├── .gitignore
├── README.rst
├── TODO
├── resources
    ├── collections.tex
    └── collections.txt
├── self_cheatsheet.pdf
└── self_cheatsheet.tex


/.gitignore:
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1 | *.aux
2 | *.log
3 | *.out
4 | placeholder.tex


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/README.rst:
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 1 | Self cheatsheet
 2 | ===============
 3 | Informations about the `Self programming language <http://selflanguage.org>`_ (selflang) in compact form.
 4 | 
 5 | About
 6 | -----
 7 | 
 8 | I've decided to create this Cheat sheet to finally force myself into learning Self. There may and will be a lot of bugs and language typos. If you find any, please send pull request.
 9 | 
10 | You may also add new sections, but keep in mind, that this is not a tutorial, nor the manual. Compactness is what counts. If you add a new page, keep in mind, that you should fill that page.
11 | 
12 | Building
13 | --------
14 | 
15 | On the fresh Ubuntu installation, you will need following packages::
16 | 
17 |     latex-xcolor texlive-common unzip texlive texlive-latex-base texlive-latex-extra texlive-binaries texlive-latex-recommended pgf cm-super texlive-generic-extra
18 | 
19 | You may install them using the ``sudo apt-get install <package-list>`` command.
20 | 
21 | This will install tex and the ``pdflatex`` command. To build the cheatsheet, use::
22 | 
23 |     pdflatex self_cheatsheet.tex
24 | 


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/TODO:
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1 | Canonical strings
2 | Key shortcuts


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/resources/collections.tex:
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 1 | traits \textit{collection}
 2 |     traits \textit{path}
 3 |     traits mirrors \textit{abstractMirror}
 4 |         traits mirrors \textit{method}
 5 |             traits mirrors activation \textit{liveOnes}
 6 |                 traits mirrors \textit{activation}
 7 |                     traits mirrors \textit{deadActivation}
 8 |                     traits mirrors \textit{blockMethodActivation}
 9 |                     traits mirrors \textit{methodActivation}
10 |             traits mirrors \textit{blockMethod}
11 |         traits mirrors \textit{assignment}
12 |         traits mirrors \textit{block}
13 |         traits mirrors \textit{float}
14 |         traits mirrors \textit{mirror}
15 |         traits mirrors \textit{process}
16 |         traits mirrors \textit{smallInt}
17 |         traits mirrors \textit{vectorish}
18 |             traits mirrors \textit{vector}
19 |             traits mirrors \textit{byteVector}
20 |                 traits mirrors \textit{canonicalString}
21 |         traits mirrors \textit{slots}
22 |             traits mirrors \textit{profiler}
23 |             traits mirrors \textit{proxy}
24 |                 traits mirrors \textit{fctProxy}
25 |     traits \textit{sharedQueue}
26 |     traits \textit{priorityQueue}
27 |     traits \textit{tree}
28 |         traits \textit{emptyTrees} abstract
29 |             traits \textit{emptyTrees} bag
30 |             traits \textit{emptyTrees} set
31 |         traits \textit{treeNodes} abstract
32 |             traits \textit{treeNodes} bag
33 |             traits \textit{treeNodes} set
34 |     traits \textit{list}
35 |         traits \textit{orderedSet}
36 |         \textit{sortedList} parent
37 |             \textit{sortedListSet} parent
38 |     traits \textit{indexable}
39 |         traits \textit{mutableIndexable}
40 |             traits \textit{sequence}
41 |                 traits \textit{sortedSequence}
42 |             traits \textit{vector}
43 |                 \textit{vector}
44 |             traits \textit{byteVector}
45 |                 \textit{byteVector}
46 |                 traits \textit{int32or64}
47 |                     traits \textit{int64}
48 |                     traits \textit{int32}
49 |                 traits \textit{string}
50 |                     traits \textit{immutableString}
51 |                         traits \textit{canonicalString}
52 |                     traits \textit{mutableString}
53 |     traits \textit{abstractSetOrDictionary}
54 |         traits \textit{abstractSet}
55 |             traits \textit{universalSet}
56 |                 \textit{universalSet}
57 |             traits \textit{hashTableSet}
58 |                 \textit{identitySet} parent
59 |                 \textit{customizableSet} parent
60 |                 \textit{reflectiveIdentitySet} parent
61 |                 traits \textit{set}
62 |                 traits \textit{sharedSet}
63 |         traits \textit{abstractDictionary}
64 |             traits \textit{orderedDictionary}
65 |             traits \textit{universalDictionary}
66 |                 \textit{universalDictionary}
67 |             traits \textit{hashTableDictionary}
68 |                 \textit{identityDictionary} parent
69 |                 \textit{customizableDictionary} parent
70 |                 \textit{reflectiveIdentityDictionary} parent
71 |                 traits \textit{dictionary}
72 |                 traits \textit{sharedDictionary}


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/resources/collections.txt:
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  1 | traits collection
  2 |     traits path
  3 |     traits mirrors abstractMirror
  4 |         traits mirrors method
  5 |             traits mirrors activation liveOnes
  6 |                 traits mirrors activation
  7 |                     traits mirrors deadActivation
  8 |                     traits mirrors blockMethodActivation
  9 |                     traits mirrors methodActivation
 10 |             traits mirrors blockMethod
 11 |         traits mirrors assignment
 12 |         traits mirrors block
 13 |         traits mirrors float
 14 |         traits mirrors mirror
 15 |         traits mirrors process
 16 |         traits mirrors smallInt
 17 |         traits mirrors vectorish
 18 |             traits mirrors vector
 19 |             traits mirrors byteVector
 20 |                 traits mirrors canonicalString
 21 |         traits mirrors slots
 22 |             traits mirrors profiler
 23 |             traits mirrors proxy
 24 |                 traits mirrors fctProxy
 25 |     traits sharedQueue
 26 |     traits priorityQueue
 27 |     traits tree
 28 |         traits emptyTrees abstract
 29 |             traits emptyTrees bag
 30 |             traits emptyTrees set
 31 |         traits treeNodes abstract
 32 |             traits treeNodes bag
 33 |             traits treeNodes set
 34 |     traits list
 35 |         traits orderedSet
 36 |         sortedList parent
 37 |             sortedListSet parent
 38 |     traits indexable
 39 |         traits mutableIndexable
 40 |             traits sequence
 41 |                 traits sortedSequence
 42 |             traits vector
 43 |                 a vector
 44 |                 a vector object
 45 |                 a vector object object
 46 |                 a vector object object object
 47 |                 ... a lot of vectors ...
 48 | 
 49 |                 traits slotAnnotation fields
 50 |                 traits objectAnnotation fields
 51 |                 traits objectAnnotation fieldsToIgnoreForCopyDownTest
 52 |                 traits objectAnnotation fieldsToParse
 53 |                 traits slotAnnotation fieldsToIgnoreForCopyDownTest
 54 |                 traits slotAnnotation fieldsToNotFileOut
 55 |                 traits time monthNames
 56 |                 traits time shortMonthNames
 57 |                 traits time shortWeekdayNames
 58 |                 traits time weekdayNames
 59 |                 nullPath contents
 60 |                 bytecodeFormat instructionSets twentiethCentury extendedOpcodeNames
 61 |                 bytecodeFormat instructionSets twentiethCentury opcodeNames
 62 |                 bytecodeFormat instructionSets twentiethCenturyPlusArgumentCount extendedOpcodeNames
 63 |                 bytecodeFormat instructionSets twentiethCenturyPlusArgumentCount opcodeNames
 64 |                 traits cachedColormap nullPlatformColorVector
 65 |                 quartz event buttonNames
 66 |                 benchmarks intmm_oo_r xmr
 67 |                 benchmarks intmm_oo_r xmb
 68 |                 benchmarks intmm_oo_r xma
 69 |                 tests programmingPrims argumentSlotAddingObjects badNames
 70 |                 traits slotAnnotation fieldsToParse
 71 |                 polygonMorph vertexOffsets
 72 |                 selectionInListMorph items
 73 |                 benchmarks puzzle piececount
 74 |                 benchmarks towers stack
 75 |                 benchmarks towers_oo stack
 76 |                 traits bench doAllBenchmarks v
 77 |                 traits profiler abstractCallGraphProfileNode parent
 78 |                     traits profiler accessPt parent
 79 |                     traits profiler abstractCallGraphProfileNode
 80 |                     traits profiler primPt parent
 81 |                     traits profiler methodPt parent
 82 |                     traits profiler leafPt parent
 83 |                     traits profiler blockPt parent
 84 |                 traits processStack object object
 85 |                 traits profiler foldPt parent
 86 |                     traits profiler foldPt
 87 |                 a traits objectAnnotation fields
 88 |             traits byteVector
 89 |                 a byteVector
 90 |                 byteVector
 91 |                 traits int32or64
 92 |                     traits int64
 93 |                     traits int32
 94 |                 traits string
 95 |                     traits immutableString
 96 |                         traits canonicalString
 97 |                     traits mutableString
 98 |     traits abstractSetOrDictionary
 99 |         traits abstractSet
100 |             traits universalSet
101 |                 universalSet
102 |             traits hashTableSet
103 |                 identitySet parent
104 |                 customizableSet parent
105 |                 reflectiveIdentitySet parent
106 |                 traits set
107 |                 traits sharedSet
108 |         traits abstractDictionary
109 |             traits orderedDictionary
110 |             traits universalDictionary
111 |                 universalDictionary
112 |             traits hashTableDictionary
113 |                 identityDictionary parent
114 |                 customizableDictionary parent
115 |                 reflectiveIdentityDictionary parent
116 |                 traits dictionary
117 |                 traits sharedDictionary


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/self_cheatsheet.pdf:
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https://raw.githubusercontent.com/SelfBatteries/SelfCheatSheet/992d28524afc4319225a4b90377ba58dbe9c2f49/self_cheatsheet.pdf


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/self_cheatsheet.tex:
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  1 | % Copyright (c) 2016 Bystroushaak
  2 | 
  3 | % Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
  4 | % obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
  5 | % files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
  6 | % restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
  7 | % copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
  8 | % copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
  9 | % Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
 10 | % conditions:
 11 | 
 12 | % The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
 13 | % included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 14 | 
 15 | % THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
 16 | % EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
 17 | % OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
 18 | % NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
 19 | % HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
 20 | % WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
 21 | % FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
 22 | % OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 23 | 
 24 | % Inspired by http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/99765/document-class-for-reference-cards
 25 | \documentclass[10pt]{article}
 26 | \usepackage{fixltx2e}
 27 | \usepackage[orthodox,l2tabu,abort]{nag}
 28 | \usepackage{textcomp}
 29 | \usepackage{hyperref}
 30 | \usepackage{dirtree}
 31 | \DTsetlength{0.2em}{0.5em}{0.3em}{0.4pt}{1.6pt}
 32 | 
 33 | % Page layout
 34 | \usepackage[a4paper,landscape,margin=1cm]{geometry}
 35 | 
 36 | \usepackage{multicol}
 37 | \setlength{\columnsep}{0.5cm}
 38 | 
 39 | 
 40 | % Title area
 41 | \usepackage{titling} % Allows for use of date, author, etc. after \maketitle
 42 | % Ref: http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/3988/titlesec-versus-titling-mangling-thetitle
 43 | \let\oldtitle\title
 44 | \renewcommand{\title}[1]{\oldtitle{#1}\newcommand{\mythetitle}{#1}}
 45 | \renewcommand{\maketitle}{
 46 |     {\begin{center}\Large \mythetitle\end{center}}
 47 | }
 48 | 
 49 | % Document divisions
 50 | \usepackage{titlesec}
 51 | \setcounter{secnumdepth}{0}
 52 | \titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{0pt}{0pt}
 53 | \titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{3pt}{0pt}
 54 | \titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{0pt}{0pt}
 55 | \setlength{\parskip}{2pt}
 56 | 
 57 | \usepackage{nopageno} % To keep \section from resetting page style
 58 | \setlength{\parindent}{0pt} % disabling indentation by default
 59 | 
 60 | % Lists
 61 | \usepackage{enumitem} % for consistent formatting of lists
 62 | \newlist{ttdesc}{description}{1}
 63 | \setlist[ttdesc]{font=\ttfamily,noitemsep}
 64 | \usepackage{calc} % for \widthof
 65 | 
 66 | \usepackage{lipsum}
 67 | 
 68 | % Metadata definition
 69 | \title{Selflang cheat sheet}
 70 | \author{Bystroushaak}
 71 | \date{2016}
 72 | 
 73 | \pdfinfo {
 74 |     /Author   (\theauthor)
 75 |     /Title    (\thetitle)
 76 |     /Subject  (\thetitle)
 77 |     /Keywords (Self, SelfLang, programming language, programming)
 78 | }
 79 | 
 80 | 
 81 | % Set listing
 82 | % https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Source_Code_Listings
 83 | \usepackage{listings}
 84 | \usepackage{pxfonts}
 85 | 
 86 | \lstset{
 87 |     basicstyle=\ttfamily,
 88 |     keywordstyle=\bfseries,
 89 |     showstringspaces=false,
 90 |     breaklines=false,
 91 |     breakatwhitespace=false,
 92 |     columns=fullflexible,
 93 | }
 94 | 
 95 | 
 96 | 
 97 | 
 98 | % Content %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 99 | \begin{document}
100 | \begin{multicols*}{3}
101 | \maketitle
102 | 
103 | 
104 | 
105 | 
106 | \section{Object syntax}
107 | An \textit{object} consists from (possibly empty) set of \textit{slots} and (optionally) \textit{code}.
108 | 
109 | Slots behave as key-value lookup table, translating messages to objects. \textit{Code} is a sequence of \textit{expressions} (\textit{message sends} and \textit{literals}) separated by dots, evaluated in order.
110 | 
111 | Syntax is straightforward:
112 | 
113 | \begin{lstlisting}
114 | (| slot1. slot2 | 'code' printLine. 'str')
115 | \end{lstlisting}
116 | 
117 | for object with \textit{slots} and \textit{code}, or
118 | 
119 | \begin{lstlisting}
120 | (| | 'this is str') or ('this is str')
121 | \end{lstlisting}
122 | 
123 | for object with \textit{code}, but no \textit{slots}, or
124 | 
125 | \begin{lstlisting}
126 | (| slot1. slot2. slotN |)
127 | \end{lstlisting}
128 | 
129 | for object with \textit{slots}, but no \textit{code}, or
130 | 
131 | \begin{lstlisting}
132 | (| |) or ()
133 | \end{lstlisting}
134 | 
135 | for empty object.
136 | 
137 | 
138 | 
139 | \subsection{Comments}
140 | 
141 | Comments use double quotes and are ignored by parser.
142 | 
143 | \begin{lstlisting}
144 | ("empty object same as () or (| |)")
145 | \end{lstlisting}
146 | 
147 | 
148 | 
149 | \subsection{Slot assignments}
150 | 
151 | Slots can be assigned at the time of definition, either read only using \texttt{=} operator:
152 | 
153 | \texttt{(| slot = 1 |)}
154 | 
155 | Or rewritable using \texttt{<-} operator. This operator actually adds two slots - \texttt{slot} for the data and \texttt{slot:} with assignment method object.
156 | 
157 | \texttt{(| slot <- 1 |)}
158 | 
159 | 
160 | 
161 | \subsection{Messages}
162 | 
163 | \textit{Messages} are evaluated from left to right. Object is on the left, messages on the right. Messages can be without arguments:
164 | 
165 | \begin{lstlisting}
166 | obj message
167 | \end{lstlisting}
168 | 
169 | (to the \textit{obj} send a \textit{message}), or with arguments:
170 | 
171 | \begin{lstlisting}
172 | obj message: argument
173 | \end{lstlisting}
174 | 
175 | (to the \textit{obj} send a \textit{message} with \textit{argument} as value).
176 | 
177 | 
178 | 
179 | 
180 | \columnbreak
181 | {\small
182 | \subsection{Special slots}
183 | 
184 | \subsubsection{\texttt{self} slot}
185 | Every object has automatically created slot named \texttt{self}, pointing to object itself. Unlike other languages, \texttt{self} may be omitted, in \textit{message sends}, so
186 | 
187 | \begin{lstlisting}
188 | self message
189 | \end{lstlisting}
190 | 
191 | is same thing as
192 | 
193 | \begin{lstlisting}
194 | message
195 | \end{lstlisting}
196 | 
197 | 
198 | 
199 | \subsubsection{Annotation slot}
200 | 
201 | Additional informations may be provided in the \textit{annotation slot}:
202 | 
203 | \begin{lstlisting}
204 | (| {} = 'Annotation string.' |)
205 | \end{lstlisting}
206 | 
207 | or
208 | 
209 | \begin{lstlisting}
210 | (| { 'Annotation string.' slot. another. } |)
211 | \end{lstlisting}
212 | 
213 | 
214 | 
215 | \subsubsection{\texttt{parent} slots}
216 | Every object may also contain one or more parent slots, which are slots whose names end in a star (\texttt{*}). Lookups unresolved in the receiving object are delegated to these parent slots. This is used to implement inheritance (often with a single parent slot named \texttt{parent*}) and also mixins, and namespaces.
217 | }
218 | 
219 | 
220 | 
221 | \subsection{Method slots}
222 | 
223 | \textit{Method slots} is the storage for the code in objects.
224 | 
225 | 
226 | 
227 | \subsubsection{Unary slots}
228 | Code \textit{slots} without arguments are called \textit{unary}.
229 | 
230 | \begin{lstlisting}
231 | (| first = (printLine) |)
232 | \end{lstlisting}
233 | 
234 | This \textit{method slot} can be invoked by sending \textit{unary} message:
235 | 
236 | \begin{lstlisting}
237 | obj first
238 | \end{lstlisting}
239 | 
240 | 
241 | 
242 | \subsubsection{Binary slots}
243 | 
244 | Slots with one argument is called \textit{binary}:
245 | 
246 | \begin{lstlisting}
247 | (| first: = (| :arg | arg printLine) |)
248 | \end{lstlisting}
249 | 
250 | Which has shorter equivalent:
251 | 
252 | \begin{lstlisting}
253 | (| first: arg = (arg printLine) |)
254 | \end{lstlisting}
255 | 
256 | Invocation is possible using the \textit{binary message}:
257 | 
258 | \begin{lstlisting}
259 | obj first: 1
260 | \end{lstlisting}
261 | 
262 | \textit{Binary slots} are also used as operators (one or more characters from \texttt{!@\#\$\%\^{}\&*-+=\textasciitilde/?\textless\textgreater,;|'\textbackslash{}} set).
263 | 
264 | 
265 | 
266 | \subsubsection{Keyword slots}
267 | 
268 | It is also possible to create \textit{keyword} slots with multiple arguments:
269 | 
270 | \begin{lstlisting}
271 | (| first: x Second: y = (x + y printLine.) |)
272 | \end{lstlisting}
273 | 
274 | Notice the upper-case \textit{S} in \texttt{Second}. Invocation is done via \textit{keyword message}:
275 | 
276 | \begin{lstlisting}
277 | obj first: 3 Second: 5
278 | \end{lstlisting}
279 | 
280 | 
281 | 
282 | \subsubsection{Priorities}
283 | 
284 | Constant definition \textgreater{} Unary \textgreater{} Binary \textgreater{} Keyword messages. Constant = self \textbar{} number \textbar{} string \textbar{} object.
285 | 
286 | 
287 | 
288 | 
289 | \subsection{Block objects \textit{(closures)}}
290 | 
291 | \textit{Block objects} are Self closures, which means, that \texttt{self} slot is not present. Unresolved lookups are delegated via \texttt{parent*} to namespace surrounding the \textit{block object} at the time of creation. Syntax is same as with objects, but square brackets are used:
292 | 
293 | \begin{lstlisting}
294 | [| slot1. slot2 | 'code']
295 | \end{lstlisting}
296 | 
297 | 
298 | Another difference is support of \textit{non-local return statement} using \texttt{\^} preceding the returned value. This returns the value not just from the \textit{closure}, but also from the enclosing namespace.
299 | 
300 | \begin{lstlisting}
301 | (|
302 |     x = 6.
303 |     non_zero = (x > 5 ifTrue: [ ^ 'ok' ]
304 |                          False: [ ^ 'nope' ])
305 | |)
306 | \end{lstlisting}
307 | 
308 | \^{} doesn't just return from the closure in \texttt{[]}, but also from the surrounding \textit{method object}. \texttt{non\_zero} message thus returns \texttt{'ok'}.
309 | 
310 | 
311 | 
312 | \subsubsection{Block messages}
313 | 
314 | \textit{Block objects} take by default message \texttt{value}, which evaluates the code and returns result of last statement.
315 | 
316 | If the \textit{block object} takes (multiple) parameters, they may be supplied using \texttt{value:\ With:} message pattern:
317 | 
318 | \begin{lstlisting}
319 | block_obj value: x With: y .. With: z
320 | \end{lstlisting}
321 | 
322 | Notice the upper-case first letters in \texttt{With:} message. This tells the Self, that it's still part of one message with multiple arguments. In case of blocks, \textbf{unrequested arguments are ignored}, so you may use unlimited number of \texttt{With:}.
323 | 
324 | 
325 | 
326 | 
327 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
328 | \pagebreak %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
329 | \section{Namespaces}
330 | 
331 | \subsection{Traits}
332 | Objects with shared behaviour, which is used by pointing \texttt{parent*} slots to them. This is analogical to \textit{sub-classing} in other languages.
333 | 
334 | 
335 | 
336 | \subsection{Mixins}
337 | Mixins are small, parentless bundles of behavior designed to be \textit{mixed into} some other object. Approximate analogy to other languages would be \textit{interface with (partial) implementation}.
338 | 
339 | 
340 | 
341 | \subsection{Globals}
342 | Prototype objects and \textit{oddballs} (unique singletons) like \texttt{true}, \texttt{false}, \texttt{nil}..
343 | 
344 | 
345 | 
346 | 
347 | \section{Resends}
348 | \textit{Resends} allows you to delegate the messages to the parent branches of OOP tree. \textit{Resend messages} are equivalent of \textit{super} calls in other languages.
349 | 
350 | Syntactically, \textit{resends} are implemented using \texttt{resend.} prefix for resent messages:
351 | 
352 | \begin{lstlisting}
353 | resend.unary
354 | resend.+ 1
355 | resend.keyword: 1 Another: 2
356 | \end{lstlisting}
357 | 
358 | You may also use \textit{directed resends}, targeting specific parent:
359 | 
360 | \begin{lstlisting}
361 | intParent.+ 1
362 | otherParent.keyword: 1 Another: 2
363 | \end{lstlisting}
364 | 
365 | 
366 | 
367 | 
368 | \section{Mirrors}
369 | \textit{Mirrors} provide Self with introspection capabilities.
370 | 
371 | \textit{Mirror} can be created by sending \texttt{reflect:\ x} message to any \texttt{defaultBehavior} instance. The message will return \textit{dictionary-like} \textit{mirror} object.
372 | 
373 | \begin{lstlisting}
374 | defaultBehavior reflect: 1
375 | \end{lstlisting}
376 | 
377 | \textit{Mirror} presents you with sort of introspection layer usable for structural changes in \textit{reflectee} (original object \texttt{x}) by manipulating the \textit{dictionary-like mirror} object.
378 | 
379 | This may be used for examination, addition or removal of the \textit{slots} of the \textit{reflectee}.
380 | 
381 | 
382 | 
383 | 
384 | \vfill
385 | \columnbreak
386 | \section{Collections}
387 | Various containers for data are implemented as \textit{key:\ val} storages. Even lists use this convention (elements are used both as \textit{key} and \textit{value}).
388 | 
389 | Self offers a rich variations of \textit{Sets}, \textit{Dictionaries} and \textit{Trees}:
390 | 
391 | \vspace*{0.4cm}
392 | % http://texblog.org/2012/08/07/semi-automatic-directory-tree-in-latex/
393 | \dirtree{%
394 |  .1 traits \textbf{collection}.
395 |  .2 traits \textbf{abstractSetOrDictionary}.
396 |  .3 traits \textbf{abstractSet}.
397 |  .4 traits \textbf{universalSet}.
398 |  .5 \textbf{universalSet}.
399 |  .4 traits \textbf{hashTableSet}.
400 |  .5 \textbf{identitySet} parent.
401 |  .5 \textbf{customizableSet} parent.
402 |  .5 \textbf{reflectiveIdentitySet} parent.
403 |  .5 traits \textbf{set}.
404 |  .5 traits \textbf{sharedSet}.
405 |  .3 traits \textbf{abstractDictionary}.
406 |  .4 traits \textbf{orderedDictionary}.
407 |  .4 traits \textbf{universalDictionary}.
408 |  .5 \textbf{universalDictionary}.
409 |  .4 traits \textbf{hashTableDictionary}.
410 |  .5 \textbf{identityDictionary} parent.
411 |  .5 \textbf{customizableDictionary} parent.
412 |  .5 \textbf{reflectiveIdentityDictionary} parent.
413 |  .5 traits \textbf{dictionary}.
414 |  .5 traits \textbf{sharedDictionary}.
415 |  .2 traits \textbf{tree}.
416 |  .3 traits \textbf{emptyTrees} abstract.
417 |  .4 traits \textbf{emptyTrees bag}.
418 |  .4 traits \textbf{emptyTrees set}.
419 |  .3 traits \textbf{treeNodes} abstract.
420 |  .4 traits \textbf{treeNodes bag}.
421 |  .4 traits \textbf{treeNodes set}.
422 | }
423 | 
424 | \vspace*{0.4cm}
425 | \textit{Sets} behave like mathematical sets - unordered unique collection of values. \textit{Dictionaries} work as \textit{key: val} storages and are implemented using hashmaps.
426 | 
427 | \textit{Trees} are different implementations of \textit{dictionaries} using \textit{unbalanced binary trees}.
428 | 
429 | Note: If the elements are added in sorted order, \textit{trees} may degenerate into lists, which may result in really bad performance.
430 | 
431 | 
432 | 
433 | 
434 | \columnbreak
435 | 
436 | There is also variety of \textit{Lists}, \textit{Vectors}, \textit{Strings} and \textit{Queues}:
437 | 
438 | \vspace*{0.4cm}
439 | \dirtree{%
440 |  .1 traits \textbf{collection}.
441 |  .2 traits \textbf{path}.
442 |  .2 traits \textbf{sharedQueue}.
443 |  .2 traits \textbf{priorityQueue}.
444 |  .2 traits \textbf{list}.
445 |  .3 traits \textbf{orderedSet}.
446 |  .3 \textbf{sortedList} parent.
447 |  .4 \textbf{sortedListSet} parent.
448 |  .2 traits \textbf{indexable}.
449 |  .3 traits \textbf{mutableIndexable}.
450 |  .4 traits \textbf{sequence}.
451 |  .5 traits \textbf{sortedSequence}.
452 |  .4 traits \textbf{vector}.
453 |  .5 \textbf{vector}.
454 |  .4 traits \textbf{byteVector}.
455 |  .5 \textbf{byteVector}.
456 |  .5 traits \textbf{int32or64}.
457 |  .6 traits \textbf{int64}.
458 |  .6 traits \textbf{int32}.
459 |  .5 traits \textbf{string}.
460 |  .6 traits \textbf{immutableString}.
461 |  .7 traits \textbf{canonicalString}.
462 |  .6 traits \textbf{mutableString}.
463 | }
464 | 
465 | \vspace*{0.4cm}
466 | 
467 | Collections have rich message protocol, allowing various operations. Most important are:
468 | 
469 | 
470 | \vspace*{0.2cm}
471 | \small{\begin{tabular}{ p{50pt} p{180pt} l l }
472 | Message & Description
473 | \\\hline\hline
474 | 
475 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
476 | \texttt{at:}
477 | &
478 | Get item at position / key.
479 | \\\hline %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
480 | 
481 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
482 | \texttt{at: Put:}
483 | &
484 | Put item to position / key.
485 | \\\hline %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
486 | 
487 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
488 | \texttt{add:}
489 | &
490 | Add item (to the end in ordered) collections.
491 | \\\hline %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
492 | 
493 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
494 | \texttt{addAll:}
495 | &
496 | Add all items to (end of) collection.
497 | \\\hline %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
498 | 
499 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
500 | \texttt{do:}
501 | &
502 | Iterate over collections.
503 | \\ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
504 | \end{tabular}}
505 | 
506 | 
507 | 
508 | \subsection{Collector}
509 | \textit{Collector} is special kind of object created using \texttt{\&} operator. \textit{Collector} is not a collection, but can be converted to one.
510 | 
511 | Main reason to use it is the \texttt{\&} operator, which may simplify the syntax required to create such collection.
512 | 
513 | \nointerlineskip\begin{lstlisting}
514 | (1 & '+' & 2) asList
515 | \end{lstlisting}\nointerlineskip
516 | 
517 | 
518 | 
519 | \subsection{Point}
520 | Another kind of container often used with \textit{collections} is \texttt{point} and naturally the \texttt{rectangle} made of two points.
521 | 
522 | 
523 | 
524 | 
525 | \vfill
526 | \columnbreak
527 | \section{Control sequences}
528 | As usual in \textit{Smalltalk-like} languages, \textit{control sequences} are implemented using message sends combined with block.
529 | 
530 | 
531 | 
532 | \subsection{Conditionals}
533 | \textit{If condition} works by using messages defined in \texttt{boolean} (or \texttt{boolean traits}) objects:
534 | 
535 | \vspace*{0.2cm}
536 | 
537 | \small{\begin{tabular}{ p{70pt} p{140pt} l l }
538 | Message & Description
539 | \\\hline\hline
540 | 
541 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
542 | \texttt{obj ifTrue: b}
543 | &
544 | Execute \texttt{b} if the \textit{obj} is \texttt{true}.
545 | \\\hline %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
546 | 
547 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
548 | \texttt{obj\ ifFalse:\ b}
549 | &
550 | Execute \texttt{b} if the \textit{obj} is \texttt{false}.
551 | \\\hline %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
552 | 
553 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
554 | \nointerlineskip
555 | \begin{lstlisting}[aboveskip=0pt,belowskip=-0.8 \baselineskip]
556 | obj ifTrue: b1
557 |       False: b2
558 | \end{lstlisting}
559 | &
560 | \textit{b1} is executed, when \textit{obj} evaluates to \texttt{true}.
561 | If not, (optional) \textit{b2} block is used.
562 | \\\hline %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
563 | 
564 | %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
565 | \nointerlineskip
566 | \begin{lstlisting}[aboveskip=-8pt,belowskip=-0.8 \baselineskip]
567 | obj ifFalse: b1
568 |         True: b2
569 | \end{lstlisting}
570 | &
571 | Opposite of previous.
572 | \\ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
573 | \end{tabular}}
574 | 
575 | 
576 | 
577 | 
578 | \subsection{Loops}
579 | Looping is implemented by sending various loop messages to \textit{block objects}:
580 | 
581 | \begin{lstlisting}
582 | [ ... ] loop
583 | \end{lstlisting}
584 | Loop over the \textit{block} indefinitely.
585 | 
586 | \vspace*{0.2cm}
587 | \hrule
588 | 
589 | \begin{lstlisting}
590 | [ proceed ] whileTrue: [ ... ]
591 | \end{lstlisting}
592 | Loop while \texttt{proceed} is \texttt{true}.
593 | 
594 | \vspace*{0.2cm}
595 | \hrule
596 | 
597 | \begin{lstlisting}
598 | [ quit ] whileFalse: [ ... ]
599 | \end{lstlisting}
600 | Loop while \texttt{quit} is \texttt{false}.
601 | 
602 | \vspace*{0.2cm}
603 | \hrule
604 | 
605 | \begin{lstlisting}
606 | [ ... ] untilTrue: [ quit ]
607 | \end{lstlisting}
608 | Loop until \texttt{quit} is \texttt{true}. Loop at least once.
609 | 
610 | \vspace*{0.2cm}
611 | \hrule
612 | 
613 | \begin{lstlisting}
614 | [ ... ] untilFalse: [ proceed ]
615 | \end{lstlisting}
616 | Loop until \texttt{proceed} is \texttt{false}. Loop at least once.
617 | 
618 | \vspace*{0.2cm}
619 | \hrule
620 | 
621 | \begin{lstlisting}
622 | [| :exit | ... cond ifTrue: exit ... ] loopExit
623 | \end{lstlisting}
624 | Loop until the \texttt{exit} parameter is not evaluated.
625 | 
626 | \vspace*{0.2cm}
627 | \hrule
628 | 
629 | \begin{lstlisting}
630 | [
631 |     | :exit |
632 |     ...
633 |     cond ifTrue: [ exit value: expr ]
634 | ] loopExitValue
635 | \end{lstlisting}
636 | Loop until the \texttt{exit} parameter is not evaluated. Allows to return the \texttt{value} with the exit from the loop.
637 | 
638 | 
639 | 
640 | 
641 | \subsubsection{integerIteration loops}
642 | There is also loops defined as message sends to integers:
643 | 
644 | \begin{lstlisting}
645 | numObj do: block
646 | \end{lstlisting}
647 | 
648 | Do the \texttt{block} \textit{numObj} times.
649 | 
650 | \vspace*{0.2cm}
651 | \hrule
652 | 
653 | \begin{lstlisting}
654 | numObj to: end Do: block
655 | \end{lstlisting}
656 | 
657 | Do the \texttt{block} each time counting from \textit{numObj} to \texttt{end}. For example \texttt{5\ to:\ 8\ Do:\ [|\ :i\ |\ i\ print]} will print \texttt{5678}.
658 | 
659 | Following messages are all variations of this message:
660 | 
661 | \begin{lstlisting}
662 | numObj to: By: Do:
663 | numObj to: ByNegative: Do:
664 | numObj to: ByPositive: Do:
665 | numObj upTo: Do:
666 | numObj upTo: By: Do:
667 | numObj downTo: Do:
668 | numObj downTo: By: Do:
669 | \end{lstlisting}
670 | 
671 | 
672 | 
673 | 
674 | \section{Useful bits}
675 | \subsection{copy message}
676 | Often, you will need to create new instance of some object. What is in other languages implemented by calling \texttt{new}, or other processes calling the object builders is in prototype languages usually done by copying the object into new instance.
677 | 
678 | In Self, you may do this simply by sending the \texttt{copy} message:
679 | 
680 | \begin{lstlisting}
681 | obj copy
682 | \end{lstlisting}
683 | 
684 | 
685 | 
686 | \subsection{Interpreter parameters}
687 | When you run the Self interpreter on the \textit{commandline}, it expects that you specify the path to the \textit{World snapshot}. That may be supplied using \texttt{-s} parameter.
688 | 
689 | Self \textit{worlds} are images for the virtual machine. You may use the official, but there is nothing that prevents you to create your own, with or without Graphical User Interface.
690 | 
691 | 
692 | 
693 | \subsection{Self's REPL}
694 | When you run your world, it is easy to forget, that Self's interpreter also provides you with Read Eval Print Loop in the terminal. This allows you to send messages like if you were in the Shell in GUI. For example, if no windows opens, or the \textit{desktop} crashes, you may open it by sending:
695 | 
696 | \begin{lstlisting}
697 | desktop open
698 | \end{lstlisting}
699 | 
700 | \texttt{CTRL+c} will bring the scheduler, where you may kill processes.
701 | 
702 | You may also \href{http://handbook.selflanguage.org/4.5/textdebug.html}{debug} processes using \texttt{debugger\ attach:\ N}.
703 | 
704 | 
705 | 
706 | 
707 | \vfill
708 | \columnbreak
709 | \section{Additional informations}
710 | 
711 | 
712 | 
713 | \subsection{Download}
714 | Newest Self may be downloaded from the official web:
715 | 
716 | \begin{itemize}[noitemsep]
717 | \item \url{http://selflanguage.org}
718 | \end{itemize}
719 | 
720 | Source code may be obtained from the GitHub:
721 | 
722 | \begin{itemize}[noitemsep]
723 | \item \url{https://github.com/russellallen/self}
724 | \end{itemize}
725 | 
726 | 
727 | 
728 | \subsection{Manual and tutorial}
729 | There is good manual called Self handbook:
730 | 
731 | \begin{itemize}[noitemsep]
732 | \item \href{http://handbook.selflanguage.org/4.5/}{Self Handbook} (online)
733 | \item \href{https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/11891854/tmp/ebooks/Self/SelfHandbook.pdf}{Self Handbook} (pdf)
734 | \item \href{https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/11891854/tmp/ebooks/Self/SelfHandbook.epub}{Self Handbook} (ePub)
735 | \end{itemize}
736 | 
737 | This \textit{Cheat sheet} was created with high inspiration from this book.
738 | 
739 | If one of the links doesn't work, you may always build it for yourself from sources (\texttt{/docs/handbook}) using Sphinx (\texttt{make} \texttt{html} / \texttt{pdf} / \texttt{epub}).
740 | 
741 | There is also slightly outdated Self tutorial (\texttt{/docs/tutorial}) called \href{http://kitakitsune.org/bhole/self_tutorial/}{\footnotesize Prototype-Based Application Construction Using SELF 4.0}.
742 | 
743 | 
744 | 
745 | \subsection{Other writings}
746 | 
747 | There is blog:
748 | 
749 | \begin{itemize}[noitemsep]
750 | \item \url{http://blog.selflanguage.org}
751 | \end{itemize}
752 | 
753 | and also a lot of academic papers:
754 | 
755 | \begin{itemize}[noitemsep]
756 | \item \url{http://bibliography.selflanguage.org}
757 | \end{itemize}
758 | 
759 | 
760 | 
761 | \subsection{Community}
762 | There is not-quite dead IRC channel \texttt{\#self-lang} at \texttt{irc://freenode.org:6667}.
763 | 
764 | There is also forum at:
765 | 
766 | \begin{itemize}[noitemsep]
767 | \item \url{http://forum.selflanguage.org/}
768 | \end{itemize}
769 | 
770 | If the forum doesn't work, don't worry, it is just frontend for mail conference \href{https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/self-interest/info}{self-interest-subscribe@yahoogroups.com}.
771 | 
772 | 
773 | 
774 | \subsection{Disclaimer}
775 | I did this as my notes while learning Self. That means, that there will be typos and bugs. If you find any, please send pull request.
776 | 
777 | Self may seem dead, but it is not. There is not much active people, but that only means, that you can make difference.
778 | 
779 | 
780 | 
781 | 
782 | % Footer
783 | \vspace*{0.4cm}
784 | \hrule
785 | \smallskip
786 | {\small
787 | This file may be freely distributed under
788 | the terms of the MIT license ---
789 | Copyleft \textcopyleft\ \thedate{} \href{http://kitakitsune.org}{\theauthor}. Version 1.1 (07.03.2016).
790 | 
791 | \url{https://github.com/Bystroushaak/SelfCheatSheet}
792 | }
793 | 
794 | \end{multicols*}
795 | \end{document}
796 | 


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