macintosh</td>\n",
 962 |        "      <td>The World In Which I Live, And My Place In It</td>\n",
 963 |        "      <td>E. S A.</td>\n",
 964 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 965 |        "    </tr>\n",
 966 |        "    <tr>\n",
 967 |        "      <th>481</th>\n",
 968 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 969 |        "      <td>1875</td>\n",
 970 |        "      <td>William Macintosh</td>\n",
 971 |        "      <td>The World In Which I Live, And My Place In It</td>\n",
 972 |        "      <td>E. S A.</td>\n",
 973 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 974 |        "    </tr>\n",
 975 |        "    <tr>\n",
 976 |        "      <th>519</th>\n",
 977 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 978 |        "      <td>1872</td>\n",
 979 |        "      <td>The Author</td>\n",
 980 |        "      <td>Lagonells</td>\n",
 981 |        "      <td>F. E A.</td>\n",
 982 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 983 |        "    </tr>\n",
 984 |        "    <tr>\n",
 985 |        "      <th>667</th>\n",
 986 |        "      <td>Oxford</td>\n",
 987 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
 988 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
 989 |        "      <td>The Coming Of Spring, And Other Poems</td>\n",
 990 |        "      <td>J.|A A.</td>\n",
 991 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 992 |        "    </tr>\n",
 993 |        "    <tr>\n",
 994 |        "      <th>874</th>\n",
 995 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 996 |        "      <td>1676</td>\n",
 997 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
 998 |        "      <td>A Warning To The Inhabitants Of England, And L...</td>\n",
 999 |        "      <td>Remaʿ</td>\n",
1000 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1001 |        "    </tr>\n",
1002 |        "    <tr>\n",
1003 |        "      <th>1143</th>\n",
1004 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
1005 |        "      <td>1679</td>\n",
1006 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1007 |        "      <td>A Satyr Against Vertue. (a Poem: Supposed To B...</td>\n",
1008 |        "      <td>T A.</td>\n",
1009 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1010 |        "    </tr>\n",
1011 |        "    <tr>\n",
1012 |        "      <th>1280</th>\n",
1013 |        "      <td>Coventry</td>\n",
1014 |        "      <td>1802</td>\n",
1015 |        "      <td>Printed by J. Turner</td>\n",
1016 |        "      <td>An Account Of The Many And Great Loans, Benefa...</td>\n",
1017 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1018 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1019 |        "    </tr>\n",
1020 |        "    <tr>\n",
1021 |        "      <th>1808</th>\n",
1022 |        "      <td>Christiania</td>\n",
1023 |        "      <td>1859</td>\n",
1024 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1025 |        "      <td>Erindringer Som Bidrag Til Norges Historie Fra...</td>\n",
1026 |        "      <td>Jacob Aall</td>\n",
1027 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1028 |        "    </tr>\n",
1029 |        "    <tr>\n",
1030 |        "      <th>1905</th>\n",
1031 |        "      <td>Firenze</td>\n",
1032 |        "      <td>1888</td>\n",
1033 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1034 |        "      <td>Gli Studi Storici In Terra D'otranto ... Framm...</td>\n",
1035 |        "      <td>Ermanno  Aar</td>\n",
1036 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1037 |        "    </tr>\n",
1038 |        "    <tr>\n",
1039 |        "      <th>1929</th>\n",
1040 |        "      <td>Amsterdam</td>\n",
1041 |        "      <td>1839</td>\n",
1042 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1043 |        "      <td>De Aardbol. Magazijn Van Hedendaagsche Land- E...</td>\n",
1044 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1045 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1046 |        "    </tr>\n",
1047 |        "    <tr>\n",
1048 |        "      <th>2836</th>\n",
1049 |        "      <td>Savona</td>\n",
1050 |        "      <td>1897</td>\n",
1051 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1052 |        "      <td>Cronache Savonesi Dal 1500 Al 1570 ... Accresc...</td>\n",
1053 |        "      <td>Giovanni Agostino Abate</td>\n",
1054 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1055 |        "    </tr>\n",
1056 |        "    <tr>\n",
1057 |        "      <th>2854</th>\n",
1058 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
1059 |        "      <td>1865</td>\n",
1060 |        "      <td>E. Moxon &amp; Co.</td>\n",
1061 |        "      <td>See-saw; A Novel ... Edite</td>\n",
1062 |        "      <td>Francesco Abati</td>\n",
1063 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1064 |        "    </tr>\n",
1065 |        "    <tr>\n",
1066 |        "      <th>2956</th>\n",
1067 |        "      <td>Paris</td>\n",
1068 |        "      <td>1860</td>\n",
1069 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1070 |        "      <td>Géodésie D'une Partie De La Haute Éthiopie,...</td>\n",
1071 |        "      <td>Antoine Thompson d' Abbadie</td>\n",
1072 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1073 |        "    </tr>\n",
1074 |        "    <tr>\n",
1075 |        "      <th>2957</th>\n",
1076 |        "      <td>Paris</td>\n",
1077 |        "      <td>1873</td>\n",
1078 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1079 |        "      <td>With Eleven Map</td>\n",
1080 |        "      <td>Antoine Thompson d' Abbadie</td>\n",
1081 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1082 |        "    </tr>\n",
1083 |        "    <tr>\n",
1084 |        "      <th>3017</th>\n",
1085 |        "      <td>Puerto-Rico</td>\n",
1086 |        "      <td>1866</td>\n",
1087 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1088 |        "      <td>Historia Geográfica, Civil Y Politica De La I...</td>\n",
1089 |        "      <td>Agustín Íñigo  Abbad y lasierra</td>\n",
1090 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1091 |        "    </tr>\n",
1092 |        "    <tr>\n",
1093 |        "      <th>3131</th>\n",
1094 |        "      <td>New York</td>\n",
1095 |        "      <td>1899</td>\n",
1096 |        "      <td>W. Abbatt</td>\n",
1097 |        "      <td>The Crisis Of The Revolution, Being The Story ...</td>\n",
1098 |        "      <td>William Abbatt</td>\n",
1099 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1100 |        "    </tr>\n",
1101 |        "    <tr>\n",
1102 |        "      <th>4598</th>\n",
1103 |        "      <td>Hull</td>\n",
1104 |        "      <td>1814</td>\n",
1105 |        "      <td>The Author</td>\n",
1106 |        "      <td>Peace: A Lyric Poem</td>\n",
1107 |        "      <td>Thomas Eastoe Abbott</td>\n",
1108 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1109 |        "    </tr>\n",
1110 |        "    <tr>\n",
1111 |        "      <th>4884</th>\n",
1112 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
1113 |        "      <td>1820</td>\n",
1114 |        "      <td>J. Hatchard &amp; Son</td>\n",
1115 |        "      <td>Abdallah; Or, The Arabian Martyr: A Christian ...</td>\n",
1116 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1117 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1118 |        "    </tr>\n",
1119 |        "    <tr>\n",
1120 |        "      <th>4976</th>\n",
1121 |        "      <td>Oxonii</td>\n",
1122 |        "      <td>1800</td>\n",
1123 |        "      <td>J. Cooke, etc.</td>\n",
1124 |        "      <td>Abdollatiphi Historiæ Ægypti Compendium</td>\n",
1125 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1126 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1127 |        "    </tr>\n",
1128 |        "    <tr>\n",
1129 |        "      <th>5382</th>\n",
1130 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
1131 |        "      <td>1847</td>\n",
1132 |        "      <td>Punch Office</td>\n",
1133 |        "      <td>The Comic History Of England ... With ... Colo...</td>\n",
1134 |        "      <td>Gilbert Abbott A'beckett</td>\n",
1135 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1136 |        "    </tr>\n",
1137 |        "    <tr>\n",
1138 |        "      <th>5385</th>\n",
1139 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
1140 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1141 |        "      <td>Bradbury, Agnew &amp; Co.</td>\n",
1142 |        "      <td>The Comic History Of England ... With Twenty C...</td>\n",
1143 |        "      <td>Gilbert Abbott A'beckett</td>\n",
1144 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1145 |        "    </tr>\n",
1146 |        "    <tr>\n",
1147 |        "      <th>5389</th>\n",
1148 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
1149 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1150 |        "      <td>Bradbury, Agnew &amp; Co.</td>\n",
1151 |        "      <td>The Comic History Of Rome ... Illustrate</td>\n",
1152 |        "      <td>Gilbert Abbott A'beckett</td>\n",
1153 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1154 |        "    </tr>\n",
1155 |        "    <tr>\n",
1156 |        "      <th>5432</th>\n",
1157 |        "      <td>Milano</td>\n",
1158 |        "      <td>1893</td>\n",
1159 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1160 |        "      <td>Signa: Opera In Tre Att</td>\n",
1161 |        "      <td>Gilbert Arthur  A'beckett</td>\n",
1162 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1163 |        "    </tr>\n",
1164 |        "    <tr>\n",
1165 |        "      <th>6036</th>\n",
1166 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
1167 |        "      <td>1805</td>\n",
1168 |        "      <td>C. &amp; R. Baldwin</td>\n",
1169 |        "      <td>The Venetian Outlaw, A Drama In Three Acts ......</td>\n",
1170 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1171 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1172 |        "    </tr>\n",
1173 |        "    <tr>\n",
1174 |        "      <th>6821</th>\n",
1175 |        "      <td>Aberdeen</td>\n",
1176 |        "      <td>1837</td>\n",
1177 |        "      <td>J. Davidson &amp; Co.</td>\n",
1178 |        "      <td>Description Of The Coast Between Aberdeen And ...</td>\n",
1179 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1180 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1181 |        "    </tr>\n",
1182 |        "    <tr>\n",
1183 |        "      <th>7521</th>\n",
1184 |        "      <td>Wien</td>\n",
1185 |        "      <td>1896</td>\n",
1186 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1187 |        "      <td>Aus Kaukasischen Ländern. Reisebriefe Von H. ...</td>\n",
1188 |        "      <td>Wilhelm Hermann Abich</td>\n",
1189 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1190 |        "    </tr>\n",
1191 |        "    <tr>\n",
1192 |        "      <th>...</th>\n",
1193 |        "      <td>...</td>\n",
1194 |        "      <td>...</td>\n",
1195 |        "      <td>...</td>\n",
1196 |        "      <td>...</td>\n",
1197 |        "      <td>...</td>\n",
1198 |        "      <td>...</td>\n",
1199 |        "    </tr>\n",
1200 |        "    <tr>\n",
1201 |        "      <th>4053464</th>\n",
1202 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
1203 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1204 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1205 |        "      <td>A Friendly Epistl</td>\n",
1206 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1207 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1208 |        "    </tr>\n",
1209 |        "    <tr>\n",
1210 |        "      <th>4063671</th>\n",
1211 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
1212 |        "      <td>1896</td>\n",
1213 |        "      <td>Richard Bentley &amp; Son</td>\n",
1214 |        "      <td>Honor Ormthwaite</td>\n",
1215 |        "      <td>Henrietta Keddie</td>\n",
1216 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1217 |        "    </tr>\n",
1218 |        "    <tr>\n",
1219 |        "      <th>4072044</th>\n",
1220 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
1221 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1222 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1223 |        "      <td>The Scale: Or, Woman Weighed With Man. A Poem ..</td>\n",
1224 |        "      <td>John Moncreiff</td>\n",
1225 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1226 |        "    </tr>\n",
1227 |        "    <tr>\n",
1228 |        "      <th>4077038</th>\n",
1229 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
1230 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1231 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1232 |        "      <td>The Noble Souldier. Or, A Contract Broken, Jus...</td>\n",
1233 |        "      <td>Samuel  Rowley</td>\n",
1234 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1235 |        "    </tr>\n",
1236 |        "    <tr>\n",
1237 |        "      <th>4079258</th>\n",
1238 |        "      <td>Glasgow</td>\n",
1239 |        "      <td>1750</td>\n",
1240 |        "      <td>printed for John Ross, bookseller in Edinburgh</td>\n",
1241 |        "      <td>Yarico To Inkl</td>\n",
1242 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1243 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1244 |        "    </tr>\n",
1245 |        "    <tr>\n",
1246 |        "      <th>4079262</th>\n",
1247 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
1248 |        "      <td>1879</td>\n",
1249 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1250 |        "      <td>The Canadian Farmer. A Missionary Incident</td>\n",
1251 |        "      <td>William Joseph H Yates</td>\n",
1252 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1253 |        "    </tr>\n",
1254 |        "    <tr>\n",
1255 |        "      <th>4112297</th>\n",
1256 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
1257 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1258 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1259 |        "      <td>Japhet In Search Of A Father ... With An Intro...</td>\n",
1260 |        "      <td>Frederick Marryat</td>\n",
1261 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1262 |        "    </tr>\n",
1263 |        "    <tr>\n",
1264 |        "      <th>4112525</th>\n",
1265 |        "      <td>Pontoise</td>\n",
1266 |        "      <td>1889</td>\n",
1267 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1268 |        "      <td>Histoire Populaire De Pontoise ... Précédée...</td>\n",
1269 |        "      <td>Joseph Depoin</td>\n",
1270 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1271 |        "    </tr>\n",
1272 |        "    <tr>\n",
1273 |        "      <th>4112839</th>\n",
1274 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
1275 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1276 |        "      <td>Willoughby &amp; Co.</td>\n",
1277 |        "      <td>The Vicar Of Wakefield ... And A Prefatory Memoi</td>\n",
1278 |        "      <td>Oliver Goldsmith</td>\n",
1279 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1280 |        "    </tr>\n",
1281 |        "    <tr>\n",
1282 |        "      <th>4113012</th>\n",
1283 |        "      <td>Philadelphia</td>\n",
1284 |        "      <td>1876</td>\n",
1285 |        "      <td>S. W. Burley</td>\n",
1286 |        "      <td>1776 American Enterprise. 1876. Burley's Unite...</td>\n",
1287 |        "      <td>Charles Holland.|Pope Kidder</td>\n",
1288 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1289 |        "    </tr>\n",
1290 |        "    <tr>\n",
1291 |        "      <th>4113816</th>\n",
1292 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
1293 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1294 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1295 |        "      <td>The Lacemakers: Sketches Of Irish Characters W...</td>\n",
1296 |        "      <td>Susanna.|WIBERG Meredith</td>\n",
1297 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1298 |        "    </tr>\n",
1299 |        "    <tr>\n",
1300 |        "      <th>4114334</th>\n",
1301 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
1302 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1303 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1304 |        "      <td>The Sword Of Peace; Or, A Voyage Of Love; A Comed</td>\n",
1305 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1306 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1307 |        "    </tr>\n",
1308 |        "    <tr>\n",
1309 |        "      <th>4114390</th>\n",
1310 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
1311 |        "      <td>1708</td>\n",
1312 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1313 |        "      <td>The Unfortunate Dutchess Of Malfy, Or, The Unn...</td>\n",
1314 |        "      <td>John  Webster</td>\n",
1315 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1316 |        "    </tr>\n",
1317 |        "    <tr>\n",
1318 |        "      <th>4114889</th>\n",
1319 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
1320 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1321 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1322 |        "      <td>The 5 Alls. A Collection Of Stories, Charades,...</td>\n",
1323 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1324 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1325 |        "    </tr>\n",
1326 |        "    <tr>\n",
1327 |        "      <th>4114986</th>\n",
1328 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
1329 |        "      <td>1777</td>\n",
1330 |        "      <td>J. Wenman</td>\n",
1331 |        "      <td>Barbarossa. A Tragedy. As It Is Performed At T...</td>\n",
1332 |        "      <td>John  Brown</td>\n",
1333 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1334 |        "    </tr>\n",
1335 |        "    <tr>\n",
1336 |        "      <th>4115138</th>\n",
1337 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
1338 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1339 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1340 |        "      <td>The Revenger's Tagaedie. As It Hath Beene Sund...</td>\n",
1341 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1342 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1343 |        "    </tr>\n",
1344 |        "    <tr>\n",
1345 |        "      <th>4116063</th>\n",
1346 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
1347 |        "      <td>1866</td>\n",
1348 |        "      <td>[John Dicks]</td>\n",
1349 |        "      <td>Edith Heron; Or, The Earl And The Countess</td>\n",
1350 |        "      <td>Edith Heron</td>\n",
1351 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1352 |        "    </tr>\n",
1353 |        "    <tr>\n",
1354 |        "      <th>4117526</th>\n",
1355 |        "      <td>Leipzig</td>\n",
1356 |        "      <td>1862</td>\n",
1357 |        "      <td>Charles Fr. Fleischer</td>\n",
1358 |        "      <td>Abridgment Of The History Of England ... Adapt...</td>\n",
1359 |        "      <td>Oliver Goldsmith</td>\n",
1360 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1361 |        "    </tr>\n",
1362 |        "    <tr>\n",
1363 |        "      <th>4117583</th>\n",
1364 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
1365 |        "      <td>1894</td>\n",
1366 |        "      <td>T. Fisher Unwin</td>\n",
1367 |        "      <td>The Wish. A Nove</td>\n",
1368 |        "      <td>Hermann Sudermann</td>\n",
1369 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1370 |        "    </tr>\n",
1371 |        "    <tr>\n",
1372 |        "      <th>4117749</th>\n",
1373 |        "      <td>New York</td>\n",
1374 |        "      <td>1868</td>\n",
1375 |        "      <td>John Wiley &amp; Son</td>\n",
1376 |        "      <td>A System Of Mineralogy. Descriptive Mineralogy...</td>\n",
1377 |        "      <td>James Dwight Dana</td>\n",
1378 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1379 |        "    </tr>\n",
1380 |        "    <tr>\n",
1381 |        "      <th>4117751</th>\n",
1382 |        "      <td>New York</td>\n",
1383 |        "      <td>1882</td>\n",
1384 |        "      <td>John Wiley &amp; Sons</td>\n",
1385 |        "      <td>Third Appendix To The Fifth Edition Of Dana's ...</td>\n",
1386 |        "      <td>James Dwight Dana</td>\n",
1387 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1388 |        "    </tr>\n",
1389 |        "    <tr>\n",
1390 |        "      <th>4117752</th>\n",
1391 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
1392 |        "      <td>1883</td>\n",
1393 |        "      <td>Trübner &amp; Co.</td>\n",
1394 |        "      <td>A System Of Mineralogy ... Fifth Edition, Rewr...</td>\n",
1395 |        "      <td>James Dwight Dana</td>\n",
1396 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1397 |        "    </tr>\n",
1398 |        "    <tr>\n",
1399 |        "      <th>4156359</th>\n",
1400 |        "      <td>New York</td>\n",
1401 |        "      <td>1898</td>\n",
1402 |        "      <td>G. P. Putnam's Sons</td>\n",
1403 |        "      <td>History Of The People Of The Netherlands ... T...</td>\n",
1404 |        "      <td>Pieter Johan Blok</td>\n",
1405 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1406 |        "    </tr>\n",
1407 |        "    <tr>\n",
1408 |        "      <th>4157746</th>\n",
1409 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
1410 |        "      <td>1811</td>\n",
1411 |        "      <td>F. C. and J. Rivington</td>\n",
1412 |        "      <td>The New Chronicles Of England And France, In T...</td>\n",
1413 |        "      <td>Robert Fabyan</td>\n",
1414 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1415 |        "    </tr>\n",
1416 |        "    <tr>\n",
1417 |        "      <th>4157862</th>\n",
1418 |        "      <td>Newcastle-upon-Tyne</td>\n",
1419 |        "      <td>1867</td>\n",
1420 |        "      <td>T. Fordyce</td>\n",
1421 |        "      <td>Local Records; Or, Historical Register Of Rema...</td>\n",
1422 |        "      <td>T.  Fordyce</td>\n",
1423 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1424 |        "    </tr>\n",
1425 |        "    <tr>\n",
1426 |        "      <th>4158088</th>\n",
1427 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
1428 |        "      <td>1838</td>\n",
1429 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1430 |        "      <td>The Parochial History Of Cornwall, Founded On</td>\n",
1431 |        "      <td>afterwards GILBERT Giddy</td>\n",
1432 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1433 |        "    </tr>\n",
1434 |        "    <tr>\n",
1435 |        "      <th>4158128</th>\n",
1436 |        "      <td>Derby</td>\n",
1437 |        "      <td>1831</td>\n",
1438 |        "      <td>M. Mozley &amp; Son</td>\n",
1439 |        "      <td>The History And Gazetteer Of The County Of D</td>\n",
1440 |        "      <td>Stephen  Glover</td>\n",
1441 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1442 |        "    </tr>\n",
1443 |        "    <tr>\n",
1444 |        "      <th>4159563</th>\n",
1445 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
1446 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1447 |        "      <td>T. Cadell and W. Davies</td>\n",
1448 |        "      <td>Magna Britannia; Being A Concise Topographical...</td>\n",
1449 |        "      <td>Daniel  Lysons</td>\n",
1450 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1451 |        "    </tr>\n",
1452 |        "    <tr>\n",
1453 |        "      <th>4159587</th>\n",
1454 |        "      <td>Newcastle-upon-Tyne</td>\n",
1455 |        "      <td>1834</td>\n",
1456 |        "      <td>Mackenzie &amp; Dent</td>\n",
1457 |        "      <td>An Historical, Topographical And Descriptive V...</td>\n",
1458 |        "      <td>E. (Eneas) Mackenzie</td>\n",
1459 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1460 |        "    </tr>\n",
1461 |        "    <tr>\n",
1462 |        "      <th>4160339</th>\n",
1463 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
1464 |        "      <td>1834</td>\n",
1465 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1466 |        "      <td>Collectanea Topographica Et Genealogica</td>\n",
1467 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
1468 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
1469 |        "    </tr>\n",
1470 |        "  </tbody>\n",
1471 |        "</table>\n",
1472 |        "<p>8287 rows × 6 columns</p>\n",
1473 |        "</div>"
1474 |       ],
1475 |       "text/plain": [
1476 |        "           Place of Publication Date of Publication  \\\n",
1477 |        "Identifier                                            \n",
1478 |        "206                      London               1879    \n",
1479 |        "216                      London                1868   \n",
1480 |        "218                      London                1869   \n",
1481 |        "472                      London                1851   \n",
1482 |        "480                      London                1857   \n",
1483 |        "481                      London                1875   \n",
1484 |        "519                      London                1872   \n",
1485 |        "667                      Oxford                 NaN   \n",
1486 |        "874                      London                1676   \n",
1487 |        "1143                     London                1679   \n",
1488 |        "1280                   Coventry                1802   \n",
1489 |        "1808                Christiania                1859   \n",
1490 |        "1905                    Firenze                1888   \n",
1491 |        "1929                  Amsterdam                1839   \n",
1492 |        "2836                     Savona                1897   \n",
1493 |        "2854                     London                1865   \n",
1494 |        "2956                      Paris                1860   \n",
1495 |        "2957                      Paris                1873   \n",
1496 |        "3017                Puerto-Rico                1866   \n",
1497 |        "3131                   New York                1899   \n",
1498 |        "4598                       Hull                1814   \n",
1499 |        "4884                     London                1820   \n",
1500 |        "4976                     Oxonii                1800   \n",
1501 |        "5382                     London                1847   \n",
1502 |        "5385                     London                 NaN   \n",
1503 |        "5389                     London                 NaN   \n",
1504 |        "5432                     Milano                1893   \n",
1505 |        "6036                     London                1805   \n",
1506 |        "6821                   Aberdeen                1837   \n",
1507 |        "7521                       Wien                1896   \n",
1508 |        "...                         ...                 ...   \n",
1509 |        "4053464                  London                 NaN   \n",
1510 |        "4063671                  London                1896   \n",
1511 |        "4072044                  London                 NaN   \n",
1512 |        "4077038                  London                 NaN   \n",
1513 |        "4079258                 Glasgow                1750   \n",
1514 |        "4079262                  London                1879   \n",
1515 |        "4112297                  London                 NaN   \n",
1516 |        "4112525                Pontoise                1889   \n",
1517 |        "4112839                  London                 NaN   \n",
1518 |        "4113012            Philadelphia                1876   \n",
1519 |        "4113816                  London                 NaN   \n",
1520 |        "4114334                  London                 NaN   \n",
1521 |        "4114390                  London                1708   \n",
1522 |        "4114889                  London                 NaN   \n",
1523 |        "4114986                  London                1777   \n",
1524 |        "4115138                  London                 NaN   \n",
1525 |        "4116063                  London                1866   \n",
1526 |        "4117526                 Leipzig                1862   \n",
1527 |        "4117583                  London                1894   \n",
1528 |        "4117749                New York                1868   \n",
1529 |        "4117751                New York                1882   \n",
1530 |        "4117752                  London                1883   \n",
1531 |        "4156359                New York                1898   \n",
1532 |        "4157746                  London                1811   \n",
1533 |        "4157862     Newcastle-upon-Tyne                1867   \n",
1534 |        "4158088                  London                1838   \n",
1535 |        "4158128                   Derby                1831   \n",
1536 |        "4159563                  London                 NaN   \n",
1537 |        "4159587     Newcastle-upon-Tyne                1834   \n",
1538 |        "4160339                  London                1834   \n",
1539 |        "\n",
1540 |        "                                                 Publisher  \\\n",
1541 |        "Identifier                                                   \n",
1542 |        "206                                       S. Tinsley & Co.   \n",
1543 |        "216                                           Virtue & Co.   \n",
1544 |        "218                                  Bradbury, Evans & Co.   \n",
1545 |        "472                                          James Darling   \n",
1546 |        "480                                   Wertheim & Macintosh   \n",
1547 |        "481                                      William Macintosh   \n",
1548 |        "519                                             The Author   \n",
1549 |        "667                                                    NaN   \n",
1550 |        "874                                                    NaN   \n",
1551 |        "1143                                                   NaN   \n",
1552 |        "1280                                  Printed by J. Turner   \n",
1553 |        "1808                                                   NaN   \n",
1554 |        "1905                                                   NaN   \n",
1555 |        "1929                                                   NaN   \n",
1556 |        "2836                                                   NaN   \n",
1557 |        "2854                                        E. Moxon & Co.   \n",
1558 |        "2956                                                   NaN   \n",
1559 |        "2957                                                   NaN   \n",
1560 |        "3017                                                   NaN   \n",
1561 |        "3131                                             W. Abbatt   \n",
1562 |        "4598                                            The Author   \n",
1563 |        "4884                                     J. Hatchard & Son   \n",
1564 |        "4976                                        J. Cooke, etc.   \n",
1565 |        "5382                                          Punch Office   \n",
1566 |        "5385                                 Bradbury, Agnew & Co.   \n",
1567 |        "5389                                 Bradbury, Agnew & Co.   \n",
1568 |        "5432                                                   NaN   \n",
1569 |        "6036                                       C. & R. Baldwin   \n",
1570 |        "6821                                     J. Davidson & Co.   \n",
1571 |        "7521                                                   NaN   \n",
1572 |        "...                                                    ...   \n",
1573 |        "4053464                                                NaN   \n",
1574 |        "4063671                              Richard Bentley & Son   \n",
1575 |        "4072044                                                NaN   \n",
1576 |        "4077038                                                NaN   \n",
1577 |        "4079258     printed for John Ross, bookseller in Edinburgh   \n",
1578 |        "4079262                                                NaN   \n",
1579 |        "4112297                                                NaN   \n",
1580 |        "4112525                                                NaN   \n",
1581 |        "4112839                                   Willoughby & Co.   \n",
1582 |        "4113012                                       S. W. Burley   \n",
1583 |        "4113816                                                NaN   \n",
1584 |        "4114334                                                NaN   \n",
1585 |        "4114390                                                NaN   \n",
1586 |        "4114889                                                NaN   \n",
1587 |        "4114986                                          J. Wenman   \n",
1588 |        "4115138                                                NaN   \n",
1589 |        "4116063                                       [John Dicks]   \n",
1590 |        "4117526                              Charles Fr. Fleischer   \n",
1591 |        "4117583                                    T. Fisher Unwin   \n",
1592 |        "4117749                                   John Wiley & Son   \n",
1593 |        "4117751                                  John Wiley & Sons   \n",
1594 |        "4117752                                     Trübner & Co.   \n",
1595 |        "4156359                                G. P. Putnam's Sons   \n",
1596 |        "4157746                             F. C. and J. Rivington   \n",
1597 |        "4157862                                         T. Fordyce   \n",
1598 |        "4158088                                                NaN   \n",
1599 |        "4158128                                    M. Mozley & Son   \n",
1600 |        "4159563                            T. Cadell and W. Davies   \n",
1601 |        "4159587                                   Mackenzie & Dent   \n",
1602 |        "4160339                                                NaN   \n",
1603 |        "\n",
1604 |        "                                                        Title  \\\n",
1605 |        "Identifier                                                      \n",
1606 |        "206                                             Walter Forbes   \n",
1607 |        "216                                             All For Greed   \n",
1608 |        "218                                          Love The Avenger   \n",
1609 |        "472         Welsh Sketches, Chiefly Ecclesiastical, To The...   \n",
1610 |        "480             The World In Which I Live, And My Place In It   \n",
1611 |        "481             The World In Which I Live, And My Place In It   \n",
1612 |        "519                                                 Lagonells   \n",
1613 |        "667                     The Coming Of Spring, And Other Poems   \n",
1614 |        "874         A Warning To The Inhabitants Of England, And L...   \n",
1615 |        "1143        A Satyr Against Vertue. (a Poem: Supposed To B...   \n",
1616 |        "1280        An Account Of The Many And Great Loans, Benefa...   \n",
1617 |        "1808        Erindringer Som Bidrag Til Norges Historie Fra...   \n",
1618 |        "1905        Gli Studi Storici In Terra D'otranto ... Framm...   \n",
1619 |        "1929        De Aardbol. Magazijn Van Hedendaagsche Land- E...   \n",
1620 |        "2836        Cronache Savonesi Dal 1500 Al 1570 ... Accresc...   \n",
1621 |        "2854                               See-saw; A Novel ... Edite   \n",
1622 |        "2956        Géodésie D'une Partie De La Haute Éthiopie,...   \n",
1623 |        "2957                                          With Eleven Map   \n",
1624 |        "3017        Historia Geográfica, Civil Y Politica De La I...   \n",
1625 |        "3131        The Crisis Of The Revolution, Being The Story ...   \n",
1626 |        "4598                                      Peace: A Lyric Poem   \n",
1627 |        "4884        Abdallah; Or, The Arabian Martyr: A Christian ...   \n",
1628 |        "4976                  Abdollatiphi Historiæ Ægypti Compendium   \n",
1629 |        "5382        The Comic History Of England ... With ... Colo...   \n",
1630 |        "5385        The Comic History Of England ... With Twenty C...   \n",
1631 |        "5389                 The Comic History Of Rome ... Illustrate   \n",
1632 |        "5432                                  Signa: Opera In Tre Att   \n",
1633 |        "6036        The Venetian Outlaw, A Drama In Three Acts ......   \n",
1634 |        "6821        Description Of The Coast Between Aberdeen And ...   \n",
1635 |        "7521        Aus Kaukasischen Ländern. Reisebriefe Von H. ...   \n",
1636 |        "...                                                       ...   \n",
1637 |        "4053464                                     A Friendly Epistl   \n",
1638 |        "4063671                                      Honor Ormthwaite   \n",
1639 |        "4072044      The Scale: Or, Woman Weighed With Man. A Poem ..   \n",
1640 |        "4077038     The Noble Souldier. Or, A Contract Broken, Jus...   \n",
1641 |        "4079258                                        Yarico To Inkl   \n",
1642 |        "4079262            The Canadian Farmer. A Missionary Incident   \n",
1643 |        "4112297     Japhet In Search Of A Father ... With An Intro...   \n",
1644 |        "4112525     Histoire Populaire De Pontoise ... Précédée...   \n",
1645 |        "4112839      The Vicar Of Wakefield ... And A Prefatory Memoi   \n",
1646 |        "4113012     1776 American Enterprise. 1876. Burley's Unite...   \n",
1647 |        "4113816     The Lacemakers: Sketches Of Irish Characters W...   \n",
1648 |        "4114334     The Sword Of Peace; Or, A Voyage Of Love; A Comed   \n",
1649 |        "4114390     The Unfortunate Dutchess Of Malfy, Or, The Unn...   \n",
1650 |        "4114889     The 5 Alls. A Collection Of Stories, Charades,...   \n",
1651 |        "4114986     Barbarossa. A Tragedy. As It Is Performed At T...   \n",
1652 |        "4115138     The Revenger's Tagaedie. As It Hath Beene Sund...   \n",
1653 |        "4116063            Edith Heron; Or, The Earl And The Countess   \n",
1654 |        "4117526     Abridgment Of The History Of England ... Adapt...   \n",
1655 |        "4117583                                      The Wish. A Nove   \n",
1656 |        "4117749     A System Of Mineralogy. Descriptive Mineralogy...   \n",
1657 |        "4117751     Third Appendix To The Fifth Edition Of Dana's ...   \n",
1658 |        "4117752     A System Of Mineralogy ... Fifth Edition, Rewr...   \n",
1659 |        "4156359     History Of The People Of The Netherlands ... T...   \n",
1660 |        "4157746     The New Chronicles Of England And France, In T...   \n",
1661 |        "4157862     Local Records; Or, Historical Register Of Rema...   \n",
1662 |        "4158088         The Parochial History Of Cornwall, Founded On   \n",
1663 |        "4158128          The History And Gazetteer Of The County Of D   \n",
1664 |        "4159563     Magna Britannia; Being A Concise Topographical...   \n",
1665 |        "4159587     An Historical, Topographical And Descriptive V...   \n",
1666 |        "4160339               Collectanea Topographica Et Genealogica   \n",
1667 |        "\n",
1668 |        "                                         Author  \\\n",
1669 |        "Identifier                                        \n",
1670 |        "206                                          AA   \n",
1671 |        "216                                     A. A A.   \n",
1672 |        "218                                     A. A A.   \n",
1673 |        "472                                     E. S A.   \n",
1674 |        "480                                     E. S A.   \n",
1675 |        "481                                     E. S A.   \n",
1676 |        "519                                     F. E A.   \n",
1677 |        "667                                     J.|A A.   \n",
1678 |        "874                                       Remaʿ   \n",
1679 |        "1143                                       T A.   \n",
1680 |        "1280                                        NaN   \n",
1681 |        "1808                                 Jacob Aall   \n",
1682 |        "1905                               Ermanno  Aar   \n",
1683 |        "1929                                        NaN   \n",
1684 |        "2836                    Giovanni Agostino Abate   \n",
1685 |        "2854                            Francesco Abati   \n",
1686 |        "2956                Antoine Thompson d' Abbadie   \n",
1687 |        "2957                Antoine Thompson d' Abbadie   \n",
1688 |        "3017         Agustín Íñigo  Abbad y lasierra   \n",
1689 |        "3131                             William Abbatt   \n",
1690 |        "4598                       Thomas Eastoe Abbott   \n",
1691 |        "4884                                        NaN   \n",
1692 |        "4976                                        NaN   \n",
1693 |        "5382                   Gilbert Abbott A'beckett   \n",
1694 |        "5385                   Gilbert Abbott A'beckett   \n",
1695 |        "5389                   Gilbert Abbott A'beckett   \n",
1696 |        "5432                  Gilbert Arthur  A'beckett   \n",
1697 |        "6036                                        NaN   \n",
1698 |        "6821                                        NaN   \n",
1699 |        "7521                      Wilhelm Hermann Abich   \n",
1700 |        "...                                         ...   \n",
1701 |        "4053464                                     NaN   \n",
1702 |        "4063671                        Henrietta Keddie   \n",
1703 |        "4072044                          John Moncreiff   \n",
1704 |        "4077038                          Samuel  Rowley   \n",
1705 |        "4079258                                     NaN   \n",
1706 |        "4079262                  William Joseph H Yates   \n",
1707 |        "4112297                       Frederick Marryat   \n",
1708 |        "4112525                           Joseph Depoin   \n",
1709 |        "4112839                        Oliver Goldsmith   \n",
1710 |        "4113012            Charles Holland.|Pope Kidder   \n",
1711 |        "4113816                Susanna.|WIBERG Meredith   \n",
1712 |        "4114334                                     NaN   \n",
1713 |        "4114390                           John  Webster   \n",
1714 |        "4114889                                     NaN   \n",
1715 |        "4114986                             John  Brown   \n",
1716 |        "4115138                                     NaN   \n",
1717 |        "4116063                             Edith Heron   \n",
1718 |        "4117526                        Oliver Goldsmith   \n",
1719 |        "4117583                       Hermann Sudermann   \n",
1720 |        "4117749                       James Dwight Dana   \n",
1721 |        "4117751                       James Dwight Dana   \n",
1722 |        "4117752                       James Dwight Dana   \n",
1723 |        "4156359                       Pieter Johan Blok   \n",
1724 |        "4157746                           Robert Fabyan   \n",
1725 |        "4157862                             T.  Fordyce   \n",
1726 |        "4158088                afterwards GILBERT Giddy   \n",
1727 |        "4158128                         Stephen  Glover   \n",
1728 |        "4159563                          Daniel  Lysons   \n",
1729 |        "4159587                    E. (Eneas) Mackenzie   \n",
1730 |        "4160339                                     NaN   \n",
1731 |        "\n",
1732 |        "                                                   Flickr URL  \n",
1733 |        "Identifier                                                     \n",
1734 |        "206         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1735 |        "216         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1736 |        "218         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1737 |        "472         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1738 |        "480         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1739 |        "481         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1740 |        "519         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1741 |        "667         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1742 |        "874         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1743 |        "1143        http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1744 |        "1280        http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1745 |        "1808        http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1746 |        "1905        http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1747 |        "1929        http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1748 |        "2836        http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1749 |        "2854        http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1750 |        "2956        http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1751 |        "2957        http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1752 |        "3017        http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1753 |        "3131        http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1754 |        "4598        http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1755 |        "4884        http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1756 |        "4976        http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1757 |        "5382        http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1758 |        "5385        http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1759 |        "5389        http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1760 |        "5432        http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1761 |        "6036        http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1762 |        "6821        http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1763 |        "7521        http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1764 |        "...                                                       ...  \n",
1765 |        "4053464     http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1766 |        "4063671     http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1767 |        "4072044     http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1768 |        "4077038     http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1769 |        "4079258     http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1770 |        "4079262     http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1771 |        "4112297     http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1772 |        "4112525     http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1773 |        "4112839     http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1774 |        "4113012     http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1775 |        "4113816     http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1776 |        "4114334     http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1777 |        "4114390     http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1778 |        "4114889     http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1779 |        "4114986     http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1780 |        "4115138     http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1781 |        "4116063     http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1782 |        "4117526     http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1783 |        "4117583     http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1784 |        "4117749     http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1785 |        "4117751     http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1786 |        "4117752     http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1787 |        "4156359     http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1788 |        "4157746     http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1789 |        "4157862     http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1790 |        "4158088     http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1791 |        "4158128     http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1792 |        "4159563     http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1793 |        "4159587     http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1794 |        "4160339     http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1795 |        "\n",
1796 |        "[8287 rows x 6 columns]"
1797 |       ]
1798 |      },
1799 |      "execution_count": 164,
1800 |      "metadata": {},
1801 |      "output_type": "execute_result"
1802 |     }
1803 |    ],
1804 |    "source": [
1805 |     "df"
1806 |    ]
1807 |   },
1808 |   {
1809 |    "cell_type": "code",
1810 |    "execution_count": null,
1811 |    "metadata": {},
1812 |    "outputs": [],
1813 |    "source": [
1814 |     "def clean_up(item):\n",
1815 |     "    pass\n",
1816 |     "\n",
1817 |     "with open('Datasets\\university_towns.txt', 'r') as file:\n",
1818 |     "    items = file.readlines()\n",
1819 |     "    "
1820 |    ]
1821 |   }
1822 |  ],
1823 |  "metadata": {
1824 |   "kernelspec": {
1825 |    "display_name": "Python 3",
1826 |    "language": "python",
1827 |    "name": "python3"
1828 |   },
1829 |   "language_info": {
1830 |    "codemirror_mode": {
1831 |     "name": "ipython",
1832 |     "version": 3
1833 |    },
1834 |    "file_extension": ".py",
1835 |    "mimetype": "text/x-python",
1836 |    "name": "python",
1837 |    "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
1838 |    "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
1839 |    "version": "3.6.4"
1840 |   }
1841 |  },
1842 |  "nbformat": 4,
1843 |  "nbformat_minor": 2
1844 | }
1845 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/Data Cleaning Tutorial - Real Python.ipynb:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   1 | {
   2 |  "cells": [
   3 |   {
   4 |    "cell_type": "code",
   5 |    "execution_count": 154,
   6 |    "metadata": {},
   7 |    "outputs": [],
   8 |    "source": [
   9 |     "import pandas as pd\n",
  10 |     "import numpy as np\n",
  11 |     "from functools import reduce"
  12 |    ]
  13 |   },
  14 |   {
  15 |    "cell_type": "markdown",
  16 |    "metadata": {},
  17 |    "source": [
  18 |     "## Cleaning specific columns"
  19 |    ]
  20 |   },
  21 |   {
  22 |    "cell_type": "code",
  23 |    "execution_count": 155,
  24 |    "metadata": {},
  25 |    "outputs": [
  26 |     {
  27 |      "data": {
  28 |       "text/html": [
  29 |        "<div>\n",
  30 |        "<style scoped>\n",
  31 |        "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
  32 |        "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
  33 |        "    }\n",
  34 |        "\n",
  35 |        "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
  36 |        "        vertical-align: top;\n",
  37 |        "    }\n",
  38 |        "\n",
  39 |        "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
  40 |        "        text-align: right;\n",
  41 |        "    }\n",
  42 |        "</style>\n",
  43 |        "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
  44 |        "  <thead>\n",
  45 |        "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
  46 |        "      <th></th>\n",
  47 |        "      <th>Identifier</th>\n",
  48 |        "      <th>Edition Statement</th>\n",
  49 |        "      <th>Place of Publication</th>\n",
  50 |        "      <th>Date of Publication</th>\n",
  51 |        "      <th>Publisher</th>\n",
  52 |        "      <th>Title</th>\n",
  53 |        "      <th>Author</th>\n",
  54 |        "      <th>Contributors</th>\n",
  55 |        "      <th>Corporate Author</th>\n",
  56 |        "      <th>Corporate Contributors</th>\n",
  57 |        "      <th>Former owner</th>\n",
  58 |        "      <th>Engraver</th>\n",
  59 |        "      <th>Issuance type</th>\n",
  60 |        "      <th>Flickr URL</th>\n",
  61 |        "      <th>Shelfmarks</th>\n",
  62 |        "    </tr>\n",
  63 |        "  </thead>\n",
  64 |        "  <tbody>\n",
  65 |        "    <tr>\n",
  66 |        "      <th>0</th>\n",
  67 |        "      <td>206</td>\n",
  68 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
  69 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
  70 |        "      <td>1879 [1878]</td>\n",
  71 |        "      <td>S. Tinsley &amp; Co.</td>\n",
  72 |        "      <td>Walter Forbes. [A novel.] By A. A</td>\n",
  73 |        "      <td>A. A.</td>\n",
  74 |        "      <td>FORBES, Walter.</td>\n",
  75 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
  76 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
  77 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
  78 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
  79 |        "      <td>monographic</td>\n",
  80 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
  81 |        "      <td>British Library HMNTS 12641.b.30.</td>\n",
  82 |        "    </tr>\n",
  83 |        "    <tr>\n",
  84 |        "      <th>1</th>\n",
  85 |        "      <td>216</td>\n",
  86 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
  87 |        "      <td>London; Virtue &amp; Yorston</td>\n",
  88 |        "      <td>1868</td>\n",
  89 |        "      <td>Virtue &amp; Co.</td>\n",
  90 |        "      <td>All for Greed. [A novel. The dedication signed...</td>\n",
  91 |        "      <td>A., A. A.</td>\n",
  92 |        "      <td>BLAZE DE BURY, Marie Pauline Rose - Baroness</td>\n",
  93 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
  94 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
  95 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
  96 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
  97 |        "      <td>monographic</td>\n",
  98 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
  99 |        "      <td>British Library HMNTS 12626.cc.2.</td>\n",
 100 |        "    </tr>\n",
 101 |        "    <tr>\n",
 102 |        "      <th>2</th>\n",
 103 |        "      <td>218</td>\n",
 104 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
 105 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 106 |        "      <td>1869</td>\n",
 107 |        "      <td>Bradbury, Evans &amp; Co.</td>\n",
 108 |        "      <td>Love the Avenger. By the author of “All for Gr...</td>\n",
 109 |        "      <td>A., A. A.</td>\n",
 110 |        "      <td>BLAZE DE BURY, Marie Pauline Rose - Baroness</td>\n",
 111 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
 112 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
 113 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
 114 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
 115 |        "      <td>monographic</td>\n",
 116 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 117 |        "      <td>British Library HMNTS 12625.dd.1.</td>\n",
 118 |        "    </tr>\n",
 119 |        "    <tr>\n",
 120 |        "      <th>3</th>\n",
 121 |        "      <td>472</td>\n",
 122 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
 123 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 124 |        "      <td>1851</td>\n",
 125 |        "      <td>James Darling</td>\n",
 126 |        "      <td>Welsh Sketches, chiefly ecclesiastical, to the...</td>\n",
 127 |        "      <td>A., E. S.</td>\n",
 128 |        "      <td>Appleyard, Ernest Silvanus.</td>\n",
 129 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
 130 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
 131 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
 132 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
 133 |        "      <td>monographic</td>\n",
 134 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 135 |        "      <td>British Library HMNTS 10369.bbb.15.</td>\n",
 136 |        "    </tr>\n",
 137 |        "    <tr>\n",
 138 |        "      <th>4</th>\n",
 139 |        "      <td>480</td>\n",
 140 |        "      <td>A new edition, revised, etc.</td>\n",
 141 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 142 |        "      <td>1857</td>\n",
 143 |        "      <td>Wertheim &amp; Macintosh</td>\n",
 144 |        "      <td>[The World in which I live, and my place in it...</td>\n",
 145 |        "      <td>A., E. S.</td>\n",
 146 |        "      <td>BROOME, John Henry.</td>\n",
 147 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
 148 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
 149 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
 150 |        "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
 151 |        "      <td>monographic</td>\n",
 152 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 153 |        "      <td>British Library HMNTS 9007.d.28.</td>\n",
 154 |        "    </tr>\n",
 155 |        "  </tbody>\n",
 156 |        "</table>\n",
 157 |        "</div>"
 158 |       ],
 159 |       "text/plain": [
 160 |        "   Identifier             Edition Statement      Place of Publication  \\\n",
 161 |        "0         206                           NaN                    London   \n",
 162 |        "1         216                           NaN  London; Virtue & Yorston   \n",
 163 |        "2         218                           NaN                    London   \n",
 164 |        "3         472                           NaN                    London   \n",
 165 |        "4         480  A new edition, revised, etc.                    London   \n",
 166 |        "\n",
 167 |        "  Date of Publication              Publisher  \\\n",
 168 |        "0         1879 [1878]       S. Tinsley & Co.   \n",
 169 |        "1                1868           Virtue & Co.   \n",
 170 |        "2                1869  Bradbury, Evans & Co.   \n",
 171 |        "3                1851          James Darling   \n",
 172 |        "4                1857   Wertheim & Macintosh   \n",
 173 |        "\n",
 174 |        "                                               Title     Author  \\\n",
 175 |        "0                  Walter Forbes. [A novel.] By A. A      A. A.   \n",
 176 |        "1  All for Greed. [A novel. The dedication signed...  A., A. A.   \n",
 177 |        "2  Love the Avenger. By the author of “All for Gr...  A., A. A.   \n",
 178 |        "3  Welsh Sketches, chiefly ecclesiastical, to the...  A., E. S.   \n",
 179 |        "4  [The World in which I live, and my place in it...  A., E. S.   \n",
 180 |        "\n",
 181 |        "                                   Contributors  Corporate Author  \\\n",
 182 |        "0                               FORBES, Walter.               NaN   \n",
 183 |        "1  BLAZE DE BURY, Marie Pauline Rose - Baroness               NaN   \n",
 184 |        "2  BLAZE DE BURY, Marie Pauline Rose - Baroness               NaN   \n",
 185 |        "3                   Appleyard, Ernest Silvanus.               NaN   \n",
 186 |        "4                           BROOME, John Henry.               NaN   \n",
 187 |        "\n",
 188 |        "   Corporate Contributors Former owner  Engraver Issuance type  \\\n",
 189 |        "0                     NaN          NaN       NaN   monographic   \n",
 190 |        "1                     NaN          NaN       NaN   monographic   \n",
 191 |        "2                     NaN          NaN       NaN   monographic   \n",
 192 |        "3                     NaN          NaN       NaN   monographic   \n",
 193 |        "4                     NaN          NaN       NaN   monographic   \n",
 194 |        "\n",
 195 |        "                                          Flickr URL  \\\n",
 196 |        "0  http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...   \n",
 197 |        "1  http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...   \n",
 198 |        "2  http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...   \n",
 199 |        "3  http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...   \n",
 200 |        "4  http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...   \n",
 201 |        "\n",
 202 |        "                            Shelfmarks  \n",
 203 |        "0    British Library HMNTS 12641.b.30.  \n",
 204 |        "1    British Library HMNTS 12626.cc.2.  \n",
 205 |        "2    British Library HMNTS 12625.dd.1.  \n",
 206 |        "3  British Library HMNTS 10369.bbb.15.  \n",
 207 |        "4     British Library HMNTS 9007.d.28.  "
 208 |       ]
 209 |      },
 210 |      "execution_count": 155,
 211 |      "metadata": {},
 212 |      "output_type": "execute_result"
 213 |     }
 214 |    ],
 215 |    "source": [
 216 |     "df = pd.read_csv('Datasets\\BL-Flickr-Images-Book.csv')\n",
 217 |     "df.head()"
 218 |    ]
 219 |   },
 220 |   {
 221 |    "cell_type": "code",
 222 |    "execution_count": 156,
 223 |    "metadata": {},
 224 |    "outputs": [
 225 |     {
 226 |      "data": {
 227 |       "text/html": [
 228 |        "<div>\n",
 229 |        "<style scoped>\n",
 230 |        "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
 231 |        "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
 232 |        "    }\n",
 233 |        "\n",
 234 |        "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
 235 |        "        vertical-align: top;\n",
 236 |        "    }\n",
 237 |        "\n",
 238 |        "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
 239 |        "        text-align: right;\n",
 240 |        "    }\n",
 241 |        "</style>\n",
 242 |        "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
 243 |        "  <thead>\n",
 244 |        "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
 245 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 246 |        "      <th>Place of Publication</th>\n",
 247 |        "      <th>Date of Publication</th>\n",
 248 |        "      <th>Publisher</th>\n",
 249 |        "      <th>Title</th>\n",
 250 |        "      <th>Author</th>\n",
 251 |        "      <th>Flickr URL</th>\n",
 252 |        "    </tr>\n",
 253 |        "    <tr>\n",
 254 |        "      <th>Identifier</th>\n",
 255 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 256 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 257 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 258 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 259 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 260 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 261 |        "    </tr>\n",
 262 |        "  </thead>\n",
 263 |        "  <tbody>\n",
 264 |        "    <tr>\n",
 265 |        "      <th>206</th>\n",
 266 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 267 |        "      <td>1879 [1878]</td>\n",
 268 |        "      <td>S. Tinsley &amp; Co.</td>\n",
 269 |        "      <td>Walter Forbes. [A novel.] By A. A</td>\n",
 270 |        "      <td>A. A.</td>\n",
 271 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 272 |        "    </tr>\n",
 273 |        "    <tr>\n",
 274 |        "      <th>216</th>\n",
 275 |        "      <td>London; Virtue &amp; Yorston</td>\n",
 276 |        "      <td>1868</td>\n",
 277 |        "      <td>Virtue &amp; Co.</td>\n",
 278 |        "      <td>All for Greed. [A novel. The dedication signed...</td>\n",
 279 |        "      <td>A., A. A.</td>\n",
 280 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 281 |        "    </tr>\n",
 282 |        "    <tr>\n",
 283 |        "      <th>218</th>\n",
 284 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 285 |        "      <td>1869</td>\n",
 286 |        "      <td>Bradbury, Evans &amp; Co.</td>\n",
 287 |        "      <td>Love the Avenger. By the author of “All for Gr...</td>\n",
 288 |        "      <td>A., A. A.</td>\n",
 289 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 290 |        "    </tr>\n",
 291 |        "    <tr>\n",
 292 |        "      <th>472</th>\n",
 293 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 294 |        "      <td>1851</td>\n",
 295 |        "      <td>James Darling</td>\n",
 296 |        "      <td>Welsh Sketches, chiefly ecclesiastical, to the...</td>\n",
 297 |        "      <td>A., E. S.</td>\n",
 298 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 299 |        "    </tr>\n",
 300 |        "    <tr>\n",
 301 |        "      <th>480</th>\n",
 302 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 303 |        "      <td>1857</td>\n",
 304 |        "      <td>Wertheim &amp; Macintosh</td>\n",
 305 |        "      <td>[The World in which I live, and my place in it...</td>\n",
 306 |        "      <td>A., E. S.</td>\n",
 307 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 308 |        "    </tr>\n",
 309 |        "  </tbody>\n",
 310 |        "</table>\n",
 311 |        "</div>"
 312 |       ],
 313 |       "text/plain": [
 314 |        "                Place of Publication Date of Publication  \\\n",
 315 |        "Identifier                                                 \n",
 316 |        "206                           London         1879 [1878]   \n",
 317 |        "216         London; Virtue & Yorston                1868   \n",
 318 |        "218                           London                1869   \n",
 319 |        "472                           London                1851   \n",
 320 |        "480                           London                1857   \n",
 321 |        "\n",
 322 |        "                        Publisher  \\\n",
 323 |        "Identifier                          \n",
 324 |        "206              S. Tinsley & Co.   \n",
 325 |        "216                  Virtue & Co.   \n",
 326 |        "218         Bradbury, Evans & Co.   \n",
 327 |        "472                 James Darling   \n",
 328 |        "480          Wertheim & Macintosh   \n",
 329 |        "\n",
 330 |        "                                                        Title     Author  \\\n",
 331 |        "Identifier                                                                 \n",
 332 |        "206                         Walter Forbes. [A novel.] By A. A      A. A.   \n",
 333 |        "216         All for Greed. [A novel. The dedication signed...  A., A. A.   \n",
 334 |        "218         Love the Avenger. By the author of “All for Gr...  A., A. A.   \n",
 335 |        "472         Welsh Sketches, chiefly ecclesiastical, to the...  A., E. S.   \n",
 336 |        "480         [The World in which I live, and my place in it...  A., E. S.   \n",
 337 |        "\n",
 338 |        "                                                   Flickr URL  \n",
 339 |        "Identifier                                                     \n",
 340 |        "206         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
 341 |        "216         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
 342 |        "218         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
 343 |        "472         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
 344 |        "480         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  "
 345 |       ]
 346 |      },
 347 |      "execution_count": 156,
 348 |      "metadata": {},
 349 |      "output_type": "execute_result"
 350 |     }
 351 |    ],
 352 |    "source": [
 353 |     "to_drop = ['Edition Statement',\n",
 354 |     "           'Corporate Author',\n",
 355 |     "           'Corporate Contributors',\n",
 356 |     "           'Former owner',\n",
 357 |     "           'Engraver',\n",
 358 |     "           'Contributors',\n",
 359 |     "           'Issuance type',\n",
 360 |     "           'Shelfmarks']\n",
 361 |     "\n",
 362 |     "df.drop(to_drop, inplace = True, axis = 1)\n",
 363 |     "df = df.set_index('Identifier')\n",
 364 |     "df.head()"
 365 |    ]
 366 |   },
 367 |   {
 368 |    "cell_type": "code",
 369 |    "execution_count": 157,
 370 |    "metadata": {},
 371 |    "outputs": [],
 372 |    "source": [
 373 |     "unwanted_characters = ['[', ',', '-']\n",
 374 |     "\n",
 375 |     "def clean_dates(item):\n",
 376 |     "    dop= str(item.loc['Date of Publication'])\n",
 377 |     "    \n",
 378 |     "    if dop == 'nan' or dop[0] == '[':\n",
 379 |     "        return np.NaN\n",
 380 |     "    \n",
 381 |     "    for character in unwanted_characters:\n",
 382 |     "        if character in dop:\n",
 383 |     "            character_index = dop.find(character)\n",
 384 |     "            dop = dop[:character_index]\n",
 385 |     "    \n",
 386 |     "    return dop\n",
 387 |     "\n",
 388 |     "df['Date of Publication'] = df.apply(clean_dates, axis = 1)"
 389 |    ]
 390 |   },
 391 |   {
 392 |    "cell_type": "code",
 393 |    "execution_count": 158,
 394 |    "metadata": {},
 395 |    "outputs": [
 396 |     {
 397 |      "data": {
 398 |       "text/html": [
 399 |        "<div>\n",
 400 |        "<style scoped>\n",
 401 |        "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
 402 |        "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
 403 |        "    }\n",
 404 |        "\n",
 405 |        "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
 406 |        "        vertical-align: top;\n",
 407 |        "    }\n",
 408 |        "\n",
 409 |        "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
 410 |        "        text-align: right;\n",
 411 |        "    }\n",
 412 |        "</style>\n",
 413 |        "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
 414 |        "  <thead>\n",
 415 |        "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
 416 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 417 |        "      <th>Place of Publication</th>\n",
 418 |        "      <th>Date of Publication</th>\n",
 419 |        "      <th>Publisher</th>\n",
 420 |        "      <th>Title</th>\n",
 421 |        "      <th>Author</th>\n",
 422 |        "      <th>Flickr URL</th>\n",
 423 |        "    </tr>\n",
 424 |        "    <tr>\n",
 425 |        "      <th>Identifier</th>\n",
 426 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 427 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 428 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 429 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 430 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 431 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 432 |        "    </tr>\n",
 433 |        "  </thead>\n",
 434 |        "  <tbody>\n",
 435 |        "    <tr>\n",
 436 |        "      <th>206</th>\n",
 437 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 438 |        "      <td>1879</td>\n",
 439 |        "      <td>S. Tinsley &amp; Co.</td>\n",
 440 |        "      <td>Walter Forbes. [A novel.] By A. A</td>\n",
 441 |        "      <td>A. A.</td>\n",
 442 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 443 |        "    </tr>\n",
 444 |        "    <tr>\n",
 445 |        "      <th>216</th>\n",
 446 |        "      <td>London; Virtue &amp; Yorston</td>\n",
 447 |        "      <td>1868</td>\n",
 448 |        "      <td>Virtue &amp; Co.</td>\n",
 449 |        "      <td>All for Greed. [A novel. The dedication signed...</td>\n",
 450 |        "      <td>A., A. A.</td>\n",
 451 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 452 |        "    </tr>\n",
 453 |        "    <tr>\n",
 454 |        "      <th>218</th>\n",
 455 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 456 |        "      <td>1869</td>\n",
 457 |        "      <td>Bradbury, Evans &amp; Co.</td>\n",
 458 |        "      <td>Love the Avenger. By the author of “All for Gr...</td>\n",
 459 |        "      <td>A., A. A.</td>\n",
 460 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 461 |        "    </tr>\n",
 462 |        "    <tr>\n",
 463 |        "      <th>472</th>\n",
 464 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 465 |        "      <td>1851</td>\n",
 466 |        "      <td>James Darling</td>\n",
 467 |        "      <td>Welsh Sketches, chiefly ecclesiastical, to the...</td>\n",
 468 |        "      <td>A., E. S.</td>\n",
 469 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 470 |        "    </tr>\n",
 471 |        "    <tr>\n",
 472 |        "      <th>480</th>\n",
 473 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 474 |        "      <td>1857</td>\n",
 475 |        "      <td>Wertheim &amp; Macintosh</td>\n",
 476 |        "      <td>[The World in which I live, and my place in it...</td>\n",
 477 |        "      <td>A., E. S.</td>\n",
 478 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 479 |        "    </tr>\n",
 480 |        "  </tbody>\n",
 481 |        "</table>\n",
 482 |        "</div>"
 483 |       ],
 484 |       "text/plain": [
 485 |        "                Place of Publication Date of Publication  \\\n",
 486 |        "Identifier                                                 \n",
 487 |        "206                           London               1879    \n",
 488 |        "216         London; Virtue & Yorston                1868   \n",
 489 |        "218                           London                1869   \n",
 490 |        "472                           London                1851   \n",
 491 |        "480                           London                1857   \n",
 492 |        "\n",
 493 |        "                        Publisher  \\\n",
 494 |        "Identifier                          \n",
 495 |        "206              S. Tinsley & Co.   \n",
 496 |        "216                  Virtue & Co.   \n",
 497 |        "218         Bradbury, Evans & Co.   \n",
 498 |        "472                 James Darling   \n",
 499 |        "480          Wertheim & Macintosh   \n",
 500 |        "\n",
 501 |        "                                                        Title     Author  \\\n",
 502 |        "Identifier                                                                 \n",
 503 |        "206                         Walter Forbes. [A novel.] By A. A      A. A.   \n",
 504 |        "216         All for Greed. [A novel. The dedication signed...  A., A. A.   \n",
 505 |        "218         Love the Avenger. By the author of “All for Gr...  A., A. A.   \n",
 506 |        "472         Welsh Sketches, chiefly ecclesiastical, to the...  A., E. S.   \n",
 507 |        "480         [The World in which I live, and my place in it...  A., E. S.   \n",
 508 |        "\n",
 509 |        "                                                   Flickr URL  \n",
 510 |        "Identifier                                                     \n",
 511 |        "206         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
 512 |        "216         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
 513 |        "218         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
 514 |        "472         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
 515 |        "480         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  "
 516 |       ]
 517 |      },
 518 |      "execution_count": 158,
 519 |      "metadata": {},
 520 |      "output_type": "execute_result"
 521 |     }
 522 |    ],
 523 |    "source": [
 524 |     "df.head()"
 525 |    ]
 526 |   },
 527 |   {
 528 |    "cell_type": "code",
 529 |    "execution_count": 159,
 530 |    "metadata": {},
 531 |    "outputs": [],
 532 |    "source": [
 533 |     "def clean_author_names(item):\n",
 534 |     "    \n",
 535 |     "    author = str(item.loc['Author'])\n",
 536 |     "    \n",
 537 |     "    if author == 'nan':\n",
 538 |     "        return np.NaN\n",
 539 |     "    \n",
 540 |     "    author = author.split(',')\n",
 541 |     "\n",
 542 |     "    if len(author) == 1:\n",
 543 |     "        name = filter(lambda x: x.isalpha(), author[0])\n",
 544 |     "        return reduce(lambda x, y: x + y, name)\n",
 545 |     "    \n",
 546 |     "    last_name, first_name = author[0], author[1]\n",
 547 |     "\n",
 548 |     "    first_name = first_name[:first_name.find('-')] if '-' in first_name else first_name\n",
 549 |     "    \n",
 550 |     "    if first_name.endswith(('.', '.|')):\n",
 551 |     "        parts = first_name.split('.')\n",
 552 |     "        \n",
 553 |     "        if len(parts) > 1:\n",
 554 |     "            first_occurence = first_name.find('.')\n",
 555 |     "            final_occurence = first_name.find('.', first_occurence + 1)\n",
 556 |     "            first_name = first_name[:final_occurence]\n",
 557 |     "        else:\n",
 558 |     "            first_name = first_name[:first_name.find('.')]\n",
 559 |     "    \n",
 560 |     "    last_name = last_name.capitalize()\n",
 561 |     "    \n",
 562 |     "    return f'{first_name} {last_name}'\n",
 563 |     "\n",
 564 |     "\n",
 565 |     "df['Author'] = df.apply(clean_author_names, axis = 1)"
 566 |    ]
 567 |   },
 568 |   {
 569 |    "cell_type": "code",
 570 |    "execution_count": 160,
 571 |    "metadata": {},
 572 |    "outputs": [
 573 |     {
 574 |      "data": {
 575 |       "text/html": [
 576 |        "<div>\n",
 577 |        "<style scoped>\n",
 578 |        "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
 579 |        "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
 580 |        "    }\n",
 581 |        "\n",
 582 |        "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
 583 |        "        vertical-align: top;\n",
 584 |        "    }\n",
 585 |        "\n",
 586 |        "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
 587 |        "        text-align: right;\n",
 588 |        "    }\n",
 589 |        "</style>\n",
 590 |        "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
 591 |        "  <thead>\n",
 592 |        "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
 593 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 594 |        "      <th>Place of Publication</th>\n",
 595 |        "      <th>Date of Publication</th>\n",
 596 |        "      <th>Publisher</th>\n",
 597 |        "      <th>Title</th>\n",
 598 |        "      <th>Author</th>\n",
 599 |        "      <th>Flickr URL</th>\n",
 600 |        "    </tr>\n",
 601 |        "    <tr>\n",
 602 |        "      <th>Identifier</th>\n",
 603 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 604 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 605 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 606 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 607 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 608 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 609 |        "    </tr>\n",
 610 |        "  </thead>\n",
 611 |        "  <tbody>\n",
 612 |        "    <tr>\n",
 613 |        "      <th>206</th>\n",
 614 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 615 |        "      <td>1879</td>\n",
 616 |        "      <td>S. Tinsley &amp; Co.</td>\n",
 617 |        "      <td>Walter Forbes. [A novel.] By A. A</td>\n",
 618 |        "      <td>AA</td>\n",
 619 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 620 |        "    </tr>\n",
 621 |        "    <tr>\n",
 622 |        "      <th>216</th>\n",
 623 |        "      <td>London; Virtue &amp; Yorston</td>\n",
 624 |        "      <td>1868</td>\n",
 625 |        "      <td>Virtue &amp; Co.</td>\n",
 626 |        "      <td>All for Greed. [A novel. The dedication signed...</td>\n",
 627 |        "      <td>A. A A.</td>\n",
 628 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 629 |        "    </tr>\n",
 630 |        "    <tr>\n",
 631 |        "      <th>218</th>\n",
 632 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 633 |        "      <td>1869</td>\n",
 634 |        "      <td>Bradbury, Evans &amp; Co.</td>\n",
 635 |        "      <td>Love the Avenger. By the author of “All for Gr...</td>\n",
 636 |        "      <td>A. A A.</td>\n",
 637 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 638 |        "    </tr>\n",
 639 |        "    <tr>\n",
 640 |        "      <th>472</th>\n",
 641 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 642 |        "      <td>1851</td>\n",
 643 |        "      <td>James Darling</td>\n",
 644 |        "      <td>Welsh Sketches, chiefly ecclesiastical, to the...</td>\n",
 645 |        "      <td>E. S A.</td>\n",
 646 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 647 |        "    </tr>\n",
 648 |        "    <tr>\n",
 649 |        "      <th>480</th>\n",
 650 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 651 |        "      <td>1857</td>\n",
 652 |        "      <td>Wertheim &amp; Macintosh</td>\n",
 653 |        "      <td>[The World in which I live, and my place in it...</td>\n",
 654 |        "      <td>E. S A.</td>\n",
 655 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 656 |        "    </tr>\n",
 657 |        "  </tbody>\n",
 658 |        "</table>\n",
 659 |        "</div>"
 660 |       ],
 661 |       "text/plain": [
 662 |        "                Place of Publication Date of Publication  \\\n",
 663 |        "Identifier                                                 \n",
 664 |        "206                           London               1879    \n",
 665 |        "216         London; Virtue & Yorston                1868   \n",
 666 |        "218                           London                1869   \n",
 667 |        "472                           London                1851   \n",
 668 |        "480                           London                1857   \n",
 669 |        "\n",
 670 |        "                        Publisher  \\\n",
 671 |        "Identifier                          \n",
 672 |        "206              S. Tinsley & Co.   \n",
 673 |        "216                  Virtue & Co.   \n",
 674 |        "218         Bradbury, Evans & Co.   \n",
 675 |        "472                 James Darling   \n",
 676 |        "480          Wertheim & Macintosh   \n",
 677 |        "\n",
 678 |        "                                                        Title    Author  \\\n",
 679 |        "Identifier                                                                \n",
 680 |        "206                         Walter Forbes. [A novel.] By A. A        AA   \n",
 681 |        "216         All for Greed. [A novel. The dedication signed...   A. A A.   \n",
 682 |        "218         Love the Avenger. By the author of “All for Gr...   A. A A.   \n",
 683 |        "472         Welsh Sketches, chiefly ecclesiastical, to the...   E. S A.   \n",
 684 |        "480         [The World in which I live, and my place in it...   E. S A.   \n",
 685 |        "\n",
 686 |        "                                                   Flickr URL  \n",
 687 |        "Identifier                                                     \n",
 688 |        "206         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
 689 |        "216         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
 690 |        "218         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
 691 |        "472         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
 692 |        "480         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  "
 693 |       ]
 694 |      },
 695 |      "execution_count": 160,
 696 |      "metadata": {},
 697 |      "output_type": "execute_result"
 698 |     }
 699 |    ],
 700 |    "source": [
 701 |     "df.head()"
 702 |    ]
 703 |   },
 704 |   {
 705 |    "cell_type": "code",
 706 |    "execution_count": 161,
 707 |    "metadata": {},
 708 |    "outputs": [],
 709 |    "source": [
 710 |     "def clean_publication_place(item):\n",
 711 |     "    place = str(item['Place of Publication'])\n",
 712 |     "    \n",
 713 |     "    if 'London' in place:\n",
 714 |     "        return 'London'\n",
 715 |     "    if 'Oxford' in place:\n",
 716 |     "        return 'Oxford'\n",
 717 |     "    if place == 'Newcastle upon Tyne':\n",
 718 |     "        return 'Newcastle-upon-Tyne'\n",
 719 |     "    \n",
 720 |     "    return place\n",
 721 |     "    \n",
 722 |     "df['Place of Publication'] = df.apply(clean_publication_place, axis = 1)"
 723 |    ]
 724 |   },
 725 |   {
 726 |    "cell_type": "code",
 727 |    "execution_count": 162,
 728 |    "metadata": {},
 729 |    "outputs": [
 730 |     {
 731 |      "data": {
 732 |       "text/html": [
 733 |        "<div>\n",
 734 |        "<style scoped>\n",
 735 |        "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
 736 |        "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
 737 |        "    }\n",
 738 |        "\n",
 739 |        "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
 740 |        "        vertical-align: top;\n",
 741 |        "    }\n",
 742 |        "\n",
 743 |        "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
 744 |        "        text-align: right;\n",
 745 |        "    }\n",
 746 |        "</style>\n",
 747 |        "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
 748 |        "  <thead>\n",
 749 |        "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
 750 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 751 |        "      <th>Place of Publication</th>\n",
 752 |        "      <th>Date of Publication</th>\n",
 753 |        "      <th>Publisher</th>\n",
 754 |        "      <th>Title</th>\n",
 755 |        "      <th>Author</th>\n",
 756 |        "      <th>Flickr URL</th>\n",
 757 |        "    </tr>\n",
 758 |        "    <tr>\n",
 759 |        "      <th>Identifier</th>\n",
 760 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 761 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 762 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 763 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 764 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 765 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 766 |        "    </tr>\n",
 767 |        "  </thead>\n",
 768 |        "  <tbody>\n",
 769 |        "    <tr>\n",
 770 |        "      <th>206</th>\n",
 771 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 772 |        "      <td>1879</td>\n",
 773 |        "      <td>S. Tinsley &amp; Co.</td>\n",
 774 |        "      <td>Walter Forbes. [A novel.] By A. A</td>\n",
 775 |        "      <td>AA</td>\n",
 776 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 777 |        "    </tr>\n",
 778 |        "    <tr>\n",
 779 |        "      <th>216</th>\n",
 780 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 781 |        "      <td>1868</td>\n",
 782 |        "      <td>Virtue &amp; Co.</td>\n",
 783 |        "      <td>All for Greed. [A novel. The dedication signed...</td>\n",
 784 |        "      <td>A. A A.</td>\n",
 785 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 786 |        "    </tr>\n",
 787 |        "    <tr>\n",
 788 |        "      <th>218</th>\n",
 789 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 790 |        "      <td>1869</td>\n",
 791 |        "      <td>Bradbury, Evans &amp; Co.</td>\n",
 792 |        "      <td>Love the Avenger. By the author of “All for Gr...</td>\n",
 793 |        "      <td>A. A A.</td>\n",
 794 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 795 |        "    </tr>\n",
 796 |        "    <tr>\n",
 797 |        "      <th>472</th>\n",
 798 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 799 |        "      <td>1851</td>\n",
 800 |        "      <td>James Darling</td>\n",
 801 |        "      <td>Welsh Sketches, chiefly ecclesiastical, to the...</td>\n",
 802 |        "      <td>E. S A.</td>\n",
 803 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 804 |        "    </tr>\n",
 805 |        "    <tr>\n",
 806 |        "      <th>480</th>\n",
 807 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 808 |        "      <td>1857</td>\n",
 809 |        "      <td>Wertheim &amp; Macintosh</td>\n",
 810 |        "      <td>[The World in which I live, and my place in it...</td>\n",
 811 |        "      <td>E. S A.</td>\n",
 812 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 813 |        "    </tr>\n",
 814 |        "  </tbody>\n",
 815 |        "</table>\n",
 816 |        "</div>"
 817 |       ],
 818 |       "text/plain": [
 819 |        "           Place of Publication Date of Publication              Publisher  \\\n",
 820 |        "Identifier                                                                   \n",
 821 |        "206                      London               1879        S. Tinsley & Co.   \n",
 822 |        "216                      London                1868           Virtue & Co.   \n",
 823 |        "218                      London                1869  Bradbury, Evans & Co.   \n",
 824 |        "472                      London                1851          James Darling   \n",
 825 |        "480                      London                1857   Wertheim & Macintosh   \n",
 826 |        "\n",
 827 |        "                                                        Title    Author  \\\n",
 828 |        "Identifier                                                                \n",
 829 |        "206                         Walter Forbes. [A novel.] By A. A        AA   \n",
 830 |        "216         All for Greed. [A novel. The dedication signed...   A. A A.   \n",
 831 |        "218         Love the Avenger. By the author of “All for Gr...   A. A A.   \n",
 832 |        "472         Welsh Sketches, chiefly ecclesiastical, to the...   E. S A.   \n",
 833 |        "480         [The World in which I live, and my place in it...   E. S A.   \n",
 834 |        "\n",
 835 |        "                                                   Flickr URL  \n",
 836 |        "Identifier                                                     \n",
 837 |        "206         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
 838 |        "216         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
 839 |        "218         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
 840 |        "472         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
 841 |        "480         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  "
 842 |       ]
 843 |      },
 844 |      "execution_count": 162,
 845 |      "metadata": {},
 846 |      "output_type": "execute_result"
 847 |     }
 848 |    ],
 849 |    "source": [
 850 |     "df.head()"
 851 |    ]
 852 |   },
 853 |   {
 854 |    "cell_type": "code",
 855 |    "execution_count": 163,
 856 |    "metadata": {},
 857 |    "outputs": [],
 858 |    "source": [
 859 |     "def clean_title(item):\n",
 860 |     "    title = str(item['Title'])\n",
 861 |     "    \n",
 862 |     "    if title == 'nan':\n",
 863 |     "        return np.NaN\n",
 864 |     "    \n",
 865 |     "    if title[0] == '[':\n",
 866 |     "        title = title[1: title.find(']')]\n",
 867 |     "        \n",
 868 |     "    if 'by' in title:\n",
 869 |     "        title = title[:title.find('by')]\n",
 870 |     "    elif 'By' in title:\n",
 871 |     "        title = title[:title.find('By')]\n",
 872 |     "        \n",
 873 |     "    if '[' in title:\n",
 874 |     "        title = title[:title.find('[')]\n",
 875 |     "\n",
 876 |     "    title = title[:-2]\n",
 877 |     "        \n",
 878 |     "    title = list(map(str.capitalize, title.split()))\n",
 879 |     "    return ' '.join(title)\n",
 880 |     "    \n",
 881 |     "df['Title'] = df.apply(clean_title, axis = 1)"
 882 |    ]
 883 |   },
 884 |   {
 885 |    "cell_type": "code",
 886 |    "execution_count": 180,
 887 |    "metadata": {},
 888 |    "outputs": [
 889 |     {
 890 |      "data": {
 891 |       "text/html": [
 892 |        "<div>\n",
 893 |        "<style scoped>\n",
 894 |        "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
 895 |        "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
 896 |        "    }\n",
 897 |        "\n",
 898 |        "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
 899 |        "        vertical-align: top;\n",
 900 |        "    }\n",
 901 |        "\n",
 902 |        "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
 903 |        "        text-align: right;\n",
 904 |        "    }\n",
 905 |        "</style>\n",
 906 |        "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
 907 |        "  <thead>\n",
 908 |        "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
 909 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 910 |        "      <th>Place of Publication</th>\n",
 911 |        "      <th>Date of Publication</th>\n",
 912 |        "      <th>Publisher</th>\n",
 913 |        "      <th>Title</th>\n",
 914 |        "      <th>Author</th>\n",
 915 |        "      <th>Flickr URL</th>\n",
 916 |        "    </tr>\n",
 917 |        "    <tr>\n",
 918 |        "      <th>Identifier</th>\n",
 919 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 920 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 921 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 922 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 923 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 924 |        "      <th></th>\n",
 925 |        "    </tr>\n",
 926 |        "  </thead>\n",
 927 |        "  <tbody>\n",
 928 |        "    <tr>\n",
 929 |        "      <th>206</th>\n",
 930 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 931 |        "      <td>1879</td>\n",
 932 |        "      <td>S. Tinsley &amp; Co.</td>\n",
 933 |        "      <td>Walter Forbes</td>\n",
 934 |        "      <td>AA</td>\n",
 935 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 936 |        "    </tr>\n",
 937 |        "    <tr>\n",
 938 |        "      <th>216</th>\n",
 939 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 940 |        "      <td>1868</td>\n",
 941 |        "      <td>Virtue &amp; Co.</td>\n",
 942 |        "      <td>All For Greed</td>\n",
 943 |        "      <td>A. A A.</td>\n",
 944 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 945 |        "    </tr>\n",
 946 |        "    <tr>\n",
 947 |        "      <th>218</th>\n",
 948 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 949 |        "      <td>1869</td>\n",
 950 |        "      <td>Bradbury, Evans &amp; Co.</td>\n",
 951 |        "      <td>Love The Avenger</td>\n",
 952 |        "      <td>A. A A.</td>\n",
 953 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 954 |        "    </tr>\n",
 955 |        "    <tr>\n",
 956 |        "      <th>472</th>\n",
 957 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 958 |        "      <td>1851</td>\n",
 959 |        "      <td>James Darling</td>\n",
 960 |        "      <td>Welsh Sketches, Chiefly Ecclesiastical, To The...</td>\n",
 961 |        "      <td>E. S A.</td>\n",
 962 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 963 |        "    </tr>\n",
 964 |        "    <tr>\n",
 965 |        "      <th>480</th>\n",
 966 |        "      <td>London</td>\n",
 967 |        "      <td>1857</td>\n",
 968 |        "      <td>Wertheim &amp; Macintosh</td>\n",
 969 |        "      <td>The World In Which I Live, And My Place In It</td>\n",
 970 |        "      <td>E. S A.</td>\n",
 971 |        "      <td>http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...</td>\n",
 972 |        "    </tr>\n",
 973 |        "  </tbody>\n",
 974 |        "</table>\n",
 975 |        "</div>"
 976 |       ],
 977 |       "text/plain": [
 978 |        "           Place of Publication Date of Publication              Publisher  \\\n",
 979 |        "Identifier                                                                   \n",
 980 |        "206                      London               1879        S. Tinsley & Co.   \n",
 981 |        "216                      London                1868           Virtue & Co.   \n",
 982 |        "218                      London                1869  Bradbury, Evans & Co.   \n",
 983 |        "472                      London                1851          James Darling   \n",
 984 |        "480                      London                1857   Wertheim & Macintosh   \n",
 985 |        "\n",
 986 |        "                                                        Title    Author  \\\n",
 987 |        "Identifier                                                                \n",
 988 |        "206                                             Walter Forbes        AA   \n",
 989 |        "216                                             All For Greed   A. A A.   \n",
 990 |        "218                                          Love The Avenger   A. A A.   \n",
 991 |        "472         Welsh Sketches, Chiefly Ecclesiastical, To The...   E. S A.   \n",
 992 |        "480             The World In Which I Live, And My Place In It   E. S A.   \n",
 993 |        "\n",
 994 |        "                                                   Flickr URL  \n",
 995 |        "Identifier                                                     \n",
 996 |        "206         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
 997 |        "216         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
 998 |        "218         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
 999 |        "472         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  \n",
1000 |        "480         http://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/ta...  "
1001 |       ]
1002 |      },
1003 |      "execution_count": 180,
1004 |      "metadata": {},
1005 |      "output_type": "execute_result"
1006 |     }
1007 |    ],
1008 |    "source": [
1009 |     "df.head()"
1010 |    ]
1011 |   },
1012 |   {
1013 |    "cell_type": "markdown",
1014 |    "metadata": {},
1015 |    "source": [
1016 |     "## Cleaning entire dataset"
1017 |    ]
1018 |   },
1019 |   {
1020 |    "cell_type": "code",
1021 |    "execution_count": 168,
1022 |    "metadata": {},
1023 |    "outputs": [
1024 |     {
1025 |      "data": {
1026 |       "text/html": [
1027 |        "<div>\n",
1028 |        "<style scoped>\n",
1029 |        "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
1030 |        "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
1031 |        "    }\n",
1032 |        "\n",
1033 |        "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
1034 |        "        vertical-align: top;\n",
1035 |        "    }\n",
1036 |        "\n",
1037 |        "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
1038 |        "        text-align: right;\n",
1039 |        "    }\n",
1040 |        "</style>\n",
1041 |        "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
1042 |        "  <thead>\n",
1043 |        "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
1044 |        "      <th></th>\n",
1045 |        "      <th>State</th>\n",
1046 |        "      <th>RegionName</th>\n",
1047 |        "    </tr>\n",
1048 |        "  </thead>\n",
1049 |        "  <tbody>\n",
1050 |        "    <tr>\n",
1051 |        "      <th>0</th>\n",
1052 |        "      <td>Alabama[edit]\\n</td>\n",
1053 |        "      <td>Auburn (Auburn University)[1]\\n</td>\n",
1054 |        "    </tr>\n",
1055 |        "    <tr>\n",
1056 |        "      <th>1</th>\n",
1057 |        "      <td>Alabama[edit]\\n</td>\n",
1058 |        "      <td>Florence (University of North Alabama)\\n</td>\n",
1059 |        "    </tr>\n",
1060 |        "    <tr>\n",
1061 |        "      <th>2</th>\n",
1062 |        "      <td>Alabama[edit]\\n</td>\n",
1063 |        "      <td>Jacksonville (Jacksonville State University)[2]\\n</td>\n",
1064 |        "    </tr>\n",
1065 |        "    <tr>\n",
1066 |        "      <th>3</th>\n",
1067 |        "      <td>Alabama[edit]\\n</td>\n",
1068 |        "      <td>Livingston (University of West Alabama)[2]\\n</td>\n",
1069 |        "    </tr>\n",
1070 |        "    <tr>\n",
1071 |        "      <th>4</th>\n",
1072 |        "      <td>Alabama[edit]\\n</td>\n",
1073 |        "      <td>Montevallo (University of Montevallo)[2]\\n</td>\n",
1074 |        "    </tr>\n",
1075 |        "  </tbody>\n",
1076 |        "</table>\n",
1077 |        "</div>"
1078 |       ],
1079 |       "text/plain": [
1080 |        "             State                                         RegionName\n",
1081 |        "0  Alabama[edit]\\n                    Auburn (Auburn University)[1]\\n\n",
1082 |        "1  Alabama[edit]\\n           Florence (University of North Alabama)\\n\n",
1083 |        "2  Alabama[edit]\\n  Jacksonville (Jacksonville State University)[2]\\n\n",
1084 |        "3  Alabama[edit]\\n       Livingston (University of West Alabama)[2]\\n\n",
1085 |        "4  Alabama[edit]\\n         Montevallo (University of Montevallo)[2]\\n"
1086 |       ]
1087 |      },
1088 |      "execution_count": 168,
1089 |      "metadata": {},
1090 |      "output_type": "execute_result"
1091 |     }
1092 |    ],
1093 |    "source": [
1094 |     "university_towns = []\n",
1095 |     "\n",
1096 |     "with open('Datasets\\\\university_towns.txt', 'r') as file:\n",
1097 |     "    items = file.readlines()\n",
1098 |     "    states = list(filter(lambda x: '[edit]' in x, items))\n",
1099 |     "    \n",
1100 |     "    for index, state in enumerate(states):\n",
1101 |     "        start = items.index(state) + 1\n",
1102 |     "        if index == 49: #since 50 states\n",
1103 |     "            end = len(items)\n",
1104 |     "        else:\n",
1105 |     "            end = items.index(states[index + 1])\n",
1106 |     "            \n",
1107 |     "        pairs = map(lambda x: [state, x], items[start:end])\n",
1108 |     "        university_towns.extend(pairs)\n",
1109 |     "        \n",
1110 |     "towns_df = pd.DataFrame(university_towns, columns = ['State', 'RegionName'])\n",
1111 |     "towns_df.head()"
1112 |    ]
1113 |   },
1114 |   {
1115 |    "cell_type": "code",
1116 |    "execution_count": 169,
1117 |    "metadata": {},
1118 |    "outputs": [
1119 |     {
1120 |      "data": {
1121 |       "text/html": [
1122 |        "<div>\n",
1123 |        "<style scoped>\n",
1124 |        "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
1125 |        "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
1126 |        "    }\n",
1127 |        "\n",
1128 |        "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
1129 |        "        vertical-align: top;\n",
1130 |        "    }\n",
1131 |        "\n",
1132 |        "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
1133 |        "        text-align: right;\n",
1134 |        "    }\n",
1135 |        "</style>\n",
1136 |        "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
1137 |        "  <thead>\n",
1138 |        "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
1139 |        "      <th></th>\n",
1140 |        "      <th>State</th>\n",
1141 |        "      <th>RegionName</th>\n",
1142 |        "    </tr>\n",
1143 |        "  </thead>\n",
1144 |        "  <tbody>\n",
1145 |        "    <tr>\n",
1146 |        "      <th>0</th>\n",
1147 |        "      <td>Alabama</td>\n",
1148 |        "      <td>Auburn</td>\n",
1149 |        "    </tr>\n",
1150 |        "    <tr>\n",
1151 |        "      <th>1</th>\n",
1152 |        "      <td>Alabama</td>\n",
1153 |        "      <td>Florence</td>\n",
1154 |        "    </tr>\n",
1155 |        "    <tr>\n",
1156 |        "      <th>2</th>\n",
1157 |        "      <td>Alabama</td>\n",
1158 |        "      <td>Jacksonville</td>\n",
1159 |        "    </tr>\n",
1160 |        "    <tr>\n",
1161 |        "      <th>3</th>\n",
1162 |        "      <td>Alabama</td>\n",
1163 |        "      <td>Livingston</td>\n",
1164 |        "    </tr>\n",
1165 |        "    <tr>\n",
1166 |        "      <th>4</th>\n",
1167 |        "      <td>Alabama</td>\n",
1168 |        "      <td>Montevallo</td>\n",
1169 |        "    </tr>\n",
1170 |        "  </tbody>\n",
1171 |        "</table>\n",
1172 |        "</div>"
1173 |       ],
1174 |       "text/plain": [
1175 |        "     State    RegionName\n",
1176 |        "0  Alabama        Auburn\n",
1177 |        "1  Alabama      Florence\n",
1178 |        "2  Alabama  Jacksonville\n",
1179 |        "3  Alabama    Livingston\n",
1180 |        "4  Alabama    Montevallo"
1181 |       ]
1182 |      },
1183 |      "execution_count": 169,
1184 |      "metadata": {},
1185 |      "output_type": "execute_result"
1186 |     }
1187 |    ],
1188 |    "source": [
1189 |     "def clean_up(item):\n",
1190 |     "    if '(' in item:\n",
1191 |     "        return item[:item.find('(') - 1]\n",
1192 |     "    \n",
1193 |     "    if '[' in item:\n",
1194 |     "        return item[:item.find('[')]\n",
1195 |     "    \n",
1196 |     "\n",
1197 |     "towns_df =  towns_df.applymap(clean_up)\n",
1198 |     "towns_df.head()"
1199 |    ]
1200 |   },
1201 |   {
1202 |    "cell_type": "markdown",
1203 |    "metadata": {},
1204 |    "source": [
1205 |     "## Renaming columns and skipping rows"
1206 |    ]
1207 |   },
1208 |   {
1209 |    "cell_type": "code",
1210 |    "execution_count": 178,
1211 |    "metadata": {},
1212 |    "outputs": [
1213 |     {
1214 |      "data": {
1215 |       "text/html": [
1216 |        "<div>\n",
1217 |        "<style scoped>\n",
1218 |        "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
1219 |        "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
1220 |        "    }\n",
1221 |        "\n",
1222 |        "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
1223 |        "        vertical-align: top;\n",
1224 |        "    }\n",
1225 |        "\n",
1226 |        "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
1227 |        "        text-align: right;\n",
1228 |        "    }\n",
1229 |        "</style>\n",
1230 |        "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
1231 |        "  <thead>\n",
1232 |        "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
1233 |        "      <th></th>\n",
1234 |        "      <th>Unnamed: 0</th>\n",
1235 |        "      <th>? Summer</th>\n",
1236 |        "      <th>01 !</th>\n",
1237 |        "      <th>02 !</th>\n",
1238 |        "      <th>03 !</th>\n",
1239 |        "      <th>Total</th>\n",
1240 |        "      <th>? Winter</th>\n",
1241 |        "      <th>01 !.1</th>\n",
1242 |        "      <th>02 !.1</th>\n",
1243 |        "      <th>03 !.1</th>\n",
1244 |        "      <th>Total.1</th>\n",
1245 |        "      <th>? Games</th>\n",
1246 |        "      <th>01 !.2</th>\n",
1247 |        "      <th>02 !.2</th>\n",
1248 |        "      <th>03 !.2</th>\n",
1249 |        "      <th>Combined total</th>\n",
1250 |        "    </tr>\n",
1251 |        "  </thead>\n",
1252 |        "  <tbody>\n",
1253 |        "    <tr>\n",
1254 |        "      <th>0</th>\n",
1255 |        "      <td>Afghanistan (AFG)</td>\n",
1256 |        "      <td>13</td>\n",
1257 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1258 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1259 |        "      <td>2</td>\n",
1260 |        "      <td>2</td>\n",
1261 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1262 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1263 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1264 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1265 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1266 |        "      <td>13</td>\n",
1267 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1268 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1269 |        "      <td>2</td>\n",
1270 |        "      <td>2</td>\n",
1271 |        "    </tr>\n",
1272 |        "    <tr>\n",
1273 |        "      <th>1</th>\n",
1274 |        "      <td>Algeria (ALG)</td>\n",
1275 |        "      <td>12</td>\n",
1276 |        "      <td>5</td>\n",
1277 |        "      <td>2</td>\n",
1278 |        "      <td>8</td>\n",
1279 |        "      <td>15</td>\n",
1280 |        "      <td>3</td>\n",
1281 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1282 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1283 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1284 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1285 |        "      <td>15</td>\n",
1286 |        "      <td>5</td>\n",
1287 |        "      <td>2</td>\n",
1288 |        "      <td>8</td>\n",
1289 |        "      <td>15</td>\n",
1290 |        "    </tr>\n",
1291 |        "    <tr>\n",
1292 |        "      <th>2</th>\n",
1293 |        "      <td>Argentina (ARG)</td>\n",
1294 |        "      <td>23</td>\n",
1295 |        "      <td>18</td>\n",
1296 |        "      <td>24</td>\n",
1297 |        "      <td>28</td>\n",
1298 |        "      <td>70</td>\n",
1299 |        "      <td>18</td>\n",
1300 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1301 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1302 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1303 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1304 |        "      <td>41</td>\n",
1305 |        "      <td>18</td>\n",
1306 |        "      <td>24</td>\n",
1307 |        "      <td>28</td>\n",
1308 |        "      <td>70</td>\n",
1309 |        "    </tr>\n",
1310 |        "    <tr>\n",
1311 |        "      <th>3</th>\n",
1312 |        "      <td>Armenia (ARM)</td>\n",
1313 |        "      <td>5</td>\n",
1314 |        "      <td>1</td>\n",
1315 |        "      <td>2</td>\n",
1316 |        "      <td>9</td>\n",
1317 |        "      <td>12</td>\n",
1318 |        "      <td>6</td>\n",
1319 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1320 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1321 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1322 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1323 |        "      <td>11</td>\n",
1324 |        "      <td>1</td>\n",
1325 |        "      <td>2</td>\n",
1326 |        "      <td>9</td>\n",
1327 |        "      <td>12</td>\n",
1328 |        "    </tr>\n",
1329 |        "    <tr>\n",
1330 |        "      <th>4</th>\n",
1331 |        "      <td>Australasia (ANZ) [ANZ]</td>\n",
1332 |        "      <td>2</td>\n",
1333 |        "      <td>3</td>\n",
1334 |        "      <td>4</td>\n",
1335 |        "      <td>5</td>\n",
1336 |        "      <td>12</td>\n",
1337 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1338 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1339 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1340 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1341 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1342 |        "      <td>2</td>\n",
1343 |        "      <td>3</td>\n",
1344 |        "      <td>4</td>\n",
1345 |        "      <td>5</td>\n",
1346 |        "      <td>12</td>\n",
1347 |        "    </tr>\n",
1348 |        "  </tbody>\n",
1349 |        "</table>\n",
1350 |        "</div>"
1351 |       ],
1352 |       "text/plain": [
1353 |        "                Unnamed: 0  ? Summer  01 !  02 !  03 !  Total  ? Winter  \\\n",
1354 |        "0        Afghanistan (AFG)        13     0     0     2      2         0   \n",
1355 |        "1            Algeria (ALG)        12     5     2     8     15         3   \n",
1356 |        "2          Argentina (ARG)        23    18    24    28     70        18   \n",
1357 |        "3            Armenia (ARM)         5     1     2     9     12         6   \n",
1358 |        "4  Australasia (ANZ) [ANZ]         2     3     4     5     12         0   \n",
1359 |        "\n",
1360 |        "   01 !.1  02 !.1  03 !.1  Total.1  ? Games  01 !.2  02 !.2  03 !.2  \\\n",
1361 |        "0       0       0       0        0       13       0       0       2   \n",
1362 |        "1       0       0       0        0       15       5       2       8   \n",
1363 |        "2       0       0       0        0       41      18      24      28   \n",
1364 |        "3       0       0       0        0       11       1       2       9   \n",
1365 |        "4       0       0       0        0        2       3       4       5   \n",
1366 |        "\n",
1367 |        "   Combined total  \n",
1368 |        "0               2  \n",
1369 |        "1              15  \n",
1370 |        "2              70  \n",
1371 |        "3              12  \n",
1372 |        "4              12  "
1373 |       ]
1374 |      },
1375 |      "execution_count": 178,
1376 |      "metadata": {},
1377 |      "output_type": "execute_result"
1378 |     }
1379 |    ],
1380 |    "source": [
1381 |     "olympics_df = pd.read_csv('Datasets\\olympics.csv', skiprows = 1, header = 0)\n",
1382 |     "olympics_df.head()"
1383 |    ]
1384 |   },
1385 |   {
1386 |    "cell_type": "code",
1387 |    "execution_count": 179,
1388 |    "metadata": {},
1389 |    "outputs": [
1390 |     {
1391 |      "data": {
1392 |       "text/html": [
1393 |        "<div>\n",
1394 |        "<style scoped>\n",
1395 |        "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
1396 |        "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
1397 |        "    }\n",
1398 |        "\n",
1399 |        "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
1400 |        "        vertical-align: top;\n",
1401 |        "    }\n",
1402 |        "\n",
1403 |        "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
1404 |        "        text-align: right;\n",
1405 |        "    }\n",
1406 |        "</style>\n",
1407 |        "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
1408 |        "  <thead>\n",
1409 |        "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
1410 |        "      <th></th>\n",
1411 |        "      <th>Country</th>\n",
1412 |        "      <th>Summer Olympics</th>\n",
1413 |        "      <th>Gold</th>\n",
1414 |        "      <th>Silver</th>\n",
1415 |        "      <th>Bronze</th>\n",
1416 |        "      <th>Total</th>\n",
1417 |        "      <th>Winter Olympics</th>\n",
1418 |        "      <th>Gold.1</th>\n",
1419 |        "      <th>Silver.1</th>\n",
1420 |        "      <th>Bronze.1</th>\n",
1421 |        "      <th>Total.1</th>\n",
1422 |        "      <th># Games</th>\n",
1423 |        "      <th>Gold.2</th>\n",
1424 |        "      <th>Silver.2</th>\n",
1425 |        "      <th>Bronze.2</th>\n",
1426 |        "      <th>Combined total</th>\n",
1427 |        "    </tr>\n",
1428 |        "  </thead>\n",
1429 |        "  <tbody>\n",
1430 |        "    <tr>\n",
1431 |        "      <th>0</th>\n",
1432 |        "      <td>Afghanistan (AFG)</td>\n",
1433 |        "      <td>13</td>\n",
1434 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1435 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1436 |        "      <td>2</td>\n",
1437 |        "      <td>2</td>\n",
1438 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1439 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1440 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1441 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1442 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1443 |        "      <td>13</td>\n",
1444 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1445 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1446 |        "      <td>2</td>\n",
1447 |        "      <td>2</td>\n",
1448 |        "    </tr>\n",
1449 |        "    <tr>\n",
1450 |        "      <th>1</th>\n",
1451 |        "      <td>Algeria (ALG)</td>\n",
1452 |        "      <td>12</td>\n",
1453 |        "      <td>5</td>\n",
1454 |        "      <td>2</td>\n",
1455 |        "      <td>8</td>\n",
1456 |        "      <td>15</td>\n",
1457 |        "      <td>3</td>\n",
1458 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1459 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1460 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1461 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1462 |        "      <td>15</td>\n",
1463 |        "      <td>5</td>\n",
1464 |        "      <td>2</td>\n",
1465 |        "      <td>8</td>\n",
1466 |        "      <td>15</td>\n",
1467 |        "    </tr>\n",
1468 |        "    <tr>\n",
1469 |        "      <th>2</th>\n",
1470 |        "      <td>Argentina (ARG)</td>\n",
1471 |        "      <td>23</td>\n",
1472 |        "      <td>18</td>\n",
1473 |        "      <td>24</td>\n",
1474 |        "      <td>28</td>\n",
1475 |        "      <td>70</td>\n",
1476 |        "      <td>18</td>\n",
1477 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1478 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1479 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1480 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1481 |        "      <td>41</td>\n",
1482 |        "      <td>18</td>\n",
1483 |        "      <td>24</td>\n",
1484 |        "      <td>28</td>\n",
1485 |        "      <td>70</td>\n",
1486 |        "    </tr>\n",
1487 |        "    <tr>\n",
1488 |        "      <th>3</th>\n",
1489 |        "      <td>Armenia (ARM)</td>\n",
1490 |        "      <td>5</td>\n",
1491 |        "      <td>1</td>\n",
1492 |        "      <td>2</td>\n",
1493 |        "      <td>9</td>\n",
1494 |        "      <td>12</td>\n",
1495 |        "      <td>6</td>\n",
1496 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1497 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1498 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1499 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1500 |        "      <td>11</td>\n",
1501 |        "      <td>1</td>\n",
1502 |        "      <td>2</td>\n",
1503 |        "      <td>9</td>\n",
1504 |        "      <td>12</td>\n",
1505 |        "    </tr>\n",
1506 |        "    <tr>\n",
1507 |        "      <th>4</th>\n",
1508 |        "      <td>Australasia (ANZ) [ANZ]</td>\n",
1509 |        "      <td>2</td>\n",
1510 |        "      <td>3</td>\n",
1511 |        "      <td>4</td>\n",
1512 |        "      <td>5</td>\n",
1513 |        "      <td>12</td>\n",
1514 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1515 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1516 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1517 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1518 |        "      <td>0</td>\n",
1519 |        "      <td>2</td>\n",
1520 |        "      <td>3</td>\n",
1521 |        "      <td>4</td>\n",
1522 |        "      <td>5</td>\n",
1523 |        "      <td>12</td>\n",
1524 |        "    </tr>\n",
1525 |        "  </tbody>\n",
1526 |        "</table>\n",
1527 |        "</div>"
1528 |       ],
1529 |       "text/plain": [
1530 |        "                   Country  Summer Olympics  Gold  Silver  Bronze  Total  \\\n",
1531 |        "0        Afghanistan (AFG)               13     0       0       2      2   \n",
1532 |        "1            Algeria (ALG)               12     5       2       8     15   \n",
1533 |        "2          Argentina (ARG)               23    18      24      28     70   \n",
1534 |        "3            Armenia (ARM)                5     1       2       9     12   \n",
1535 |        "4  Australasia (ANZ) [ANZ]                2     3       4       5     12   \n",
1536 |        "\n",
1537 |        "   Winter Olympics  Gold.1  Silver.1  Bronze.1  Total.1  # Games  Gold.2  \\\n",
1538 |        "0                0       0         0         0        0       13       0   \n",
1539 |        "1                3       0         0         0        0       15       5   \n",
1540 |        "2               18       0         0         0        0       41      18   \n",
1541 |        "3                6       0         0         0        0       11       1   \n",
1542 |        "4                0       0         0         0        0        2       3   \n",
1543 |        "\n",
1544 |        "   Silver.2  Bronze.2  Combined total  \n",
1545 |        "0         0         2               2  \n",
1546 |        "1         2         8              15  \n",
1547 |        "2        24        28              70  \n",
1548 |        "3         2         9              12  \n",
1549 |        "4         4         5              12  "
1550 |       ]
1551 |      },
1552 |      "execution_count": 179,
1553 |      "metadata": {},
1554 |      "output_type": "execute_result"
1555 |     }
1556 |    ],
1557 |    "source": [
1558 |     "def get_new_column_name(column_name):\n",
1559 |     "    return {'Unnamed: 0': 'Country',\n",
1560 |     "           '? Summer': 'Summer Olympics',\n",
1561 |     "           '01 !': 'Gold',\n",
1562 |     "           '02 !': 'Silver',\n",
1563 |     "           '03 !': 'Bronze',\n",
1564 |     "           '? Winter': 'Winter Olympics',\n",
1565 |     "           '01 !.1': 'Gold.1',\n",
1566 |     "           '02 !.1': 'Silver.1',\n",
1567 |     "           '03 !.1': 'Bronze.1',\n",
1568 |     "           '? Games': '# Games', \n",
1569 |     "           '01 !.2': 'Gold.2',\n",
1570 |     "           '02 !.2': 'Silver.2',\n",
1571 |     "           '03 !.2': 'Bronze.2'}.get(column_name)\n",
1572 |     "\n",
1573 |     "for column in olympics_df:\n",
1574 |     "    new_name = get_new_column_name(column)\n",
1575 |     "    if new_name:\n",
1576 |     "        olympics_df.rename({column: new_name}, axis = 1, inplace = True)\n",
1577 |     "        \n",
1578 |     "olympics_df.head()"
1579 |    ]
1580 |   },
1581 |   {
1582 |    "cell_type": "code",
1583 |    "execution_count": null,
1584 |    "metadata": {},
1585 |    "outputs": [],
1586 |    "source": []
1587 |   }
1588 |  ],
1589 |  "metadata": {
1590 |   "kernelspec": {
1591 |    "display_name": "Python 3",
1592 |    "language": "python",
1593 |    "name": "python3"
1594 |   },
1595 |   "language_info": {
1596 |    "codemirror_mode": {
1597 |     "name": "ipython",
1598 |     "version": 3
1599 |    },
1600 |    "file_extension": ".py",
1601 |    "mimetype": "text/x-python",
1602 |    "name": "python",
1603 |    "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
1604 |    "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
1605 |    "version": "3.6.4"
1606 |   }
1607 |  },
1608 |  "nbformat": 4,
1609 |  "nbformat_minor": 2
1610 | }
1611 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/Datasets/olympics.csv:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1 | 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15
  2 | ,? Summer,01 !,02 !,03 !,Total,? Winter,01 !,02 !,03 !,Total,? Games,01 !,02 !,03 !,Combined total
  3 | Afghanistan (AFG),13,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,13,0,0,2,2
  4 | Algeria (ALG),12,5,2,8,15,3,0,0,0,0,15,5,2,8,15
  5 | Argentina (ARG),23,18,24,28,70,18,0,0,0,0,41,18,24,28,70
  6 | Armenia (ARM),5,1,2,9,12,6,0,0,0,0,11,1,2,9,12
  7 | Australasia (ANZ) [ANZ],2,3,4,5,12,0,0,0,0,0,2,3,4,5,12
  8 | Australia (AUS) [AUS] [Z],25,139,152,177,468,18,5,3,4,12,43,144,155,181,480
  9 | Austria (AUT),26,18,33,35,86,22,59,78,81,218,48,77,111,116,304
 10 | Azerbaijan (AZE),5,6,5,15,26,5,0,0,0,0,10,6,5,15,26
 11 | Bahamas (BAH),15,5,2,5,12,0,0,0,0,0,15,5,2,5,12
 12 | Bahrain (BRN),8,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,8,0,0,1,1
 13 | Barbados (BAR) [BAR],11,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,11,0,0,1,1
 14 | Belarus (BLR),5,12,24,39,75,6,6,4,5,15,11,18,28,44,90
 15 | Belgium (BEL),25,37,52,53,142,20,1,1,3,5,45,38,53,56,147
 16 | Bermuda (BER),17,0,0,1,1,7,0,0,0,0,24,0,0,1,1
 17 | Bohemia (BOH) [BOH] [Z],3,0,1,3,4,0,0,0,0,0,3,0,1,3,4
 18 | Botswana (BOT),9,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,9,0,1,0,1
 19 | Brazil (BRA),21,23,30,55,108,7,0,0,0,0,28,23,30,55,108
 20 | British West Indies (BWI) [BWI],1,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,2,2
 21 | Bulgaria (BUL) [H],19,51,85,78,214,19,1,2,3,6,38,52,87,81,220
 22 | Burundi (BDI),5,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,5,1,0,0,1
 23 | Cameroon (CMR),13,3,1,1,5,1,0,0,0,0,14,3,1,1,5
 24 | Canada (CAN),25,59,99,121,279,22,62,56,52,170,47,121,155,173,449
 25 | Chile (CHI) [I],22,2,7,4,13,16,0,0,0,0,38,2,7,4,13
 26 | China (CHN) [CHN],9,201,146,126,473,10,12,22,19,53,19,213,168,145,526
 27 | Colombia (COL),18,2,6,11,19,1,0,0,0,0,19,2,6,11,19
 28 | Costa Rica (CRC),14,1,1,2,4,6,0,0,0,0,20,1,1,2,4
 29 | Ivory Coast (CIV) [CIV],12,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,12,0,1,0,1
 30 | Croatia (CRO),6,6,7,10,23,7,4,6,1,11,13,10,13,11,34
 31 | Cuba (CUB) [Z],19,72,67,70,209,0,0,0,0,0,19,72,67,70,209
 32 | Cyprus (CYP),9,0,1,0,1,10,0,0,0,0,19,0,1,0,1
 33 | Czech Republic (CZE) [CZE],5,14,15,15,44,6,7,9,8,24,11,21,24,23,68
 34 | Czechoslovakia (TCH) [TCH],16,49,49,45,143,16,2,8,15,25,32,51,57,60,168
 35 | Denmark (DEN) [Z],26,43,68,68,179,13,0,1,0,1,39,43,69,68,180
 36 | Djibouti (DJI) [B],7,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,7,0,0,1,1
 37 | Dominican Republic (DOM),13,3,2,1,6,0,0,0,0,0,13,3,2,1,6
 38 | Ecuador (ECU),13,1,1,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,13,1,1,0,2
 39 | Egypt (EGY) [EGY] [Z],21,7,9,10,26,1,0,0,0,0,22,7,9,10,26
 40 | Eritrea (ERI),4,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,4,0,0,1,1
 41 | Estonia (EST),11,9,9,15,33,9,4,2,1,7,20,13,11,16,40
 42 | Ethiopia (ETH),12,21,7,17,45,2,0,0,0,0,14,21,7,17,45
 43 | Finland (FIN),24,101,84,117,302,22,42,62,57,161,46,143,146,174,463
 44 | France (FRA) [O] [P] [Z],27,202,223,246,671,22,31,31,47,109,49,233,254,293,780
 45 | Gabon (GAB),9,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,9,0,1,0,1
 46 | Georgia (GEO),5,6,5,14,25,6,0,0,0,0,11,6,5,14,25
 47 | Germany (GER) [GER] [Z],15,174,182,217,573,11,78,78,53,209,26,252,260,270,782
 48 | United Team of Germany (EUA) [EUA],3,28,54,36,118,3,8,6,5,19,6,36,60,41,137
 49 | East Germany (GDR) [GDR],5,153,129,127,409,6,39,36,35,110,11,192,165,162,519
 50 | West Germany (FRG) [FRG],5,56,67,81,204,6,11,15,13,39,11,67,82,94,243
 51 | Ghana (GHA) [GHA],13,0,1,3,4,1,0,0,0,0,14,0,1,3,4
 52 | Great Britain (GBR) [GBR] [Z],27,236,272,272,780,22,10,4,12,26,49,246,276,284,806
 53 | Greece (GRE) [Z],27,30,42,39,111,18,0,0,0,0,45,30,42,39,111
 54 | Grenada (GRN),8,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,8,1,0,0,1
 55 | Guatemala (GUA),13,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,14,0,1,0,1
 56 | Guyana (GUY) [GUY],16,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,16,0,0,1,1
 57 | Haiti (HAI) [J],14,0,1,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,14,0,1,1,2
 58 | Hong Kong (HKG) [HKG],15,1,1,1,3,4,0,0,0,0,19,1,1,1,3
 59 | Hungary (HUN),25,167,144,165,476,22,0,2,4,6,47,167,146,169,482
 60 | Iceland (ISL),19,0,2,2,4,17,0,0,0,0,36,0,2,2,4
 61 | India (IND) [F],23,9,6,11,26,9,0,0,0,0,32,9,6,11,26
 62 | Indonesia (INA),14,6,10,11,27,0,0,0,0,0,14,6,10,11,27
 63 | Iran (IRI) [K],15,15,20,25,60,10,0,0,0,0,25,15,20,25,60
 64 | Iraq (IRQ),13,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,13,0,0,1,1
 65 | Ireland (IRL),20,9,8,12,29,6,0,0,0,0,26,9,8,12,29
 66 | Israel (ISR),15,1,1,5,7,6,0,0,0,0,21,1,1,5,7
 67 | Italy (ITA) [M] [S],26,198,166,185,549,22,37,34,43,114,48,235,200,228,663
 68 | Jamaica (JAM) [JAM],16,17,30,20,67,7,0,0,0,0,23,17,30,20,67
 69 | Japan (JPN),21,130,126,142,398,20,10,17,18,45,41,140,143,160,443
 70 | Kazakhstan (KAZ),5,16,17,19,52,6,1,3,3,7,11,17,20,22,59
 71 | Kenya (KEN),13,25,32,29,86,3,0,0,0,0,16,25,32,29,86
 72 | North Korea (PRK),9,14,12,21,47,8,0,1,1,2,17,14,13,22,49
 73 | South Korea (KOR),16,81,82,80,243,17,26,17,10,53,33,107,99,90,296
 74 | Kuwait (KUW),12,0,0,2,2,0,0,0,0,0,12,0,0,2,2
 75 | Kyrgyzstan (KGZ),5,0,1,2,3,6,0,0,0,0,11,0,1,2,3
 76 | Latvia (LAT),10,3,11,5,19,10,0,4,3,7,20,3,15,8,26
 77 | Lebanon (LIB),16,0,2,2,4,16,0,0,0,0,32,0,2,2,4
 78 | Liechtenstein (LIE),16,0,0,0,0,18,2,2,5,9,34,2,2,5,9
 79 | Lithuania (LTU),8,6,5,10,21,8,0,0,0,0,16,6,5,10,21
 80 | Luxembourg (LUX) [O],22,1,1,0,2,8,0,2,0,2,30,1,3,0,4
 81 | Macedonia (MKD),5,0,0,1,1,5,0,0,0,0,10,0,0,1,1
 82 | Malaysia (MAS) [MAS],12,0,3,3,6,0,0,0,0,0,12,0,3,3,6
 83 | Mauritius (MRI),8,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,8,0,0,1,1
 84 | Mexico (MEX),22,13,21,28,62,8,0,0,0,0,30,13,21,28,62
 85 | Moldova (MDA),5,0,2,5,7,6,0,0,0,0,11,0,2,5,7
 86 | Mongolia (MGL),12,2,9,13,24,13,0,0,0,0,25,2,9,13,24
 87 | Montenegro (MNE),2,0,1,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,4,0,1,0,1
 88 | Morocco (MAR),13,6,5,11,22,6,0,0,0,0,19,6,5,11,22
 89 | Mozambique (MOZ),9,1,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,9,1,0,1,2
 90 | Namibia (NAM),6,0,4,0,4,0,0,0,0,0,6,0,4,0,4
 91 | Netherlands (NED) [Z],25,77,85,104,266,20,37,38,35,110,45,114,123,139,376
 92 | Netherlands Antilles (AHO) [AHO] [I],13,0,1,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,15,0,1,0,1
 93 | New Zealand (NZL) [NZL],22,42,18,39,99,15,0,1,0,1,37,42,19,39,100
 94 | Niger (NIG),11,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,11,0,0,1,1
 95 | Nigeria (NGR),15,3,8,12,23,0,0,0,0,0,15,3,8,12,23
 96 | Norway (NOR) [Q],24,56,49,43,148,22,118,111,100,329,46,174,160,143,477
 97 | Pakistan (PAK),16,3,3,4,10,2,0,0,0,0,18,3,3,4,10
 98 | Panama (PAN),16,1,0,2,3,0,0,0,0,0,16,1,0,2,3
 99 | Paraguay (PAR),11,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,12,0,1,0,1
100 | Peru (PER) [L],17,1,3,0,4,2,0,0,0,0,19,1,3,0,4
101 | Philippines (PHI),20,0,2,7,9,4,0,0,0,0,24,0,2,7,9
102 | Poland (POL),20,64,82,125,271,22,6,7,7,20,42,70,89,132,291
103 | Portugal (POR),23,4,8,11,23,7,0,0,0,0,30,4,8,11,23
104 | Puerto Rico (PUR),17,0,2,6,8,6,0,0,0,0,23,0,2,6,8
105 | Qatar (QAT),8,0,0,4,4,0,0,0,0,0,8,0,0,4,4
106 | Romania (ROU),20,88,94,119,301,20,0,0,1,1,40,88,94,120,302
107 | Russia (RUS) [RUS],5,132,121,142,395,6,49,40,35,124,11,181,161,177,519
108 | Russian Empire (RU1) [RU1],3,1,4,3,8,0,0,0,0,0,3,1,4,3,8
109 | Soviet Union (URS) [URS],9,395,319,296,1010,9,78,57,59,194,18,473,376,355,1204
110 | Unified Team (EUN) [EUN],1,45,38,29,112,1,9,6,8,23,2,54,44,37,135
111 | Saudi Arabia (KSA),10,0,1,2,3,0,0,0,0,0,10,0,1,2,3
112 | Senegal (SEN),13,0,1,0,1,5,0,0,0,0,18,0,1,0,1
113 | Serbia (SRB) [SRB],3,1,2,4,7,2,0,0,0,0,5,1,2,4,7
114 | Serbia and Montenegro (SCG) [SCG],3,2,4,3,9,3,0,0,0,0,6,2,4,3,9
115 | Singapore (SIN),15,0,2,2,4,0,0,0,0,0,15,0,2,2,4
116 | Slovakia (SVK) [SVK],5,7,9,8,24,6,2,2,1,5,11,9,11,9,29
117 | Slovenia (SLO),6,4,6,9,19,7,2,4,9,15,13,6,10,18,34
118 | South Africa (RSA),18,23,26,27,76,6,0,0,0,0,24,23,26,27,76
119 | Spain (ESP) [Z],22,37,59,35,131,19,1,0,1,2,41,38,59,36,133
120 | Sri Lanka (SRI) [SRI],16,0,2,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,16,0,2,0,2
121 | Sudan (SUD),11,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,11,0,1,0,1
122 | Suriname (SUR) [E],11,1,0,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,11,1,0,1,2
123 | Sweden (SWE) [Z],26,143,164,176,483,22,50,40,54,144,48,193,204,230,627
124 | Switzerland (SUI),27,47,73,65,185,22,50,40,48,138,49,97,113,113,323
125 | Syria (SYR),12,1,1,1,3,0,0,0,0,0,12,1,1,1,3
126 | Chinese Taipei (TPE) [TPE] [TPE2],13,2,7,12,21,11,0,0,0,0,24,2,7,12,21
127 | Tajikistan (TJK),5,0,1,2,3,4,0,0,0,0,9,0,1,2,3
128 | Tanzania (TAN) [TAN],12,0,2,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,12,0,2,0,2
129 | Thailand (THA),15,7,6,11,24,3,0,0,0,0,18,7,6,11,24
130 | Togo (TOG),9,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,10,0,0,1,1
131 | Tonga (TGA),8,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,9,0,1,0,1
132 | Trinidad and Tobago (TRI) [TRI],16,2,5,11,18,3,0,0,0,0,19,2,5,11,18
133 | Tunisia (TUN),13,3,3,4,10,0,0,0,0,0,13,3,3,4,10
134 | Turkey (TUR),21,39,25,24,88,16,0,0,0,0,37,39,25,24,88
135 | Uganda (UGA),14,2,3,2,7,0,0,0,0,0,14,2,3,2,7
136 | Ukraine (UKR),5,33,27,55,115,6,2,1,4,7,11,35,28,59,122
137 | United Arab Emirates (UAE),8,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,8,1,0,0,1
138 | United States (USA) [P] [Q] [R] [Z],26,976,757,666,2399,22,96,102,84,282,48,1072,859,750,2681
139 | Uruguay (URU),20,2,2,6,10,1,0,0,0,0,21,2,2,6,10
140 | Uzbekistan (UZB),5,5,5,10,20,6,1,0,0,1,11,6,5,10,21
141 | Venezuela (VEN),17,2,2,8,12,4,0,0,0,0,21,2,2,8,12
142 | Vietnam (VIE),14,0,2,0,2,0,0,0,0,0,14,0,2,0,2
143 | Virgin Islands (ISV),11,0,1,0,1,7,0,0,0,0,18,0,1,0,1
144 | Yugoslavia (YUG) [YUG],16,26,29,28,83,14,0,3,1,4,30,26,32,29,87
145 | Independent Olympic Participants (IOP) [IOP],1,0,1,2,3,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,1,2,3
146 | Zambia (ZAM) [ZAM],12,0,1,1,2,0,0,0,0,0,12,0,1,1,2
147 | Zimbabwe (ZIM) [ZIM],12,3,4,1,8,1,0,0,0,0,13,3,4,1,8
148 | Mixed team (ZZX) [ZZX],3,8,5,4,17,0,0,0,0,0,3,8,5,4,17
149 | Totals,27,4809,4775,5130,14714,22,959,958,948,2865,49,5768,5733,6078,17579


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/Datasets/university_towns.txt:
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  1 | Alabama[edit]
  2 | Auburn (Auburn University)[1]
  3 | Florence (University of North Alabama)
  4 | Jacksonville (Jacksonville State University)[2]
  5 | Livingston (University of West Alabama)[2]
  6 | Montevallo (University of Montevallo)[2]
  7 | Troy (Troy University)[2]
  8 | Tuscaloosa (University of Alabama, Stillman College, Shelton State)[3][4]
  9 | Tuskegee (Tuskegee University)[5]
 10 | Alaska[edit]
 11 | Fairbanks (University of Alaska Fairbanks)[2]
 12 | Arizona[edit]
 13 | Flagstaff (Northern Arizona University)[6]
 14 | Tempe (Arizona State University)
 15 | Tucson (University of Arizona)
 16 | Arkansas[edit]
 17 | Arkadelphia (Henderson State University, Ouachita Baptist University)[2]
 18 | Conway (Central Baptist College, Hendrix College, University of Central Arkansas)[2]
 19 | Fayetteville (University of Arkansas)[7]
 20 | Jonesboro (Arkansas State University)[8]
 21 | Magnolia (Southern Arkansas University)[2]
 22 | Monticello (University of Arkansas at Monticello)[2]
 23 | Russellville (Arkansas Tech University)[2]
 24 | Searcy (Harding University)[5]
 25 | California[edit]
 26 | Angwin (Pacific Union College)[2]
 27 | Arcata (Humboldt State University)[5]
 28 | Berkeley (University of California, Berkeley)[5]
 29 | Chico (California State University, Chico)[2]
 30 | Claremont (Claremont McKenna College, Pomona College, Harvey Mudd College, Scripps College, Pitzer College, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont Graduate University)[5]
 31 | Cotati (California State University, Sonoma)[2]
 32 | Davis (University of California, Davis)[1]
 33 | Irvine (University of California, Irvine)
 34 | Isla Vista (University of California, Santa Barbara)[2]
 35 | University Park, Los Angeles (University of Southern California)
 36 | Merced (University of California, Merced)
 37 | Orange (Chapman University)
 38 | Palo Alto (Stanford University)
 39 | Pomona (Cal Poly Pomona, WesternU)[9][10][11] and formerly Pomona College
 40 | Redlands (University of Redlands)
 41 | Riverside (University of California, Riverside, California Baptist University, La Sierra University)
 42 | Sacramento (California State University, Sacramento)
 43 | University District, San Bernardino (California State University, San Bernardino, American Sports University)
 44 | San Diego (University of California, San Diego, San Diego State University)
 45 | San Luis Obispo (California Polytechnic State University)[2]
 46 | Santa Barbara (Fielding Graduate University, Santa Barbara City College, University of California, Santa Barbara, Westmont College)[2]
 47 | Santa Cruz (University of California, Santa Cruz)[2]
 48 | Turlock (California State University, Stanislaus)
 49 | Westwood, Los Angeles (University of California, Los Angeles)[2]
 50 | Whittier (Whittier CollegeRio Hondo College)
 51 | Colorado[edit]
 52 | Alamosa (Adams State College)[2]
 53 | Boulder (University of Colorado at Boulder)[12]
 54 | Durango (Fort Lewis College)[2]
 55 | Fort Collins (Colorado State University)[13]
 56 | Golden (Colorado School of Mines)
 57 | Grand Junction (Colorado Mesa University)
 58 | Greeley (University of Northern Colorado)
 59 | Gunnison (Western State College)[2]
 60 | Pueblo, Colorado (Colorado State University-Pueblo)
 61 | Connecticut[edit]
 62 | Fairfield (Fairfield University, Sacred Heart University)
 63 | Middletown (Wesleyan University)
 64 | New Britain (Central Connecticut State University)
 65 | New Haven (Yale University, University of New Haven, Southern Connecticut State University, Albertus Magnus College, Quinnipiac University)[14]
 66 | New London (Connecticut College, US Coast Guard Academy, Mitchell College)[2]
 67 | Storrs (University of Connecticut)[2]
 68 | Willimantic (Eastern Connecticut State University)[2]
 69 | Delaware[edit]
 70 | Dover (Delaware State University)[1]
 71 | Newark (University of Delaware)[1]
 72 | Florida[edit]
 73 | Ave Maria (Ave Maria University)
 74 | Boca Raton (Florida Atlantic University)
 75 | Coral Gables (University of Miami)
 76 | DeLand (Stetson University)[5]
 77 | Estero (Florida Gulf Coast University)
 78 | Gainesville (University of Florida, Santa Fe College)
 79 | Orlando (University of Central Florida)
 80 | Sarasota (New College of Florida, Ringling College of Art and Design, State College of Florida, Manatee-Sarasota, University of South Florida Sarasota-Manatee)
 81 | St. Augustine (Flagler College)
 82 | St. Leo (St. Leo University)
 83 | Tallahassee (Florida State University, Florida A&M University)
 84 | Tampa (University of South Florida)
 85 | Georgia[edit]
 86 | Albany (Albany State University)
 87 | Athens (University of Georgia)[15]
 88 | Atlanta (Georgia State University, Georgia Tech, Emory)[2]
 89 | Carrollton (University of West Georgia)[2]*Dahlonega (North Georgia College & State University)[2]
 90 | Demorest (Piedmont College)[2]
 91 | Fort Valley (Fort Valley State University)[2]
 92 | Kennesaw (Kennesaw State University)
 93 | Milledgeville (Georgia College & State University)[2]
 94 | Mount Vernon (Brewton-Parker College)[2]
 95 | Oxford (Oxford College)
 96 | Rome (Berry College, Shorter University)
 97 | Savannah (Armstrong Atlantic State University, Savannah State University, Savannah College of Art and Design)
 98 | Statesboro (Georgia Southern University)[5]
 99 | Valdosta (Valdosta State University)[2]
100 | Waleska (Reinhardt College)[2]
101 | Young Harris (Young Harris College)[2]
102 | Hawaii[edit]
103 | Manoa (University of Hawaii at Manoa)[2]
104 | Idaho[edit]
105 | Moscow (University of Idaho)[2]
106 | Pocatello (Idaho State University)[2]
107 | Rexburg (BYU-Idaho)[2]
108 | Illinois[edit]
109 | Carbondale (Southern Illinois University Carbondale)[5]
110 | Champaign–Urbana (University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign)[5]
111 | Charleston (Eastern Illinois University)[2]
112 | DeKalb (Northern Illinois University)[2]
113 | Edwardsville (Southern Illinois University Edwardsville)[2]
114 | Evanston (Northwestern University)[2]
115 | Lebanon (McKendree University)[2]
116 | Macomb (Western Illinois University)[2]
117 | Normal (Illinois State University)[2]
118 | Peoria (Bradley University)
119 | Indiana[edit]
120 | Bloomington (Indiana University Bloomington)[5]
121 | Crawfordsville (Wabash College)
122 | Greencastle (DePauw University)[5]
123 | Hanover (Hanover College)[2]
124 | Marion (Indiana Wesleyan University)[2]
125 | Muncie (Ball State University)[2]
126 | Oakland City (Oakland City University)[2]
127 | Richmond (Earlham College)[2]
128 | South Bend (Notre Dame University[2])
129 | Terre Haute (Indiana State University, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology)[2]
130 | Upland (Taylor University)[2]
131 | Valparaiso (Valparaiso University)
132 | West Lafayette (Purdue University)[2]
133 | Iowa[edit]
134 | Ames (Iowa State University)[2]
135 | Cedar Falls (University of Northern Iowa)[2]
136 | Cedar Rapids, Iowa (Coe College )
137 | Decorah (Luther College)[5]
138 | Fayette (Upper Iowa University)[2]
139 | Grinnell (Grinnell College)[15]
140 | Iowa City (University of Iowa)[15]
141 | Lamoni (Graceland University)[2]
142 | Mount Vernon, (Cornell College)
143 | Orange City (Northwestern College)[2]
144 | Sioux Center (Dordt College)[2]
145 | Storm Lake (Buena Vista University)[2]
146 | Waverly (Wartburg College)[2]
147 | Kansas[edit]
148 | Baldwin City (Baker University)[5]
149 | Emporia (Emporia State University)[2]
150 | Hays (Fort Hays State University)[2]
151 | Lawrence (University of Kansas, Haskell Indian Nations University)[15]
152 | Manhattan (Kansas State University, Manhattan Christian College)[15]
153 | Pittsburg (Pittsburg State University)[2]
154 | Kentucky[edit]
155 | Bowling Green (Western Kentucky University)[2]
156 | Columbia (Lindsey Wilson College)[2]
157 | Georgetown (Georgetown College)
158 | Highland Heights (Northern Kentucky University)
159 | Lexington (University of Kentucky, Transylvania University[5]
160 | Louisville (University of Louisville)
161 | Morehead (Morehead State University)[2]
162 | Murray (Murray State University)[5]
163 | Richmond (Eastern Kentucky University)[2]
164 | Williamsburg (University of the Cumberlands)[2]
165 | Wilmore (Asbury University, Asbury Theological Seminary)[2]
166 | Louisiana[edit]
167 | Baton Rouge (Louisiana State University, Southern University)
168 | Grambling (Grambling State University)[5]
169 | Hammond (Southeastern Louisiana University)[2]
170 | Lafayette (University of Louisiana at Lafayette)
171 | Monroe (University of Louisiana at Monroe)[2]
172 | Natchitoches (Northwestern State University)[2]
173 | Ruston (Louisiana Tech University)[2]
174 | Thibodaux (Nicholls State University)[2]
175 | Maine[edit]
176 | Augusta (University of Maine at Augusta)[2]
177 | Bar Harbor (College of the Atlantic)
178 | Brunswick (Bowdoin College)
179 | Farmington (University of Maine at Farmington)[2]
180 | Fort Kent (University of Maine at Fort Kent)
181 | Gorham (University of Southern Maine)[2]
182 | Lewiston, Maine (Bates College)
183 | Orono (University of Maine)[2]
184 | Waterville (Thomas College, Colby College)
185 | Maryland[edit]
186 | Annapolis (United States Naval Academy, St. John's College)
187 | Chestertown (Washington College)[2]
188 | College Park (University of Maryland, College Park)[16]
189 | Cumberland (Allegany College of Maryland)
190 | Emmitsburg (Mount St. Mary's University)[2]
191 | Frostburg (Frostburg State University)[5]
192 | Princess Anne (University of Maryland Eastern Shore)[5]
193 | Towson (Towson University, Goucher College)[2]
194 | Salisbury (Salisbury University)[2]
195 | Westminster (McDaniel College)
196 | Massachusetts[edit]
197 | Boston (Boston University, Boston College, Boston Conservatory, New England Conservatory, Brandeis University, Northeastern University, UMass Boston, Emmanuel College, Bunker Hill Community College, Roxbury Community College, Suffolk University, Simmons College, among many others)
198 | Bridgewater (Bridgewater State College)[2]
199 | Cambridge (Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology)(Lesley University, Cambridge College, Longy School of Music)[15]
200 | Chestnut Hill (Boston College)
201 | The Colleges of Worcester Consortium:
202 | Dudley (Nichols College)
203 | North Grafton (Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University)
204 | Paxton (Anna Maria College)
205 | Worcester (Assumption, Becker, Clark University, Holy Cross, Mass. College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Quinsigamond Community College, UMass Medical School, Worcester State University, Worcester Polytechnic Institute)
206 | The Five College Region of Western Massachusetts:
207 | Amherst (Amherst College, Hampshire College, University of Massachusetts Amherst)[15]
208 | Northampton (Smith College)
209 | South Hadley (Mount Holyoke College)
210 | Fitchburg (Fitchburg State College)
211 | North Adams (Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts)
212 | Springfield (American International College), (Springfield College), and (Western New England College)
213 | Waltham (Bentley University), (Brandeis University)
214 | Williamstown (Williams College)
215 | Framingham (Framingham State University)
216 | Michigan[edit]
217 | Adrian (Adrian College, Siena Heights University)
218 | Albion (Albion College)[17]
219 | Allendale (Grand Valley State University)
220 | Alma (Alma College)
221 | Ann Arbor (University of Michigan)[1]
222 | Berrien Springs (Andrews University)[2]
223 | Big Rapids (Ferris State University)[2]
224 | East Lansing (Michigan State University)[2]
225 | Flint (Kettering University, University of Michigan-Flint)
226 | Hillsdale (Hillsdale College)
227 | Houghton (Michigan Technological University)[5]
228 | Kalamazoo (Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo College)[2]
229 | Marquette (Northern Michigan University)[2]
230 | Midland (Northwood University)
231 | Mount Pleasant (Central Michigan University)[2]
232 | Olivet (Olivet College)[2]
233 | Saginaw (Saginaw Valley State University)
234 | Sault Ste. Marie (Lake Superior State University)
235 | Spring Arbor (Spring Arbor University)[2]
236 | Ypsilanti (Eastern Michigan University)[2]
237 | Minnesota[edit]
238 | Bemidji (Bemidji State University)[2]
239 | Crookston (University of Minnesota Crookston)[2]
240 | Duluth (University of Minnesota Duluth, Lake Superior College, The College of St. Scholastica, University of Wisconsin–Superior, Duluth Business University
241 | Faribault, South Central College
242 | Mankato (Minnesota State University, Mankato),[2] Bethany Lutheran College
243 | Marshall (Southwest Minnesota State University)[2]
244 | Moorhead (Minnesota State University, Moorhead, Concordia College)[18]
245 | Morris (University of Minnesota Morris)[2]
246 | Northfield (Carleton College, St. Olaf College)[5]
247 | North Mankato, South Central College
248 | St. Cloud (St. Cloud State University, The College of St. Scholastica)[2]
249 | St. Joseph (College of Saint Benedict)[2]
250 | St. Peter (Gustavus Adolphus College)[2]
251 | Winona (Winona State University, St. Mary's University of Minnesota)[19]
252 | Mississippi[edit]
253 | Cleveland (Delta State University)[2]
254 | Hattiesburg (University of Southern Mississippi)[20]
255 | Itta Bena (Mississippi Valley State University)[2]
256 | Oxford (University of Mississippi)[2]
257 | Starkville (Mississippi State University)[2]
258 | Missouri[edit]
259 | Bolivar (Southwest Baptist University)[2]
260 | Cape Girardeau (Southeast Missouri State University)[2]
261 | Columbia (University of Missouri, Stephens College, Columbia College)[20]
262 | Fayette (Central Methodist University)[2]
263 | Fulton (Westminster College and William Woods University).
264 | Kirksville (Truman State University, A. T. Still University)[2]
265 | Maryville (Northwest Missouri State University)[2]
266 | Rolla (Missouri University of Science and Technology)[2]
267 | Warrensburg (University of Central Missouri)[5]
268 | Montana[edit]
269 | Bozeman (Montana State University)[2]
270 | Dillon (University of Montana Western)[2]
271 | Missoula (University of Montana)[5]
272 | Nebraska[edit]
273 | Chadron (Chadron State College)[5]
274 | Crete (Doane College)[2]
275 | Kearney (University of Nebraska at Kearney)[2]
276 | Lincoln (University of Nebraska at Lincoln)[5]
277 | Peru (Peru State College)[2]
278 | Seward (Concordia University)[2]
279 | Wayne (Wayne State College)[2]
280 | Nevada[edit]
281 | Las Vegas (University of Nevada, Las Vegas)
282 | Reno (University of Nevada, Reno)
283 | New Hampshire[edit]
284 | New London, New Hampshire (Colby-Sawyer College)
285 | Durham (University of New Hampshire)[2]
286 | Hanover (Dartmouth College)[5]
287 | Henniker (New England College)
288 | Keene (Keene State College)[2]
289 | Plymouth (Plymouth State University)[2]
290 | Rindge (Franklin Pierce University)
291 | New Jersey[edit]
292 | Ewing (The College of New Jersey), (Rider University)
293 | Jersey City (New Jersey City University), (Saint Peter's University)
294 | Glassboro (Rowan University)[2]
295 | Hoboken (Stevens Institute of Technology)
296 | Madison (Drew University), (Fairleigh Dickinson University), (College of Saint Elizabeth)
297 | Newark (Rutgers University), (New Jersey Institute of Technology), (UMDNJ)
298 | New Brunswick (Rutgers University)[5]
299 | Princeton (Princeton University)[5]
300 | Union (Kean University)
301 | West Long Branch (Monmouth University)
302 | New Mexico[edit]
303 | Hobbs (University of the Southwest)[2]
304 | Las Cruces (New Mexico State University)[2]
305 | Las Vegas (New Mexico Highlands University)[2]
306 | Portales (Eastern New Mexico University)[2]
307 | Silver City (Western New Mexico University)[2]
308 | New York[edit]
309 | Alfred (Alfred University, Alfred State College)[2]
310 | Albany (SUNY Albany, Siena College, Albany College of Pharmacy, Albany Law School, Albany Medical College, College of Saint Rose, Excelsior College, Maria College of Albany, Mildred Elley, Sage College of Albany)
311 | Aurora (Wells College)[21]
312 | Binghamton (Binghamton University)[2]
313 | Brockport (SUNY Brockport)[5]
314 | Buffalo (University at Buffalo)
315 | Canton (St. Lawrence University, SUNY Canton)[2]
316 | Clinton (Hamilton College)[2]
317 | Cobleskill (SUNY Cobleskill)[2]
318 | Delhi (SUNY Delhi)[2]
319 | Fredonia (SUNY Fredonia)[2]
320 | Geneseo (SUNY Geneseo)[2]
321 | Geneva (Hobart and William Smith Colleges)
322 | Hamilton (Colgate University)[2]
323 | Ithaca (Cornell University, Ithaca College)[1]
324 | Morningside Heights, Manhattan (Columbia University, Barnard College, Teachers College, Manhattan School of Music, Jewish Theological Seminary, Union Theological Seminary, Bank Street College of Education)
325 | New Paltz (SUNY New Paltz)[2]
326 | Oneonta (SUNY Oneonta, Hartwick College)[2]
327 | Oswego (SUNY Oswego)[2]
328 | Plattsburgh (SUNY Plattsburgh)[2]
329 | Potsdam (SUNY Potsdam, Clarkson University)[2]
330 | Poughkeepsie (Vassar College, Marist College)[2]
331 | Purchase (Purchase College, Manhattanville College)[2]
332 | Rochester (University of Rochester, Rochester Institute of Technology, Nazareth College, St. John Fisher College, Monroe Community College, Roberts Wesleyan College, SUNY Brockport, SUNY Empire State College)[2]
333 | Saratoga Springs (Skidmore College)[2]
334 | Seneca Falls (New York Chiropractic College)
335 | Stony Brook (Stony Brook University)
336 | Syracuse (Syracuse University, SUNY ESF, Upstate Medical University)
337 | Tivoli (Bard College)
338 | Troy (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Russell Sage College, Hudson Valley Community College)
339 | West Point (United States Military Academy)
340 | North Carolina[edit]
341 | Banner Elk (Lees-McRae College)
342 | Boiling Springs (Gardner-Webb University)[2]
343 | Boone (Appalachian State University)[2]
344 | Buies Creek (Campbell University)[2]
345 | Chapel Hill (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)[20]
346 | Cullowhee (Western Carolina University)[2]
347 | Davidson (Davidson College)[5]
348 | Durham (Duke University, North Carolina Central University)[5]
349 | Elon (Elon University)[2]
350 | Greensboro (University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro College, Guilford College, North Carolina A & T State University, Bennett College)
351 | Greenville (East Carolina University)[2]
352 | Hickory (Lenoir-Rhyne University)[2]
353 | Mars Hill (Mars Hill College)[2]
354 | Mount Olive (Mount Olive College)[2]
355 | Pembroke (University of North Carolina at Pembroke)[2]
356 | Wilmington, North Carolina (University of North Carolina at Wilmington)
357 | Wingate (Wingate University)[2]
358 | Winston-Salem (Wake Forest University, University of North Carolina School of the Arts, Salem College, Winston-Salem State University)
359 | North Dakota[edit]
360 | Fargo (North Dakota State University)[18]
361 | Grand Forks (University of North Dakota)[5]
362 | Ohio[edit]
363 | Ada (Ohio Northern University)[2]
364 | Alliance (University of Mount Union)
365 | Ashland (Ashland University)[2]
366 | Athens (Ohio University)[2]
367 | Berea (Baldwin Wallace College)
368 | Bluffton (Bluffton University)[2]
369 | Bowling Green (Bowling Green State University)[2]
370 | Cedarville (Cedarville University)[2]
371 | Columbus (Ohio State University)
372 | Delaware (Ohio Wesleyan University)
373 | Fairborn (Wright State University)
374 | Findlay (University of Findlay)
375 | Gambier (Kenyon College)[2]
376 | Granville (Denison University)[2]
377 | Hiram (Hiram College)[2]
378 | Kent (Kent State University)[2]
379 | Nelsonville (Hocking College)[2]
380 | New Concord (Muskingum College)[2]
381 | Oberlin (Oberlin College)[5]
382 | Oxford (Miami University)[5]
383 | Rio Grande (University of Rio Grande)[2]
384 | Wilberforce (Wilberforce University, Central State University)[2]
385 | Oklahoma[edit]
386 | Ada (East Central University)[2]
387 | Alva (Northwestern Oklahoma State University)[2]
388 | Durant (Southeastern Oklahoma State University)[2]
389 | Edmond (University of Central Oklahoma, Oklahoma Christian University)[2]
390 | Goodwell (Oklahoma Panhandle State University)[2]
391 | Langston (Langston University)[5]
392 | Norman (University of Oklahoma)[1]
393 | Stillwater (Oklahoma State University)[5]
394 | Tahlequah (Northeastern State University)[2]
395 | Tulsa (The University of Tulsa)
396 | Weatherford (Southwestern Oklahoma State University)
397 | Oregon[edit]
398 | Ashland (Southern Oregon University)[2]
399 | Corvallis (Oregon State University)[20]
400 | Eugene (Lane Community College, Northwest Christian University, University of Oregon)[20]
401 | Forest Grove (Pacific University)
402 | Klamath Falls (Klamath Community College, Oregon Institute of Technology)
403 | La Grande (Eastern Oregon University)[2]
404 | Marylhurst (Marylhurst University)
405 | McMinnville (Linfield College)
406 | Monmouth (Western Oregon University)[2]
407 | Newberg (George Fox University)
408 | Pennsylvania[edit]
409 | Altoona (Penn State Altoona)
410 | Annville (Lebanon Valley College)[2]
411 | Bethlehem (Lehigh University, Moravian College)
412 | Bloomsburg (Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania)[2]
413 | Bradford (University of Pittsburgh at Bradford)
414 | California (California University of Pennsylvania)[2]
415 | Carlisle (Dickinson College)
416 | Cecil B. Moore, Philadelphia, also known as "Templetown" (Temple University)
417 | Clarion (Clarion University of Pennsylvania)[2]
418 | Collegeville (Ursinus College)
419 | Cresson (Mount Aloysius College)[2]
420 | East Stroudsburg (East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania)[2]
421 | Edinboro (Edinboro University of Pennsylvania)[2]
422 | Erie (Gannon University, Mercyhurst College, Penn State Erie)
423 | Gettysburg (Gettysburg College)[2]
424 | Greensburg (Seton Hill University, University of Pittsburgh at Greensburg)
425 | Grove City (Grove City College)[2]
426 | Huntingdon (Juniata College)[2]
427 | Indiana (Indiana University of Pennsylvania)[2]
428 | Johnstown (University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown)
429 | Kutztown (Kutztown University of Pennsylvania)[2]
430 | Lancaster (Franklin & Marshall)
431 | Lewisburg (Bucknell University)[5]
432 | Lock Haven (Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania)[2]
433 | Loretto (St. Francis University)[2]
434 | Mansfield (Mansfield University of Pennsylvania)[2]
435 | Meadville (Allegheny College)
436 | Mont Alto (Penn State Mont Alto)
437 | Millersville (Millersville University of Pennsylvania)[2]
438 | New Wilmington (Westminster College)[2]
439 | North East (Mercyhurst North East)
440 | University City, Philadelphia (Drexel University, University of Pennsylvania, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia)
441 | Oakland, Pittsburgh (Carnegie Mellon University, University of Pittsburgh, Carlow University)
442 | Reading (Albright College, Alvernia University, Penn State Berks)
443 | Selinsgrove (Susquehanna University)[2]
444 | Shippensburg (Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania)[2]
445 | Slippery Rock (Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania)[2]
446 | State College (Pennsylvania State University)[22]
447 | Villanova (Villanova University)
448 | Waynesburg (Waynesburg University)
449 | West Chester (West Chester University of Pennsylvania)
450 | Wilkes-Barre (King's College, Wilkes University)
451 | Williamsport (Lycoming College, Pennsylvania College of Technology)[2]
452 | Rhode Island[edit]
453 | Kingston (University of Rhode Island)[2]
454 | Providence (Brown University, (University of Rhode Island), Rhode Island School of Design, Johnson and Wales University, Providence College, Community College of Rhode Island, Rhode Island College, and Roger Williams University.)
455 | South Carolina[edit]
456 | Central (Southern Wesleyan University)[2]
457 | Charleston (College of Charleston, The Citadel, MUSC)
458 | Clemson (Clemson University)[2]
459 | Clinton (Presbyterian College)
460 | Columbia (University of South Carolina)[14]
461 | Due West (Erskine College)
462 | Florence (Francis Marion University)
463 | Greenwood (Lander University)
464 | Orangeburg (South Carolina State University, Claflin University)[2]
465 | Rock Hill (Winthrop University)
466 | Spartanburg (Wofford College, Converse College, University of South Carolina Upstate, Spartanburg Methodist College, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Spartanburg Community College, Virginia College, Sherman College of Chiropractic)
467 | South Dakota[edit]
468 | Brookings (South Dakota State University)[2]
469 | Madison (Dakota State University)
470 | Spearfish (Black Hills State University)
471 | Vermillion (University of South Dakota)[5]
472 | Tennessee[edit]
473 | Chattanooga (University of Tennessee at Chattanooga)
474 | Collegedale (Southern Adventist University)
475 | Cookeville (Tennessee Technological University)[2]
476 | Harrogate (Lincoln Memorial University)[2]
477 | Henderson (Freed-Hardeman University)[2]
478 | Johnson City (East Tennessee State University)
479 | Knoxville (University of Tennessee)
480 | Martin (University of Tennessee at Martin)[2]
481 | McKenzie (Bethel University)[2]
482 | Memphis (Christian Brothers University, LeMoyne-Owen College, Memphis College of Art, Memphis Theological Seminary, Rhodes College, Southern College of Optometry, Southwest Tennessee Community College, University of Memphis, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Visible Music College)
483 | Murfreesboro (Middle Tennessee State University)[2]
484 | Nashville (Vanderbilt University, Belmont University, Tennessee State University, Lipscomb University, Fisk University, Aquinas College, Trevecca Nazarene University)
485 | Sewanee (Sewanee: the University of the South)[2]
486 | Texas[edit]
487 | Abilene (Abilene Christian University, Hardin-Simmons University, McMurry University)
488 | Alpine (Sul Ross State University)[2]
489 | Austin (University of Texas at Austin, St. Edwards University, Huston-Tillotson University)[2]
490 | Beaumont (Lamar University)
491 | Canyon (West Texas A&M University)[2]
492 | College Station (Texas A&M University)[5]
493 | Commerce (Texas A&M University–Commerce)[2]
494 | Dallas (Southern Methodist University)
495 | Denton (University of North Texas, Texas Woman's University)[2]
496 | Fort Worth (Texas Christian University, Texas Wesleyan University)
497 | Georgetown (Southwestern University)
498 | Huntsville (Sam Houston State University)[2]
499 | Houston (University of Houston, Texas Southern University, Rice University, Houston Baptist University)
500 | Keene (Southwestern Adventist University)[2]
501 | Kingsville (Texas A&M University–Kingsville)[2]
502 | Lubbock (Texas Tech University, Lubbock Christian University)
503 | Nacogdoches (Stephen F. Austin State University)[2]
504 | Plainview (Wayland Baptist University)[2]
505 | Prairie View (Prairie View A&M University)[2]
506 | San Marcos (Texas State University)[5]
507 | Stephenville (Tarleton State University)[2]
508 | Waco (Baylor University)
509 | Utah[edit]
510 | Cedar City (Southern Utah University)[2]
511 | Logan (Utah State University)[2]
512 | Provo (Brigham Young University)[5]
513 | Orem (Utah Valley University)
514 | Salt Lake City (University of Utah)
515 | Ephraim (Snow College)
516 | Vermont[edit]
517 | Burlington (University of Vermont, Champlain College and Saint Michael's College)[2]
518 | Castleton (Castleton State College)[2]
519 | Johnson (Johnson State College)[2]
520 | Lyndonville (Lyndon State College)[2]
521 | Middlebury (Middlebury College)[2]
522 | Northfield (Norwich University)[2]
523 | Virginia[edit]
524 | Blacksburg (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University)[5]
525 | Bridgewater (Bridgewater College)[2]
526 | Charlottesville (University of Virginia)[23]
527 | Farmville (Longwood University, Hampden-Sydney College)[2]
528 | Fredericksburg (University of Mary Washington)[2]
529 | Harrisonburg (James Madison University, Eastern Mennonite University)[2]
530 | Lexington (Washington and Lee University, Virginia Military Institute)[2]
531 | Lynchburg (Lynchburg College, Randolph College, Liberty University, Central Virginia Community College)
532 | Radford (Radford University)[2]
533 | Williamsburg (The College of William & Mary)[2]
534 | Wise (University of Virginia's College at Wise)[2]
535 | Chesapeake (Averett University, DeVry University, Troy University, Tidewater Community College, Strayer University, Everest University, Sentera College of Health Sciences, St Leo University)[2]
536 | Washington[edit]
537 | Bellingham (Western Washington University)
538 | Cheney (Eastern Washington University)[2]
539 | Ellensburg (Central Washington University)[5]
540 | Pullman (Washington State University)[5]
541 | University District, Seattle (University of Washington)[5]
542 | West Virginia[edit]
543 | Athens (Concord University)[2]
544 | Buckhannon (West Virginia Wesleyan College)[2]
545 | Fairmont (Fairmont State University)[2]
546 | Glenville (Glenville State College)[2]
547 | Huntington (Marshall University)[2]
548 | Montgomery (West Virginia University Institute of Technology)[2]
549 | Morgantown (West Virginia University)[2]
550 | Shepherdstown (Shepherd University)[2]
551 | West Liberty (West Liberty University)[2]
552 | Wisconsin[edit]
553 | Appleton (Lawrence University)
554 | Eau Claire (University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire)
555 | Green Bay (University of Wisconsin-Green Bay)
556 | La Crosse (University of Wisconsin–La Crosse, Western Technical College, Viterbo University)[2]
557 | Madison (University of Wisconsin–Madison)[2]
558 | Menomonie (University of Wisconsin–Stout)[2]
559 | Milwaukee (Marquette University, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)
560 | Oshkosh (University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh)
561 | Platteville (University of Wisconsin–Platteville)[2]
562 | River Falls (University of Wisconsin–River Falls)[2]
563 | Stevens Point (University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point)[2]
564 | Waukesha (Carroll University)
565 | Whitewater (University of Wisconsin–Whitewater)[2]
566 | Wyoming[edit]
567 | Laramie (University of Wyoming)[5]
568 | 


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