├── examples
    ├── hello_world.cpp
    ├── connect_member_function.cpp
    ├── disconnect_from_connection_owner.cpp
    ├── subject_blocker.cpp
    ├── inherit_from_owner.cpp
    ├── connect_function_objects.cpp
    ├── variable_argument_count.cpp
    └── chain_subjects.cpp
├── LICENSE
├── makefile
├── CHANGELOG.txt
├── vs2019
    ├── Observer.vcxproj
    ├── hello_world.vcxproj
    ├── chain_subjects.vcxproj
    ├── subject_blocker.vcxproj
    ├── inherit_from_owner.vcxproj
    ├── connect_function_objects.vcxproj
    ├── connect_member_function.vcxproj
    ├── variable_argument_count.vcxproj
    ├── disconnect_from_connection_owner.vcxproj
    ├── benchmark.vcxproj
    ├── tests.vcxproj
    └── Observer.sln
├── benchmark
    └── benchmark.cpp
├── README.md
├── src
    └── observer.h
└── test
    └── tests.cpp


/examples/hello_world.cpp:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #include <observer.h>
 2 | #include <iostream>
 3 | 
 4 | void hello_world()
 5 | {
 6 |     std::cout << "Hello World!" << std::endl;
 7 | }
 8 | 
 9 | int main( int /* argc */, char * /* argv */[] )
10 | {
11 |     pg::subject<> s;
12 | 
13 |     auto connection = pg::connect( s, hello_world );
14 | 
15 |     s.notify();
16 | 
17 |     return 0;
18 | }
19 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/examples/connect_member_function.cpp:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #include <observer.h>
 2 | #include <iostream>
 3 | 
 4 | struct foo
 5 | {
 6 |     void bar()
 7 |     {
 8 |         std::cout << "Hello World!" << std::endl;
 9 |     }
10 | };
11 | 
12 | int main( int /* argc */, char * /* argv */[] )
13 | {
14 |     pg::subject<> s;
15 |     foo           f;
16 | 
17 |     auto connection = pg::connect( s, &f, &foo::bar );
18 | 
19 |     s.notify();
20 | 
21 |     return 0;
22 | }
23 | 


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/examples/disconnect_from_connection_owner.cpp:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #include <observer.h>
 2 | #include <iostream>
 3 | 
 4 | int main( int /* argc */, char * /* argv */[] )
 5 | {
 6 |     pg::connection_owner owner;
 7 |     pg::subject<>        s;
 8 | 
 9 |     const auto handle = owner.connect( s, []{ std::cout << "Hello World!" << std::endl; } );
10 | 
11 |     s.notify();  // Prints "Hello World!"
12 | 
13 |     owner.disconnect( handle );
14 | 
15 |     s.notify();  // Prints nothing
16 | 
17 |     return 0;
18 | }
19 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/examples/subject_blocker.cpp:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #include <observer.h>
 2 | #include <iostream>
 3 | 
 4 | int main( int /* argc */, char * /* argv */[] )
 5 | {
 6 |     pg::blockable_subject< const char* > s;
 7 | 
 8 |     auto connection = pg::connect( s, []( const char* const msg ){ std::cout << msg << std::endl; } );
 9 | 
10 |     s.notify( "Hello World!" );
11 | 
12 |     {
13 |         pg::subject_blocker< pg::blockable_subject< const char* > > blocker( s );
14 |         s.notify( "Blocked!" );
15 |     }
16 | 
17 |     s.notify( "Hello World again!" );
18 | 
19 |     return 0;
20 | }
21 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/examples/inherit_from_owner.cpp:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #include <observer.h>
 2 | #include <iostream>
 3 | 
 4 | struct bar : public pg::connection_owner
 5 | {
 6 |     bar( pg::subject< std::string >& foo )
 7 |     {
 8 |         connect( foo, this, &bar::print );
 9 |     }
10 | 
11 |     void print( const std::string &str )
12 |     {
13 |         std::cout << str << std::endl;
14 |     }
15 | };
16 | 
17 | int main( int /* argc */, char * /* argv */[] )
18 | {
19 |     pg::subject< std::string > foo;
20 |     bar                        b( foo );
21 | 
22 |     foo.notify( "Hello World!" );
23 | 
24 |     return 0;
25 | }
26 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/examples/connect_function_objects.cpp:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #include <observer.h>
 2 | #include <iostream>
 3 | #include <functional>
 4 | 
 5 | struct functor
 6 | {
 7 |     void operator()()
 8 |     {
 9 |         std::cout << "Hello World!" << std::endl;
10 |     }
11 | };
12 | 
13 | int main( int /* argc */, char * /* argv */[] )
14 | {
15 |     pg::subject<> s;
16 | 
17 |     const std::function< void() > function = []{ std::cout << "Hello PG1003!" << std::endl; };
18 | 
19 |     // NOTE: 'functor' and 'function' are passed by value.
20 |     //       This means they are copied into the observer
21 |     auto connection_1 = pg::connect( s, functor() );
22 |     auto connection_2 = pg::connect( s, function );
23 | 
24 |     s.notify();
25 | 
26 |     return 0;
27 | }
28 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/examples/variable_argument_count.cpp:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #include <observer.h>
 2 | #include <iostream>
 3 | 
 4 | int main( int /* argc */, char * /* argv */[] )
 5 | {
 6 |     pg::connection_owner            owner;
 7 |     pg::subject< std::string, int > s;
 8 | 
 9 |     // All values from subject
10 |     owner.connect( s, []( const std::string &str, int i )
11 |     {
12 |         std::cout << "Hello " << str << i << "!" << std::endl;
13 |     } );
14 | 
15 |     // Only first value from subject
16 |     owner.connect( s, []( const std::string &str )
17 |     {
18 |         std::cout << "Hello " << str << "!" << std::endl;
19 |     } );
20 | 
21 |     // No value
22 |     owner.connect( s, []
23 |     {
24 |         std::cout << "Hello!" << std::endl;
25 |     } );
26 | 
27 |     s.notify( "PG", 1003 );
28 | 
29 |     return 0;
30 | }
31 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/examples/chain_subjects.cpp:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #include <observer.h>
 2 | #include <iostream>
 3 | 
 4 | int main( int /* argc */, char * /* argv */[] )
 5 | {
 6 |     pg::connection_owner       owner;
 7 |     pg::subject<>              s1;
 8 |     pg::subject< const char* > s2;
 9 |     pg::subject<>              sy;
10 |     pg::subject<>              s;
11 | 
12 |     // Connect sy both to s1 and s2
13 |     owner.connect( s1, &sy, &pg::subject<>::notify );
14 |     owner.connect( s2, &sy, &pg::subject<>::notify );
15 | 
16 |     // Redirect notifications from sy to s
17 |     owner.connect( sy, &s, &pg::subject<>::notify );
18 | 
19 |     owner.connect( s, []{ std::cout << "Hello World!" << std::endl; } );
20 | 
21 |     // Print "Hello World!" two times.
22 |     s1.notify();
23 |     s2.notify( "PG1003" );
24 | 
25 |     return 0;
26 | }
27 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/LICENSE:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | MIT License
 2 | 
 3 | Copyright (c) 2019 PG1003
 4 | 
 5 | Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 6 | of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
 7 | in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
 8 | to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
 9 | copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
10 | furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
11 | 
12 | The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
13 | copies or substantial portions of the Software.
14 | 
15 | THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
16 | IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
17 | FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
18 | AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
19 | LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
20 | OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
21 | SOFTWARE.
22 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/makefile:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | CXX = g++
 2 | CXXFLAGS = -std=c++17 -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -O3
 3 | INCLUDES = -I "./src"
 4 | LDFLAGS =
 5 | 
 6 | EXAMPLEDIR = examples
 7 | TESTDIR = test
 8 | BENCHMARKDIR = benchmark
 9 | OBJDIR = obj
10 | OUTDIR = out
11 | 
12 | TESTSOURCES = $(shell find $(TESTDIR) -type f -name '*.cpp')
13 | TESTOBJECTS = $(patsubst $(TESTDIR)/%.cpp, $(OBJDIR)/%.o, $(TESTSOURCES))
14 | TESTS = $(patsubst $(OBJDIR)/%.o, $(OUTDIR)/%, $(TESTOBJECTS))
15 | 
16 | EXAMPLESOURCES = $(shell find $(EXAMPLEDIR) -type f -name '*.cpp')
17 | EXAMPLEOBJECTS = $(patsubst $(EXAMPLEDIR)/%.cpp, $(OBJDIR)/%.o, $(EXAMPLESOURCES))
18 | EXAMPLES = $(patsubst $(OBJDIR)/%.o, $(OUTDIR)/%, $(EXAMPLEOBJECTS))
19 | 
20 | BENCHMARKSOURCES = $(shell find $(BENCHMARKDIR) -type f -name '*.cpp')
21 | BENCHMARKOBJECTS = $(patsubst $(BENCHMARKDIR)/%.cpp, $(OBJDIR)/%.o, $(BENCHMARKSOURCES))
22 | BENCHMARKS = $(patsubst $(OBJDIR)/%.o, $(OUTDIR)/%, $(BENCHMARKOBJECTS))
23 | 
24 | .phony: clean tests examples benchmarks
25 | 
26 | $(OBJDIR):
27 | 	test ! -d $(OBJDIR) && mkdir $(OBJDIR)
28 | 	
29 | $(OUTDIR):
30 | 	test ! -d $(OUTDIR) && mkdir $(OUTDIR)
31 | 	
32 | all: tests examples benchmarks
33 | 
34 | tests:$(OBJDIR) $(OUTDIR) $(TESTS) 
35 | 
36 | $(TESTS): $(TESTOBJECTS)
37 | 	$(CXX) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ $(patsubst $(OUTDIR)%, $(OBJDIR)%.o, $@)
38 | 
39 | $(TESTOBJECTS): $(TESTSOURCES)
40 | 	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) $(INCLUDES) -c $(patsubst $(OBJDIR)%.o, $(TESTDIR)%.cpp, $@) -o $@
41 | 
42 | examples:$(OBJDIR) $(OUTDIR) $(EXAMPLES) 
43 | 
44 | $(EXAMPLES): $(EXAMPLEOBJECTS)
45 | 	$(CXX) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ $(patsubst $(OUTDIR)%, $(OBJDIR)%.o, $@)
46 | 
47 | $(EXAMPLEOBJECTS): $(EXAMPLESOURCES)
48 | 	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) $(INCLUDES) -c $(patsubst $(OBJDIR)%.o, $(EXAMPLEDIR)%.cpp, $@) -o $@
49 | 
50 | benchmarks:$(OBJDIR) $(OUTDIR) $(BENCHMARKS)
51 | 
52 | $(BENCHMARKS): $(BENCHMARKOBJECTS)
53 | 	$(CXX) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ $(patsubst $(OUTDIR)%, $(OBJDIR)%.o, $@)
54 | 	
55 | $(BENCHMARKOBJECTS): $(BENCHMARKSOURCES)
56 | 	$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) $(INCLUDES) -c $(patsubst $(OBJDIR)%.o, $(BENCHMARKDIR)%.cpp, $@) -o $@
57 | 
58 | clean:
59 | 	rm -rf $(OBJDIR)
60 | 	rm -rf $(OUTDIR)
61 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/CHANGELOG.txt:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | # 2.x.y
 2 | 
 3 | Changes:
 4 | - Added [[nodiscard]] attribute for pg::connect functions.
 5 | - Fixed level 4 warning C4840 when building the tests as C++17 with MSVC.
 6 | - Added [[deprecated]] attribute for the pg::observer_owner.
 7 | 
 8 | # 2.1.0
 9 | 
10 | Changes:
11 | - Removed apex_observer class from the public API and moved it to the detail
12 |   namespace of the observer library.
13 | - Fixed compilation with C++17 or newer.
14 | - Build tests, examples and benchmark with C++17.
15 | 
16 | # 2.0.2
17 | 
18 | Changes:
19 | - Revisited noexcept specifiers.
20 | - Fixed a universal reference for the pg::connection_owner::connect overload
21 |   that connects function objects.
22 | - Fixed connecting const member functions for instances that are const.
23 | 
24 | # 2.0.1
25 | 
26 | Changes:
27 | - pg::connection_owner now uses a vector instead of a set to store connections.
28 |   A vector is faster more memory efficient than a set when used as a storage.
29 |   Also this makes possible to make the order of disconnecting observers from
30 |   the subjects the reverse of they were connected.
31 | - Added pg::connect functions which return a pg::scoped_connection. These can
32 |   be used in case a connection_owner is a overkill, for example when you need
33 |   to connect only one subject.
34 |   The lifetime of the connection is coupeld to pg::scoped_connection.
35 | - Renamed pg::observer_owner to pg::connection_owner and provided an alias for
36 |   the old name to ensure backwards compatibility.
37 |   The new name expresses better the functionality of the object.
38 | - pg::connection_owner supports static polymorphism for subjects. A subject is
39 |   required to have a connect and a disconnect function that accepts an observer
40 |   interface pointer as parameter.
41 | - Added pg::blockable_subject. This subject type maintains a block count so
42 |   that multiple resources can block its notifications.
43 | 
44 | Breaking changes:
45 | - The overload pg::connection_owner::connect which connected one subject to
46 |   another is removed. Use the connect overload for member functions instead.
47 |   See tests or chain_subjects example.
48 | - pg::subject is no longer blockable, use pg::blockable_subject instead.
49 | - pg::subject_blocker now requires subjects to provide a block and a unblock
50 |   function, for example like pg::blockable_subject.
51 | - A connection is no longer automaticly invalidated. The usability of this
52 |   feature didn't justify the extra complexity.
53 | 
54 | # 1.1.1
55 | 
56 | Changes:
57 | - Restored the detail namespace in observer.h. 
58 | - Added a simple benchmark to get an idea about the overhead.
59 | 
60 | # 1.1.0
61 | 
62 | Changes:
63 | - The destructor of subject now calls the disconnect of its observers in the
64 |   reversed order the in which observers were connected.
65 | - Refactored the connection handle.
66 | - Made pg::invoke part of the public API.
67 | - Added doxygen documentation for the public API.
68 | - Changed the observer interface to allow custom observer types.
69 | 
70 | # v1.0.0
71 | 
72 | - Initial release
73 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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/benchmark/benchmark.cpp:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1 | #include <observer.h>
  2 | #include <functional>
  3 | #include <chrono>
  4 | #include <cstdio>
  5 | 
  6 | using namespace std;
  7 | using namespace std::chrono;
  8 | 
  9 | volatile int count_value = 0;
 10 | int          iterations  = 100000000;
 11 | volatile int increment   = 1;
 12 | 
 13 | 
 14 | void increase_count( int value )
 15 | {
 16 |     count_value += value;
 17 | }
 18 | 
 19 | struct increase_functor
 20 | {
 21 |     int m_value = 0;
 22 | 
 23 |     increase_functor( int value )
 24 |             : m_value( value )
 25 |     {}
 26 | 
 27 |     void operator()( int )
 28 |     {
 29 |         count_value += m_value;
 30 |     }
 31 | };
 32 | 
 33 | struct increase
 34 | {
 35 |     int m_value = 0;
 36 | 
 37 |     increase( int value )
 38 |             : m_value( value )
 39 |     {}
 40 | 
 41 |     void increase_count( int )
 42 |     {
 43 |         count_value += m_value;
 44 |     }
 45 | };
 46 | 
 47 | int main( int /* argc */, char * /* argv */[] )
 48 | {
 49 |     pg::connection_owner owner;
 50 | 
 51 |     std::function< void( int ) > increase_count_std_function = [&]( int value ){ count_value += value; };
 52 |     auto increase_count_lambda_function                      = [&]( int value ){ count_value += value; };
 53 |     auto increase_count_functor                              = increase_functor( increment );
 54 |     auto increase_member_function                            = increase( increment );
 55 | 
 56 |     // Get the baseline
 57 |     count_value = 0;
 58 |     const auto baseline_start_free_function = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
 59 |     for( int i = 0 ; i < iterations ; ++i )
 60 |     {
 61 |         increase_count( increment );
 62 |         increase_count( increment );
 63 |     }
 64 |     const auto baseline_stop_free_function = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
 65 | 
 66 |     count_value = 0;
 67 |     const auto baseline_start_std_function = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
 68 |     for( int i = 0 ; i < iterations ; ++i )
 69 |     {
 70 |         increase_count_std_function( increment );
 71 |         increase_count_std_function( increment );
 72 |     }
 73 |     const auto baseline_stop_std_function = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
 74 | 
 75 |     count_value = 0;
 76 |     const auto baseline_start_lambda = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
 77 |     for( int i = 0 ; i < iterations ; ++i )
 78 |     {
 79 |         increase_count_lambda_function( increment );
 80 |         increase_count_lambda_function( increment );
 81 |     }
 82 |     const auto baseline_stop_lambda = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
 83 | 
 84 |     count_value = 0;
 85 |     const auto baseline_start_functor = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
 86 |     for( int i = 0 ; i < iterations ; ++i )
 87 |     {
 88 |         increase_count_functor( increment );
 89 |         increase_count_functor( increment );
 90 |     }
 91 |     const auto baseline_stop_functor = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
 92 | 
 93 |     count_value = 0;
 94 |     const auto baseline_start_member_function = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
 95 |     for( int i = 0 ; i < iterations ; ++i )
 96 |     {
 97 |         increase_member_function.increase_count( increment );
 98 |         increase_member_function.increase_count( increment );
 99 |     }
100 |     const auto baseline_stop_member_function = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
101 | 
102 |     // With observers
103 |     count_value = 0;
104 |     pg::subject< int > subject_free_function;
105 |     owner.connect( subject_free_function, increase_count );
106 |     owner.connect( subject_free_function, increase_count );
107 |     const auto start_free_function = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
108 |     for( int i = 0 ; i < iterations ; ++i )
109 |     {
110 |         subject_free_function.notify( increment );
111 |     }
112 |     const auto stop_free_function = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
113 | 
114 |     count_value = 0;
115 |     pg::subject< int > subject_std_function;
116 |     owner.connect( subject_std_function, increase_count_std_function );
117 |     owner.connect( subject_std_function, increase_count_std_function );
118 |     const auto start_std_function = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
119 |     for( int i = 0 ; i < iterations ; ++i )
120 |     {
121 |         subject_std_function.notify( increment );
122 |     }
123 |     const auto stop_std_function = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
124 | 
125 |     count_value = 0;
126 |     pg::subject< int > subject_lambda;
127 |     owner.connect( subject_lambda, [&]( int value ){ count_value += value; } );
128 |     owner.connect( subject_lambda, [&]( int value ){ count_value += value; } );
129 |     const auto start_lambda = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
130 |     for( int i = 0 ; i < iterations ; ++i )
131 |     {
132 |         subject_lambda.notify( increment );
133 |     }
134 |     const auto stop_lambda = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
135 | 
136 |     count_value = 0;
137 |     pg::subject< int > subject_functor;
138 |     owner.connect( subject_functor, increase_count_functor );
139 |     owner.connect( subject_functor, increase_count_functor );
140 |     const auto start_functor = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
141 |     for( int i = 0 ; i < iterations ; ++i )
142 |     {
143 |         subject_functor.notify( increment );
144 |     }
145 |     const auto stop_functor = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
146 | 
147 |     count_value = 0;
148 |     pg::subject< int > subject_member_function;
149 |     owner.connect( subject_member_function, &increase_member_function, &increase::increase_count );
150 |     owner.connect( subject_member_function, &increase_member_function, &increase::increase_count );
151 |     const auto start_member_function = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
152 |     for( int i = 0 ; i < iterations ; ++i )
153 |     {
154 |         subject_member_function.notify( increment );
155 |     }
156 |     const auto stop_member_function = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
157 | 
158 | 
159 |     struct result
160 |     {
161 |         using time_point = std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point;
162 |         using time       = std::chrono::duration< float, std::micro >;
163 | 
164 |         const float m_base_time;
165 |         const float m_time;
166 |         const float m_difference;
167 | 
168 |         result( const time_point & base_start,
169 |                 const time_point & base_stop,
170 |                 const time_point & start,
171 |                 const time_point & stop )
172 |             : m_base_time( time( base_stop - base_start ).count() )
173 |             , m_time( time( stop - start ).count() )
174 |             , m_difference( time( stop - start ).count() / time( base_stop - base_start ).count() )
175 |         {}
176 |     };
177 | 
178 |     auto free_function_result   = result( baseline_start_free_function,   baseline_stop_free_function,   start_free_function,   stop_free_function );
179 |     auto std_function_result    = result( baseline_start_std_function,    baseline_stop_std_function,    start_std_function,    stop_std_function );
180 |     auto lambda_result          = result( baseline_start_lambda,          baseline_stop_lambda,          start_lambda,          stop_lambda );
181 |     auto functor_result         = result( baseline_start_functor,         baseline_stop_functor,         start_functor,         stop_functor );
182 |     auto member_function_result = result( baseline_start_member_function, baseline_stop_member_function, start_member_function, stop_member_function );
183 | 
184 |     printf(
185 |         "|--------------------------------------------------------|\n"
186 |         "|                 |  baseline  |  observer  | difference |\n"
187 |         "|--------------------------------------------------------|\n"
188 |         "| free function   | %10.2f | %10.2f | %9.2fx |\n"
189 |         "| std::function   | %10.2f | %10.2f | %9.2fx |\n"
190 |         "| lambda          | %10.2f | %10.2f | %9.2fx |\n"
191 |         "| functor         | %10.2f | %10.2f | %9.2fx |\n"
192 |         "| member function | %10.2f | %10.2f | %9.2fx |\n"
193 |         "|--------------------------------------------------------|\n",
194 |         free_function_result.m_base_time,   free_function_result.m_time,  free_function_result.m_difference,
195 |         std_function_result.m_base_time,    std_function_result.m_time,   std_function_result.m_difference,
196 |         lambda_result.m_base_time,          lambda_result.m_time,         lambda_result.m_difference,
197 |         functor_result.m_base_time,         functor_result.m_time,        functor_result.m_difference,
198 |         member_function_result.m_base_time, member_function_result.m_time, member_function_result.m_difference );
199 | 
200 |     return 0;
201 | }
202 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/vs2019/Observer.sln:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1 | 
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  5 | MinimumVisualStudioVersion = 10.0.40219.1
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 27 | EndProject
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142 | 	EndGlobalSection
143 | EndGlobal
144 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/README.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1 | # observer
  2 | 
  3 | An observer pattern / signal slot pattern that can ignore extra parameters like Qt's signals and slots.
  4 | 
  5 | ## Features
  6 | 
  7 | * Connected callables can accept _less_ parameters than the subject's interface provides.
  8 | * Defining the observer's notification values types by variadic template parameters.
  9 | * Connect all kinds of callables to a subject; member functions, lambdas, functors, `std::function` and free functions.
 10 | * Lifetime management of the connection between the subject and observer. 
 11 | * [1 header file](https://github.com/PG1003/observer/blob/master/src/observer.h) that includes only 2 headers from the standard template library.
 12 | 
 13 | ## Requirements
 14 | 
 15 | * Compiller that supports C++14 or newer.
 16 | 
 17 | ## Goals
 18 | 
 19 | * Easy to use.
 20 | * Robust lifetime management.
 21 | * Low overhead.
 22 | * Customazation.
 23 | 
 24 | ## Non-goals
 25 | 
 26 | * Processing return values returned by the connected functions and observers.  
 27 |   The return value is ignored for most cases where an observer pattern or signal/slot solution is used.
 28 |   It also limits the usage of this library and adds complexity; all observers or connected functions must return the same type and the results must becombined when receiving values from multiple observers.
 29 | * Build-in mutexes/atomics/thread safety.  
 30 |   Adding these will add complexity and impact the performance for cases where these are not needed.
 31 |   When needed, you can create custom subjects that integrates with your application.
 32 |   
 33 |   When you really need these features out-of-the-box then you may take a look at [boost signals](https://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_72_0/doc/html/signals2.html).
 34 | 
 35 | ## Benchmark
 36 | 
 37 | There is a [benchmark](https://github.com/PG1003/observer/blob/master/benchmark/benchmark.cpp) that indicates how much the observer mechanism adds to the function call overhead, _not_ the total slowdown of a function.  
 38 | In real-world scenarios, the time spend in the body of the function often outweights the call overhead of a function.
 39 | So in many cases the added function call overhead will be negletable.
 40 | 
 41 | The table below are the results of a benchmark that was executed on a system with the following specifications;  
 42 | OS: Manjaro Linux 64-bit, CPU: i5-5250U, RAM: 16 GB LPDDR3-1866, Compiler: GCC 10.1.0, Compiler flags: -std=c++14 -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -O3.
 43 | 
 44 | |   | baseline | observer | difference |
 45 | |---|----------|----------|------------|
 46 | | free function | 243254.44 | 361678.09 | 1.49x |
 47 | | std::function | 243558.03 | 522351.25 | 2.14x |
 48 | | lambda | 241195.89 | 281690.34 | 1.17x |
 49 | | functor | 240892.38 | 282730.97 | 1.17x |
 50 | | member function| 240899.56 | 403652.97 | 1.68x |
 51 | 
 52 | ## Examples
 53 | 
 54 | In the [examples folder](https://github.com/PG1003/observer/blob/master/examples) you will find example programs that show the features and usage of this library.
 55 | You can also take a peek in [tests.cpp](https://github.com/PG1003/observer/blob/master/test/tests.cpp).
 56 | 
 57 | The following examples are provided to get the impression about the usage of this observer library.
 58 | 
 59 | ### Connecting a lambda
 60 | 
 61 | ``` c++
 62 | int main( int /* argc */, char * /* argv */[] )
 63 | {
 64 |     // 1 Define a subject that notifies without parameters.
 65 |     pg::subject<> hello_subject;
 66 |     
 67 |     // 2 Connect a lambda to the subject.
 68 |     //   Assign the connection to a variable to keep the connection alive.
 69 |     //   The connection will be automatically removed when the variable goes out of scope.
 70 |     auto connection = pg::connect( hello_subject, []{ std::cout << "Hello World!" << std::endl; } );
 71 |     
 72 |     // 3 Notify the observers.
 73 |     //   This will call the lambda that was connected to this subject.
 74 |     //   In this case the subject has one function connected to it.
 75 |     hello_subject.notify();
 76 |     
 77 |     return 0;
 78 | }
 79 | ```
 80 | The output is:
 81 | >Hello World!
 82 | 
 83 | ### Connecting a function that ignores the extra parameters from subject
 84 | 
 85 | ```c++
 86 | // 1 A free function that accepts one string parameter.
 87 | void hello( const std::string & str )
 88 | {
 89 |     std::cout << "Hello " << str << std::endl;
 90 | }
 91 |     
 92 | int main( int /* argc */, char * /* argv */[] )
 93 | {
 94 |     // 2 Define a subject that passes two values; a string and an integer.
 95 |     pg::subject< const char *, int > world_subject;
 96 |     
 97 |     // 4 Connect the hello function to the subject.
 98 |     //   hello takes the first string value from the subject and ignors the second integer.
 99 |     //   Assign the connection to a variable to keep the connection alive.
100 |     auto connection = pg::connect( world_subject, hello );
101 |     
102 |     // 5 Notify the observers.
103 |     //   This will call the hello function that was connected to this subject.
104 |     world_subject.notify( "World!", 42 );
105 |     
106 |     return 0;
107 | }
108 | ```
109 | The output is:
110 | >Hello World!
111 | 
112 | ### Connecting a member function
113 | 
114 | ```c++
115 | int main( int /* argc */, char * /* argv */[] )
116 | {
117 |     // 1 Define a subject that passes a string to its observers.
118 |     pg::subject< const std::string & > s;
119 |     
120 |     // 2 A vector to store the values we receive from our subject.
121 |     std::vector< std::string > v;
122 | 
123 |     // 3 Create an alias for the type of overloaded member function pointer that we want to connect.
124 |     using overload = void( std::vector< std::string >::* )( const std::string & );
125 |     
126 |     // 4 Connect the vector's push_back fuction to our subject.
127 |     //   We need to cast member function pointer to select the required overload.
128 |     //   Assign the connection to a variable to keep the connection alive.
129 |     auto connection = pg::connect( s, &v, static_cast< overload >( &std::vector< std::string >::push_back ) );
130 | 
131 |     // 5 Notify the observers.
132 |     s.notify( "Hello" );
133 |     s.notify( "World!" );
134 | 
135 |     // 6 Print the contents of the vector.
136 |     for( auto& str : v )
137 |     {
138 |         std::cout << str << std::endl;
139 |     }
140 |     
141 |     return 0;
142 | }
143 | ```
144 | The output is:
145 | >Hello  
146 | >World!
147 | 
148 | ### Manage multiple connections using a `pg::connection_owner`
149 | 
150 | ```c++
151 | int main( int /* argc */, char * /* argv */[] )
152 | {
153 |     // 1 Define the subject that passes a string to its observers.
154 |     pg::subject< std::string > foo;
155 |     
156 |     {
157 |         // 2 A connection owner within a new scope.
158 |         //   This demonstrates that the connections are removed when leaving scope.
159 |         pg::connection_owner connections;
160 |         
161 |         // 3 Connect multiple lambda functions to the subject.
162 |         connections.connect( foo, []( std::string_view message )
163 |         {
164 |             std::cout << message << std::endl;
165 |         } );        
166 |         connections.connect( foo, []{ std::cout << "Hello World!" << std::endl; } );
167 |         
168 |         // 4 Notify the observers.
169 |         foo.notify( "Hello PG1003!" );
170 |     }
171 |     
172 |     // 5 The next notify prints nothing because the connection owner went out of scope.
173 |     foo.notify( "How are you?" );
174 |     
175 |     return 0;
176 | }
177 | ```
178 | The output is:
179 | >Hello PG1003!  
180 | >Hello World!
181 | 
182 | ### Manage multiple connections by inheriting from `pg::connection_owner`
183 | 
184 | ```c++
185 | // 1 An object that inherits from pg::connection_owner.
186 | //   Connections are made in the constructor and removed when the object goes out of scope.
187 | struct bar_object : public pg::connection_owner
188 | {
189 |     bar_object( pg::subject< std::string > & foo )
190 |     {
191 |         // 2 Connect member functions to the subject that is passed as constructor parameter.
192 |         connect( foo, this, &bar_object::print );
193 |         connect( foo, this, &bar_object::print_bar );
194 |     }
195 | 
196 |     void print( std::string_view str ) { std::cout << str; }
197 |     void print_bar() { std::cout << "bar" << std::endl; }
198 | };
199 | 
200 | int main( int /* argc */, char * /* argv */[] )
201 | {
202 |     // 3 Define the subject that passes a string to its observers.
203 |     pg::subject< std::string > foo;
204 |     
205 |     {
206 |         // 4 Create an object within a new scope that makes connections to the subject.
207 |         //   This demonstrates that the connections are removed when leaving scope.
208 |         bar_object bar( foo );
209 |         
210 |         // 5 Notify the observers.
211 |         foo.notify( "foo" );
212 |     }
213 |     
214 |     // 6 The next notify prints nothing because the object went out of scope.
215 |     foo.notify( "baz" );
216 |     
217 |     return 0;
218 | }
219 | ```
220 | The output is:
221 | >foobar  
222 | 
223 | ## Documentation
224 | 
225 | ### Observer
226 | 
227 | An observer is an object that implements an observer interface.
228 | The `connect` functions of this observer library implement observer interfaces when connecting member functions or callables to a subject.
229 | This saves you from implementing observer interfaces manually.
230 | 
231 | You use this interface when implementing custom subjects and observers.
232 | 
233 | #### Custom observers
234 | 
235 | It is possible to implement your own observer types by inheriting from the observer interface.
236 | However then you should also handle the cases when a subject disconnect its observers, for example when a subject goes out of scope.
237 | 
238 | The variadic template arguments of the observer interface defines the value types that an observer should receive at notification.
239 | 
240 | ```c++
241 | class my_observer final : public pg::observer< int >
242 | {
243 | public:
244 |     virtual void disconnect() override;         // Called by the subject when it disconnect its observers.
245 |     virtual void notify( int arg ) override;    // Called when the subject notifies its observers.
246 | };
247 | ```
248 | 
249 | ### Subject
250 | 
251 | A subject is an object that notifies its observers.
252 | 
253 | This observer library contains two subject types; `pg::subject` and `pg::blockable_subject`.
254 | The latter of these two has a mechanism to temporary block notifications.
255 | 
256 | For both subjects types you can define with variadic template parameters the value types to pass when notifying the observers.
257 | These template parameters also defines the observer interface which you can connect to the subject.
258 | 
259 | ```c++
260 | pg::subject< int, const char * > // A subject that passes an integer and a string when notifying its observers.
261 | pg::subject<>                    // A subject that notifies without values.
262 | ```
263 | 
264 | #### Custom subjects
265 | 
266 | You can create custom subjects for applications that need tight integration, multiprocessing, low overhead, etc.  
267 | 
268 | To create custom subjects you need to define the following two public member functions to connect observers and facilitate lifetime management:
269 | * `[discarded] connect( pg::observer< T... > * ) [const]`
270 | * `[discarded] disconnect( [const] pg::observer< T... > * ) [const]`
271 | 
272 | Also, you must call for each observer the `pg::observer< T... >::disconnect()` function before removing it from the object, for example in the destructor.
273 | 
274 | The example below is a lightweight subject that handles only one observer.
275 | Note that there is _no_ `notify` function.
276 | The notify function is not a part of the static interface that defines a subject.
277 | So you can pick any name for the notification function that calls the observer's notify like `emit` or create your own method to notify the observer.
278 | 
279 | ```c++
280 | class my_subject
281 | {
282 |     pg::observer< my_data > * m_observer = nullptr;
283 |     
284 | public:    
285 |     ~subject_base() noexcept
286 |     {
287 |         if( m_observer )
288 |         {
289 |             m_observer->disconnect();
290 |         }
291 |     }
292 | 
293 |     void connect( pg::observer< my_data > * const o ) noexcept
294 |     {
295 |         if( m_observer )
296 |         {
297 |             m_observer->disconnect();
298 |         }
299 |         m_observer = o;
300 |     }
301 | 
302 |     void disconnect( const pg::observer< my_data > * const o ) noexcept
303 |     {
304 |         if( o == m_observer )
305 |         {
306 |             m_observer = nullptr;
307 |         }
308 |     }
309 | };
310 | ```
311 | 
312 | ### Connection lifetime management
313 | 
314 | Lifetime management of the connection between subjects and observers is important.
315 | It releases resources that are no longer needed and avoids accessing resources that are no longer available.
316 | When a subject is removed, all connections to that subject must be removed too.
317 | The same applies when removing an observer; the observer must be disconnected from its subject. 
318 |  
319 | There are two methods to manage the lifetime of connections between subjects and observers:
320 | * Scoped connection
321 | * Connection owner
322 | 
323 | #### Scoped connections
324 | 
325 | A scoped connection is a lightweight object of the `pg::scoped_connection` type which owns a connection.
326 | The lifetime of the connection ends when the lifetime of the subject ends or when the scoped connection object goes out of scope.
327 | 
328 | Scoped connections are returned by the `pg::connect` functions when connecting a member function or a callable to a subject. 
329 | This connection type can be used at places where a limited number of connections are maintained.
330 | 
331 | ```c++
332 | pg::subject< int > s;
333 | 
334 | {
335 |     // Create a scoped connection 
336 |     pg::scoped_connection connection = pg::connect( s, []( int i ){ std::cout << i << std::endl; } );
337 |     
338 |     s.notify( 42 ); // Prints '42' in the output
339 | }
340 | 
341 | s.notify( 1337 );   // Prints nothing, connection went out of scope
342 | ```
343 | 
344 | #### Connection owner
345 | 
346 | A connection owner is usefull for places where a lot of connections needs to be managed.
347 | You can add a connection owner via composition by adding a `pg::connection_owner` member or give a object connection owner traits by deriving from it.
348 | The lifetime of a connection is bound to the connection owner's lifetime.
349 | Connections are automatically removed from the connection owner when the subject goes out of scope or gets deleted. 
350 | 
351 | A connection owner object owns only connections that are created with one of its `pg::connection_owner::connect` functions.
352 | Connection owners do not share connections.
353 | 
354 | ```c++
355 | pg::subject< int > s;
356 | 
357 | {
358 |     pg::connection_owner owner;
359 |     owner.connect( s, []( int i ){ std::cout << i << std::endl; } );
360 |     owner.connect( s, []( int i ){ std::cout << ( i + i ) << std::endl; } );
361 |     
362 |     s.notify( 21 ); // Prints '21' and '42'
363 | }
364 | 
365 | s.notify( 1337 );   // Prints nothing, connection owner went out of scope
366 | ```
367 | ### C++17 CTAD
368 | 
369 | Although at least C++14 is required, C++17 introduced [CTAD](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/class_template_argument_deduction) which simplifies the use of `pg::subject_blocker` and makes defining a parameterless `pg::subject` prettier.
370 | 
371 | ``` c++
372 | pg::subject<> foo   // C++14
373 | pg::subject   foo;  // C++17
374 | 
375 | pg::blockable_subject<> bar;  // C++14
376 | pg::subject_blocker< pg::blockable_subject<> > blocker( bar );   // C++14
377 | pg::subject_blocker                            blocker( bar );   // C++17
378 | ```
379 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/src/observer.h:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1 | // MIT License
  2 | //
  3 | // Copyright (c) 2020 PG1003
  4 | //
  5 | // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
  6 | // of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
  7 | // in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
  8 | // to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
  9 | // copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
 10 | // furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 11 | //
 12 | // The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
 13 | // copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 14 | //
 15 | // THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
 16 | // IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 17 | // FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
 18 | // AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 19 | // LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
 20 | // OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
 21 | // SOFTWARE.
 22 | 
 23 | #pragma once
 24 | 
 25 | #include <vector>
 26 | #include <algorithm>
 27 | 
 28 | #ifdef __has_cpp_attribute
 29 | # if __has_cpp_attribute( nodiscard )
 30 | #  define PG_OBSERVER_NODISCARD [[nodiscard]]
 31 | # endif
 32 | # if __has_cpp_attribute( likely )
 33 | #  define PG_OBSERVER_LIKELY [[likely]]
 34 | # endif
 35 | #endif
 36 | #ifndef PG_OBSERVER_NODISCARD
 37 | # define PG_OBSERVER_NODISCARD
 38 | #endif
 39 | #ifndef PG_OBSERVER_LIKELY
 40 | # define PG_OBSERVER_LIKELY
 41 | #endif
 42 | 
 43 | namespace pg
 44 | {
 45 | 
 46 | namespace detail
 47 | {
 48 | 
 49 | // This base class is to type erase the observers so that different observer types can be collected in a container.
 50 | class apex_observer
 51 | {
 52 | public:
 53 |     virtual ~apex_observer() noexcept = default;
 54 | };
 55 | 
 56 | }
 57 | 
 58 | /**
 59 |  * \brief Interface for observer objects.
 60 |  *
 61 |  * \tparam A Defines the types of the parameters for the observer's notify function.
 62 |  *
 63 |  * \see subject
 64 |  */
 65 | template< typename ...A >
 66 | class observer : public detail::apex_observer
 67 | {
 68 | public:
 69 |     /**
 70 |      * \brief Called when the observer is disconnected from the subject.
 71 |      *
 72 |      * The subject calls disconnect on all its observers when the subject gets deleted or goes out of scope.
 73 |      */
 74 |     virtual void disconnect() noexcept = 0;
 75 | 
 76 |     /**
 77 |      *  \brief The notification function that is called when the subject notifies
 78 |      *
 79 |      *  \param args The values of the notification. These are defined by this class' template parameters.
 80 |      */
 81 |     virtual void notify( A... args ) = 0;
 82 | };
 83 | 
 84 | namespace detail
 85 | {
 86 | 
 87 | // https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/types/remove_reference
 88 | template< typename T > struct remove_reference        { typedef T type; };
 89 | template< typename T > struct remove_reference< T & > { typedef T type; };
 90 | template< typename T > struct remove_reference< T && >{ typedef T type; };
 91 | 
 92 | // https://stackoverflow.com/a/27867127
 93 | template< typename T >
 94 | struct invoke_helper : invoke_helper< decltype( &detail::remove_reference< T >::type::operator() ) > {};
 95 | 
 96 | template< typename R, typename ...A >
 97 | struct invoke_helper< R ( * )( A... ) >
 98 | {
 99 |     template< typename F, typename ...Ar >
100 |     static decltype( auto ) invoke( F&& function, A... args, Ar&&... )
101 |     {
102 |         return function( std::forward< A >( args )... );
103 |     }
104 | };
105 | 
106 | template< typename R, typename C, typename ...A >
107 | struct invoke_helper< R ( C:: * )( A... ) >
108 | {
109 |     template< typename F, typename ...Ar >
110 |     static decltype( auto ) invoke( F&& function, A... args, Ar&&... )
111 |     {
112 |         return function( std::forward< A >( args )... );
113 |     }
114 | };
115 | 
116 | template< typename R, typename C, typename ...A >
117 | struct invoke_helper< R ( C:: * )( A... ) const >
118 | {
119 |     template< typename F, typename ...Ar >
120 |     static decltype( auto ) invoke( F&& function, A... args, Ar&&... )
121 |     {
122 |         return function( std::forward< A >( args )... );
123 |     }
124 | };
125 | 
126 | template< typename ...A >
127 | class subject_base
128 | {
129 |     subject_base( const subject_base< A... > & ) = delete;
130 |     subject_base< A... >& operator=( const subject_base< A... > & ) = delete;
131 | 
132 | protected:
133 |     std::vector< observer< A... > * > m_observers;
134 | 
135 |     subject_base() noexcept = default;
136 | 
137 |     ~subject_base() noexcept
138 |     {
139 |         for( auto it = m_observers.rbegin() ; it != m_observers.crend() ; ++it )
140 |         {
141 |             ( *it )->disconnect();
142 |         }
143 |     }
144 | 
145 | public:
146 |     void connect( observer< A... > * const o ) noexcept
147 |     {
148 |         m_observers.push_back( o );
149 |     }
150 | 
151 |     void disconnect( const observer< A... > * const o ) noexcept
152 |     {
153 |         // Iterate reversed over the m_observers since we expect that observers that
154 |         // are frequently connected and disconnected resides at the end of the vector.
155 |         auto it_find = std::find( m_observers.crbegin(), m_observers.crend(), o );
156 |         if( it_find != m_observers.crend() ) PG_OBSERVER_LIKELY
157 |         {
158 |             m_observers.erase( ( ++it_find ).base() );
159 |         }
160 |     }
161 | };
162 | 
163 | }
164 | 
165 | /**
166 |  * \brief Invokes a callable with the given arguments.
167 |  *
168 |  * \param function A callable such as a free function, lambda, std::function or a functor.
169 |  * \param args     The arguments to forward to \em function.
170 |  *
171 |  * \return Returns the value that the invoked function returned.
172 |  *
173 |  * The advantage this implementation over std::invoke is that the number of parameters that is
174 |  * forwarded to \em function is adjusted when \em function accept less parameters than passed to \em invoke.
175 |  */
176 | template< typename F, typename ...A >
177 | inline decltype( auto ) invoke( F&& function, A&&... args )
178 | {
179 |     return detail::invoke_helper< F >::invoke( std::forward< F >( function ), std::forward< A >( args )... );
180 | }
181 | 
182 | /**
183 |  * \overload inline decltype( auto ) invoke( F&& function, A&&... args )
184 |  */
185 | template< typename R, typename ...Af, typename ...A >
186 | inline decltype( auto ) invoke( R ( * function )( Af... ), A&&... args )
187 | {
188 |     return detail::invoke_helper< R ( * )( Af... ) >::invoke( std::forward< R ( * )( Af... ) >( function ), std::forward< A >( args )... );
189 | }
190 | 
191 | /**
192 |  * \brief Class that calls the notification function of its observers.
193 |  *
194 |  * \tparam A The types of the values that are passed to the observers notification functions.
195 |  *
196 |  * \see observer
197 |  */
198 | template< typename ...A >
199 | class subject : public detail::subject_base< A... >
200 | {
201 |     subject( const subject< A... > & ) = delete;
202 |     subject< A... >& operator=( const subject< A... > & ) = delete;
203 | 
204 | public:
205 |     subject() noexcept = default;
206 | 
207 |     /**
208 |      * \brief Notifies the observers observers connected to this subject.
209 |      *
210 |      * \param args The values passed to the observer's notification function.
211 |      *
212 |      * The observers are notified in the order they are connected.
213 |      */
214 |     void notify( A... args ) const
215 |     {
216 |         for( auto o : detail::subject_base< A... >::m_observers )
217 |         {
218 |             o->notify( args... );
219 |         }
220 |     }
221 | };
222 | 
223 | /**
224 |  * \brief Class that calls the notification function of its observers.
225 |  *
226 |  * \tparam A The types of the values that are passed to the observers notification functions.
227 |  *
228 |  * This subject type is blockable.
229 |  * It maintains a block count that is tested before the notification of its observers.
230 |  * This subject blocks notifications when the block count is non-zero.
231 |  *
232 |  * \see observer
233 |  */
234 | template< typename ...A >
235 | class blockable_subject : public detail::subject_base< A... >
236 | {
237 |     blockable_subject( const blockable_subject< A... > & ) = delete;
238 |     blockable_subject< A... >& operator=( const blockable_subject< A... > & ) = delete;
239 | 
240 |     int block_count = 0;
241 | 
242 | public:
243 |     blockable_subject() noexcept = default;
244 | 
245 |     /**
246 |      * \brief Notifies the observers observers connected to this subject when not blocked.
247 |      *
248 |      * \param args The values passed to the observer's notification function.
249 |      *
250 |      * The observers are notified in the order they are connected.
251 |      */
252 |     void notify( A... args ) const
253 |     {
254 |         if( !block_count )
255 |         {
256 |             for( auto o : detail::subject_base< A... >::m_observers )
257 |             {
258 |                 o->notify( args... );
259 |             }
260 |         }
261 |     }
262 | 
263 |     /**
264 |      * \brief Blocks the notification of its observers when called.
265 |      * 
266 |      * This function can be called multiple times which increases a block count.
267 |      * You must call \em unblock the same number of times to unblock the subject or call \em set_block_state( false ).
268 |      *
269 |      * Notifications are not buffered when the subject is blocked.
270 |      *
271 |      * \see blockable_subject::unblock blockable_subject::set_block_state
272 |      */
273 |     void block() noexcept
274 |     {
275 |         ++block_count;
276 |     }
277 | 
278 |     /**
279 |      * \brief Decreases the block count and unblocks the subject when the count got 0.
280 |      *
281 |      * This function can be called multiple times even when the subject is already unblocked.
282 |      *
283 |      * \see blockable_subject::block blockable_subject::set_block_state
284 |      */
285 |     void unblock() noexcept
286 |     {
287 |         if( block_count > 0 )
288 |         {
289 |             --block_count;
290 |         }
291 |     }
292 | 
293 |     /**
294 |      * \brief Overrides the block count when the state differs from the current block state.
295 |      *
296 |      * \param block_state The new block state.
297 |      *
298 |      * \return Returns the old block state.
299 |      *
300 |      * When the block count is 0 when the block_state is true, the block count is set to 1.
301 |      * In case the block count is larger than 0 and the block_state is false, the block count is set to 0.
302 |      *
303 |      * The block count won't change if block_state is true and the block count is 0 or the block_state is false and the block count is 0.
304 |      *
305 |      * \see blockable_subject::block blockable_subject::unblock
306 |      */
307 |     bool set_block_state( bool block_state ) noexcept
308 |     {
309 |         if( block_count && !block_state )
310 |         {
311 |             block_count = 0;
312 |             return true;
313 |         }
314 |         else if( !block_count && block_state )
315 |         {
316 |             block_count = 1;
317 |             return false;
318 |         }
319 | 
320 |         return block_state; // No state change
321 |     }
322 | };
323 | 
324 | /**
325 |  * \brief Blocks temporary the notifications of a subject.
326 |  *
327 |  * \tparam S The type of the blockable subject.
328 |  *
329 |  * This class use RAII. The class blocks notifications when it is constructed and unblocked at destruction,
330 |  * for example when a subject_blocker instance leaves its scope.
331 |  *
332 |  * A subject_blocker expects a blockable subject that has the following two methods;
333 |  * - [discarded] block() [const]
334 |  * - [discarded] unblock() [const]
335 |  *
336 |  * \see pg::blockable_subject
337 |  */
338 | template< typename S >
339 | class subject_blocker
340 | {
341 |     S * m_subject = nullptr;
342 | 
343 | public:
344 |     subject_blocker() noexcept = default;
345 | 
346 |     /**
347 |      * \param subject A reference to the subject which notifications must be blocked.
348 |      */
349 |     subject_blocker( S & subject ) noexcept
350 |             : m_subject( &subject )
351 |     {
352 |         m_subject->block();
353 |     }
354 | 
355 |     ~subject_blocker() noexcept
356 |     {
357 |         if( m_subject )
358 |         {
359 |             m_subject->unblock();
360 |         }
361 |     }
362 | };
363 | 
364 | namespace detail
365 | {
366 | 
367 | template< template< class, class, class... > class D, typename B, typename S >
368 | struct observer_type_factory : observer_type_factory< D, B, decltype( &S::connect ) >
369 | {};
370 | 
371 | template< template< class, class, class... > class D, typename B, typename R, typename S, typename ...Ao >
372 | struct observer_type_factory< D, B, R ( S:: * )( observer< Ao... > * ) noexcept >
373 | {
374 |     using type = D< B, S, Ao... >;
375 | };
376 | 
377 | template< template< class, class, class... > class D, typename B, typename R, typename S, typename ...Ao >
378 | struct observer_type_factory< D, B, R ( S:: * )( observer< Ao... > * ) const noexcept >
379 | {
380 |     using type = D< B, S, Ao... >;
381 | };
382 | 
383 | template< typename O, typename F, typename ...Ao >
384 | class member_function_observer
385 | {
386 |     O * const m_instance;
387 |     F         m_function;
388 | 
389 | protected:
390 |     member_function_observer( O * instance, F function ) noexcept
391 |             : m_instance( instance )
392 |             , m_function( function )
393 |     {}
394 | 
395 |     template< typename ...Ar >
396 |     void invoke( Ao&&... args, Ar&&... )
397 |     {
398 |         ( m_instance->*m_function )( std::forward< Ao >( args )... );
399 |     }
400 | };
401 | 
402 | template< typename F >
403 | class function_observer
404 | {
405 |     F m_function;
406 | 
407 | protected:
408 |     function_observer( F&& function ) noexcept
409 |             : m_function( std::forward< F >( function ) )
410 |     {}
411 | 
412 |     template< typename ...As >
413 |     void invoke( As&&... args )
414 |     {
415 |         detail::invoke_helper< F >::invoke( m_function, std::forward< As >( args )... );
416 |     }
417 | };
418 | 
419 | }
420 | 
421 | /**
422 |  * \brief Manages the subject <--> observer connection lifetime from the observer side.
423 |  *
424 |  * Connections that are made and thus owned by connection_owner are removed at destruction of connection_owner.
425 |  *
426 |  * When connecting an observer to a subject, the connection_owner expects that a subject has the following methods;
427 |  * - [discarded] connect( pg::observer< T... > * ) [const]
428 |  * - [discarded] disconnect( [const] pg::observer< T... > * ) [const]
429 |  *
430 |  * \see pg::subject pg::blockable_subject pg::observer
431 |  */
432 | class connection_owner
433 | {
434 |     class abstract_observer
435 |     {
436 |     public:
437 |         virtual ~abstract_observer() noexcept = default;
438 |         virtual void remove_from_subject() noexcept = 0;
439 |     };
440 | 
441 |     template< typename B, typename S, typename ...Ao >
442 |     class owner_observer final : public observer< Ao... >, public abstract_observer, B
443 |     {
444 |         connection_owner &m_owner;
445 |         S                &m_subject;
446 | 
447 |         virtual void notify( Ao... args ) override
448 |         {
449 |             B::invoke( std::forward< Ao >( args )... );
450 |         }
451 | 
452 |         virtual void disconnect() noexcept override
453 |         {
454 |             m_owner.remove_observer( this );
455 |         }
456 | 
457 |         virtual void remove_from_subject() noexcept override
458 |         {
459 |             m_subject.disconnect( this );
460 |         }
461 | 
462 |     public:
463 |         template< typename ...Ab >
464 |         owner_observer( connection_owner &owner, S &subject, Ab&&... args_base ) noexcept
465 |                 : B( std::forward< Ab >( args_base )... )
466 |                 , m_owner( owner )
467 |                 , m_subject( subject )
468 |         {
469 |             m_owner.add_observer( this );
470 |             m_subject.connect( this );
471 |         }
472 |     };
473 | 
474 |     connection_owner( const connection_owner & ) = delete;
475 |     connection_owner & operator=( const connection_owner & ) = delete;
476 | 
477 |     std::vector< abstract_observer * > m_observers;
478 | 
479 |     auto find_observer( const abstract_observer * const o )
480 |     {
481 |         auto it_find = std::find( m_observers.crbegin(), m_observers.crend(), o );
482 | 
483 |         return it_find == m_observers.crend() ? m_observers.cend() : ( ++it_find ).base();
484 |     }
485 | 
486 |     void remove_observer( abstract_observer * const o ) noexcept
487 |     {
488 |         auto it_find = find_observer( o );
489 |         if( it_find != m_observers.cend() ) PG_OBSERVER_LIKELY
490 |         {
491 |             m_observers.erase( it_find );
492 |             delete o;
493 |         }
494 |     }
495 | 
496 |     void add_observer( abstract_observer * const o ) noexcept
497 |     {
498 |         m_observers.push_back( o );
499 |     }
500 | 
501 | public:
502 |     /**
503 |      * \brief A handle to a subject <--> observer connection.
504 |      *
505 |      * \note Reuse of this handle may lead to undefined behavior.
506 |      *
507 |      * \see pg::connection_owner::connect pg::connection_owner::disconnect
508 |      */
509 |     class connection
510 |     {
511 |         friend connection_owner;
512 |         abstract_observer * m_h = nullptr;
513 | 
514 |         connection( abstract_observer * h )
515 |                 : m_h( h )
516 |         {}
517 | 
518 |     public:
519 |         connection() noexcept = default;
520 |     };
521 | 
522 |     connection_owner() = default;
523 | 
524 |     ~connection_owner() noexcept
525 |     {
526 |         for( auto it = m_observers.crbegin() ; it != m_observers.crend() ; ++it )
527 |         {
528 |             ( *it )->remove_from_subject();
529 |             delete *it;
530 |         }
531 |     }
532 | 
533 |     /**
534 |      * \brief Connects a member function of an object to a subject.
535 |      *
536 |      * \param s        The subject from which the object's member function will receive notifications.
537 |      * \param instance The instance of the object.
538 |      * \param function The member function pointer that is called when the subject notifies
539 |      *
540 |      * \return Returns a connection_owner::connection handle.
541 |      *
542 |      * The number of parameters that \em function accepts can be less than the number of values that comes with the notification.
543 |      *
544 |      * \note The lifetime of the instance must exceed the connection_owner's lifetime.
545 |      */
546 |     template< typename S, typename R, typename O, typename ...Ao >
547 |     connection connect( S &s, O * instance, R ( O::* const function )( Ao... ) ) noexcept
548 |     {
549 |         using observer_type = typename detail::observer_type_factory< owner_observer, detail::member_function_observer< O, R ( O::* )( Ao... ), Ao... >, S >::type;
550 |         return new observer_type( *this, s, instance, function );
551 |     }
552 | 
553 |     /**
554 |      * \overload connect( S & s, O * instance, R( O::* )( Ao... ) function )
555 |      */
556 |     template< typename S, typename R, typename O, typename ...Ao >
557 |     connection connect( S &s, O * instance, R ( O::* const function )( Ao... ) const ) noexcept
558 |     {
559 |         using observer_type = typename detail::observer_type_factory< owner_observer, detail::member_function_observer< O, R ( O::* )( Ao... ) const, Ao... >, S >::type;
560 |         return new observer_type( *this, s, instance, function );
561 |     }
562 | 
563 |     /**
564 |      * \overload connect( S & s, O * instance, R( O::* )( Ao... ) function )
565 |      */
566 |     template< typename S, typename R, typename O, typename ...Ao >
567 |     connection connect( S &s, const O * instance, R ( O::* const function )( Ao... ) const ) noexcept
568 |     {
569 |         using observer_type = typename detail::observer_type_factory< owner_observer, detail::member_function_observer< const O, R ( O::* )( Ao... ) const, Ao... >, S >::type;
570 |         return new observer_type( *this, s, instance, function );
571 |     }
572 | 
573 |     /**
574 |      * \brief Connects a callable to a subject.
575 |      *
576 |      * \param s        The subject from which \em function will receive notifications.
577 |      * \param function A callable such as a free function, lambda, std::function or a functor that is called when the subject notifies.
578 |      *
579 |      * \return Returns a connection_owner::connection handle.
580 |      *
581 |      * The number of parameters that \em function accepts can be less than the number of values that comes with the notification.
582 |      *
583 |      * \note The \em function is copied and stored in the connection_owner. This means that the callables must have a copy constructor.
584 |      *
585 |      * \note When a callable has side effects than the lifetime of these side effects must exceed the connection_owner's lifetime.
586 |      */
587 |     template< typename S, typename F >
588 |     connection connect( S &s, F&& function ) noexcept
589 |     {
590 |         using observer_type = typename detail::observer_type_factory< owner_observer, detail::function_observer< F >, S >::type;
591 |         return new observer_type( *this, s, std::forward< F >( function ) );
592 |     }
593 | 
594 |     /**
595 |      * \overload connection connect( S &s, F function ) noexcept
596 |      */
597 |     template< typename S, typename R, typename ...Af >
598 |     connection connect( S &s, R ( * function )( Af... ) ) noexcept
599 |     {
600 |         using observer_type = typename detail::observer_type_factory< owner_observer, detail::function_observer< R ( * )( Af... ) >, S >::type;
601 |         return new observer_type( *this, s, std::forward< R ( * )( Af... ) >( function ) );
602 |     }
603 | 
604 |     /**
605 |      * \brief Disconnects the observer from its subject.
606 |      *
607 |      * \param c The connection handle.
608 |      *
609 |      * The observer will be deleted in case it is a lambda, std::function or a functor.
610 |      *
611 |      * \see pg::connection_owner::connect
612 |      */
613 |     void disconnect( connection c ) noexcept
614 |     {
615 |         auto it_find = find_observer( c.m_h );
616 |         if( it_find != m_observers.cend() ) PG_OBSERVER_LIKELY
617 |         {
618 |             c.m_h->remove_from_subject();
619 |             m_observers.erase( it_find );
620 |             delete c.m_h;
621 |         }
622 |     }
623 | };
624 | 
625 | /**
626 |  * \brief Defined for backwards compatibility.
627 |  *
628 |  * observer_owner was renamed to connection_owner.
629 |  * The name 'connection_owner' expresses better what the object does; owning the lifetime of the connections.
630 |  */
631 | using observer_owner [[deprecated]] = connection_owner;
632 | 
633 | namespace detail
634 | {
635 | 
636 | template< typename B, typename S, typename ...Ao >
637 | class scoped_observer final : public observer< Ao... >, B
638 | {
639 |     S * m_subject;
640 | 
641 |     virtual void notify( Ao... args ) override
642 |     {
643 |         B::invoke( std::forward< Ao >( args )... );
644 |     }
645 | 
646 |     virtual void disconnect() noexcept override
647 |     {
648 |         m_subject = nullptr;
649 |     }
650 | 
651 | public:
652 |     template< typename ...Ab >
653 |     scoped_observer( S &subject, Ab&&... args_base ) noexcept
654 |             : B( std::forward< Ab >( args_base )... )
655 |             , m_subject( &subject )
656 |     {
657 |         m_subject->connect( this );
658 |     }
659 | 
660 |     virtual ~scoped_observer()
661 |     {
662 |         if( m_subject )
663 |         {
664 |             m_subject->disconnect( this );
665 |         }
666 |     }
667 | };
668 | 
669 | }
670 | 
671 | /**
672 |  * \brief Owns a connection between subject <--> observer.
673 |  *
674 |  * A pg::scoped_connection is created by the pg::connect functions.
675 |  * The lifetime of the connection owned by pg::scoped_connection and ends when a pg::scoped_connection goes out of scope or gets deleted.
676 |  *
677 |  * When assigning a new connection returned by pg::connect, the connection it currently holds will be deleted before taking ownership of the new one.
678 |  *
679 |  * \note The lifetime of a scoped_connection must exceed the connected (member) function's side-effects' lifetime at the observer side.
680 |  *
681 |  * \see pg::connect
682 |  */
683 | class scoped_connection
684 | {
685 |     template< typename S, typename R, typename O, typename ...Ao >
686 |     friend scoped_connection connect( S &s, O * instance, R ( O::* const function )( Ao... ) ) noexcept;
687 | 
688 |     template< typename S, typename R, typename O, typename ...Ao >
689 |     friend scoped_connection connect( S &s, O * instance, R ( O::* const function )( Ao... ) const ) noexcept;
690 | 
691 |     template< typename S, typename R, typename O, typename ...Ao >
692 |     friend scoped_connection connect( S &s, const O * instance, R ( O::* const function )( Ao... ) const ) noexcept;
693 | 
694 |     template< typename S, typename R, typename ...Af >
695 |     friend scoped_connection connect( S &s, R ( * function )( Af... ) ) noexcept;
696 | 
697 |     template< typename S, typename F >
698 |     friend scoped_connection connect( S &s, F&& function ) noexcept;
699 | 
700 |     detail::apex_observer* m_observer = nullptr;
701 | 
702 |     scoped_connection( detail::apex_observer * o ) noexcept
703 |             : m_observer( o )
704 |     {}
705 | 
706 | public:
707 |     scoped_connection() = default;
708 | 
709 |     scoped_connection( scoped_connection&& other ) noexcept
710 |     {
711 |         delete m_observer;
712 |         m_observer       = other.m_observer;
713 |         other.m_observer = nullptr;
714 |     }
715 | 
716 |     scoped_connection& operator=( scoped_connection&& other ) noexcept
717 |     {
718 |         delete m_observer;
719 |         m_observer       = other.m_observer;
720 |         other.m_observer = nullptr;
721 |         return *this;
722 |     }
723 | 
724 |     ~scoped_connection() noexcept
725 |     {
726 |         delete m_observer;
727 |     }
728 | 
729 |     /**
730 |      * \brief Ends the lifetime its connection.
731 |      */
732 |     void reset() noexcept
733 |     {
734 |         delete m_observer;
735 |         m_observer = nullptr;
736 |     }
737 | };
738 | 
739 | /**
740 |  * \brief Connects a member function of an object to a subject.
741 |  *
742 |  * \param s        The subject from which the object's member function will receive notifications.
743 |  * \param instance The instance of the object.
744 |  * \param function The member function pointer that is called when the subject notifies
745 |  *
746 |  * \return Returns a pg::scoped_connection.
747 |  *
748 |  * The number of parameters that \em function accepts can be less than the number of values that comes with the notification.
749 |  *
750 |  * \note The lifetime of the instance must exceed the scoped_connection's lifetime.
751 |  */
752 | template< typename S, typename R, typename O, typename ...Ao >
753 | PG_OBSERVER_NODISCARD scoped_connection connect( S &s, O * instance, R ( O::* const function )( Ao... ) ) noexcept
754 | {
755 |     using observer_type = typename detail::observer_type_factory< detail::scoped_observer, detail::member_function_observer< O, R ( O::* )( Ao... ), Ao... >, S >::type;
756 |     return new observer_type( s, instance, function );
757 | }
758 | 
759 | /**
760 |  * \overload connect( S & s, O * instance, R( O::* )( Ao... ) function )
761 |  */
762 | template< typename S, typename R, typename O, typename ...Ao >
763 | PG_OBSERVER_NODISCARD scoped_connection connect( S &s, O * instance, R ( O::* const function )( Ao... ) const ) noexcept
764 | {
765 |     using observer_type = typename detail::observer_type_factory< detail::scoped_observer, detail::member_function_observer< O, R ( O::* )( Ao... ) const, Ao... >, S >::type;
766 |     return new observer_type( s, instance, function );
767 | }
768 | 
769 | /**
770 |  * \overload connect( S & s, O * instance, R( O::* )( Ao... ) function )
771 |  */
772 | template< typename S, typename R, typename O, typename ...Ao >
773 | PG_OBSERVER_NODISCARD scoped_connection connect( S &s, const O * instance, R ( O::* const function )( Ao... ) const ) noexcept
774 | {
775 |     using observer_type = typename detail::observer_type_factory< detail::scoped_observer, detail::member_function_observer< const O, R ( O::* )( Ao... ) const, Ao... >, S >::type;
776 |     return new observer_type( s, instance, function );
777 | }
778 | 
779 | /**
780 |  * \brief Connects a callable to a subject.
781 |  *
782 |  * \param s        The subject from which \em function will receive notifications.
783 |  * \param function A callable such as a free function, lambda, std::function or a functor that is called when the subject notifies.
784 |  *
785 |  * \return Returns a pg::scoped_connection.
786 |  *
787 |  * The number of parameters that \em function accepts can be less than the number of values that comes with the notification.
788 |  *
789 |  * \note The \em function is copied and stored in the connection_owner. This means that the callables must have a copy constructor.
790 |  *
791 |  * \note When a callable has side effects than the lifetime of these side effects must exceed the scoped_connection's lifetime.
792 |  */
793 | template< typename S, typename F >
794 | PG_OBSERVER_NODISCARD scoped_connection connect( S &s, F&& function ) noexcept
795 | {
796 |     using observer_type = typename detail::observer_type_factory< detail::scoped_observer, detail::function_observer< F >, S >::type;
797 |     return new observer_type( s, std::forward< F >( function ) );
798 | }
799 | 
800 | /**
801 |  * \overload scoped_connection connect( S &s, F&& function )
802 |  */
803 | template< typename S, typename R, typename ...Af >
804 | PG_OBSERVER_NODISCARD scoped_connection connect( S &s, R ( * function )( Af... ) ) noexcept
805 | {
806 |     using observer_type = typename detail::observer_type_factory< detail::scoped_observer, detail::function_observer< R ( * )( Af... ) >, S >::type;
807 |     return new observer_type( s, std::forward< R ( * )( Af... ) >( function ) );
808 | }
809 | 
810 | }
811 | 
812 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/test/tests.cpp:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   1 | #include <observer.h>
   2 | #include <iostream>
   3 | #include <string>
   4 | #if __cplusplus >= 201703L
   5 | #include <string_view>
   6 | #endif
   7 | #include <vector>
   8 | #include <functional>
   9 | #include <memory>
  10 | 
  11 | static int total_asserts  = 0;
  12 | static int failed_asserts = 0;
  13 | 
  14 | static bool report_failed_assert( const char* const file, const int line, const char* const condition )
  15 | {
  16 |     std::cout << "assert failed! (file " << file << ", line " << line << "): " << condition << std::endl;
  17 |     ++failed_asserts;
  18 |     return false;
  19 | }
  20 | 
  21 | #define assert_true( c ) do { ++total_asserts; ( c ) || report_failed_assert( __FILE__, __LINE__, #c ); } while( false );
  22 | 
  23 | 
  24 | using namespace pg;
  25 | 
  26 | ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  27 | //                Functions and structs used by the tests                    //
  28 | ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  29 | 
  30 | static int free_function_int_val = -1;
  31 | static void free_function_int( int i )
  32 | {
  33 |     free_function_int_val = i;
  34 | }
  35 | 
  36 | static int free_function_void_val = 0;
  37 | static void free_function_void()
  38 | {
  39 |     ++free_function_void_val;
  40 | }
  41 | 
  42 | static void free_function_reset()
  43 | {
  44 |     free_function_int_val  = -1;
  45 |     free_function_void_val = 0;
  46 | }
  47 | 
  48 | static int free_function_return_int()
  49 | {
  50 |     return 42;
  51 | }
  52 | 
  53 | struct functor_int
  54 | {
  55 |     int &val;
  56 | 
  57 |     functor_int( int &i )
  58 |         : val( i )
  59 |     {}
  60 | 
  61 |     void operator()( int i )
  62 |     {
  63 |         val = i;
  64 |     }
  65 | };
  66 | 
  67 | struct functor_void
  68 | {
  69 |     int &val;
  70 | 
  71 |     functor_void( int &i )
  72 |         : val( i )
  73 |     {}
  74 | 
  75 |     void operator()()
  76 |     {
  77 |         ++val;
  78 |     }
  79 | };
  80 | 
  81 | struct functor_return_int
  82 | {
  83 |     int operator()( int i )
  84 |     {
  85 |         return i;
  86 |     }
  87 | };
  88 | 
  89 | struct const_functor_return_int
  90 | {
  91 |     int operator()( int i ) const
  92 |     {
  93 |         return i;
  94 |     }
  95 | };
  96 | 
  97 | struct member_observers
  98 | {
  99 |     int int_char_ival = -1;
 100 |     int int_char_cval = -1;
 101 |     int int_ival      = -1;
 102 |     int void_val      = 0;
 103 | 
 104 |     void int_char( int i, char c )
 105 |     {
 106 |         int_char_ival = i;
 107 |         int_char_cval = c;
 108 |     }
 109 | 
 110 |     void int_( int i )
 111 |     {
 112 |         int_ival = i;
 113 |     }
 114 | 
 115 |     void void_()
 116 |     {
 117 |         ++void_val;
 118 |     }
 119 | };
 120 | 
 121 | struct member_observers_with_owner : private connection_owner, public member_observers
 122 | {
 123 |     member_observers_with_owner( subject< int, char > &subject_int_char )
 124 |     {
 125 |         connect( subject_int_char, static_cast< member_observers * >( this ), &member_observers::int_char );
 126 |         connect( subject_int_char, static_cast< member_observers * >( this ), &member_observers::int_ );
 127 |         connect( subject_int_char, static_cast< member_observers * >( this ), &member_observers::void_ );
 128 |     }
 129 | };
 130 | 
 131 | ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 132 | //                                  Tests                                    //
 133 | ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 134 | 
 135 | static void free_function_observer()
 136 | {
 137 |     free_function_reset();
 138 | 
 139 |     subject< int > subject_int;
 140 |     subject<>      subject_void;
 141 | 
 142 |     {
 143 |         connection_owner owner;
 144 | 
 145 |         owner.connect( subject_int, free_function_int );
 146 |         owner.connect( subject_int, free_function_void );
 147 |         owner.connect( subject_void, free_function_void );
 148 | 
 149 |         subject_int.notify( 42 );
 150 |         assert_true( free_function_int_val == 42 );
 151 |         assert_true( free_function_void_val == 1 );
 152 | 
 153 |         subject_void.notify();
 154 |         assert_true( free_function_void_val == 2 );
 155 |     }
 156 | 
 157 |     free_function_reset();
 158 | 
 159 |     {
 160 |         auto c1 = connect( subject_int, free_function_int );
 161 |         auto c2 = connect( subject_int, free_function_void );
 162 |         auto c3 = connect( subject_void, free_function_void );
 163 | 
 164 |         subject_int.notify( 42 );
 165 |         assert_true( free_function_int_val == 42 );
 166 |         assert_true( free_function_void_val == 1 );
 167 | 
 168 |         subject_void.notify();
 169 |         assert_true( free_function_void_val == 2 );
 170 |     }
 171 | }
 172 | 
 173 | static void lambda_function_observer()
 174 | {
 175 |     subject< int > subject_int;
 176 |     subject<>      subject_void;
 177 | 
 178 |     int lambda_int_val  = -1;
 179 |     int lambda_void_val = 0;
 180 | 
 181 |     {
 182 |         connection_owner owner;
 183 | 
 184 |         owner.connect( subject_int, [ & ]( int i ){ lambda_int_val = i; } );
 185 |         owner.connect( subject_int, [ & ]{ ++lambda_void_val; } );
 186 |         owner.connect( subject_void, [ & ]{ ++lambda_void_val; } );
 187 | 
 188 |         subject_int.notify( 42 );
 189 |         assert_true( lambda_int_val == 42 );
 190 |         assert_true( lambda_void_val == 1 );
 191 | 
 192 |         subject_void.notify();
 193 |         assert_true( lambda_void_val == 2 );
 194 |     }
 195 | 
 196 |     lambda_int_val  = -1;
 197 |     lambda_void_val = 0;
 198 | 
 199 |     {
 200 |         auto c1 = connect( subject_int, [ & ]( int i ){ lambda_int_val = i; } );
 201 |         auto c2 = connect( subject_int, [ & ]{ ++lambda_void_val; } );
 202 |         auto c3 = connect( subject_void, [ & ]{ ++lambda_void_val; } );
 203 | 
 204 |         subject_int.notify( 42 );
 205 |         assert_true( lambda_int_val == 42 );
 206 |         assert_true( lambda_void_val == 1 );
 207 | 
 208 |         subject_void.notify();
 209 |         assert_true( lambda_void_val == 2 );
 210 |     }
 211 | }
 212 | 
 213 | static void std_function_observer()
 214 | {
 215 |     subject< int > subject_int;
 216 |     subject<>      subject_void;
 217 | 
 218 |     int lambda_int_val  = -1;
 219 |     int lambda_void_val = 0;
 220 | 
 221 |     std::function< void( int ) > std_function_int  = [ & ]( int i ){ lambda_int_val = i; };
 222 |     std::function< void() >      std_function_void = [ & ]{ ++lambda_void_val; };
 223 | 
 224 |     {
 225 |         connection_owner owner;
 226 | 
 227 |         owner.connect( subject_int, std_function_int );
 228 |         owner.connect( subject_int, std_function_void );
 229 |         owner.connect( subject_void, std_function_void );
 230 | 
 231 |         subject_int.notify( 1337 );
 232 |         assert_true( lambda_int_val == 1337 );
 233 |         assert_true( lambda_void_val == 1 );
 234 | 
 235 |         subject_void.notify();
 236 |         assert_true( lambda_void_val == 2 );
 237 |     }
 238 | 
 239 |     lambda_int_val  = -1;
 240 |     lambda_void_val = 0;
 241 | 
 242 |     {
 243 |         auto c1 = connect( subject_int, std_function_int );
 244 |         auto c2 = connect( subject_int, std_function_void );
 245 |         auto c3 = connect( subject_void, std_function_void );
 246 | 
 247 |         subject_int.notify( 1337 );
 248 |         assert_true( lambda_int_val == 1337 );
 249 |         assert_true( lambda_void_val == 1 );
 250 | 
 251 |         subject_void.notify();
 252 |         assert_true( lambda_void_val == 2 );
 253 |     }
 254 | }
 255 | 
 256 | static void functor_observer()
 257 | {
 258 |     subject< int > subject_int;
 259 | 
 260 |     int int_val  = -1;
 261 |     int void_val = 0;
 262 | 
 263 |     {
 264 |         connection_owner owner;
 265 | 
 266 |         owner.connect( subject_int, functor_int( int_val ) );
 267 |         owner.connect( subject_int, functor_void( void_val ) );
 268 | 
 269 |         subject_int.notify( 1003 );
 270 |         assert_true( int_val == 1003 );
 271 |         assert_true( void_val == 1 );
 272 |     }
 273 | 
 274 |     int_val  = -1;
 275 |     void_val = 0;
 276 | 
 277 |     {
 278 |         auto c1 = connect( subject_int, functor_int( int_val ) );
 279 |         auto c2 = connect( subject_int, functor_void( void_val ) );
 280 | 
 281 |         subject_int.notify( 1003 );
 282 |         assert_true( int_val == 1003 );
 283 |         assert_true( void_val == 1 );
 284 |     }
 285 | }
 286 | 
 287 | static void member_function_observer()
 288 | {
 289 |     subject< int, char >        subject_int_char;
 290 | 
 291 |     {
 292 |         member_observers_with_owner member_observers_with_owner_( subject_int_char );
 293 | 
 294 |         subject_int_char.notify( 1337, 'Q' );
 295 |         assert_true( member_observers_with_owner_.int_char_ival == 1337 );
 296 |         assert_true( member_observers_with_owner_.int_char_cval == 'Q' );
 297 |         assert_true( member_observers_with_owner_.int_ival == 1337 );
 298 |         assert_true( member_observers_with_owner_.void_val == 1 );
 299 |     }
 300 | 
 301 |     {
 302 |         member_observers member_observers_;
 303 | 
 304 |         auto c1 = connect( subject_int_char, &member_observers_, &member_observers_with_owner::int_char );
 305 |         auto c2 = connect( subject_int_char, &member_observers_, &member_observers_with_owner::int_ );
 306 |         auto c3 = connect( subject_int_char, &member_observers_, &member_observers_with_owner::void_ );
 307 | 
 308 |         subject_int_char.notify( 1337, 'Q' );
 309 |         assert_true( member_observers_.int_char_ival == 1337 );
 310 |         assert_true( member_observers_.int_char_cval == 'Q' );
 311 |         assert_true( member_observers_.int_ival == 1337 );
 312 |         assert_true( member_observers_.void_val == 1 );
 313 |     }
 314 | }
 315 | 
 316 | 
 317 | static void subject_subject_observer()
 318 | {
 319 |     subject< int, char > subject_int_char1;
 320 |     subject< int, char > subject_int_char2;
 321 |     subject< int >       subject_int;
 322 |     subject<>            subject_void;
 323 | 
 324 |     int  int_char_1_ival = -1;
 325 |     char int_char_1_cval = '\0';
 326 |     int  int_char_2_ival = -1;
 327 |     char int_char_2_cval = '\0';
 328 |     int  int_val         = -1;
 329 |     int  void_val        = 0;
 330 | 
 331 |     {
 332 |         connection_owner owner;
 333 | 
 334 |         owner.connect( subject_int_char1, [ & ]( int i, char c ){ int_char_1_ival = i; int_char_1_cval = c; } );
 335 |         owner.connect( subject_int_char1, &subject_int_char2, &subject< int, char >::notify );
 336 |         owner.connect( subject_int_char2, [ & ]( int i, char c ){ int_char_2_ival = i; int_char_2_cval = c; } );
 337 |         owner.connect( subject_int_char2, &subject_int, &subject< int >::notify );
 338 |         owner.connect( subject_int, [ & ]( int i ){ int_val = i; } );
 339 |         owner.connect( subject_int, &subject_void, &subject<>::notify );
 340 |         owner.connect( subject_void, [ & ]{ ++void_val; } );
 341 | 
 342 |         subject_int_char1.notify( 33, 'R' );
 343 |         assert_true( int_char_1_ival == 33 );
 344 |         assert_true( int_char_1_cval == 'R' );
 345 |         assert_true( int_char_2_ival == 33 );
 346 |         assert_true( int_char_2_cval == 'R' );
 347 |         assert_true( int_val == 33 );
 348 |         assert_true( void_val == 1 );
 349 |     }
 350 | 
 351 |     int_char_1_ival = -1;
 352 |     int_char_1_cval = '\0';
 353 |     int_char_2_ival = -1;
 354 |     int_char_2_cval = '\0';
 355 |     int_val         = -1;
 356 |     void_val        = 0;
 357 | 
 358 |     {
 359 |         auto c1 = connect( subject_int_char1, [ & ]( int i, char c ){ int_char_1_ival = i; int_char_1_cval = c; } );
 360 |         auto c2 = connect( subject_int_char1, &subject_int_char2, &subject< int, char >::notify );
 361 |         auto c3 = connect( subject_int_char2, [ & ]( int i, char c ){ int_char_2_ival = i; int_char_2_cval = c; } );
 362 |         auto c4 = connect( subject_int_char2, &subject_int, &subject< int >::notify );
 363 |         auto c5 = connect( subject_int, [ & ]( int i ){ int_val = i; } );
 364 |         auto c6 = connect( subject_int, &subject_void, &subject<>::notify );
 365 |         auto c7 = connect( subject_void, [ & ]{ ++void_val; } );
 366 | 
 367 |         subject_int_char1.notify( 33, 'R' );
 368 |         assert_true( int_char_1_ival == 33 );
 369 |         assert_true( int_char_1_cval == 'R' );
 370 |         assert_true( int_char_2_ival == 33 );
 371 |         assert_true( int_char_2_cval == 'R' );
 372 |         assert_true( int_val == 33 );
 373 |         assert_true( void_val == 1 );
 374 |     }
 375 | 
 376 | }
 377 | 
 378 | static void observer_owner_lifetime()
 379 | {
 380 |     subject< int, char > subject_int_char;
 381 | 
 382 |     int val = -1;
 383 | 
 384 |     {
 385 |         connection_owner owner;
 386 | 
 387 |         owner.connect( subject_int_char, [ & ]( int i ){ val = i; } );
 388 | 
 389 |         subject_int_char.notify( 1701, 'J' );
 390 |         assert_true( val == 1701 );
 391 |     }
 392 | 
 393 |     subject_int_char.notify( 1702, 'K' );
 394 |     assert_true( val == 1701 );
 395 | 
 396 |     val = -1;
 397 | 
 398 |     {
 399 |         auto c = connect( subject_int_char, [ & ]( int i ){ val = i; } );
 400 | 
 401 |         subject_int_char.notify( 1701, 'J' );
 402 |         assert_true( val == 1701 );
 403 |     }
 404 | 
 405 |     subject_int_char.notify( 1702, 'K' );
 406 |     assert_true( val == 1701 );
 407 | }
 408 | 
 409 | static void subject_lifetime()
 410 | {
 411 |     int val_1 = 0;
 412 |     int val_2 = 0;
 413 | 
 414 |     {
 415 |         connection_owner owner;
 416 | 
 417 |         {
 418 |             subject<> subject_void;
 419 |             owner.connect( subject_void, [ & ]{ ++val_1; } );
 420 | 
 421 |             subject_void.notify();
 422 |         }
 423 | 
 424 |         subject<> subject_void;
 425 |         owner.connect( subject_void, [ & ]{ ++val_2; } );
 426 | 
 427 |         subject_void.notify();
 428 |         assert_true( val_1 == 1 );
 429 |         assert_true( val_2 == 1 );
 430 |     }
 431 | 
 432 |     val_1 = 0;
 433 |     val_2 = 0;
 434 | 
 435 |     {
 436 |         scoped_connection c1;
 437 | 
 438 |         {
 439 |             subject<> subject_void;
 440 |             c1 = connect( subject_void, [ & ]{ ++val_1; } );
 441 | 
 442 |             subject_void.notify();
 443 |         }
 444 | 
 445 |         subject<> subject_void;
 446 |         auto c2 = connect( subject_void, [ & ]{ ++val_2; } );
 447 | 
 448 |         subject_void.notify();
 449 |         assert_true( val_1 == 1 );
 450 |         assert_true( val_2 == 1 );
 451 |     }
 452 | }
 453 | 
 454 | static void scoped_observer()
 455 | {
 456 |     scoped_connection connection;
 457 |     subject< int >    s;
 458 | 
 459 |     int val = 0;
 460 | 
 461 |     connection = connect( s, [ & ]( int i ){ val = i; } );
 462 | 
 463 |     s.notify( 42 );
 464 |     assert_true( val == 42 );
 465 | 
 466 |     {
 467 |         scoped_connection moved_connection( std::move( connection ) );
 468 | 
 469 |         s.notify( 1337 );
 470 |         assert_true( val == 1337 );
 471 |     }
 472 | 
 473 |     s.notify( 1003 );
 474 |     assert_true( val == 1337 );
 475 | 
 476 |     connection = connect( s, [&]{ ++val; } );
 477 | 
 478 |     s.notify( 42 );
 479 |     assert_true( val == 1338 );
 480 | 
 481 |     struct foo
 482 |     {
 483 |         int * const m_val = nullptr;
 484 | 
 485 |         foo( int & v )
 486 |             : m_val( &v )
 487 |         {}
 488 | 
 489 |         int operator()( int i )
 490 |         {
 491 |             *m_val = i * 2;
 492 |             return *m_val;
 493 |         }
 494 | 
 495 |         ~foo()
 496 |         {
 497 |             *m_val = 0;
 498 |         }
 499 |     };
 500 | 
 501 |     connection = connect( s, foo( val ) );
 502 | 
 503 |     s.notify( 21 );
 504 |     assert_true( val == 42 );
 505 | 
 506 |     connection.reset();
 507 |     assert_true( val == 0 );
 508 | }
 509 | 
 510 | static void observer_disconnect()
 511 | {
 512 |     connection_owner owner_1;
 513 |     connection_owner owner_2;
 514 |     subject<>        subject_void;
 515 | 
 516 |     int val = 0;
 517 | 
 518 |     connection_owner::connection connection_1;
 519 |     connection_1                              = owner_1.connect( subject_void, [ & ]{ ++val; } );
 520 |     connection_owner::connection connection_2 = owner_2.connect( subject_void, [ & ]{ ++val; } );
 521 | 
 522 |     owner_2.disconnect( connection_1 );
 523 |     owner_1.disconnect( connection_2 );
 524 | 
 525 |     subject_void.notify();
 526 |     assert_true( val == 2 );
 527 | 
 528 |     owner_1.disconnect( connection_1 );
 529 |     owner_2.disconnect( connection_2 );
 530 | 
 531 |     subject_void.notify();
 532 |     assert_true( val == 2 );
 533 | }
 534 | 
 535 | static void observer_notify_and_disconnect_order()
 536 | {
 537 |     struct test_observer final : public observer<>
 538 |     {
 539 |         int       &m_counter;
 540 |         const int m_expected_value;
 541 | 
 542 |         test_observer( int &counter, int expected_value ) noexcept
 543 |                 : m_counter( counter )
 544 |                 , m_expected_value( expected_value )
 545 |         {}
 546 | 
 547 |         virtual void notify() override
 548 |         {
 549 |             ++m_counter;
 550 |             assert_true( m_counter == m_expected_value );
 551 |         }
 552 | 
 553 |         virtual void disconnect() noexcept override
 554 |         {
 555 |             assert_true( m_counter == m_expected_value );
 556 |             --m_counter;
 557 |         }
 558 |     };
 559 | 
 560 |     int shared_counter = 0;
 561 | 
 562 |     test_observer to_1( shared_counter, 1 );
 563 |     test_observer to_2( shared_counter, 2 );
 564 |     test_observer to_3( shared_counter, 3 );
 565 | 
 566 |     subject<> s;
 567 |     s.connect( &to_1 );
 568 |     s.connect( &to_2 );
 569 |     s.connect( &to_3 );
 570 | 
 571 |     s.notify();
 572 | }
 573 | 
 574 | static void block_subject()
 575 | {
 576 |     connection_owner    owner;
 577 |     blockable_subject<> subject_void;
 578 | 
 579 |     int val = 0;
 580 | 
 581 |     owner.connect( subject_void, [ & ]{ ++val; } );
 582 | 
 583 |     subject_void.notify();
 584 |     assert_true( val == 1 );
 585 | 
 586 |     {
 587 |         subject_blocker< blockable_subject<> > blocker( subject_void );
 588 | 
 589 |         subject_void.notify();
 590 |         assert_true( val == 1 );
 591 |     }
 592 | 
 593 |     subject_void.notify();
 594 |     assert_true( val == 2 );
 595 | 
 596 |     subject_void.block();
 597 |     subject_void.block();
 598 | 
 599 |     subject_void.notify();
 600 |     assert_true( val == 2 );
 601 | 
 602 |     subject_void.set_block_state( false );
 603 | 
 604 |     subject_void.notify();
 605 |     assert_true( val == 3 );
 606 | 
 607 |     subject_void.unblock();
 608 | 
 609 |     subject_void.notify();
 610 |     assert_true( val == 4 );
 611 | 
 612 |     subject_void.set_block_state( true );
 613 | 
 614 |     subject_void.notify();
 615 |     assert_true( val == 4 );
 616 | }
 617 | 
 618 | static void type_compatibility()
 619 | {
 620 |     connection_owner               owner;
 621 |     subject< std::string >         subject_string;
 622 |     subject< const std::string >   subject_const_string;
 623 |     subject< const std::string & > subject_const_string_ref;
 624 |     subject< char * >              subject_p_char;
 625 |     subject< const char * >        subject_const_p_char;
 626 | 
 627 |     int int_str              = 0;
 628 |     int int_const_string_ref = 0;
 629 |     int int_p_char           = 0;
 630 |     int int_const_p_char     = 0;
 631 | 
 632 |     const auto int_reset = [ & ]
 633 |     {
 634 |         int_str              = 0;
 635 |         int_const_string_ref = 0;
 636 |         int_p_char           = 0;
 637 |         int_const_p_char     = 0;
 638 |     };
 639 | 
 640 |     std::string       string_value        = "Foobar";
 641 |     const std::string const_string_value  = "Foobar";
 642 |     char              sz_char[]           = "Foobar";
 643 |     const char        *const_p_char_value = "Foobar";
 644 | 
 645 |     const auto str           = [ & ]( std::string str ){ if( str == const_string_value ) ++int_str; };
 646 |     const auto const_str_ref = [ & ]( const std::string& str ){ if( str == const_string_value ) ++int_const_string_ref; };
 647 |     const auto p_char        = [ & ]( char *str ){ if( str == const_string_value ) ++int_p_char; };
 648 |     const auto const_p_char  = [ & ]( const char *str ){ if( str == const_string_value ) ++int_const_p_char; };
 649 | 
 650 |     owner.connect( subject_string, str           );
 651 |     owner.connect( subject_string, const_str_ref );
 652 | 
 653 |     owner.connect( subject_const_string, str           );
 654 |     owner.connect( subject_const_string, const_str_ref );
 655 | 
 656 |     owner.connect( subject_const_string_ref, str           );
 657 |     owner.connect( subject_const_string_ref, const_str_ref );
 658 | 
 659 |     owner.connect( subject_p_char, str           );
 660 |     owner.connect( subject_p_char, const_str_ref );
 661 |     owner.connect( subject_p_char, p_char        );
 662 |     owner.connect( subject_p_char, const_p_char  );
 663 | 
 664 |     owner.connect( subject_const_p_char, str           );
 665 |     owner.connect( subject_const_p_char, const_str_ref );
 666 |     owner.connect( subject_const_p_char, const_p_char  );
 667 | 
 668 |     subject_string.notify( "Foobar" );
 669 |     subject_string.notify( string_value );
 670 |     subject_string.notify( const_string_value );
 671 |     subject_string.notify( sz_char );
 672 |     subject_string.notify( const_p_char_value );
 673 |     assert_true( int_str == 5 );
 674 |     assert_true( int_const_string_ref == 5 );
 675 |     int_reset();
 676 | 
 677 |     subject_const_string.notify( "Foobar" );
 678 |     subject_const_string.notify( string_value );
 679 |     subject_const_string.notify( const_string_value );
 680 |     subject_const_string.notify( sz_char );
 681 |     subject_const_string.notify( const_p_char_value );
 682 |     assert_true( int_str == 5 );
 683 |     assert_true( int_const_string_ref == 5 );
 684 |     int_reset();
 685 | 
 686 |     subject_const_string_ref.notify( "Foobar" );
 687 |     subject_const_string_ref.notify( string_value );
 688 |     subject_const_string_ref.notify( const_string_value );
 689 |     subject_const_string_ref.notify( sz_char );
 690 |     subject_const_string_ref.notify( const_p_char_value );
 691 |     assert_true( int_str == 5 );
 692 |     assert_true( int_const_string_ref == 5 );
 693 |     int_reset();
 694 | 
 695 |     subject_p_char.notify( sz_char );
 696 |     assert_true( int_str == 1 );
 697 |     assert_true( int_const_string_ref == 1 );
 698 |     assert_true( int_p_char == 1 );
 699 |     assert_true( int_const_p_char == 1 );
 700 |     int_reset();
 701 | 
 702 |     subject_const_p_char.notify( "Foobar" );
 703 |     subject_const_p_char.notify( sz_char );
 704 |     subject_const_p_char.notify( const_p_char_value );
 705 |     assert_true( int_str == 3 );
 706 |     assert_true( int_const_string_ref == 3 );
 707 |     assert_true( int_const_p_char == 3 );
 708 | }
 709 | 
 710 | static void invoke_function()
 711 | {
 712 |     // Free functions
 713 |     free_function_reset();
 714 | 
 715 |     invoke( free_function_void, "pg", 1003 );
 716 |     assert_true( free_function_void_val == 1 );
 717 | 
 718 |     invoke( free_function_int, 42 );
 719 |     assert_true( free_function_int_val == 42 );
 720 | 
 721 |     const int int_free_function = invoke( free_function_return_int );
 722 |     assert_true( int_free_function == 42 );
 723 | 
 724 |     // Functor
 725 |     int int_functor_0  = -1;
 726 |     invoke( functor_int( int_functor_0 ), 42 );
 727 |     assert_true( int_functor_0 == 42 );
 728 | 
 729 |     const int int_functor_1 = invoke( functor_return_int(), 42, "foobar" );
 730 |     assert_true( int_functor_1 == 42 );
 731 | 
 732 |     const int int_functor_2 = invoke( functor_return_int(), 42 );
 733 |     assert_true( int_functor_2 == 42 );
 734 | 
 735 |     // Functor with const function
 736 |     const int int_const_functor_0 = invoke( const_functor_return_int(), 42, "foobar" );
 737 |     assert_true( int_const_functor_0 == 42 );
 738 | 
 739 |     const int int_const_functor_1 = invoke( const_functor_return_int(), 42 );
 740 |     assert_true( int_const_functor_1 == 42 );
 741 | 
 742 |     // Lambda
 743 |     const int int_lambda = invoke( []( int i ){ return i * 2; }, 21, 1337 );
 744 |     assert_true( int_lambda == 42 );
 745 | 
 746 |     // std::function
 747 |     int int_std_function = -1;
 748 |     const std::function< void( void ) > std_function = [&]{ int_std_function = 42; };
 749 |     pg::invoke( std_function ); // ADL kicked in... explicit use pg::invoke to avoid ambiguity with std::invoke.
 750 |     assert_true( int_std_function == 42 );
 751 | }
 752 | 
 753 | struct object_forwarding
 754 | {
 755 |     object_forwarding() = delete;
 756 |     object_forwarding( const object_forwarding & ) = delete;
 757 |     object_forwarding( const object_forwarding && ) = delete;
 758 |     object_forwarding & operator =( const object_forwarding & ) = delete;
 759 |     object_forwarding & operator =( const object_forwarding && ) = delete;
 760 | 
 761 |     object_forwarding( int value )
 762 |         : m_value( value )
 763 |     {}
 764 | 
 765 |     const int m_value;
 766 | };
 767 | 
 768 | void free_function_object_forwarding( const object_forwarding &o )
 769 | {
 770 |     assert_true( o.m_value == 1003 );
 771 | }
 772 | 
 773 | struct member_functions_object_forwarding
 774 | {
 775 |     void operator()( const object_forwarding &o )
 776 |     {
 777 |         assert_true( o.m_value == 1003 );
 778 |     }
 779 | 
 780 |     void foo( const object_forwarding &o )
 781 |     {
 782 |         assert_true( o.m_value == 1003 );
 783 |     }
 784 | 
 785 |     void bar( const object_forwarding &o ) const
 786 |     {
 787 |         assert_true( o.m_value == 1003 );
 788 |     }
 789 | };
 790 | 
 791 | struct const_member_functions_object_forwarding
 792 | {
 793 |     void operator()( const object_forwarding &o ) const
 794 |     {
 795 |         assert_true( o.m_value == 1003 );
 796 |     }
 797 | 
 798 |     void bar( const object_forwarding &o ) const
 799 |     {
 800 |         assert_true( o.m_value == 1003 );
 801 |     }
 802 | };
 803 | 
 804 | static void const_and_forwarding()
 805 | {
 806 |     subject< const object_forwarding & > s;
 807 |     pg::connection_owner           owner;
 808 | 
 809 |     member_functions_object_forwarding             member_functions;
 810 |     const member_functions_object_forwarding       member_functions_const;
 811 |     const_member_functions_object_forwarding       const_member_functions;
 812 |     const const_member_functions_object_forwarding const_member_functions_const;
 813 | 
 814 |     owner.connect( s, []( const object_forwarding &o )
 815 |         {
 816 |             assert_true( o.m_value == 1003 );
 817 |         } );
 818 |     owner.connect( s, free_function_object_forwarding );
 819 | 
 820 |     owner.connect( s, member_functions );
 821 |     owner.connect( s, &member_functions, &member_functions_object_forwarding::foo );
 822 |     owner.connect( s, &member_functions, &member_functions_object_forwarding::bar );
 823 | 
 824 |     owner.connect( s, &member_functions_const, &member_functions_object_forwarding::bar );
 825 | 
 826 |     owner.connect( s, const_member_functions );
 827 |     owner.connect( s, &const_member_functions, &const_member_functions_object_forwarding::bar );
 828 | 
 829 |     owner.connect( s, const_member_functions_const );
 830 |     owner.connect( s, &const_member_functions_const, &const_member_functions_object_forwarding::bar );
 831 | 
 832 |     const auto c1 = pg::connect( s, []( const object_forwarding &o )
 833 |         {
 834 |             assert_true( o.m_value == 1003 );
 835 |         } );
 836 |     const auto c2 = pg::connect( s, free_function_object_forwarding );
 837 | 
 838 |     const auto c3 = pg::connect( s, member_functions );
 839 |     const auto c4 = pg::connect( s, &member_functions, &member_functions_object_forwarding::foo );
 840 |     const auto c5 = pg::connect( s, &member_functions, &member_functions_object_forwarding::bar );
 841 | 
 842 |     const auto c6 = pg::connect( s, &member_functions_const, &member_functions_object_forwarding::bar );
 843 | 
 844 |     const auto c7 = pg::connect( s, const_member_functions );
 845 |     const auto c8 = pg::connect( s, &const_member_functions, &const_member_functions_object_forwarding::bar );
 846 | 
 847 |     const auto c9  = pg::connect( s, const_member_functions_const );
 848 |     const auto c10 = pg::connect( s, &const_member_functions_const, &const_member_functions_object_forwarding::bar );
 849 | 
 850 |     s.notify( object_forwarding( 1003 ) );
 851 | }
 852 | 
 853 | static std::string hello_called;
 854 | static void hello( const std::string & str )
 855 | {
 856 |     hello_called = "Hello " + str;
 857 | }
 858 | 
 859 | void readme_examples()
 860 | {
 861 |     // Connecting a lambda
 862 |     {
 863 |         std::string hello_world_called;
 864 | 
 865 |         pg::subject<> hello_subject;
 866 | 
 867 |         auto connection = pg::connect( hello_subject, [&]{ hello_world_called = "Hello World!"; } );
 868 | 
 869 |         hello_subject.notify();
 870 | 
 871 |         assert_true( hello_world_called == "Hello World!" );
 872 |     }
 873 | 
 874 |     // Connecting a function that ignores the extra parameters from subject
 875 |     {
 876 |         pg::subject< const char *, int > world_subject;
 877 | 
 878 |         auto connection = pg::connect( world_subject, hello );
 879 | 
 880 |         world_subject.notify( "World!", 42 );
 881 | 
 882 |         assert_true( hello_called == "Hello World!" );
 883 |     }
 884 | 
 885 |     // Connecting a member function
 886 |     {
 887 |         pg::subject< const std::string & > s;
 888 | 
 889 |         std::vector< std::string > v;
 890 | 
 891 |         using overload = void( std::vector< std::string >::* )( const std::string & );
 892 | 
 893 |         auto connection = pg::connect( s, &v, static_cast< overload >( &std::vector< std::string >::push_back ) );
 894 | 
 895 |         s.notify( "Hello" );
 896 |         s.notify( "World!" );
 897 | 
 898 |         assert_true( v.size() == 2 );
 899 |         assert_true( v[ 0 ] == "Hello" );
 900 |         assert_true( v[ 1 ] == "World!" );
 901 |     }
 902 | 
 903 | #if __cplusplus >= 201703L
 904 |     // Manage multiple connections using a `pg::connection_owner`
 905 |     {
 906 |         pg::subject< std::string > foo;
 907 | 
 908 |         std::string first_called;
 909 |         std::string second_called;
 910 | 
 911 |         {
 912 |             pg::connection_owner connections;
 913 | 
 914 |             connections.connect( foo, [&]( std::string_view message )
 915 |             {
 916 |                 first_called = message.substr();
 917 |             } );
 918 | 
 919 |             connections.connect( foo, [&]
 920 |             {
 921 |                 second_called = "Hello World!";
 922 |             } );
 923 | 
 924 |             foo.notify( "Hello PG1003!" );
 925 | 
 926 |             assert_true( first_called == "Hello PG1003!" );
 927 |             assert_true( second_called == "Hello World!" );
 928 |         }
 929 | 
 930 |         first_called.clear();
 931 |         second_called.clear();
 932 | 
 933 |         // 5 The connection owner object went out of scope and disconnected the observer functions.
 934 |         //   The next notify prints nothing.
 935 |         foo.notify( "How are you?" );
 936 | 
 937 |         assert_true( first_called.empty() );
 938 |         assert_true( second_called.empty() );
 939 |     }
 940 | 
 941 |     // Manage multiple connections by inheriting from `pg::connection_owner`
 942 |     {
 943 |         std::string print_called;
 944 |         std::string print_bar_called;
 945 | 
 946 |         struct bar_object : public pg::connection_owner
 947 |         {
 948 |             std::string & m_print_called;
 949 |             std::string & m_print_bar_called;
 950 | 
 951 |             bar_object( pg::subject< std::string > & foo, std::string & pc, std::string & pbc )
 952 |                     : m_print_called( pc )
 953 |                     , m_print_bar_called( pbc )
 954 |             {
 955 |                 connect( foo, this, &bar_object::print );
 956 |                 connect( foo, this, &bar_object::print_bar );
 957 |             }
 958 | 
 959 |             void print( std::string_view str ) { m_print_called = str; }
 960 |             void print_bar() { m_print_bar_called = "bar"; }
 961 |         };
 962 | 
 963 |         pg::subject< std::string > foo;
 964 | 
 965 |         {
 966 |             bar_object bar( foo, print_called, print_bar_called );
 967 | 
 968 |             foo.notify( "foo" );
 969 | 
 970 |             assert_true( print_called == "foo" );
 971 |             assert_true( print_bar_called == "bar" );
 972 |         }
 973 | 
 974 |         print_called.clear();
 975 |         print_bar_called.clear();
 976 | 
 977 |         foo.notify( "baz" );
 978 | 
 979 |         assert_true( print_called.empty() );
 980 |         assert_true( print_bar_called.empty() );
 981 |     }
 982 | #endif
 983 | }
 984 | 
 985 | int main( int /* argc */, char * /* argv */[] )
 986 | {
 987 |     free_function_observer();
 988 |     lambda_function_observer();
 989 |     std_function_observer();
 990 |     functor_observer();
 991 |     member_function_observer();
 992 |     subject_subject_observer();
 993 |     observer_owner_lifetime();
 994 |     subject_lifetime();
 995 |     scoped_observer();
 996 |     observer_disconnect();
 997 |     observer_notify_and_disconnect_order();
 998 |     block_subject();
 999 |     type_compatibility();
1000 |     invoke_function();
1001 |     const_and_forwarding();
1002 |     readme_examples();
1003 | 
1004 |     std::cout << "Total asserts: " << total_asserts << ", asserts failed: " << failed_asserts << std::endl;
1005 | 
1006 |     return failed_asserts ? 1 : 0;
1007 | }
1008 | 


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