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Software is 10 | furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: 11 | 12 | The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all 13 | copies or substantial portions of the Software. 14 | 15 | THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR 16 | IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 17 | FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 18 | AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 19 | LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 20 | OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 21 | SOFTWARE. 22 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # NetPractice 2 | ![Licence](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-MIT-blue.svg) 3 | ![ReadMe](https://img.shields.io/badge/ReadMe-018EF5?logo=readme&logoColor=fff&style=flat-square) 4 | 5 |
6 | 7 | ## Content 8 | - [What Is TCP/IP?](https://github.com/LeakedByteBuster/NetPractice#what-is-tcpip) 9 | - [Terminology](https://github.com/LeakedByteBuster/NetPractice/tree/main#terminology) 10 | - [What TCP/IP Can be Used For?](https://github.com/LeakedByteBuster/NetPractice/tree/main#what-tcpip-can-be-used-for-non-exhaustive-list) 11 | - [A Brief Look at TCP/IP Model](https://github.com/LeakedByteBuster/NetPractice/tree/main#a-brief-look-at-tcpip-model) 12 | - [OSI Model](https://github.com/LeakedByteBuster/NetPractice/tree/main#osi-model) 13 | - [Physical Layer - Transporting Bits](https://github.com/LeakedByteBuster/NetPractice/tree/main#physical-layer---transporting-bits) 14 | - [Data Link Layer - Hop to Hop](https://github.com/LeakedByteBuster/NetPractice/tree/main#data-link-layer---hop-to-hop) 15 | - [Network Layer - End to End](https://github.com/LeakedByteBuster/NetPractice/tree/main#data-link-layer---hop-to-hop) 16 | - [IP Addresses and MAC addresses](https://github.com/LeakedByteBuster/NetPractice/tree/main#ip-addresses-and-mac-addresses) 17 | - [Transport Layer - Service to Service](https://github.com/LeakedByteBuster/NetPractice/tree/main#transport-layer---service-to-service) 18 | - [Overview Of The OSI Model](https://github.com/LeakedByteBuster/NetPractice/tree/main#overview-of-osi-model) 19 | - [IPv4 Subnetting](https://github.com/LeakedByteBuster/NetPractice/tree/main#ipv4-subnetting) 20 | - [What is subnetting](https://github.com/LeakedByteBuster/NetPractice/tree/main#what-is-subnetting) 21 | - [How To Write A CheatSheet?](https://github.com/LeakedByteBuster/NetPractice/tree/main#how-to-write-a-cheatsheet) 22 | - [How To Find The 7 Attributes of a Given IP Address?](https://github.com/LeakedByteBuster/NetPractice/tree/main#how-to-find-the-7-attributes-of-a-given-ip-address) 23 | - [Tips For Solving The 7 Attributes Faster](https://github.com/LeakedByteBuster/NetPractice/tree/main#tips-for-solving-the-7-attributes-faster) 24 | - [Subnetting In /17 - /24 Range](https://github.com/LeakedByteBuster/NetPractice/tree/main#subnetting-in-17---24-range) 25 | - [Subnetting In /1 - /16 Range](https://github.com/LeakedByteBuster/NetPractice/tree/main#subnetting-in-1---16-range) 26 | - [Network Devices](https://github.com/LeakedByteBuster/NetPractice/tree/main#Network-Devices) 27 | - [How Data Flows Through The Internet](https://github.com/LeakedByteBuster/NetPractice/tree/main#How-Data-Flows-Through-The-Internet) 28 | - [Hosts](https://github.com/LeakedByteBuster/NetPractice/tree/main#hosts-) 29 | - [Ip Addresses](https://github.com/LeakedByteBuster/NetPractice/tree/main#ip-addresses-) 30 | - [Network](https://github.com/LeakedByteBuster/NetPractice/tree/main#network-) 31 | - [Repeater](https://github.com/LeakedByteBuster/NetPractice/tree/main#repeater) 32 | - [Hub](https://github.com/LeakedByteBuster/NetPractice/tree/main#hub) 33 | - [Bridge](https://github.com/LeakedByteBuster/NetPractice/tree/main#bridge) 34 | - [Switch](https://github.com/LeakedByteBuster/NetPractice/tree/main#switch) 35 | - [Router](https://github.com/LeakedByteBuster/NetPractice/tree/main#router) 36 | - [Other Network Devices](https://github.com/LeakedByteBuster/NetPractice/tree/main#other-network-devices) 37 | - [For More About Networking and Subnetting](https://github.com/LeakedByteBuster/NetPractice/tree/main#for-more-information) 38 | 39 | ## What Is TCP/IP? 40 | ⭐ ***The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol** is a **set of protocols** (communication standards) that describe how two or more computers can **communicate over a network**.* 41 | 42 | ## Terminology 43 | - **Datagrams:** A packet of data passed across a network 44 | - **Routing:** is the process of selecting a path for traffic in a network or between or across multiple networks 45 | - **Encapsulation:** Arranging data into packets to be transmitted over computer networks 46 | - **Deencapsulation:** is the reverse computer-networking process 47 | - **Client:** a computer or a process that accesses data, resources, or services of another computer on the network 48 | - **Host:** a computer that can communicate with other Internet hosts over the Internet network. Its Internet address and name identify it. 49 | - **Local host:** the computer at which the user is working 50 | - **Foreign host:** any other hostname on the network 51 | - **Network:** A network is a collection of interconnected devices, systems, or components that can communicate and exchange data with each other (WAN, LAN...) 52 | - **Physical network:** the hardware that makes up the network (cables, servers, routers, switches...). The physical network must support the implementation of the logical network for proper functioning 53 | - **Logical network:** is the virtual design, functional aspect of the network based on the organization's needs, in other words, it's the blueprint for implementing the physical network infrastructure (how systems are interconnected, routing protocols, IP addressing, logical network segmentation...) 54 | - **Packet:** a block of data used by the process to receive and send data in one transaction between the host and its network 55 | - **Port:** A logical endpoint that allows network protocols and services to communicate (send and receive data) 56 | - **Protocol:** A set of rules for handling communications at the physical or logical level. A protocol can use another protocol to accomplish its mission 57 | 58 | ### What TCP/IP Can be Used For? (Non-Exhaustive List) 59 | - Log in remotely 60 | - Transfer emails 61 | - Transfer files 62 | - Manage Network 63 | 64 |
65 | ↥ back to top 66 |
67 | 68 | ## A Brief Look at TCP/IP Model 69 | 70 | The following table shows the protocols used at each layer of the TCP/IP Model 71 | 72 | Layers | Protocols Used | 73 | ------------------------|---------------------| 74 | Application layer | SMTP, SSH, FTP, HTTPS, HTTP, DHCP...| 75 | Transport layer | TCP (connection-oriented), UDP (connectionless), SCTP (connection-oriented)...| 76 | Internet layer | IP(IPv4, IPv6), ICMP, IGMP...| 77 | Link + Physical layer | Mac Address, Fiber, Wireless, Ethernet Cables... | 78 | 79 | - ⭐ **Connection-oriented Protocol (TCP, SCTP...):** 80 | - requires both devices to be able to communicate with each other 81 | - TCP successfully makes the connection reliable by : 82 | - data arrives in-order 83 | - data has minimal errors (i.e., correctness) 84 | - No duplicate data 85 | - lost or discarded packets are resent 86 | - includes traffic congestion control 87 | 88 | - ⭐ **Connectionless Protocol (UDP, HTTP, ICMP, IP...):** 89 | - A message is sent from one endpoint to another without a prior arrangement 90 | - Used for broadcast 91 | 92 |
93 | ↥ back to top 94 |
95 | 96 | ## OSI Model 97 | ⭐ ***Networking Goal** is to allow two hosts to share data between them* 98 | 99 |
100 | OSI model with explanation 101 |
102 | 103 | ### Physical Layer - Transporting Bits 104 | - Transporting bits by using an L1 technology 105 | 106 | ### Data Link Layer - Hop to Hop 107 | - Interact with the wire (i.e., L1) 108 | - **NIC** Network Interface Cards / Wi-Fi Access Cards 109 | - 🧮 Addressing Scheme - **MAC addresses** 110 | 111 | - **48 bits**, represented as **12 hex digits** 112 | - 94-65-4c-3d-65-e5 (Windows) / 94\:65:4c\:3d\:65:e5 (Linux) / 9465.4c3d.65e5 (CISCO) 113 | 114 | 💡 **Every NIC has a unique MAC address** 115 | 116 | 💡 **ARP: Address Resolution Protocol Links a L3 address to a L2 address** 117 | 118 | ### Network Layer - End to End 119 | - 🧮 Addressing scheme - **IP Addresses** 120 | 121 | #### IP Addresses and MAC addresses 122 | 💡 *Takeaway: **L2 and L3 work together** to move **data across the internet*** 123 | 124 |
125 | Sending packets using IP Addresses and MAC addresses 126 |
127 | 128 |
129 | ↥ back to top 130 |
131 | 132 | ### Transport Layer - Service to Service 133 | 134 | ⭐ ***Distinguish data streams**. This layer ensures that data is received by the right process in your host (multiple tabs in the browser)* 135 | - 🧮 Addressing Scheme - **Ports** 136 | - [0 - 65535] -- TCP -- **favors reliability** 137 | - **Servers listen** for requests to **predefined Ports** 138 | - Clients **select a random** Port for **each connection** 139 | 140 | ![transport layer in networking](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice/blob/main/Images/Transport%20Layer.png) 141 | 142 | 143 |
144 | ↥ back to top 145 |
146 | 147 | ### Overview of OSI Model 148 | 149 |
150 | OSI model with explanation 151 |
152 | 153 | ⭐ *Takeaway:* **Network Devices and Protocols operate on specific layers, but these are not strict rules [Exceptions: routers, Address Resotluion Protocol (ARP)...]. *It is just a model*** 154 | 155 |
156 | ↥ back to top 157 |
158 | 159 | ## IPv4 Subnetting 160 | 161 | ### What Is Subnetting? 162 | 163 | ⭐ **Subnetting means dividing a network into sub-networks.** 164 | 165 |
166 | Subnetting a network of 255 addresses 167 |
168 | 169 | ➡️ **Subnetting Attributes:** 170 | - **Network ID:** The first IP address in the sub-network 171 | - **Broadcast IP:** The last IP address in the sub-network 172 | - **First host:** The first IP address after the sub-network ID 173 | - **Last host:** The first IP address before the broadcast IP 174 | - **Next Network:** The first IP address after the broadcast IP 175 | - **# IP addresses:** Number of all available IP addresses in a sub-network 176 | - **CIDR/Subnet:** Converting between CIDR/Subnet Mask 177 | 178 |
179 | ↥ back to top 180 |
181 | 182 | ### How To Write A CheatSheet? 183 | **Row** 1️⃣: Start with 1, double until you reach 128 (right to left) 184 | 185 | **Row** 2️⃣: Subtract the top row from 256 (256-1 = 255 ...) 186 | 187 | **Row** 3️⃣: From /32, list CIDR notation (decrement by 1 from right to left) 188 | 189 |
190 | 191 | | 128 | 64 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 | **Groupe Size** | 192 | ------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|------------------ 193 | | 128 | 192 | 224 | 240 | 248 | 252 | 254 | 255 | **Subnet** | 194 | | /25 | /26 | /27 | /28 | /29 | /30 | /31 | /32 | **CIDR** | 195 | 196 |
197 | 198 | ### How To Find The 7 Attributes of a Given IP Address? 199 | 1️⃣ : Use the given CIDR/Mask and find 200 | - CIDR/subnet map to each other 201 | - Groupe size ==> IP Address 202 | - Start at .0 in the relevant octet 203 | - Increase by group size until you **PASS** target IP 204 | 205 | 2️⃣ : get Net ID ➡️ Next Network ➡️ BC IP ➡️ First Host ➡️ Last Host ➡️ IP addresses (Group Size) 206 | 207 | ![Solving subnetting for a target IP](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice/blob/main/Images/Subnetting_Attribute.png) 208 | 209 | ### Tips For Solving The 7 Attributes Faster 210 | 211 | 🎯: Group size can be multiplied to get quickly to the subnet of the targeted IP address 212 | 213 | 🎯: Every group size lands on 128 at some point 214 | 215 | 🎯: **Each group size aligns with the subnet value** in the **corresponding column** with each subsequent column **to the left**. 216 | 217 | 🎯: Start higher, and subtract 218 | 219 |
220 | ↥ back to top 221 |
222 | 223 | ### Subnetting In /17 - /24 Range 224 | - **To get the CIDR notation of the 3rd octet** 225 | 226 | *💡: Start over from the **right side** and keep **decrementing*** 227 | 228 | *💡: **Total of IP Addresses = 2 ^ (32 - CIDR)*** 229 | 230 |
231 | 232 | | 128 | 64 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 | **Groupe Size** | 233 | ------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|------------------ 234 | | 128 | 192 | 224 | 240 | 248 | 252 | 254 | 255 | **Subnet** | 235 | | /25 | /26 | /27 | /28 | /29 | /30 | /31 | /32 | **CIDR** | 236 | | /17 | /18 | /19 | /20 | /21 | /22 | /23 | /24 | **3rd Octet** | 237 | 238 |
239 | 240 | #### Example: 241 | 242 |
243 | 244 | | **Subnetting Attributes** |➡️ **of 10.4.235.99 /21:** | ➡️ ** of 10.4.211.66 /18:** | 245 | -----------------------------|--------------------------------------|---------------------------- | 246 | **Network ID:** | 10.4.232.0 [3rd Octet => .224 => .232] | 10.4.192.0 [3rd Octet : .128 => .192 => .0] | 247 | **Broadcast IP:**| 10.4.239.255 | 10.4.255.255 | 248 | **First host:** | 10.4.232.1 | 10.4.192.1 | 249 | **Last host:** | 10.4.239.254 | 10.4.255.254 | 250 | **Next Network:** | 10.4.240.0 | 10.5.0.0 | 251 | **# Total IP addresses:** | 2048 [32 - 21 = 11 & 2 ^ 11] | 16,384 [32-18 = 14 & 2 ^ 14 = ] | 252 | **CIDR/Subnet:** | 255.255.248.0 | 255.255.192.0 | 253 | 254 |
255 | 256 |
257 | ↥ back to top 258 |
259 | 260 | ### Subnetting In /1 - /16 Range 261 | 262 | - **To get the CIDR notation of the 3rd octet** 263 | 264 | *💡: Start over from the **right side** and keep **decrementing*** 265 | 266 | *💡: **Total of IP Addresses = 2 ^ (32 - CIDR)*** 267 | 268 |
269 | 270 | | 128 | 64 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 | **Groupe Size** | 271 | ------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|------------------ 272 | | 128 | 192 | 224 | 240 | 248 | 252 | 254 | 255 | **Subnet** | 273 | | /25 | /26 | /27 | /28 | /29 | /30 | /31 | /32 | **4th Octet** | 274 | | /17 | /18 | /19 | /20 | /21 | /22 | /23 | /24 | **3rd Octet** | 275 | | /9 | /10 | /11 | /12 | /13 | /14 | /15 | /16 | **2nd Octet** | 276 | | /1 | /2 | /3 | /4 | /5 | /6 | /7 | /8 | **1st Octet** | 277 | 278 |
279 | 280 | 💡: *0.0.0.0 /0 is commonly used in the routing table as the default route or default gateway* 281 | 282 | #### Example: 283 | 284 |
285 | 286 | | **Subnetting Attributes** |➡️ **of 10.50.111.222 /12:** | ➡️ ** of 10.50.111.222 /7:** | ➡️ ** of 213.50.111.222 /2:** | 287 | -----------------------------|-------------------------------|---------------------------- |---------------------------------| 288 | **Network ID:** | 10.48.0.0 [.48 => .64 ] | 10.0.0.0 [.8 => .10 => .12] | 192.0.0.0 [.128 => .192 => .0] | 289 | **Broadcast IP:** | 10.63.255.255 | 11.255.255.255 | 255.255.255.255 | 290 | **First host:** | 10.48.0.1 | 10.0.0.1 | 192.0.0.1 | 291 | **Last host:** | 10.64.255.254 | 11.255.255.254 | 255.255.255.254 | 292 | **Next Network:** | 10.64.0.0 | 12.0.0.0 | **n/a** [No leading octet, we're at end of IPv4 addresses]| 293 | **# Total IP addresses:** | 1,048,576 [2 ^ (32-12)] | 33,554,432 [2^(32-7)] | 1,073,741,824 | 294 | **CIDR/Subnet:** | 255.240.0.0 | 254.0.0.0 | 192.0.0.0 | 295 | 296 |
297 | 298 | *💡: **In reality most of the last /2 addresses are unassignable as host addresses*** 299 | 300 |
301 | Entire IPv4 addresses 302 |
303 | 304 | ## Network Devices 305 | ### How Data Flows Through The Internet 306 | #### Hosts : 307 | ⭐ *Any system that sends or receives traffic.* 308 | - phone 309 | - computer 310 | - laptop 311 | - servers 312 | - cloud servers 313 | - Internet of Things (IoT) (speaker, refrigerator...) 314 | 315 | ⭐ **Client:** initiates request. **Servers** respond. (Relative to specific communication) 316 | 317 | #### IP Addresses : 318 | 319 | ⭐ *IP Address is the identity of each host* 320 | - IPv4 is 32bit 321 | - Hierarchically assigned 322 | 323 | ![IP addresses](https://github.com/Mushigarou/NetPractice/blob/main/Images/ip_addresses.png) 324 | 325 | 💡 : all of those hosts above exist in a network 326 | 327 | #### Network : 328 | ⭐ Network is what **transports traffic between hosts** 329 | - Logical grouping of hosts which require similar connectivity 330 | - Subnetworks, subnet 331 | - 💡 Networks connect to other networks (The Internet is simply an inter-connected network) 332 | 333 |
334 | ↥ back to top 335 |
336 | 337 | #### Repeater 338 | 339 | 💡: A wire between two hosts is considered a network, the downside is that the signal **decays as it travels long distances** 340 | 341 | ⭐: *A repeater simply **regenerate the signal that it receives*** 342 | - it's very useful to connect two hosts in different buildings, so **the signal won't decay** 343 | 344 |
345 | how a repeater work 346 |
347 |
348 | ↥ back to top 349 |
350 | 351 | #### Hub 352 | ⭐ *A hub is simply a **multi-port repeater*** 353 | - Facilitates adding another host 354 | 355 | 💡 **Problem**: everyone receives everyone's else data 356 | 357 |
358 | a hub connected to 4 hosts 359 |
360 |
361 | ↥ back to top 362 |
363 | 364 | #### Bridge 365 | 366 | ⭐ Bridges sits in between Hub-connected hosts 367 | - Bridges only have two port 368 | - Bridge learn which hosts are on each side 369 | 370 |
371 | Bridge connected to two Hubs 372 |
373 |
374 | ↥ back to top 375 |
376 | 377 | #### Switch 378 | 379 | ⭐ *Switches **facilitate communication** between hosts **within the same network*** 380 | - Switches are a **combination of Hubs and Bridges** 381 | - **Multi ports** 382 | - Learns **which hosts** are on **each port** 383 | 384 |
385 | switch connects hosts within same network 386 |
387 |
388 | ↥ back to top 389 |
390 | 391 | #### Router 392 | 393 | ⭐ *Routers facilitate **communication between networks*** 394 | - Provides a **traffic control point** (security, filtering, redirecting) 395 | - In the past, Switches could not perform such filtering 396 | - Routers are considered the logical separation of devices 397 | - Routers **learn which network they are attached to** 398 | - Known as **Routes** - Sorted in **Routing Table** 399 | 400 | 💡 - **Routing Table** - all known networks for a Router 401 | 402 |
403 | router connected to switches 404 |
405 | 406 | ⭐ ***Routing** is the process of moving data between networks* 407 | - **Primary purpose** of a Router is *Routing* 408 | 409 | ⭐ ***Switching** is the process of moving data within networks* 410 | - **Primary purpose** of a switch is *Switching* 411 | 412 |
413 | Sending packets through the internet 414 |
415 | 416 | 417 |
418 | ↥ back to top 419 |
420 | 421 | #### Other Network Devices 422 | Any network device performs weather Routing and/or Switching 423 | - Access Points 424 | - Firewalls 425 | - Proxies 426 | - Virtual Routers 427 | - Layer 3 Switches 428 | 429 | 430 |
431 | ↥ back to top 432 |
433 | 434 | ## For More Information: 435 | - [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite) 436 | - [IBM](https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/aix/7.2?topic=management-transmission-control-protocolinternet-protocol) 437 | - [Requirements for Internet Hosts -- Communication Layers -- RFC-1123](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1122) 438 | - [List of IP protocol numbers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IP_protocol_numbers) 439 | - 📺 [**Video series by Practical Networking on Youtube**](https://subnetipv4.com/) 440 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------