├── requirements.txt ├── README.md └── lecture-python-intro ├── static ├── README.md ├── caron.npy ├── dette.xlsx ├── fig_3.ods ├── fig_3.xlsx ├── assignat.xlsx ├── mpd2020.xlsx ├── chapter_3.xlsx ├── longprices.xls ├── nom_balances.npy └── Metadata_Country_API_NY.GDP.PCAP.CD_DS2_en_csv_v2_4770417.csv ├── dynamic ├── README.md ├── business_cycle_info.md ├── business_cycle_data.csv └── business_cycle_metadata.md └── scripts ├── README.md └── business_cycle.py /requirements.txt: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | wbgapi==1.0.12 2 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # data 2 | A repository for hosting QuantEcon data 3 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /lecture-python-intro/static/README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # static data 2 | 3 | This data is static and not updated regularly. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /lecture-python-intro/static/caron.npy: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/QuantEcon/data/main/lecture-python-intro/static/caron.npy -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /lecture-python-intro/static/dette.xlsx: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/QuantEcon/data/main/lecture-python-intro/static/dette.xlsx -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /lecture-python-intro/static/fig_3.ods: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/QuantEcon/data/main/lecture-python-intro/static/fig_3.ods -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /lecture-python-intro/static/fig_3.xlsx: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/QuantEcon/data/main/lecture-python-intro/static/fig_3.xlsx -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /lecture-python-intro/dynamic/README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # dynamic data 2 | 3 | This data is updated regularly using the scripts in `scripts/`. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /lecture-python-intro/scripts/README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # scripts 2 | 3 | This contains scripts which are used to update the data in `dynamic/`. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /lecture-python-intro/static/assignat.xlsx: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/QuantEcon/data/main/lecture-python-intro/static/assignat.xlsx -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /lecture-python-intro/static/mpd2020.xlsx: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/QuantEcon/data/main/lecture-python-intro/static/mpd2020.xlsx -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /lecture-python-intro/static/chapter_3.xlsx: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/QuantEcon/data/main/lecture-python-intro/static/chapter_3.xlsx -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /lecture-python-intro/static/longprices.xls: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/QuantEcon/data/main/lecture-python-intro/static/longprices.xls -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /lecture-python-intro/static/nom_balances.npy: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/QuantEcon/data/main/lecture-python-intro/static/nom_balances.npy -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /lecture-python-intro/dynamic/business_cycle_info.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | id value 2 | ----------------- --------------------- 3 | NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG GDP growth (annual %) 4 | 1 elements -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /lecture-python-intro/scripts/business_cycle.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | import os 2 | import wbgapi as wb 3 | 4 | CURRENT_FILE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)) 5 | PARENT_DIR = os.path.dirname(CURRENT_FILE_DIR) 6 | DYNAMIC_DATA_DIR = os.path.join(PARENT_DIR, 'dynamic') 7 | 8 | def run(): 9 | series_info = wb.series.info(q='GDP growth') 10 | file_name = 'business_cycle_info.md' 11 | with open(os.path.join(DYNAMIC_DATA_DIR, file_name), 'w') as f: 12 | f.write(str(series_info)) 13 | 14 | gdp_growth_df = wb.data.DataFrame('NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG', 15 | ['USA', 'ARG', 'GBR', 'GRC', 'JPN'], 16 | labels=True) 17 | file_name = 'business_cycle_data.csv' 18 | gdp_growth_df.to_csv(os.path.join(DYNAMIC_DATA_DIR, file_name)) 19 | 20 | series_metadata = wb.series.metadata.get('NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG') 21 | file_name = 'business_cycle_metadata.md' 22 | with open(os.path.join(DYNAMIC_DATA_DIR, file_name), 'w') as f: 23 | f.write(str(series_metadata)) 24 | 25 | 26 | if __name__ == '__main__': 27 | run() 28 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /lecture-python-intro/dynamic/business_cycle_data.csv: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | economy,Country,YR1960,YR1961,YR1962,YR1963,YR1964,YR1965,YR1966,YR1967,YR1968,YR1969,YR1970,YR1971,YR1972,YR1973,YR1974,YR1975,YR1976,YR1977,YR1978,YR1979,YR1980,YR1981,YR1982,YR1983,YR1984,YR1985,YR1986,YR1987,YR1988,YR1989,YR1990,YR1991,YR1992,YR1993,YR1994,YR1995,YR1996,YR1997,YR1998,YR1999,YR2000,YR2001,YR2002,YR2003,YR2004,YR2005,YR2006,YR2007,YR2008,YR2009,YR2010,YR2011,YR2012,YR2013,YR2014,YR2015,YR2016,YR2017,YR2018,YR2019,YR2020,YR2021,YR2022,YR2023 2 | JPN,Japan,,12.0435364080117,8.90897299558067,8.47364238279388,11.6767081963981,5.81970787298272,10.6385615591626,11.0821423246927,12.8824681383236,12.4778945144972,0.399050644662793,4.6989920423419,8.413547255176,8.03259997495039,-1.22523982778432,3.09157591622022,3.97498409121211,4.39033795032562,5.27194150290775,5.48404183248661,2.817591207616,4.26062449346863,3.27974274286728,3.63019857224671,4.41088015361535,5.15980790471274,3.29404761337059,4.64886139754491,6.66163652201594,4.92578541306383,4.84092905745234,3.52335723533228,0.900586066360461,-0.459219716150798,1.08338317429946,2.63099961644897,3.13387099280445,0.981228732132223,-1.27033049463975,-0.333929957747415,2.76464755143648,0.386103426145752,0.0419624993125609,1.53512549928013,2.1861156944216,1.80390087227372,1.37235012762038,1.48396941163492,-1.22428900072828,-5.69323635882266,4.09791791930137,0.0238095237748297,1.37475099920874,2.0051001767726,0.296205514142628,1.56062669674904,0.753826745903538,1.67533175166503,0.643391023460339,-0.402169200910933,-4.14711889947692,2.55932023865617,0.954736937781391,1.67901952310368 3 | GRC,Greece,,13.2038411488938,0.364810821762347,11.8448662648483,9.40967729459825,10.7680111912945,6.4945011330868,5.66948538110917,7.20371933494901,11.5636680387996,8.93058000961291,7.84117728628885,10.1601513015239,8.09237859641172,-6.43824056868939,6.36680845579201,6.85189826017303,2.94100129208149,7.24686326066039,3.28208081242751,0.677130740571783,-1.55372098313507,-1.13264795844424,-1.07862225289738,2.01058079047833,2.50955628089555,0.517660255309238,-2.25886363190979,4.28786188832922,3.79999979077247,0.0,3.10000006906874,0.699999922754131,-1.60000027696664,2.00000001379756,2.09972031337796,1.38247017206857,3.60288320042281,3.43693572579373,2.65878589017217,4.13782709945785,4.65041412229992,4.68313735902784,5.79682303463183,5.37786629728755,1.18350610206699,6.44339775049335,3.50687018582884,0.0574735793110506,-4.11927598076629,-5.69374120273665,-9.87677903873015,-8.33113395866982,-2.27211692215486,0.792225038353592,-0.228301959026894,-0.0317952126675323,1.47312498503697,2.06467253338354,2.27718063644569,-9.19623147082588,8.65449785311438,5.74364918958959,2.3321238825698 4 | GBR,United Kingdom,,2.70131412786594,1.09869614695408,4.85954532830446,5.59481107154178,2.13033296985384,1.56744975796417,2.77573770930934,5.47269288959338,1.93913785964371,2.70858146236598,3.50471745311494,4.32166756962231,6.52384848717706,-2.48440405800613,-1.47364945113077,2.91026615928646,2.45775049016747,4.20426047029908,3.74901664423379,-2.03136780182236,-0.787743787095451,1.99489123324395,4.22185633739343,2.26910514207148,4.14741495672915,3.15034059663934,5.39273835278517,5.73241357711933,2.57760280436703,0.733755483704996,-1.10312161180532,0.401082055677989,2.48983096244002,3.84600913061144,2.53167001259618,2.58199391653433,4.92464831855712,3.40265821029952,3.05832325913262,4.34163417914475,2.57278038614078,1.79566077025204,3.15234653827419,2.45790441131264,2.73266076130363,2.38069402487066,2.62488001971251,-0.248797298132246,-4.6205537195686,2.2333151263108,1.13836234744893,1.50899837441014,1.79992149362663,3.1946373128021,2.22288844908437,1.92171007763831,2.65650489309972,1.40519026609273,1.62447515947532,-10.2969188737567,8.5759509048565,4.83908514714403,0.339966158003463 5 | ARG,Argentina,,5.42784287621933,-0.852021521903339,-5.30819682539126,10.1302976615431,10.5694333376394,-0.659726170629824,3.19199662339177,4.82250077932424,9.67952601078326,3.04564331917115,5.65813108184925,1.62841651825939,2.81175403849035,5.5338043957736,-0.0284121037110907,-2.01825151683394,6.93414775653342,-4.50612480201359,10.2227634638681,1.51878394990179,-5.18978914135593,-0.735659159103619,4.34909327926756,1.57073870182023,-5.18902435343904,6.15337706275693,2.70486882770558,-1.08993334133791,-7.15694965597953,-2.46721377810472,9.13311056738961,7.93729155643076,8.20697907221228,5.83620070368526,-2.84520961057079,5.52668982715234,8.1110467707457,3.85017885156228,-3.38545704063269,-0.78899893905691,-4.40883968258557,-10.8944848285903,8.83704079576924,9.02957330068152,8.85165992013437,8.04715150043027,9.00765087504757,4.05723310346406,-5.91852507634947,10.1253981561002,6.00395169280579,-1.0264204544321,2.40532378079436,-2.51261532081394,2.73115982828944,-2.08032784377811,2.81850297775918,-2.61739646282038,-2.00086100285785,-9.9004848136464,10.4418119882506,5.26987967384072,-1.61100162090189 6 | USA,United States,,2.29999999999953,6.10000000000016,4.39999999999989,5.80000000000027,6.39999999999989,6.50000000000026,2.49999999999999,4.79999999999954,3.09999999999999,0.21660649819502,3.29272245508689,5.25550195050253,5.64567976588816,-0.540550186726477,-0.205619192613284,5.38803389552226,4.62418651704209,5.53520647829761,3.16598822881279,-0.256775732470302,2.53770126730302,-1.80301378770601,4.58379098591793,7.23645315874113,4.1695753468006,3.46265505318908,3.45462966457823,4.17698239778066,3.67223783573645,1.8859655853434,-0.108312888962658,3.52249718409405,2.75179586183873,4.02902272904724,2.68443073540719,3.7727726858688,4.44712794186451,4.48313334577439,4.78842505322162,4.07758575804293,0.955538346430316,1.70044732363073,2.795605965883,3.84777169205226,3.483549937943,2.78453963938148,2.00385829825838,0.113587248258867,-2.57650023426996,2.6951925838264,1.56440685438301,2.28911338767897,2.11783009919849,2.52381981441982,2.94555045455233,1.81945147474293,2.45762230322211,2.96650506916633,2.58382533018855,-2.16302913866514,6.05505293304576,2.51237531983308,2.88755600906016 7 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /lecture-python-intro/dynamic/business_cycle_metadata.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | ======== 2 | Series: NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG 3 | 4 | Aggregationmethod: Weighted average 5 | -------- 6 | Developmentrelevance: An economy's growth is measured by the change in the volume of its output or in the real incomes of its residents. The 2008 United Nations System of National Accounts (2008 SNA) offers three plausible indicators for calculating growth: the volume of gross domestic product (GDP), real gross domestic income, and real gross national income. The volume of GDP is the sum of value added, measured at constant prices, by households, government, and industries operating in the economy. GDP accounts for all domestic production, regardless of whether the income accrues to domestic or foreign institutions. 7 | -------- 8 | IndicatorName: GDP growth (annual %) 9 | -------- 10 | License_Type: CC BY-4.0 11 | -------- 12 | License_URL: https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses#cc-by 13 | -------- 14 | Limitationsandexceptions: Each industry's contribution to growth in the economy's output is measured by growth in the industry's value added. In principle, value added in constant prices can be estimated by measuring the quantity of goods and services produced in a period, valuing them at an agreed set of base year prices, and subtracting the cost of intermediate inputs, also in constant prices. This double-deflation method requires detailed information on the structure of prices of inputs and outputs. 15 | 16 | In many industries, however, value added is extrapolated from the base year using single volume indexes of outputs or, less commonly, inputs. Particularly in the services industries, including most of government, value added in constant prices is often imputed from labor inputs, such as real wages or number of employees. In the absence of well defined measures of output, measuring the growth of services remains difficult. 17 | 18 | Moreover, technical progress can lead to improvements in production processes and in the quality of goods and services that, if not properly accounted for, can distort measures of value added and thus of growth. When inputs are used to estimate output, as for nonmarket services, unmeasured technical progress leads to underestimates of the volume of output. Similarly, unmeasured improvements in quality lead to underestimates of the value of output and value added. The result can be underestimates of growth and productivity improvement and overestimates of inflation. 19 | 20 | Informal economic activities pose a particular measurement problem, especially in developing countries, where much economic activity is unrecorded. A complete picture of the economy requires estimating household outputs produced for home use, sales in informal markets, barter exchanges, and illicit or deliberately unreported activities. The consistency and completeness of such estimates depend on the skill and methods of the compiling statisticians. 21 | 22 | Rebasing of national accounts can alter the measured growth rate of an economy and lead to breaks in series that affect the consistency of data over time. When countries rebase their national accounts, they update the weights assigned to various components to better reflect current patterns of production or uses of output. The new base year should represent normal operation of the economy - it should be a year without major shocks or distortions. Some developing countries have not rebased their national accounts for many years. Using an old base year can be misleading because implicit price and volume weights become progressively less relevant and useful. 23 | 24 | To obtain comparable series of constant price data for computing aggregates, the World Bank rescales GDP and value added by industrial origin to a common reference year. Because rescaling changes the implicit weights used in forming regional and income group aggregates, aggregate growth rates are not comparable with those from earlier editions with different base years. Rescaling may result in a discrepancy between the rescaled GDP and the sum of the rescaled components. To avoid distortions in the growth rates, the discrepancy is left unallocated. As a result, the weighted average of the growth rates of the components generally does not equal the GDP growth rate. 25 | -------- 26 | Longdefinition: Annual percentage growth rate of GDP at market prices based on constant local currency. Aggregates are based on constant 2015 prices, expressed in U.S. dollars. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. 27 | -------- 28 | Periodicity: Annual 29 | -------- 30 | Source: World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files. 31 | -------- 32 | Statisticalconceptandmethodology: Gross domestic product (GDP) represents the sum of value added by all its producers. Value added is the value of the gross output of producers less the value of intermediate goods and services consumed in production, before accounting for consumption of fixed capital in production. The United Nations System of National Accounts calls for value added to be valued at either basic prices (excluding net taxes on products) or producer prices (including net taxes on products paid by producers but excluding sales or value added taxes). Both valuations exclude transport charges that are invoiced separately by producers. Total GDP is measured at purchaser prices. Value added by industry is normally measured at basic prices. When value added is measured at producer prices. 33 | 34 | Growth rates of GDP and its components are calculated using the least squares method and constant price data in the local currency. Constant price in U.S. dollar series are used to calculate regional and income group growth rates. Local currency series are converted to constant U.S. dollars using an exchange rate in the common reference year. 35 | -------- 36 | Topic: Economic Policy & Debt: National accounts: Growth rates 37 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /lecture-python-intro/static/Metadata_Country_API_NY.GDP.PCAP.CD_DS2_en_csv_v2_4770417.csv: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | "Country Code","Region","IncomeGroup","SpecialNotes","TableName", 2 | "ABW","Latin America & Caribbean","High income","","Aruba", 3 | "AFE","","","26 countries, stretching from the Red Sea in the North to the Cape of Good Hope in the South (https://www.worldbank.org/en/region/afr/eastern-and-southern-africa)","Africa Eastern and Southern", 4 | "AFG","South Asia","Low income","The reporting period for national accounts data is designated as either calendar year basis (CY) or fiscal year basis (FY). For this country, it is fiscal year-based (fiscal year-end: March 20). Also, an estimate (PA.NUS.ATLS) of the exchange rate covers the same period and thus differs from the official exchange rate (CY). 5 | 6 | In addition, the World Bank systematically assesses the appropriateness of official exchange rates as conversion factors. In this country, multiple or dual exchange rate activity exists and must be accounted for appropriately in underlying statistics. An alternative estimate (“alternative conversion factor” - PA.NUS.ATLS) is thus calculated as a weighted average of the different exchange rates in use in the country. Doing so better reflects economic reality and leads to more accurate cross-country comparisons and country classifications by income level. For this country, this applies to the period 1960-2006. Alternative conversion factors are used in the Atlas methodology and elsewhere in World Development Indicators as single-year conversion factors.","Afghanistan", 7 | "AFW","","","22 countries, stretching from the westernmost point of Africa, across the equator, and partly along the Atlantic Ocean till the Republic of Congo in the South (https://www.worldbank.org/en/region/afr/western-and-central-africa)","Africa Western and Central", 8 | "AGO","Sub-Saharan Africa","Lower middle income","The World Bank systematically assesses the appropriateness of official exchange rates as conversion factors. In this country, multiple or dual exchange rate activity exists and must be accounted for appropriately in underlying statistics. An alternative estimate (“alternative conversion factor” - PA.NUS.ATLS) is thus calculated as a weighted average of the different exchange rates in use in the country. Doing so better reflects economic reality and leads to more accurate cross-country comparisons and country classifications by income level. For this country, this applies to the period 1994-2021. Alternative conversion factors are used in the Atlas methodology and elsewhere in World Development Indicators as single-year conversion factors.","Angola", 9 | "ALB","Europe & Central Asia","Upper middle income","","Albania", 10 | "AND","Europe & Central Asia","High income","","Andorra", 11 | "ARB","","","Arab World aggregate. Arab World is composed of members of the League of Arab States.","Arab World", 12 | "ARE","Middle East & North Africa","High income","","United Arab Emirates", 13 | "ARG","Latin America & Caribbean","Upper middle income","The World Bank systematically assesses the appropriateness of official exchange rates as conversion factors. In this country, multiple or dual exchange rate activity exists and must be accounted for appropriately in underlying statistics. An alternative estimate (“alternative conversion factor” - PA.NUS.ATLS) is thus calculated as a weighted average of the different exchange rates in use in the country. Doing so better reflects economic reality and leads to more accurate cross-country comparisons and country classifications by income level. For this country, this applies to the period 1971-2018. Alternative conversion factors are used in the Atlas methodology and elsewhere in World Development Indicators as single-year conversion factors.","Argentina", 14 | "ARM","Europe & Central Asia","Upper middle income","","Armenia", 15 | "ASM","East Asia & Pacific","Upper middle income","","American Samoa", 16 | "ATG","Latin America & Caribbean","High income","","Antigua and Barbuda", 17 | "AUS","East Asia & Pacific","High income","The reporting period for national accounts data is designated as either calendar year basis (CY) or fiscal year basis (FY). For this country, it is fiscal year-based (fiscal year-end: June 30). Also, an estimate (PA.NUS.ATLS) of the exchange rate covers the same period and thus differs from the official exchange rate (CY).","Australia", 18 | "AUT","Europe & Central Asia","High income","A simple multiplier is used to convert the national currencies of EMU members to euros. The following irrevocable euro conversion rate was adopted by the EU Council on January 1, 1999: 1 euro = 13.7603 Austrian schilling. Please note that historical data before 1999 are not actual euros and are not comparable or suitable for aggregation across countries.","Austria", 19 | "AZE","Europe & Central Asia","Upper middle income","","Azerbaijan", 20 | "BDI","Sub-Saharan Africa","Low income","The World Bank systematically assesses the appropriateness of official exchange rates as conversion factors. In this country, multiple or dual exchange rate activity exists and must be accounted for appropriately in underlying statistics. An alternative estimate (“alternative conversion factor” - PA.NUS.ATLS) is thus calculated as a weighted average of the different exchange rates in use in the country. Doing so better reflects economic reality and leads to more accurate cross-country comparisons and country classifications by income level. For this country, this applies to the period 1983-2021. Alternative conversion factors are used in the Atlas methodology and elsewhere in World Development Indicators as single-year conversion factors.","Burundi", 21 | "BEL","Europe & Central Asia","High income","A simple multiplier is used to convert the national currencies of EMU members to euros. The following irrevocable euro conversion rate was adopted by the EU Council on January 1, 1999: 1 euro = 40.3399 Belgian franc. Please note that historical data before 1999 are not actual euros and are not comparable or suitable for aggregation across countries.","Belgium", 22 | "BEN","Sub-Saharan Africa","Lower middle income","","Benin", 23 | "BFA","Sub-Saharan Africa","Low income","","Burkina Faso", 24 | "BGD","South Asia","Lower middle income","The reporting period for national accounts data is designated as either calendar year basis (CY) or fiscal year basis (FY). For this country, it is fiscal year-based (fiscal year-end: June 30). Also, an estimate (PA.NUS.ATLS) of the exchange rate covers the same period and thus differs from the official exchange rate (CY).","Bangladesh", 25 | "BGR","Europe & Central Asia","Upper middle income","","Bulgaria", 26 | "BHR","Middle East & North Africa","High income","","Bahrain", 27 | "BHS","Latin America & Caribbean","High income","","Bahamas, The", 28 | "BIH","Europe & Central Asia","Upper middle income","","Bosnia and Herzegovina", 29 | "BLR","Europe & Central Asia","Upper middle income","Data before 2015 were adjusted to reflect the new denomination effective from July 1, 2016 (BYN), a decrease of 10,000 times (1 BYN = 10,000 BYR)","Belarus", 30 | "BLZ","Latin America & Caribbean","Upper middle income","","Belize", 31 | "BMU","North America","High income","","Bermuda", 32 | "BOL","Latin America & Caribbean","Lower middle income","","Bolivia", 33 | "BRA","Latin America & Caribbean","Upper middle income","","Brazil", 34 | "BRB","Latin America & Caribbean","High income","","Barbados", 35 | "BRN","East Asia & Pacific","High income","","Brunei Darussalam", 36 | "BTN","South Asia","Lower middle income","","Bhutan", 37 | "BWA","Sub-Saharan Africa","Upper middle income","","Botswana", 38 | "CAF","Sub-Saharan Africa","Low income","","Central African Republic", 39 | "CAN","North America","High income","Fiscal year end: March 31; reporting period for national accounts data: CY.","Canada", 40 | "CEB","","","Central Europe and the Baltics aggregate.","Central Europe and the Baltics", 41 | "CHE","Europe & Central Asia","High income","","Switzerland", 42 | "CHI","Europe & Central Asia","High income","","Channel Islands", 43 | "CHL","Latin America & Caribbean","High income","","Chile", 44 | "CHN","East Asia & Pacific","Upper middle income","On 1 July 1997 China resumed its exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong, and on 20 December 1999, China resumed its exercise of sovereignty over Macao. Unless otherwise noted, data for China do not include data for Hong Kong SAR, China; Macao SAR, China; or Taiwan, China. 45 | 46 | The World Bank systematically assesses the appropriateness of official exchange rates as conversion factors. In this country, multiple or dual exchange rate activity exists and must be accounted for appropriately in underlying statistics. An alternative estimate (“alternative conversion factor” - PA.NUS.ATLS) is thus calculated as a weighted average of the different exchange rates in use in the country. Doing so better reflects economic reality and leads to more accurate cross-country comparisons and country classifications by income level. For this country, this applies to the period 1978-1993. Alternative conversion factors are used in the Atlas methodology and elsewhere in World Development Indicators as single-year conversion factors.","China", 47 | "CIV","Sub-Saharan Africa","Lower middle income","","Côte d'Ivoire", 48 | "CMR","Sub-Saharan Africa","Lower middle income","","Cameroon", 49 | "COD","Sub-Saharan Africa","Low income","The World Bank systematically assesses the appropriateness of official exchange rates as conversion factors. In this country, multiple or dual exchange rate activity exists and must be accounted for appropriately in underlying statistics. An alternative estimate (“alternative conversion factor” - PA.NUS.ATLS) is thus calculated as a weighted average of the different exchange rates in use in the country. Doing so better reflects economic reality and leads to more accurate cross-country comparisons and country classifications by income level. For this country, this applies to the period 1999-2004. Alternative conversion factors are used in the Atlas methodology and elsewhere in World Development Indicators as single-year conversion factors.","Congo, Dem. Rep.", 50 | "COG","Sub-Saharan Africa","Lower middle income","","Congo, Rep.", 51 | "COL","Latin America & Caribbean","Upper middle income","","Colombia", 52 | "COM","Sub-Saharan Africa","Lower middle income","","Comoros", 53 | "CPV","Sub-Saharan Africa","Lower middle income","","Cabo Verde", 54 | "CRI","Latin America & Caribbean","Upper middle income","","Costa Rica", 55 | "CSS","","","","Caribbean small states", 56 | "CUB","Latin America & Caribbean","Upper middle income","","Cuba", 57 | "CUW","Latin America & Caribbean","High income","","Curaçao", 58 | "CYM","Latin America & Caribbean","High income","","Cayman Islands", 59 | "CYP","Europe & Central Asia","High income","A simple multiplier is used to convert the national currencies of EMU members to euros. The following irrevocable euro conversion rate entered into force on January 1, 2008: 1 euro = 0.585274 Cyprus pounds. Please note that historical data are not actual euros and are not comparable or suitable for aggregation across countries.","Cyprus", 60 | "CZE","Europe & Central Asia","High income","","Czechia", 61 | "DEU","Europe & Central Asia","High income","A simple multiplier is used to convert the national currencies of EMU members to euros. The following irrevocable euro conversion rate was adopted by the EU Council on January 1, 1999: 1 euro = 1.95583 Deutsche Mark. Please note that historical data before 1999 are not actual euros and are not comparable or suitable for aggregation across countries.","Germany", 62 | "DJI","Middle East & North Africa","Lower middle income","","Djibouti", 63 | "DMA","Latin America & Caribbean","Upper middle income","","Dominica", 64 | "DNK","Europe & Central Asia","High income","","Denmark", 65 | "DOM","Latin America & Caribbean","Upper middle income","","Dominican Republic", 66 | "DZA","Middle East & North Africa","Lower middle income","","Algeria", 67 | "EAP","","","","East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)", 68 | "EAR","","","Early-dividend countries are mostly lower-middle-income countries further along the fertility transition. Fertility rates have fallen below four births per woman and the working-age share of the population is likely rising considerably.","Early-demographic dividend", 69 | "EAS","","","East Asia and Pacific regional aggregate (includes all income levels).","East Asia & Pacific", 70 | "ECA","","","","Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)", 71 | "ECS","","","Europe and Central Asia regional aggregate (includes all income levels).","Europe & Central Asia", 72 | "ECU","Latin America & Caribbean","Upper middle income","","Ecuador", 73 | "EGY","Middle East & North Africa","Lower middle income","The reporting period for national accounts data is designated as either calendar year basis (CY) or fiscal year basis (FY). For this country, it is fiscal year-based (fiscal year-end: June 30) for the years 1980 and after. The data from 1973 to 1979 refer to the calendar year data. Also, an estimate (PA.NUS.ATLS) of the exchange rate covers the same period and thus differs from the official exchange rate (CY). 74 | 75 | In addition, the World Bank systematically assesses the appropriateness of official exchange rates as conversion factors. In this country, multiple or dual exchange rate activity exists and must be accounted for appropriately in underlying statistics. An alternative estimate (“alternative conversion factor” - PA.NUS.ATLS) is thus calculated as a weighted average of the different exchange rates in use in the country. Doing so better reflects economic reality and leads to more accurate cross-country comparisons and country classifications by income level. For this country, this applies to the period 1965-2021. Alternative conversion factors are used in the Atlas methodology and elsewhere in World Development Indicators as single-year conversion factors.","Egypt, Arab Rep.", 76 | "EMU","","","Euro area aggregate.","Euro area", 77 | "ERI","Sub-Saharan Africa","Low income","The World Bank systematically assesses the appropriateness of official exchange rates as conversion factors. In this country, multiple or dual exchange rate activity exists and must be accounted for appropriately in underlying statistics. An alternative estimate (“alternative conversion factor” - PA.NUS.ATLS) is thus calculated as a weighted average of the different exchange rates in use in the country. Doing so better reflects economic reality and leads to more accurate cross-country comparisons and country classifications by income level. For this country, this applies to the period 1992-1997. Alternative conversion factors are used in the Atlas methodology and elsewhere in World Development Indicators as single-year conversion factors.","Eritrea", 78 | "ESP","Europe & Central Asia","High income","A simple multiplier is used to convert the national currencies of EMU members to euros. The following irrevocable euro conversion rate was adopted by the EU Council on January 1, 1999: 1 euro = 166.386 Spanish peseta. Please note that historical data before 1999 are not actual euros and are not comparable or suitable for aggregation across countries.","Spain", 79 | "EST","Europe & Central Asia","High income","The following irrevocable euro conversion rate entered into force on January 1, 2011: 1 euro = 15.6466 Estonian kroon. Please note that historical data are not actual euros and are not comparable or suitable for aggregation across countries.","Estonia", 80 | "ETH","Sub-Saharan Africa","Low income","The reporting period for national accounts data is designated as either calendar year basis (CY) or fiscal year basis (FY). For this country, it is fiscal year-based (fiscal year-end: July 7). Also, an estimate (PA.NUS.ATLS) of the exchange rate covers the same period and thus differs from the official exchange rate (CY).","Ethiopia", 81 | "EUU","","","European Union aggregate.","European Union", 82 | "FCS","","","Fragile and conflict-affected situations aggregate. Countries are distinguished based on the nature and severity of issues they face. The classification uses the following categories: - Countries with high levels of institutional and social fragility, identified based on publicly available indicators that measure the quality of policy and institutions and manifestations of fragility. - Countries affected by violent conflict, identified based on a threshold number of conflict-related deaths relative to the population. This category includes two sub-categories based on the intensity of violence: countries in high-intensity conflict and countries in medium-intensity conflict. For more information, please visit https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/fragilityconflictviolence/brief/harmonized-list-of-fragile-situations.","Fragile and conflict affected situations", 83 | "FIN","Europe & Central Asia","High income","A simple multiplier is used to convert the national currencies of EMU members to euros. The following irrevocable euro conversion rate was adopted by the EU Council on January 1, 1999: 1 euro = 5.94573 Finnish markka. Please note that historical data before 1999 are not actual euros and are not comparable or suitable for aggregation across countries.","Finland", 84 | "FJI","East Asia & Pacific","Upper middle income","","Fiji", 85 | "FRA","Europe & Central Asia","High income","The following irrevocable euro conversion rate was adopted by the EU Council on January 1, 1999: 1 euro = 6.55957 French franc. Please note that historical data before 1999 are not actual euros and are not comparable or suitable for aggregation across countries.","France", 86 | "FRO","Europe & Central Asia","High income","","Faroe Islands", 87 | "FSM","East Asia & Pacific","Lower middle income","Fiscal year ends on September 30; reporting period for national accounts data: FY. The source for national accounts data is the Pacific and Virgin Islands Training Initiative.","Micronesia, Fed. Sts.", 88 | "GAB","Sub-Saharan Africa","Upper middle income","","Gabon", 89 | "GBR","Europe & Central Asia","High income","","United Kingdom", 90 | "GEO","Europe & Central Asia","Upper middle income","Includes self-governed areas only, which mostly exclude Abkhazia and South Ossetia, but small areas in Abkhazia and South Ossetia are included before 2008 or 2009 because of the changes in self-governed areas.","Georgia", 91 | "GHA","Sub-Saharan Africa","Lower middle income","The World Bank systematically assesses the appropriateness of official exchange rates as conversion factors. In this country, multiple or dual exchange rate activity exists and must be accounted for appropriately in underlying statistics. An alternative estimate (“alternative conversion factor” - PA.NUS.ATLS) is thus calculated as a weighted average of the different exchange rates in use in the country. Doing so better reflects economic reality and leads to more accurate cross-country comparisons and country classifications by income level. For this country, this applies to the period 1974-1987. Alternative conversion factors are used in the Atlas methodology and elsewhere in World Development Indicators as single-year conversion factors.","Ghana", 92 | "GIB","Europe & Central Asia","High income","The DEC conversion is not reported when national accounts data are unavailable.","Gibraltar", 93 | "GIN","Sub-Saharan Africa","Low income","","Guinea", 94 | "GMB","Sub-Saharan Africa","Low income","","Gambia, The", 95 | "GNB","Sub-Saharan Africa","Low income","","Guinea-Bissau", 96 | "GNQ","Sub-Saharan Africa","Upper middle income","","Equatorial Guinea", 97 | "GRC","Europe & Central Asia","High income","A simple multiplier is used to convert the national currencies of EMU members to euros. The following irrevocable euro conversion rate was adopted by the EU Council on January 1, 1999: 1 euro = 340.75 Greek drachma. Please note that historical data before 1999 are not actual euros and are not comparable or suitable for aggregation across countries.","Greece", 98 | "GRD","Latin America & Caribbean","Upper middle income","","Grenada", 99 | "GRL","Europe & Central Asia","High income","","Greenland", 100 | "GTM","Latin America & Caribbean","Upper middle income","The World Bank systematically assesses the appropriateness of official exchange rates as conversion factors. In this country, multiple or dual exchange rate activity exists and must be accounted for appropriately in underlying statistics. An alternative estimate (“alternative conversion factor” - PA.NUS.ATLS) is thus calculated as a weighted average of the different exchange rates in use in the country. Doing so better reflects economic reality and leads to more accurate cross-country comparisons and country classifications by income level. For this country, this applies to the period 1985-2003. Alternative conversion factors are used in the Atlas methodology and elsewhere in World Development Indicators as single-year conversion factors.","Guatemala", 101 | "GUM","East Asia & Pacific","High income","","Guam", 102 | "GUY","Latin America & Caribbean","Upper middle income","","Guyana", 103 | "HIC","","","High income group aggregate. High-income economies are those in which 2021 GNI per capita was more than $13,205.","High income", 104 | "HKG","East Asia & Pacific","High income","On 1 July 1997 China resumed its exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong. Unless otherwise noted, data for China do not include data for Hong Kong SAR, China; Macao SAR, China; or Taiwan, China. Agriculture value added includes mining and quarrying.","Hong Kong SAR, China", 105 | "HND","Latin America & Caribbean","Lower middle income","The World Bank systematically assesses the appropriateness of official exchange rates as conversion factors. In this country, multiple or dual exchange rate activity exists and must be accounted for appropriately in underlying statistics. An alternative estimate (“alternative conversion factor” - PA.NUS.ATLS) is thus calculated as a weighted average of the different exchange rates in use in the country. Doing so better reflects economic reality and leads to more accurate cross-country comparisons and country classifications by income level. For this country, this applies to the period 1988-1989. Alternative conversion factors are used in the Atlas methodology and elsewhere in World Development Indicators as single-year conversion factors.","Honduras", 106 | "HPC","","","The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) refer to countries that participated in the HIPC Initiative, launched in 1996 by the IMF and World Bank to reduce external debt burdens of the most heavily indebted poor countries at that time to sustainable levels. To date, the majority of the countries completed the program, receiving 76 billion in debt-service relief over time. For more details, visit https://www.imf.org/en/About/Factsheets/Sheets/2016/08/01/16/11/Debt-Relief-Under-the-Heavily-Indebted-Poor-Countries-Initiative. 107 | Data are aggregates for HIPC.","Heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC)", 108 | "HRV","Europe & Central Asia","High income","","Croatia", 109 | "HTI","Latin America & Caribbean","Lower middle income","The reporting period for national accounts data is designated as either calendar year basis (CY) or fiscal year basis (FY). For this country, it is fiscal year-based (fiscal year-end: September 30). Also, an estimate (PA.NUS.ATLS) of the exchange rate covers the same period and thus differs from the official exchange rate (CY).","Haiti", 110 | "HUN","Europe & Central Asia","High income","","Hungary", 111 | "IBD","","","IBRD only group aggregate.","IBRD only", 112 | "IBT","","","IDA and IBRD total group aggregate (includes IDA only, IDA blend, and IBRD only).","IDA & IBRD total", 113 | "IDA","","","IDA total group aggregate (includes IDA only and IDA blend).","IDA total", 114 | "IDB","","","IDA blend group aggregate.","IDA blend", 115 | "IDN","East Asia & Pacific","Lower middle income","Fiscal year end: March 31; reporting period for national accounts data: CY. Data for Indonesia include Timor-Leste through 1999 unless otherwise noted.","Indonesia", 116 | "IDX","","","IDA only group aggregate.","IDA only", 117 | "IMN","Europe & Central Asia","High income","Classification for years after 2012 was adjusted and figures were re-estimated by the World Bank, based on the detailed data published by the Cabinet Office, and are not consistent with data for 2011 and before.","Isle of Man", 118 | "IND","South Asia","Lower middle income","The reporting period for national accounts data is designated as either calendar year basis (CY) or fiscal year basis (FY). For this country, it is fiscal year-based (fiscal year-end: March 31). Also, an estimate (PA.NUS.ATLS) of the exchange rate covers the same period and thus differs from the official exchange rate (CY).","India", 119 | "IRL","Europe & Central Asia","High income","A simple multiplier is used to convert the national currencies of EMU members to euros. The following irrevocable euro conversion rate was adopted by the EU Council on January 1, 1999: 1 euro = 0.787564 Irish pound. Please note that historical data before 1999 are not actual euros and are not comparable or suitable for aggregation across countries.","Ireland", 120 | "IRN","Middle East & North Africa","Lower middle income","The reporting period for national accounts data is designated as either calendar year basis (CY) or fiscal year basis (FY). For this country, it is fiscal year-based (fiscal year-end: March 20). 121 | 122 | The World Bank systematically assesses the appropriateness of official exchange rates as conversion factors. In this country, multiple or dual exchange rate activity exists and must be accounted for appropriately in underlying statistics. An alternative estimate (“alternative conversion factor” - PA.NUS.ATLS) is thus calculated as a weighted average of the different exchange rates in use in the country. Doing so better reflects economic reality and leads to more accurate cross-country comparisons and country classifications by income level. For this country, this applies to 1972-2021. Alternative conversion factors are used in the Atlas methodology and elsewhere in World Development Indicators as single-year conversion factors.","Iran, Islamic Rep.", 123 | "IRQ","Middle East & North Africa","Upper middle income","","Iraq", 124 | "ISL","Europe & Central Asia","High income","","Iceland", 125 | "ISR","Middle East & North Africa","High income","","Israel", 126 | "ITA","Europe & Central Asia","High income","A simple multiplier is used to convert the national currencies of EMU members to euros. The following irrevocable euro conversion rate was adopted by the EU Council on January 1, 1999: 1 euro = 1936.27 Italian lira. Please note that historical data before 1999 are not actual euros and are not comparable or suitable for aggregation across countries.","Italy", 127 | "JAM","Latin America & Caribbean","Upper middle income","","Jamaica", 128 | "JOR","Middle East & North Africa","Upper middle income","","Jordan", 129 | "JPN","East Asia & Pacific","High income","Fiscal year end: March 31; reporting period for national accounts data: CY.","Japan", 130 | "KAZ","Europe & Central Asia","Upper middle income","","Kazakhstan", 131 | "KEN","Sub-Saharan Africa","Lower middle income","Fiscal year end: June 30; reporting period for national accounts data: CY.","Kenya", 132 | "KGZ","Europe & Central Asia","Lower middle income","","Kyrgyz Republic", 133 | "KHM","East Asia & Pacific","Lower middle income","The World Bank systematically assesses the appropriateness of official exchange rates as conversion factors. In this country, multiple or dual exchange rate activity exists and must be accounted for appropriately in underlying statistics. An alternative estimate (“alternative conversion factor” - PA.NUS.ATLS) is thus calculated as a weighted average of the different exchange rates in use in the country. Doing so better reflects economic reality and leads to more accurate cross-country comparisons and country classifications by income level. For this country, this applies to the period 1963-2004. Alternative conversion factors are used in the Atlas methodology and elsewhere in World Development Indicators as single-year conversion factors.","Cambodia", 134 | "KIR","East Asia & Pacific","Lower middle income","","Kiribati", 135 | "KNA","Latin America & Caribbean","High income","","St. Kitts and Nevis", 136 | "KOR","East Asia & Pacific","High income","","Korea, Rep.", 137 | "KWT","Middle East & North Africa","High income","","Kuwait", 138 | "LAC","","","","Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)", 139 | "LAO","East Asia & Pacific","Lower middle income","The World Bank systematically assesses the appropriateness of official exchange rates as conversion factors. In this country, multiple or dual exchange rate activity exists and must be accounted for appropriately in underlying statistics. An alternative estimate (“alternative conversion factor” - PA.NUS.ATLS) is thus calculated as a weighted average of the different exchange rates in use in the country. Doing so better reflects economic reality and leads to more accurate cross-country comparisons and country classifications by income level. For this country, this applies to the period 1960-2020. Alternative conversion factors are used in the Atlas methodology and elsewhere in World Development Indicators as single-year conversion factors.","Lao PDR", 140 | "LBN","Middle East & North Africa","Lower middle income","The World Bank systematically assesses the appropriateness of official exchange rates as conversion factors. In this country, multiple or dual exchange rate activity exists and must be accounted for appropriately in underlying statistics. An alternative estimate (“alternative conversion factor” - PA.NUS.ATLS) is thus calculated as a weighted average of the different exchange rates in use in the country. Doing so better reflects economic reality and leads to more accurate cross-country comparisons and country classifications by income level. For this country, this applies to the period 1984-2021. Alternative conversion factors are used in the Atlas methodology and elsewhere in World Development Indicators as single-year conversion factors.","Lebanon", 141 | "LBR","Sub-Saharan Africa","Low income","National accounts data are provided in the US dollar.","Liberia", 142 | "LBY","Middle East & North Africa","Upper middle income","","Libya", 143 | "LCA","Latin America & Caribbean","Upper middle income","","St. Lucia", 144 | "LCN","","","","Latin America & Caribbean", 145 | "LDC","","","","Least developed countries: UN classification", 146 | "LIC","","","Low income group aggregate. Low-income economies are those in which 2021 GNI per capita was $1,085 or less.","Low income", 147 | "LIE","Europe & Central Asia","High income","","Liechtenstein", 148 | "LKA","South Asia","Lower middle income","","Sri Lanka", 149 | "LMC","","","Lower middle income group aggregate. Lower-middle-income economies are those in which 2021 GNI per capita was between $1,086 and $4,255.","Lower middle income", 150 | "LMY","","","Low and middle-income group aggregate. Low and middle-income economies are those in which 2021 GNI per capita was less than $13,205.","Low & middle income", 151 | "LSO","Sub-Saharan Africa","Lower middle income","Fiscal year end: March 31; reporting period for national accounts data: CY.","Lesotho", 152 | "LTE","","","Late-dividend countries are mostly upper middle-income countries. Fertility rates are typically above replacement levels of 2.1 births per woman but continue to decline with shrinking working-age shares and rapid aging.","Late-demographic dividend", 153 | "LTU","Europe & Central Asia","High income","A simple multiplier is used to convert the national currencies of EMU members to euros. The following irrevocable euro conversion rate entered into force on January 1, 2015: 1 euro = 3.45280 Lithuanian litas. Please note that historical data are not actual euros and are not comparable or suitable for aggregation across countries.","Lithuania", 154 | "LUX","Europe & Central Asia","High income","A simple multiplier is used to convert the national currencies of EMU members to euros. The following irrevocable euro conversion rate was adopted by the EU Council on January 1, 1999: 1 euro = 40.3399 Luxembourg franc. Please note that historical data before 1999 are not actual euros and are not comparable or suitable for aggregation across countries.","Luxembourg", 155 | "LVA","Europe & Central Asia","High income","A simple multiplier is used to convert the national currencies of EMU members to euros. The following irrevocable euro conversion rate entered into force on January 1, 2014: 1 euro = 0.702804 Latvian lats. Please note that historical data are not actual euros and are not comparable or suitable for aggregation across countries. Based on data from EUROSTAT, the new reference year is 2010.","Latvia", 156 | "MAC","East Asia & Pacific","High income","On 20 December 1999 China resumed its exercise of sovereignty over Macao. Unless otherwise noted, data for China do not include data for Hong Kong SAR, China; Macao SAR, China; or Taiwan, China.","Macao SAR, China", 157 | "MAF","Latin America & Caribbean","High income","","St. Martin (French part)", 158 | "MAR","Middle East & North Africa","Lower middle income","","Morocco", 159 | "MCO","Europe & Central Asia","High income","","Monaco", 160 | "MDA","Europe & Central Asia","Upper middle income","Excluding Transnistria. For 1950-94, World Bank estimates using UN World Population Prospects' growth rates of whole Moldova.","Moldova", 161 | "MDG","Sub-Saharan Africa","Low income","","Madagascar", 162 | "MDV","South Asia","Upper middle income","","Maldives", 163 | "MEA","","","Middle East and North Africa regional aggregate (includes all income levels).","Middle East & North Africa", 164 | "MEX","Latin America & Caribbean","Upper middle income","","Mexico", 165 | "MHL","East Asia & Pacific","Upper middle income","Fiscal year ends on September 30; reporting period for national accounts data: FY.","Marshall Islands", 166 | "MIC","","","Middle income group aggregate. Middle-income economies are those in which 2021 GNI per capita was between $1,086 and $13,205.","Middle income", 167 | "MKD","Europe & Central Asia","Upper middle income","","North Macedonia", 168 | "MLI","Sub-Saharan Africa","Low income","","Mali", 169 | "MLT","Middle East & North Africa","High income","A simple multiplier is used to convert the national currencies of EMU members to euros. The following irrevocable euro conversion rate entered into force on January 1, 2008: 1 euro = 0.4293 Maltese lira. Please note that historical data are not actual euros and are not comparable or suitable for aggregation across countries. National accounts data source from 1995 to 2015 is Eurostat; prior to 1995 is UN.","Malta", 170 | "MMR","East Asia & Pacific","Lower middle income","The reporting period for national accounts data is designated as either calendar year basis (CY) or fiscal year basis (FY). For this country, it is fiscal year-based (fiscal year-end: September 30). Also, an estimate (PA.NUS.ATLS) of the exchange rate covers the same period and thus differs from the official exchange rate (CY). 171 | 172 | In addition, the World Bank systematically assesses the appropriateness of official exchange rates as conversion factors. In this country, multiple or dual exchange rate activity exists and must be accounted for appropriately in underlying statistics. An alternative estimate (“alternative conversion factor” - PA.NUS.ATLS) is thus calculated as a weighted average of the different exchange rates in use in the country. Doing so better reflects economic reality and leads to more accurate cross-country comparisons and country classifications by income level. For this country, this applies to the period 1960-2014. Alternative conversion factors are used in the Atlas methodology and elsewhere in World Development Indicators as single-year conversion factors.","Myanmar", 173 | "MNA","","","","Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)", 174 | "MNE","Europe & Central Asia","Upper middle income","Montenegro declared independence from Serbia and Montenegro on June 3, 2006. Where available, data for each country are shown separately. However, for Serbia, some indicators continue to include data for Montenegro through 2005.","Montenegro", 175 | "MNG","East Asia & Pacific","Lower middle income","The World Bank systematically assesses the appropriateness of official exchange rates as conversion factors. In this country, multiple or dual exchange rate activity exists and must be accounted for appropriately in underlying statistics. An alternative estimate (“alternative conversion factor” - PA.NUS.ATLS) is thus calculated as a weighted average of the different exchange rates in use in the country. Doing so better reflects economic reality and leads to more accurate cross-country comparisons and country classifications by income level. For this country, this applies to the period 1991-2004. Alternative conversion factors are used in the Atlas methodology and elsewhere in World Development Indicators as single-year conversion factors.","Mongolia", 176 | "MNP","East Asia & Pacific","High income","","Northern Mariana Islands", 177 | "MOZ","Sub-Saharan Africa","Low income","","Mozambique", 178 | "MRT","Sub-Saharan Africa","Lower middle income","National account data were adjusted to reflect the new banknote (1 new ouguiya = 10 old ouguiya)","Mauritania", 179 | "MUS","Sub-Saharan Africa","Upper middle income","","Mauritius", 180 | "MWI","Sub-Saharan Africa","Low income","","Malawi", 181 | "MYS","East Asia & Pacific","Upper middle income","","Malaysia", 182 | "NAC","","","North America regional aggregate. There are no economies in North America classified as low or middle income.","North America", 183 | "NAM","Sub-Saharan Africa","Upper middle income","Fiscal year end: March 31; reporting period for national accounts data: CY.","Namibia", 184 | "NCL","East Asia & Pacific","High income","","New Caledonia", 185 | "NER","Sub-Saharan Africa","Low income","","Niger", 186 | "NGA","Sub-Saharan Africa","Lower middle income","The World Bank systematically assesses the appropriateness of official exchange rates as conversion factors. In this country, multiple or dual exchange rate activity exists and must be accounted for appropriately in underlying statistics. An alternative estimate (“alternative conversion factor” - PA.NUS.ATLS) is thus calculated as a weighted average of the different exchange rates in use in the country. Doing so better reflects economic reality and leads to more accurate cross-country comparisons and country classifications by income level. For this country, this applies to 1970-2020. Alternative conversion factors are used in the Atlas methodology and elsewhere in World Development Indicators as single-year conversion factors.","Nigeria", 187 | "NIC","Latin America & Caribbean","Lower middle income","The World Bank systematically assesses the appropriateness of official exchange rates as conversion factors. In this country, multiple or dual exchange rate activity exists and must be accounted for appropriately in underlying statistics. An alternative estimate (“alternative conversion factor” - PA.NUS.ATLS) is thus calculated as a weighted average of the different exchange rates in use in the country. Doing so better reflects economic reality and leads to more accurate cross-country comparisons and country classifications by income level. For this country, this applies to the period 1988-2006. Alternative conversion factors are used in the Atlas methodology and elsewhere in World Development Indicators as single-year conversion factors.","Nicaragua", 188 | "NLD","Europe & Central Asia","High income","A simple multiplier is used to convert the national currencies of EMU members to euros. The following irrevocable euro conversion rate was adopted by the EU Council on January 1, 1999: 1 euro = 2.20371 Netherlands guilder. Please note that historical data before 1999 are not actual euros and are not comparable or suitable for aggregation across countries.","Netherlands", 189 | "NOR","Europe & Central Asia","High income","","Norway", 190 | "NPL","South Asia","Lower middle income","The reporting period for national accounts data is designated as either calendar year basis (CY) or fiscal year basis (FY). For this country, it is fiscal year-based (fiscal year-end: July 14). Also, an estimate (PA.NUS.ATLS) of the exchange rate covers the same period and thus differs from the official exchange rate (CY).","Nepal", 191 | "NRU","East Asia & Pacific","High income","The reporting period for national accounts data is designated as either calendar year basis (CY) or fiscal year basis (FY). For this country, it is fiscal year-based (fiscal year-end: June 30). Also, an estimate (PA.NUS.ATLS) of the exchange rate covers the same period and thus differs from the official exchange rate (CY).","Nauru", 192 | "NZL","East Asia & Pacific","High income","Fiscal year end: March 31; reporting period for national accounts data: CY.","New Zealand", 193 | "OED","","","","OECD members", 194 | "OMN","Middle East & North Africa","High income","","Oman", 195 | "OSS","","","","Other small states", 196 | "PAK","South Asia","Lower middle income","The reporting period for national accounts data is designated as either calendar year basis (CY) or fiscal year basis (FY). For this country, it is fiscal year-based (fiscal year-end: June 30). Also, an estimate (PA.NUS.ATLS) of the exchange rate covers the same period and thus differs from the official exchange rate (CY).","Pakistan", 197 | "PAN","Latin America & Caribbean","High income","","Panama", 198 | "PER","Latin America & Caribbean","Upper middle income","The World Bank systematically assesses the appropriateness of official exchange rates as conversion factors. In this country, multiple or dual exchange rate activity exists and must be accounted for appropriately in underlying statistics. An alternative estimate (“alternative conversion factor” - PA.NUS.ATLS) is thus calculated as a weighted average of the different exchange rates in use in the country. Doing so better reflects economic reality and leads to more accurate cross-country comparisons and country classifications by income level. For this country, this applies to the period 1988-2009. Alternative conversion factors are used in the Atlas methodology and elsewhere in World Development Indicators as single-year conversion factors.","Peru", 199 | "PHL","East Asia & Pacific","Lower middle income","","Philippines", 200 | "PLW","East Asia & Pacific","Upper middle income","Fiscal year ends on September 30; reporting period for national accounts data: FY.","Palau", 201 | "PNG","East Asia & Pacific","Lower middle income","","Papua New Guinea", 202 | "POL","Europe & Central Asia","High income","","Poland", 203 | "PRE","","","Pre-dividend countries are mostly low-income countries, lagging in key human development indicators and with current fertility levels above four births per woman. They face very rapid population growth.","Pre-demographic dividend", 204 | "PRI","Latin America & Caribbean","High income","Fiscal year end: June 30; reporting period for national accounts data: FY.","Puerto Rico", 205 | "PRK","East Asia & Pacific","Low income","","Korea, Dem. People's Rep.", 206 | "PRT","Europe & Central Asia","High income","A simple multiplier is used to convert the national currencies of EMU members to euros. The following irrevocable euro conversion rate was adopted by the EU Council on January 1, 1999: 1 euro = 200.482 Portuguese escudo. Please note that historical data before 1999 are not actual euros and are not comparable or suitable for aggregation across countries.","Portugal", 207 | "PRY","Latin America & Caribbean","Upper middle income","The World Bank systematically assesses the appropriateness of official exchange rates as conversion factors. In this country, multiple or dual exchange rate activity exists and must be accounted for appropriately in underlying statistics. An alternative estimate (“alternative conversion factor” - PA.NUS.ATLS) is thus calculated as a weighted average of the different exchange rates in use in the country. Doing so better reflects economic reality and leads to more accurate cross-country comparisons and country classifications by income level. For this country, this applies to the period 1982-1988. Alternative conversion factors are used in the Atlas methodology and elsewhere in World Development Indicators as single-year conversion factors.","Paraguay", 208 | "PSE","Middle East & North Africa","Lower middle income","National accounts data are provided in the US dollar.","West Bank and Gaza", 209 | "PSS","","","Pacific island small states aggregate.","Pacific island small states", 210 | "PST","","","Post-dividend countries are mostly high-income countries where fertility has transitioned below replacement levels.","Post-demographic dividend", 211 | "PYF","East Asia & Pacific","High income","","French Polynesia", 212 | "QAT","Middle East & North Africa","High income","","Qatar", 213 | "ROU","Europe & Central Asia","High income","The World Bank systematically assesses the appropriateness of official exchange rates as conversion factors. In this country, multiple or dual exchange rate activity exists and must be accounted for appropriately in underlying statistics. An alternative estimate (“alternative conversion factor” - PA.NUS.ATLS) is thus calculated as a weighted average of the different exchange rates in use in the country. Doing so better reflects economic reality and leads to more accurate cross-country comparisons and country classifications by income level. For this country, this applies to the period 1987-1992. Alternative conversion factors are used in the Atlas methodology and elsewhere in World Development Indicators as single-year conversion factors.","Romania", 214 | "RUS","Europe & Central Asia","Upper middle income","","Russian Federation", 215 | "RWA","Sub-Saharan Africa","Low income","","Rwanda", 216 | "SAS","","","","South Asia", 217 | "SAU","Middle East & North Africa","High income","","Saudi Arabia", 218 | "SDN","Sub-Saharan Africa","Low income","The World Bank systematically assesses the appropriateness of official exchange rates as conversion factors. In this country, multiple or dual exchange rate activity exists and must be accounted for appropriately in underlying statistics. An alternative estimate (“alternative conversion factor” - PA.NUS.ATLS) is thus calculated as a weighted average of the different exchange rates in use in the country. Doing so better reflects economic reality and leads to more accurate cross-country comparisons and country classifications by income level. For this country, this applies to the period 2018-2020. Alternative conversion factors are used in the Atlas methodology and elsewhere in World Development Indicators as single-year conversion factors.","Sudan", 219 | "SEN","Sub-Saharan Africa","Lower middle income","","Senegal", 220 | "SGP","East Asia & Pacific","High income","Fiscal year end: March 31; reporting period for national accounts data: CY.","Singapore", 221 | "SLB","East Asia & Pacific","Lower middle income","","Solomon Islands", 222 | "SLE","Sub-Saharan Africa","Low income","","Sierra Leone", 223 | "SLV","Latin America & Caribbean","Lower middle income","","El Salvador", 224 | "SMR","Europe & Central Asia","High income","","San Marino", 225 | "SOM","Sub-Saharan Africa","Low income","The World Bank systematically assesses the appropriateness of official exchange rates as conversion factors. In this country, multiple or dual exchange rate activity exists and must be accounted for appropriately in underlying statistics. An alternative estimate (“alternative conversion factor” - PA.NUS.ATLS) is thus calculated as a weighted average of the different exchange rates in use in the country. Doing so better reflects economic reality and leads to more accurate cross-country comparisons and country classifications by income level. For this country, this applies to the period 1977-2017. Alternative conversion factors are used in the Atlas methodology and elsewhere in World Development Indicators as single-year conversion factors.","Somalia", 226 | "SRB","Europe & Central Asia","Upper middle income","Montenegro declared independence from Serbia and Montenegro on June 3, 2006. Where available, data for each country are shown separately. However, for Serbia, some indicators, such as those series for which data appear only for Serbia and not Montenegro--e.g., aid, environment, external debt, balance of payments, various social indicators excluding population--continue to include data for Montenegro through 2005. Moreover, data from 1999 onward for Serbia for most indicators exclude data for Kosovo, 1999 being the year when Kosovo became a territory under international administration pursuant to UN Security Council Resolution 1244 (1999); any exceptions are noted. Kosovo became a World Bank member on June 29, 2009; available data are shown separately for Kosovo. In 2011, the Statistical Office of Serbia improved the methodology of national accounts data for 2003 onward. Specifically, the classification of sectors was revised.","Serbia", 227 | "SSA","","","","Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)", 228 | "SSD","Sub-Saharan Africa","Low income","The reporting period for national accounts data is designated as either calendar year basis (CY) or fiscal year basis (FY). For this country, it is fiscal year-based (fiscal year-end: June 30). Also, an estimate (PA.NUS.ATLS) of the exchange rate covers the same period and thus differs from the official exchange rate (CY).","South Sudan", 229 | "SSF","","","Sub-Saharan Africa regional aggregate (includes all income levels).","Sub-Saharan Africa", 230 | "SST","","","Small states (members of the Small States Forum) aggregate.","Small states", 231 | "STP","Sub-Saharan Africa","Lower middle income","National account data were adjusted to reflect the new banknote (1 new Dobra STN = 1000 old Dobra STD)","São Tomé and Principe", 232 | "SUR","Latin America & Caribbean","Upper middle income","The World Bank systematically assesses the appropriateness of official exchange rates as conversion factors. In this country, multiple or dual exchange rate activity exists and must be accounted for appropriately in underlying statistics. An alternative estimate (“alternative conversion factor” - PA.NUS.ATLS) is thus calculated as a weighted average of the different exchange rates in use in the country. Doing so better reflects economic reality and leads to more accurate cross-country comparisons and country classifications by income level. For this country, this applies to 1989-2021. Alternative conversion factors are used in the Atlas methodology and elsewhere in World Development Indicators as single-year conversion factors.","Suriname", 233 | "SVK","Europe & Central Asia","High income","A simple multiplier is used to convert the national currencies of EMU members to euros. The following irrevocable euro conversion rate entered into force on January 1, 2009: 1 euro = 30.126 Slovak koruna. Please note that historical data are not actual euros and are not comparable or suitable for aggregation across countries.","Slovak Republic", 234 | "SVN","Europe & Central Asia","High income","A simple multiplier is used to convert the national currencies of EMU members to euros. The following irrevocable euro conversion rate entered into force on January 1, 2007: 1 euro = 239.64 Slovenian tolar. Please note that historical data are not actual euros and are not comparable or suitable for aggregation across countries.","Slovenia", 235 | "SWE","Europe & Central Asia","High income","Fiscal year end: June 30; reporting period for national accounts data: CY.","Sweden", 236 | "SWZ","Sub-Saharan Africa","Lower middle income","Fiscal year end: March 31; reporting period for national accounts data: CY. Authorities revised national accounts from 1999 to 2015.","Eswatini", 237 | "SXM","Latin America & Caribbean","High income","","Sint Maarten (Dutch part)", 238 | "SYC","Sub-Saharan Africa","High income","","Seychelles", 239 | "SYR","Middle East & North Africa","Low income","The World Bank systematically assesses the appropriateness of official exchange rates as conversion factors. In this country, multiple or dual exchange rate activity exists and must be accounted for appropriately in underlying statistics. An alternative estimate (“alternative conversion factor” - PA.NUS.ATLS) is thus calculated as a weighted average of the different exchange rates in use in the country. Doing so better reflects economic reality and leads to more accurate cross-country comparisons and country classifications by income level. For this country, this applies to the period 2011-2017. Alternative conversion factors are used in the Atlas methodology and elsewhere in World Development Indicators as single-year conversion factors.","Syrian Arab Republic", 240 | "TCA","Latin America & Caribbean","High income","","Turks and Caicos Islands", 241 | "TCD","Sub-Saharan Africa","Low income","","Chad", 242 | "TEA","","","East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD countries) aggregate.","East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD)", 243 | "TEC","","","Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD countries) aggregate.","Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD)", 244 | "TGO","Sub-Saharan Africa","Low income","","Togo", 245 | "THA","East Asia & Pacific","Upper middle income","Fiscal year end: September 30; reporting period for national accounts data: CY.","Thailand", 246 | "TJK","Europe & Central Asia","Lower middle income","","Tajikistan", 247 | "TKM","Europe & Central Asia","Upper middle income","","Turkmenistan", 248 | "TLA","","","Latin America & the Caribbean (IDA & IBRD countries) aggregate.","Latin America & Caribbean (IDA & IBRD)", 249 | "TLS","East Asia & Pacific","Lower middle income","","Timor-Leste", 250 | "TMN","","","Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD countries) aggregate.","Middle East & North Africa (IDA & IBRD)", 251 | "TON","East Asia & Pacific","Upper middle income","The reporting period for national accounts data is designated as either calendar year basis (CY) or fiscal year basis (FY). For this country, it is fiscal year-based (fiscal year-end: June 30). Also, an estimate (PA.NUS.ATLS) of the exchange rate covers the same period and thus differs from the official exchange rate (CY).","Tonga", 252 | "TSA","","","South Asia (IDA & IBRD countries) aggregate.","South Asia (IDA & IBRD)", 253 | "TSS","","","Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD countries) aggregate.","Sub-Saharan Africa (IDA & IBRD)", 254 | "TTO","Latin America & Caribbean","High income","","Trinidad and Tobago", 255 | "TUN","Middle East & North Africa","Lower middle income","","Tunisia", 256 | "TUR","Europe & Central Asia","Upper middle income","","Türkiye", 257 | "TUV","East Asia & Pacific","Upper middle income","","Tuvalu", 258 | "TZA","Sub-Saharan Africa","Lower middle income","","Tanzania", 259 | "UGA","Sub-Saharan Africa","Low income","The reporting period for national accounts data is designated as either calendar year basis (CY) or fiscal year basis (FY). For this country, it is fiscal year-based (fiscal year-end: June 30). Also, an estimate (PA.NUS.ATLS) of the exchange rate covers the same period and thus differs from the official exchange rate (CY). 260 | 261 | In addition, the World Bank systematically assesses the appropriateness of official exchange rates as conversion factors. In this country, multiple or dual exchange rate activity exists and must be accounted for appropriately in underlying statistics. An alternative estimate (“alternative conversion factor” - PA.NUS.ATLS) is thus calculated as a weighted average of the different exchange rates in use in the country. Doing so better reflects economic reality and leads to more accurate cross-country comparisons and country classifications by income level. For this country, this applies to 1960-2009. Alternative conversion factors are used in the Atlas methodology and elsewhere in World Development Indicators as single-year conversion factors.","Uganda", 262 | "UKR","Europe & Central Asia","Lower middle income","","Ukraine", 263 | "UMC","","","Upper middle income group aggregate. Upper-middle-income economies are those in which 2021 GNI per capita was between $4,256 and $13,205.","Upper middle income", 264 | "URY","Latin America & Caribbean","High income","","Uruguay", 265 | "USA","North America","High income","","United States", 266 | "UZB","Europe & Central Asia","Lower middle income","","Uzbekistan", 267 | "VCT","Latin America & Caribbean","Upper middle income","","St. Vincent and the Grenadines", 268 | "VEN","Latin America & Caribbean","","","Venezuela, RB", 269 | "VGB","Latin America & Caribbean","High income","","British Virgin Islands", 270 | "VIR","Latin America & Caribbean","High income","","Virgin Islands (U.S.)", 271 | "VNM","East Asia & Pacific","Lower middle income","","Vietnam", 272 | "VUT","East Asia & Pacific","Lower middle income","","Vanuatu", 273 | "WLD","","","World aggregate.","World", 274 | "WSM","East Asia & Pacific","Lower middle income","The reporting period for national accounts data is designated as either calendar year basis (CY) or fiscal year basis (FY). For this country, it is fiscal year-based (fiscal year-end: June 30). Also, an estimate (PA.NUS.ATLS) of the exchange rate covers the same period and thus differs from the official exchange rate (CY).","Samoa", 275 | "XKX","Europe & Central Asia","Upper middle income","","Kosovo", 276 | "YEM","Middle East & North Africa","Low income","The World Bank systematically assesses the appropriateness of official exchange rates as conversion factors. In this country, multiple or dual exchange rate activity exists and must be accounted for appropriately in underlying statistics. An alternative estimate (“alternative conversion factor” - PA.NUS.ATLS) is thus calculated as a weighted average of the different exchange rates in use in the country. Doing so better reflects economic reality and leads to more accurate cross-country comparisons and country classifications by income level. For this country, this applies to 1990-2019. Alternative conversion factors are used in the Atlas methodology and elsewhere in World Development Indicators as single-year conversion factors.","Yemen, Rep.", 277 | "ZAF","Sub-Saharan Africa","Upper middle income","Fiscal year end: March 31; reporting period for national accounts data: CY.","South Africa", 278 | "ZMB","Sub-Saharan Africa","Low income","National accounts data were rebased to reflect the January 1, 2013, introduction of the new Zambian kwacha at a rate of 1,000 old kwacha = 1 new kwacha.","Zambia", 279 | "ZWE","Sub-Saharan Africa","Lower middle income","National Accounts data are reported in Zimbabwean Dollar (ZWL). Before 2017, one ZWL is set to be equal to one USD. 280 | 281 | The World Bank systematically assesses the appropriateness of official exchange rates as conversion factors. In this country, multiple or dual exchange rate activity exists and must be accounted for appropriately in underlying statistics. An alternative estimate (“alternative conversion factor” - PA.NUS.ATLS) is thus calculated as a weighted average of the different exchange rates in use in the country. Doing so better reflects economic reality and leads to more accurate cross-country comparisons and country classifications by income level. For this country, this applies to the period 2017-2020. Alternative conversion factors are used in the Atlas methodology and elsewhere in World Development Indicators as single-year conversion factors.","Zimbabwe", 282 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------