├── .gitignore
├── Cargo.lock
├── Cargo.toml
├── README.md
├── _readme
├── photo.jpg
├── rust.jpg
└── starry-night.jpg
├── images
├── girl-with-a-pearl-earring.jpg
├── ophelia.jpg
└── starry-night.jpg
├── rust-toolchain.toml
├── shell.nix
└── src
└── main.rs
/.gitignore:
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1 | /target
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/Cargo.toml:
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1 | [package]
2 | name = "linez"
3 | version = "0.1.0"
4 | edition = "2021"
5 |
6 | [dependencies]
7 | bresenham = "0.1.1"
8 | clap = { version = "4.5.24", features = ["derive"] }
9 | image = "0.25.5"
10 | minifb = "0.27"
11 | rand = "0.8.5"
12 |
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/README.md:
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1 | # linez
2 |
3 | Quick & fun tool that approximates images using lines:
4 |
5 |
6 | 
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 | 
11 |
12 |
13 |
14 | 
15 |
16 |
17 | ## Usage
18 |
19 | ``` shell
20 | $ git clone https://github.com/Patryk27/linez
21 | $ cd linez
22 | $ cargo run --release -- images/starry-night.jpg
23 | # (press escape to close the app)
24 | ```
25 |
26 | ## Algorithm
27 |
28 | 1. Load image provided by user (aka the target image).
29 | 2. Create a black image (aka the approximated image).
30 | 3. Sample a line: randomize starting point, ending point, and color.
31 | 4. Check if drawing this line on the approximated image would reduce _the distance_ between the approximated image and the target image.
32 | 5. If so, draw the line; otherwise don't draw it.
33 | 6. Go to 3.
34 |
35 | ... where "distance between images" is e.g. mean squared error:
36 |
37 | ```
38 | fn image_distance(img_a, img_b):
39 | assert img_a.size() == img_b.size()
40 |
41 | dist = 0.0
42 |
43 | for all pixels in img_a and img_b:
44 | dist += pixel_distance(pixel_a, pixel_b)
45 |
46 | return dist
47 |
48 | fn pixel_distance(pixel_a, pixel_b):
49 | dist_r = (pixel_a.red - pixel_b.red) ^ 2
50 | dist_g = (pixel_a.green - pixel_b.green) ^ 2
51 | dist_b = (pixel_a.blue - pixel_b.blue) ^ 2
52 |
53 | return dist_r + dist_g + dist_b
54 | ```
55 |
56 | ## License
57 |
58 | MIT License
59 |
60 | Copyright (c) 2024 Patryk Wychowaniec
61 |
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/_readme/photo.jpg:
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https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Patryk27/linez/dd54da36cbcfcacbc6e929c7a5f391424f9bfd9b/_readme/photo.jpg
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/_readme/rust.jpg:
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https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Patryk27/linez/dd54da36cbcfcacbc6e929c7a5f391424f9bfd9b/_readme/rust.jpg
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/_readme/starry-night.jpg:
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https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Patryk27/linez/dd54da36cbcfcacbc6e929c7a5f391424f9bfd9b/_readme/starry-night.jpg
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/images/girl-with-a-pearl-earring.jpg:
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https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Patryk27/linez/dd54da36cbcfcacbc6e929c7a5f391424f9bfd9b/images/girl-with-a-pearl-earring.jpg
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/images/ophelia.jpg:
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https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Patryk27/linez/dd54da36cbcfcacbc6e929c7a5f391424f9bfd9b/images/ophelia.jpg
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/images/starry-night.jpg:
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https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Patryk27/linez/dd54da36cbcfcacbc6e929c7a5f391424f9bfd9b/images/starry-night.jpg
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/rust-toolchain.toml:
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1 | [toolchain]
2 | channel = "1.84.0"
3 |
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/shell.nix:
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1 | {
2 | pkgs ? import { },
3 | }:
4 |
5 | with pkgs;
6 |
7 | mkShell rec {
8 | nativeBuildInputs = [
9 | pkg-config
10 | ];
11 |
12 | buildInputs = [
13 | udev
14 | alsa-lib
15 | vulkan-loader
16 | xorg.libX11
17 | xorg.libXcursor
18 | xorg.libXi
19 | xorg.libXrandr
20 | libxkbcommon
21 | wayland
22 | ];
23 |
24 | LD_LIBRARY_PATH = lib.makeLibraryPath buildInputs;
25 | }
26 |
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/src/main.rs:
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1 | use bresenham::Bresenham;
2 | use clap::Parser;
3 | use image::{ImageReader, RgbImage};
4 | use minifb::{Key, Window, WindowOptions};
5 | use rand::Rng;
6 | use rand::RngCore;
7 | use std::path::PathBuf;
8 |
9 | #[derive(Parser)]
10 | struct Args {
11 | target: PathBuf,
12 |
13 | #[clap(short, long, default_value = "4096")]
14 | iterations: usize,
15 |
16 | #[clap(short, long)]
17 | output: Option,
18 | }
19 |
20 | fn main() {
21 | let args = Args::parse();
22 |
23 | // ---
24 |
25 | let target = ImageReader::open(args.target)
26 | .expect("couldn't load given image")
27 | .decode()
28 | .expect("couldn't decode given image")
29 | .into_rgb8();
30 |
31 | let target = Image::from(target);
32 | let width = target.width;
33 | let height = target.height;
34 |
35 | let mut approx = Image::from(RgbImage::new(width, height));
36 |
37 | // ---
38 |
39 | let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
40 | let mut canvas = vec![0; (width * height) as usize];
41 |
42 | let mut window = Window::new(
43 | "linez",
44 | width as usize,
45 | height as usize,
46 | WindowOptions::default(),
47 | )
48 | .unwrap();
49 |
50 | while window.is_open() && !window.is_key_down(Key::Escape) {
51 | let mut got_improvement = false;
52 |
53 | for _ in 0..args.iterations {
54 | got_improvement |= tick(&mut rng, &target, &mut approx);
55 | }
56 |
57 | if got_improvement {
58 | approx.encode(&mut canvas);
59 | }
60 |
61 | window
62 | .update_with_buffer(&canvas, width as usize, height as usize)
63 | .unwrap();
64 | }
65 |
66 | if let Some(output_path) = args.output {
67 | let final_image: RgbImage = approx.into();
68 | final_image
69 | .save(output_path)
70 | .expect("couldn't save final image");
71 | }
72 | }
73 |
74 | fn tick(rng: &mut impl RngCore, target: &Image, approx: &mut Image) -> bool {
75 | // Randomize starting point
76 | let beg_x = rng.gen_range(0..target.width) as isize;
77 | let beg_y = rng.gen_range(0..target.height) as isize;
78 |
79 | // Randomize ending point
80 | let end_x = rng.gen_range(0..target.width) as isize;
81 | let end_y = rng.gen_range(0..target.height) as isize;
82 |
83 | // Randomize color
84 | let r = rng.gen_range(0..255);
85 | let g = rng.gen_range(0..255);
86 | let b = rng.gen_range(0..255);
87 |
88 | // Prepare changes required to draw the line.
89 | //
90 | // We're using a closure, since `Bresenham` is not `Clone`-able and, for
91 | // performance reasons, we'd like to avoid `.collect()`-ing the temporary
92 | // points here.
93 | let changes = || {
94 | Bresenham::new((beg_x, beg_y), (end_x, end_y))
95 | .map(|(x, y)| [x as u32, y as u32])
96 | .map(|pos| (pos, [r, g, b]))
97 | };
98 |
99 | // Check if `approx + changes()` brings us "closer" towards `target`
100 | let loss_delta = Image::loss_delta(target, approx, changes());
101 |
102 | // ... if not, bail out
103 | if loss_delta >= 0.0 {
104 | return false;
105 | }
106 |
107 | // ... and otherwise apply the changes, i.e. draw the line
108 | approx.apply(changes());
109 |
110 | true
111 | }
112 |
113 | type Point = [u32; 2];
114 | type Color = [u8; 3];
115 |
116 | struct Image {
117 | width: u32,
118 | height: u32,
119 | pixels: Vec,
120 | }
121 |
122 | impl Image {
123 | /// Calculates how good `approx + changes` approximates `target`, i.e. we
124 | /// evaluate `Δ distance(target, approx + changes)` in color space.
125 | ///
126 | /// Intuitively, if this function returns a *negative* value, it means that
127 | /// `approx + changes` approximates `target` *better* than just `approx` and
128 | /// so it makes sense to apply `changes` on `approx`.
129 | ///
130 | /// (negative = better, since we expect the loss to converge to zero over
131 | /// infinite time.)
132 | ///
133 | /// Note that we're interested only in the *change* of the loss - we don't
134 | /// care whether the absolute value of loss is 123.0 or 321.0, just whether
135 | /// `approx + changes` gets us closer towards `target`, even if only by a
136 | /// slight margin.
137 | ///
138 | /// Calculating absolute loss would require going through all of the pixels
139 | /// and that'd be wasteful, since we don't care about the precise value of
140 | /// the loss.
141 | fn loss_delta(
142 | target: &Self,
143 | approx: &Self,
144 | changes: impl IntoIterator- ,
145 | ) -> f32 {
146 | changes
147 | .into_iter()
148 | .map(|(pos, new_color)| {
149 | let target_color = target.color_at(pos);
150 | let approx_color = approx.color_at(pos);
151 |
152 | let loss_without_changes = Self::pixel_loss(target_color, approx_color);
153 | let loss_with_changes = Self::pixel_loss(target_color, new_color);
154 |
155 | loss_with_changes - loss_without_changes
156 | })
157 | .sum()
158 | }
159 |
160 | /// Calculates how far apart `a` is from `b`.
161 | ///
162 | /// We use mean squared error, which is basically squared Euclidian distance
163 | /// between the channels of given RGB colors.
164 | ///
165 | /// Note that since RGB is not a perceptual color model¹, calculating loss
166 | /// this way is not ideal - but it's good enough.
167 | ///
168 | /// ¹ distances in RGB space don't correspond to how humans perceive
169 | /// distances between colors, e.g. compare with CIELab.
170 | fn pixel_loss(a: Color, b: Color) -> f32 {
171 | a.into_iter()
172 | .zip(b)
173 | .map(|(a, b)| (a as f32 - b as f32).powi(2))
174 | .sum()
175 | }
176 |
177 | fn apply(&mut self, changes: impl IntoIterator
- ) {
178 | for (pos, col) in changes {
179 | *self.color_at_mut(pos) = col;
180 | }
181 | }
182 |
183 | fn encode(&self, buf: &mut [u32]) {
184 | let mut buf = buf.iter_mut();
185 |
186 | for y in 0..self.height {
187 | for x in 0..self.width {
188 | let [r, g, b] = self.color_at([x, y]);
189 |
190 | *buf.next().unwrap() = u32::from_be_bytes([0, r, g, b]);
191 | }
192 | }
193 | }
194 |
195 | fn color_at(&self, point: Point) -> Color {
196 | let offset = (point[1] * self.width + point[0]) as usize * 3;
197 | let color = &self.pixels[offset..][..3];
198 |
199 | color.try_into().unwrap()
200 | }
201 |
202 | fn color_at_mut(&mut self, [x, y]: [u32; 2]) -> &mut Color {
203 | let offset = (y * self.width + x) as usize * 3;
204 | let color = &mut self.pixels[offset..][..3];
205 |
206 | color.try_into().unwrap()
207 | }
208 | }
209 |
210 | impl From for Image {
211 | fn from(img: RgbImage) -> Self {
212 | let width = img.width();
213 | let height = img.height();
214 | let pixels = img.pixels().flat_map(|pixel| pixel.0).collect();
215 |
216 | Self {
217 | width,
218 | height,
219 | pixels,
220 | }
221 | }
222 | }
223 |
224 | impl From for RgbImage {
225 | fn from(img: Image) -> Self {
226 | RgbImage::from_fn(img.width, img.height, |x, y| {
227 | image::Rgb(img.color_at([x, y]))
228 | })
229 | }
230 | }
231 |
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