├── .gitignore ├── regexes.md ├── readme.md └── LICENSE /.gitignore: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | ################################################################################ 2 | # This .gitignore file was automatically created by Microsoft(R) Visual Studio. 3 | ################################################################################ 4 | 5 | /.vs 6 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /regexes.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 2 | This is a list of regular expressions which help to find LINQ mistakes ([#3](https://github.com/SanderSade/common-linq-mistakes/issues/3)). 3 | 4 | ## .Single() and .SingleOrDefault() 5 | use: `\.Single(OrDefault)?\(.*\)` 6 | 7 | ## .First() and .FirstOrDefault() 8 | use: `\.First(OrDefault)?\(.*\)` 9 | 10 | ## Empty .Count() 11 | use: `\.Count\(\)` 12 | 13 | ## Other occurences of .Count() 14 | use: `\.Count\(.*\)` 15 | or in this case `if.*\(.*\.Count\(.*\)\)` might help. 16 | 17 | ## .Where().First() and .Where().FirstOrDefault() 18 | use: `\.Where\(.*\)\.First(OrDefault)?\(.*\)` 19 | 20 | ## .Where().Where() 21 | use: `\.Where\(.*\)\.Where\(.*\)` 22 | 23 | ## .OrderBy().OrderBy() 24 | use: `\.OrderBy\(.*\)\.OrderBy\(.*\)` 25 | 26 | ## .Select(x => x) 27 | use: `\.Select\((\w)\s*=>\s*\1\)` -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /readme.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Common LINQ mistakes 2 | 3 | This is a list of common [LINQ](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/programming-guide/concepts/linq/) mistakes, which has grown out from reading code of others - and my own - and using the results to train people new to .NET and LINQ. 4 | 5 | These mistakes and problems apply to all LINQ providers, but as people new to LINQ are hopefully familiar with SQL, some of the mistakes have explanations or examples in SQL. 6 | 7 | In many cases, LINQ provider will fix the issue – but programmer should be smarter than her/his tools and not expext the provider, compiler or interpreter to fix the bad code. Not to mention, in many cases the misuse obfuscates _the intent of the code_, uses more resources or has invalid/unexpected results. 8 | 9 | If you need to find these problems in the code, [here is a list of regular expressions](regexes.md) for that. 10 | 11 | ## Deferred execution 12 | 13 | Understanding deferred execution is by far the biggest issue people have when learning LINQ. 14 | 15 | [There are great many explanations](https://www.google.com/search?q=linq+deferred+execution), for example (in no particular order): 16 | * [LINQ and Deferred Execution](https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/charlie/2007/12/10/linq-and-deferred-execution/) 17 | * [Deferred query execution](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/framework/data/adonet/ef/language-reference/query-execution#deferred-query-execution) 18 | * [Deferred vs Immediate Query Execution in LINQ](http://www.dotnetcurry.com/linq/750/deferred-vs-immediate-query-execution-linq) 19 | * [Deferred execution vs immediate execution in LINQ](https://dotnetvibes.com/2016/01/04/deferred-execution-vs-immediate-execution-in-linq/) 20 | * [Understanding LINQ's Deferred Execution](http://www.codeguru.com/csharp/csharp/cs_linq/article.php/c16935/Understanding-LINQs-Deferred-Execution.htm) 21 | 22 | ## Where().First() 23 | 24 | **Incorrect:** 25 | 26 | ``` 27 | var person = persons.Where(x => x.LastName == "Smith" && x.FirstName == "John").First(); 28 | ``` 29 | **Correct:** 30 | ``` 31 | var person = persons.First(x => x.LastName == "Smith" && x.FirstName == "John"); 32 | ``` 33 | **Explanation** 34 | Depending on optimizations of the LINQ provider, this may mean that your database fetches all John Smiths to your application, and the application then returns the first of those. You definitely don't want that. 35 | 36 | This also applies for `Where(x => x.LastName == "Smith").Count()` and other similar constructs, all of which obfuscate the intent of the code. 37 | 38 | Let's explain the example code with [Rubber Duck Debugging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_duck_debugging): 39 | 40 | * Incorrect: I will take all persons named John Smith and use the first of them. 41 | * Correct: I will get and use the first person named John Smith. 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | ## Using SingleOrDefault()/Single() instead FirstOrDefault()/First() 46 | **Incorrect:** 47 | ``` 48 | var person = persons.SingleOrDefault(x => x.Id == 21034); 49 | ``` 50 | **Correct:** 51 | ``` 52 | var person = persons.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Id == 21034); 53 | ``` 54 | 55 | **Explanation** 56 | `Single()/SingleOrDefault()` ensures that there is just one and only one match in the set, whereas `First()/FirstOrDefault()` returns the first match. 57 | 58 | `Single..` methods iterate over all elements of the set until two matching items are found – validating that there is just one match, and throw an error if second is found - which is both costly and usually unneeded, unless validating user input or such. 59 | 60 | In terms of SQL, `Single()` is: `SELECT TOP 2...` whereas First is `SELECT TOP 1...`. If you have 10M rows, and your match is the very first row, `Single()` will still run through all of the rows, validating that there are no more matches, whereas `First()` returns immediately. 61 | 62 | In most cases, you aren't interested in ensuring that there is just one match - or often it is logically impossible. See the examples above - if your database has two Person entries with same primary key (ID), you have far bigger problems than using LINQ badly... 63 | 64 | A special case is `Single()` without [predicate](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.predicate-1?view=netframework-4.7.1), which should be used when logically or semantically there should be only a single element in the set. 65 | 66 | ## Not understanding the difference between First() and FirstOrDefault() 67 | 68 | This is highly situation-dependent. Sometimes `First()` is correct, and sometimes it isn't. 69 | 70 | It is important to understand that `First()` and `Single()` throw an exception when match is not found, whereas `FirstOrDefault()` and `SingleOrDefault()` won't – and return the default/null value, depending on the data type. 71 | 72 | Take, for example: 73 | ``` 74 | var person = persons.First(x => x.Id == 21034); 75 | ``` 76 | Exception may be the correct behavior if a person with ID 21034 should exist, and not finding the entry is literally exceptional. However, remember that exceptions [should not be used for flow control](http://wiki.c2.com/?DontUseExceptionsForFlowControl)! 77 | 78 | On the other hand: 79 | ``` 80 | var login = users.First(x => x.Username == "john.smith@example.com"); 81 | ``` 82 | Instead of having `First()` throwing an exception, you probably should use `FirstOrDefault()` and check `login` variable for null - and log the invalid log-in attempt along with the details. 83 | 84 | A very common pattern is "update or create" ("upsert" in SQL terms), for which you should always use `FirstOrDefault()` and not exception handling. 85 | 86 | ## Using Count() instead of Any() or All() 87 | **Incorrect:** 88 | ``` 89 | if (persons.Count() > 0)... 90 | if (persons.Count(x => x.LastName == "Smith") > 0)... 91 | if (persons.Count(x => x.LastName == "Smith") == persons.Count())... 92 | ``` 93 | **Correct:** 94 | ``` 95 | if (persons.Any())... 96 | if (persons.Any(x => x.LastName == "Smith"))... 97 | if (persons.All(x => x.LastName == "Smith"))... 98 | ``` 99 | **Explanation** 100 | `Count()` will do the full iteration of the (matching) items in the set. If you are interested that there is a matching item in the set, use `Any()` - `Any()` just returns true when there is at least one matching item, with an empty `Any()` just returning true when there are items in your set. 101 | 102 | E.g. if you have list of 10M persons, and you need to know that a person with last name Smith exists, `persons.Count(x => x.LastName == "Smith")` will go through all the persons and check their last name, returning total number of Smiths. `persons.Any(x => x.LastName == "Smith")` returns true after encountering the first entry with last name Smith. 103 | 104 | `All()` is the opposite of `Any()` - if you need to know that all your persons have lastname Smith, `persons.All(x => x.LastName == "Smith")` will return false when encountering first person with last name **not** Smith, without going over all of the set. 105 | 106 | 107 | ## Where().Where() 108 | **Incorrect:** 109 | ``` 110 | persons.Where(x => x.LastName == "Smith").Where(x => x.FirstName == "John"); 111 | ``` 112 | **Correct:** 113 | ``` 114 | persons.Where(x => x.LastName == "Smith" && x.FirstName == "John"); 115 | ``` 116 | **Explanation** 117 | Chaining `Where()` entries may end up in SQL database as multiple embedded queries (in style of `SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM PERSONS WHERE LastName = 'Smith') WHERE FirstName = 'John'`, instead of `SELECT * FROM PERSONS WHERE LastName = 'Smith' AND FirstName = 'John'`) – or will do multiple iterations over sets. 118 | 119 | It also obfuscates the intent of the query. While most if not all LINQ providers optimize the multi-Where() properly - or the underlying provider does that - let's explain the code to our rubber duck again: 120 | * Incorrect: I will fetch all persons with last name Smith, and out of them I will take people with first name John. 121 | * Correct: I will fetch all persons named John Smith. 122 | 123 | 124 | ## OrderBy().OrderBy() 125 | **Incorrect:** 126 | ``` 127 | persons.OrderBy(x => x.LastName).OrderBy(x => x.FirstName); 128 | ``` 129 | **Correct:** 130 | ``` 131 | persons.OrderBy(x => x.LastName).ThenBy(x => x.FirstName); 132 | ``` 133 | **Explanation** 134 | The "incorrect" version sorts persons by LastName - and then ignores that sort completely and re-sorts persons by FirstName. Correct use is one `OrderBy()` followed by `ThenBy()`, which can be chained multiple times (`persons.OrderBy(x => x.LastName).ThenBy(x => x.FirstName).ThenBy(x => x.Age)`). 135 | 136 | This also applies to `OrderByDescending()` and `ThenByDescending()`. 137 | 138 | 139 | ## Select(x => x) 140 | 141 | **Incorrect:** 142 | ``` 143 | persons.Where(x => x.LastName == "Smith" && x.FirstName == "John").Select(x => x); 144 | ``` 145 | **Correct:** 146 | ``` 147 | persons.Where(x => x.LastName == "Smith" && x.FirstName == "John"); 148 | ``` 149 | **Explanation** 150 | It is unclear why this artefact pops up every now and then. Maybe the author intended to do something with `Select()` and forgot, or thought that `Select()` materializes the query, like `ToList()` or `ToArray()`. 151 | 152 | Another possible explanation is that they used this pattern to return IEnumerable<T>, but didn't know about [`AsEnumerable()`](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.linq.enumerable.asenumerable?view=netframework-4.7.1#System_Linq_Enumerable_AsEnumerable__1_System_Collections_Generic_IEnumerable___0__) extension method. 153 | 154 | ## Using is...as instead of OfType<>() 155 | **Incorrect:** 156 | ``` 157 | var employees = persons.Where(x => x is Employee).Select(x => x as Employee); 158 | var employees = persons.Where(x => x is Employee).Select(x => (Employee)x); 159 | var employees = persons.Select(x => x as Employee).Where(x => x != null); 160 | ``` 161 | **Correct:** 162 | ``` 163 | var employees = persons.OfType(); 164 | ``` 165 | **Explanation** 166 | Using `is...as` antipattern is a very common occurrence in .NET world. `is` does nothing more internally besides trying to cast the object to specified type and returning false if the casting fails. Using `is...as` antipattern therefore casts the object to specified type twice - something that really should be avoided (note that c# 7 added [`is` pattern matching](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/language-reference/keywords/is#pattern-matching-with-is), allowing constructs like `if (person is Employee e)...`) 167 | 168 | In case of LINQ, [OfType<>()](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.linq.enumerable.oftype?f1url=https%3A%2F%2Fmsdn.microsoft.com%2Fquery%2Fdev15.query%3FappId%3DDev15IDEF1%26l%3DEN-US%26k%3Dk(System.Linq.Enumerable.OfType%60%601);) returns only the objects of the specified type. This allows both shorter and clearer code, compared to the incorrect version. 169 | 170 | ## Empty Count() for arrays, List<T>, Dictionary<T>, ... 171 | **Incorrect:** 172 | ``` 173 | var count = peopleArray.Count(); 174 | var count = peopleList.Count(); 175 | var count = peopleDictionary.Count(); 176 | ``` 177 | **Correct:** 178 | ``` 179 | var count = peopleArray.Length; 180 | var count = peopleList.Count; 181 | var count = peopleDictionary.Count; 182 | ``` 183 | **Explanation** 184 | Don't use [Enumerable.Count()](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb338038.aspx) method for arrays or any collections that implement ICollection<T>/ICollection interface, such as List<T> and Dictionary<T>. Use [Length](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.array.length(v=vs.110).aspx) for arrays and [Count](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/5s3kzhec(v=vs.110).aspx) property for ICollection implementations. 185 | 186 | Depending on platform, there are optimizations in place (see [here](https://referencesource.microsoft.com/#System.Core/System/Linq/Enumerable.cs,1191)) preventing O(n) operation of `Count()` method, just returning existing `Count` value. 187 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /LICENSE: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | Mozilla Public License Version 2.0 2 | ================================== 3 | 4 | 1. Definitions 5 | -------------- 6 | 7 | 1.1. "Contributor" 8 | means each individual or legal entity that creates, contributes to 9 | the creation of, or owns Covered Software. 10 | 11 | 1.2. "Contributor Version" 12 | means the combination of the Contributions of others (if any) used 13 | by a Contributor and that particular Contributor's Contribution. 14 | 15 | 1.3. "Contribution" 16 | means Covered Software of a particular Contributor. 17 | 18 | 1.4. "Covered Software" 19 | means Source Code Form to which the initial Contributor has attached 20 | the notice in Exhibit A, the Executable Form of such Source Code 21 | Form, and Modifications of such Source Code Form, in each case 22 | including portions thereof. 23 | 24 | 1.5. "Incompatible With Secondary Licenses" 25 | means 26 | 27 | (a) that the initial Contributor has attached the notice described 28 | in Exhibit B to the Covered Software; or 29 | 30 | (b) that the Covered Software was made available under the terms of 31 | version 1.1 or earlier of the License, but not also under the 32 | terms of a Secondary License. 33 | 34 | 1.6. "Executable Form" 35 | means any form of the work other than Source Code Form. 36 | 37 | 1.7. "Larger Work" 38 | means a work that combines Covered Software with other material, in 39 | a separate file or files, that is not Covered Software. 40 | 41 | 1.8. "License" 42 | means this document. 43 | 44 | 1.9. "Licensable" 45 | means having the right to grant, to the maximum extent possible, 46 | whether at the time of the initial grant or subsequently, any and 47 | all of the rights conveyed by this License. 48 | 49 | 1.10. "Modifications" 50 | means any of the following: 51 | 52 | (a) any file in Source Code Form that results from an addition to, 53 | deletion from, or modification of the contents of Covered 54 | Software; or 55 | 56 | (b) any new file in Source Code Form that contains any Covered 57 | Software. 58 | 59 | 1.11. "Patent Claims" of a Contributor 60 | means any patent claim(s), including without limitation, method, 61 | process, and apparatus claims, in any patent Licensable by such 62 | Contributor that would be infringed, but for the grant of the 63 | License, by the making, using, selling, offering for sale, having 64 | made, import, or transfer of either its Contributions or its 65 | Contributor Version. 66 | 67 | 1.12. "Secondary License" 68 | means either the GNU General Public License, Version 2.0, the GNU 69 | Lesser General Public License, Version 2.1, the GNU Affero General 70 | Public License, Version 3.0, or any later versions of those 71 | licenses. 72 | 73 | 1.13. "Source Code Form" 74 | means the form of the work preferred for making modifications. 75 | 76 | 1.14. "You" (or "Your") 77 | means an individual or a legal entity exercising rights under this 78 | License. For legal entities, "You" includes any entity that 79 | controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with You. For 80 | purposes of this definition, "control" means (a) the power, direct 81 | or indirect, to cause the direction or management of such entity, 82 | whether by contract or otherwise, or (b) ownership of more than 83 | fifty percent (50%) of the outstanding shares or beneficial 84 | ownership of such entity. 85 | 86 | 2. License Grants and Conditions 87 | -------------------------------- 88 | 89 | 2.1. Grants 90 | 91 | Each Contributor hereby grants You a world-wide, royalty-free, 92 | non-exclusive license: 93 | 94 | (a) under intellectual property rights (other than patent or trademark) 95 | Licensable by such Contributor to use, reproduce, make available, 96 | modify, display, perform, distribute, and otherwise exploit its 97 | Contributions, either on an unmodified basis, with Modifications, or 98 | as part of a Larger Work; and 99 | 100 | (b) under Patent Claims of such Contributor to make, use, sell, offer 101 | for sale, have made, import, and otherwise transfer either its 102 | Contributions or its Contributor Version. 103 | 104 | 2.2. Effective Date 105 | 106 | The licenses granted in Section 2.1 with respect to any Contribution 107 | become effective for each Contribution on the date the Contributor first 108 | distributes such Contribution. 109 | 110 | 2.3. Limitations on Grant Scope 111 | 112 | The licenses granted in this Section 2 are the only rights granted under 113 | this License. No additional rights or licenses will be implied from the 114 | distribution or licensing of Covered Software under this License. 115 | Notwithstanding Section 2.1(b) above, no patent license is granted by a 116 | Contributor: 117 | 118 | (a) for any code that a Contributor has removed from Covered Software; 119 | or 120 | 121 | (b) for infringements caused by: (i) Your and any other third party's 122 | modifications of Covered Software, or (ii) the combination of its 123 | Contributions with other software (except as part of its Contributor 124 | Version); or 125 | 126 | (c) under Patent Claims infringed by Covered Software in the absence of 127 | its Contributions. 128 | 129 | This License does not grant any rights in the trademarks, service marks, 130 | or logos of any Contributor (except as may be necessary to comply with 131 | the notice requirements in Section 3.4). 132 | 133 | 2.4. Subsequent Licenses 134 | 135 | No Contributor makes additional grants as a result of Your choice to 136 | distribute the Covered Software under a subsequent version of this 137 | License (see Section 10.2) or under the terms of a Secondary License (if 138 | permitted under the terms of Section 3.3). 139 | 140 | 2.5. Representation 141 | 142 | Each Contributor represents that the Contributor believes its 143 | Contributions are its original creation(s) or it has sufficient rights 144 | to grant the rights to its Contributions conveyed by this License. 145 | 146 | 2.6. Fair Use 147 | 148 | This License is not intended to limit any rights You have under 149 | applicable copyright doctrines of fair use, fair dealing, or other 150 | equivalents. 151 | 152 | 2.7. Conditions 153 | 154 | Sections 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, and 3.4 are conditions of the licenses granted 155 | in Section 2.1. 156 | 157 | 3. Responsibilities 158 | ------------------- 159 | 160 | 3.1. Distribution of Source Form 161 | 162 | All distribution of Covered Software in Source Code Form, including any 163 | Modifications that You create or to which You contribute, must be under 164 | the terms of this License. You must inform recipients that the Source 165 | Code Form of the Covered Software is governed by the terms of this 166 | License, and how they can obtain a copy of this License. You may not 167 | attempt to alter or restrict the recipients' rights in the Source Code 168 | Form. 169 | 170 | 3.2. Distribution of Executable Form 171 | 172 | If You distribute Covered Software in Executable Form then: 173 | 174 | (a) such Covered Software must also be made available in Source Code 175 | Form, as described in Section 3.1, and You must inform recipients of 176 | the Executable Form how they can obtain a copy of such Source Code 177 | Form by reasonable means in a timely manner, at a charge no more 178 | than the cost of distribution to the recipient; and 179 | 180 | (b) You may distribute such Executable Form under the terms of this 181 | License, or sublicense it under different terms, provided that the 182 | license for the Executable Form does not attempt to limit or alter 183 | the recipients' rights in the Source Code Form under this License. 184 | 185 | 3.3. Distribution of a Larger Work 186 | 187 | You may create and distribute a Larger Work under terms of Your choice, 188 | provided that You also comply with the requirements of this License for 189 | the Covered Software. If the Larger Work is a combination of Covered 190 | Software with a work governed by one or more Secondary Licenses, and the 191 | Covered Software is not Incompatible With Secondary Licenses, this 192 | License permits You to additionally distribute such Covered Software 193 | under the terms of such Secondary License(s), so that the recipient of 194 | the Larger Work may, at their option, further distribute the Covered 195 | Software under the terms of either this License or such Secondary 196 | License(s). 197 | 198 | 3.4. Notices 199 | 200 | You may not remove or alter the substance of any license notices 201 | (including copyright notices, patent notices, disclaimers of warranty, 202 | or limitations of liability) contained within the Source Code Form of 203 | the Covered Software, except that You may alter any license notices to 204 | the extent required to remedy known factual inaccuracies. 205 | 206 | 3.5. Application of Additional Terms 207 | 208 | You may choose to offer, and to charge a fee for, warranty, support, 209 | indemnity or liability obligations to one or more recipients of Covered 210 | Software. However, You may do so only on Your own behalf, and not on 211 | behalf of any Contributor. You must make it absolutely clear that any 212 | such warranty, support, indemnity, or liability obligation is offered by 213 | You alone, and You hereby agree to indemnify every Contributor for any 214 | liability incurred by such Contributor as a result of warranty, support, 215 | indemnity or liability terms You offer. You may include additional 216 | disclaimers of warranty and limitations of liability specific to any 217 | jurisdiction. 218 | 219 | 4. Inability to Comply Due to Statute or Regulation 220 | --------------------------------------------------- 221 | 222 | If it is impossible for You to comply with any of the terms of this 223 | License with respect to some or all of the Covered Software due to 224 | statute, judicial order, or regulation then You must: (a) comply with 225 | the terms of this License to the maximum extent possible; and (b) 226 | describe the limitations and the code they affect. Such description must 227 | be placed in a text file included with all distributions of the Covered 228 | Software under this License. Except to the extent prohibited by statute 229 | or regulation, such description must be sufficiently detailed for a 230 | recipient of ordinary skill to be able to understand it. 231 | 232 | 5. Termination 233 | -------------- 234 | 235 | 5.1. The rights granted under this License will terminate automatically 236 | if You fail to comply with any of its terms. However, if You become 237 | compliant, then the rights granted under this License from a particular 238 | Contributor are reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until such 239 | Contributor explicitly and finally terminates Your grants, and (b) on an 240 | ongoing basis, if such Contributor fails to notify You of the 241 | non-compliance by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after You have 242 | come back into compliance. Moreover, Your grants from a particular 243 | Contributor are reinstated on an ongoing basis if such Contributor 244 | notifies You of the non-compliance by some reasonable means, this is the 245 | first time You have received notice of non-compliance with this License 246 | from such Contributor, and You become compliant prior to 30 days after 247 | Your receipt of the notice. 248 | 249 | 5.2. If You initiate litigation against any entity by asserting a patent 250 | infringement claim (excluding declaratory judgment actions, 251 | counter-claims, and cross-claims) alleging that a Contributor Version 252 | directly or indirectly infringes any patent, then the rights granted to 253 | You by any and all Contributors for the Covered Software under Section 254 | 2.1 of this License shall terminate. 255 | 256 | 5.3. In the event of termination under Sections 5.1 or 5.2 above, all 257 | end user license agreements (excluding distributors and resellers) which 258 | have been validly granted by You or Your distributors under this License 259 | prior to termination shall survive termination. 260 | 261 | ************************************************************************ 262 | * * 263 | * 6. Disclaimer of Warranty * 264 | * ------------------------- * 265 | * * 266 | * Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is" * 267 | * basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or * 268 | * statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the * 269 | * Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a * 270 | * particular purpose or non-infringing. The entire risk as to the * 271 | * quality and performance of the Covered Software is with You. * 272 | * Should any Covered Software prove defective in any respect, You * 273 | * (not any Contributor) assume the cost of any necessary servicing, * 274 | * repair, or correction. This disclaimer of warranty constitutes an * 275 | * essential part of this License. No use of any Covered Software is * 276 | * authorized under this License except under this disclaimer. * 277 | * * 278 | ************************************************************************ 279 | 280 | ************************************************************************ 281 | * * 282 | * 7. Limitation of Liability * 283 | * -------------------------- * 284 | * * 285 | * Under no circumstances and under no legal theory, whether tort * 286 | * (including negligence), contract, or otherwise, shall any * 287 | * Contributor, or anyone who distributes Covered Software as * 288 | * permitted above, be liable to You for any direct, indirect, * 289 | * special, incidental, or consequential damages of any character * 290 | * including, without limitation, damages for lost profits, loss of * 291 | * goodwill, work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any * 292 | * and all other commercial damages or losses, even if such party * 293 | * shall have been informed of the possibility of such damages. This * 294 | * limitation of liability shall not apply to liability for death or * 295 | * personal injury resulting from such party's negligence to the * 296 | * extent applicable law prohibits such limitation. Some * 297 | * jurisdictions do not allow the exclusion or limitation of * 298 | * incidental or consequential damages, so this exclusion and * 299 | * limitation may not apply to You. * 300 | * * 301 | ************************************************************************ 302 | 303 | 8. Litigation 304 | ------------- 305 | 306 | Any litigation relating to this License may be brought only in the 307 | courts of a jurisdiction where the defendant maintains its principal 308 | place of business and such litigation shall be governed by laws of that 309 | jurisdiction, without reference to its conflict-of-law provisions. 310 | Nothing in this Section shall prevent a party's ability to bring 311 | cross-claims or counter-claims. 312 | 313 | 9. Miscellaneous 314 | ---------------- 315 | 316 | This License represents the complete agreement concerning the subject 317 | matter hereof. If any provision of this License is held to be 318 | unenforceable, such provision shall be reformed only to the extent 319 | necessary to make it enforceable. Any law or regulation which provides 320 | that the language of a contract shall be construed against the drafter 321 | shall not be used to construe this License against a Contributor. 322 | 323 | 10. Versions of the License 324 | --------------------------- 325 | 326 | 10.1. New Versions 327 | 328 | Mozilla Foundation is the license steward. Except as provided in Section 329 | 10.3, no one other than the license steward has the right to modify or 330 | publish new versions of this License. Each version will be given a 331 | distinguishing version number. 332 | 333 | 10.2. Effect of New Versions 334 | 335 | You may distribute the Covered Software under the terms of the version 336 | of the License under which You originally received the Covered Software, 337 | or under the terms of any subsequent version published by the license 338 | steward. 339 | 340 | 10.3. Modified Versions 341 | 342 | If you create software not governed by this License, and you want to 343 | create a new license for such software, you may create and use a 344 | modified version of this License if you rename the license and remove 345 | any references to the name of the license steward (except to note that 346 | such modified license differs from this License). 347 | 348 | 10.4. Distributing Source Code Form that is Incompatible With Secondary 349 | Licenses 350 | 351 | If You choose to distribute Source Code Form that is Incompatible With 352 | Secondary Licenses under the terms of this version of the License, the 353 | notice described in Exhibit B of this License must be attached. 354 | 355 | Exhibit A - Source Code Form License Notice 356 | ------------------------------------------- 357 | 358 | This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public 359 | License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this 360 | file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. 361 | 362 | If it is not possible or desirable to put the notice in a particular 363 | file, then You may include the notice in a location (such as a LICENSE 364 | file in a relevant directory) where a recipient would be likely to look 365 | for such a notice. 366 | 367 | You may add additional accurate notices of copyright ownership. 368 | 369 | Exhibit B - "Incompatible With Secondary Licenses" Notice 370 | --------------------------------------------------------- 371 | 372 | This Source Code Form is "Incompatible With Secondary Licenses", as 373 | defined by the Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0. 374 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------