](./0-alias) : A script that creates an alias.
15 | - Name of alias: `ls`
16 | - Value: `rm *`
17 |
18 | 1. [Hello you](./1-hello_you) : A script that prints `hello user`, where user is the current Linux user.
19 |
20 | 2. [The path to success is to take massive, determined action](./2-path) : A script that adds `/action` to the `PATH`. `/action` should be the last directory the shell looks into when looking for a program.
21 |
22 | 3. [If the path be beautiful, let us not ask where it leads](./3-paths) : A script that counts the number of directories in the `PATH`.
23 |
24 | 4. [Global variables](./4-global_variables) : A script that prints all the enviroment variables.
25 |
26 | 5. [Local variables ](./5-local_variables) : A script that lists all local variables and enviroment variables, and functions.
27 |
28 | 6. [Local variable](./6-create_local_variable) : A script that creates a new local variable.
29 | - Name : `BEST`
30 | - Value : `School`
31 |
32 | 7. [Global variable](./7-create_global_variable) : A script that creates a new global variable.
33 | - Name : `BEST`
34 | - Value : `School`
35 |
36 | 8. [Every addition to true knowledge is an addition to human power](./8-true_knowledge) : A script that prints the results of the addition of 128 with the value stored in the enviroment variable `TRUEKNOWLEDGE`, followed by a new line.
37 |
38 | 9. [Divide and rule](./9-divide_and_rule) : A script that prints the result of `POWER` divide by `DIVIDE`, followed by a new line.
39 | - `POWER` and `DIVIDE` are environment variables.
40 |
41 | 10. [Love is anterior to life, posterior to death, initial of creation, and the exponent of breath](./10-love_exponent_breath) : A script that displays the result of `BREATH` to the power of `LOVE`.
42 | - `BREATH` and `LOVE` are enviroment variables.
43 | - The script should display the result, followed by a new line.
44 |
45 | 11. [There are 10 types of people in the world -- Those who understand binary, and those who don't](./11-binary_to_decimal) : A script that converts a number from base 2 to base 10.
46 | - The number in base 2 is stored in the enviroment variable `BINARY`.
47 | - The script should display the number in base 10, followed by a new line.
48 |
49 | 12. [Combination](./12-combinations) : A script that prints all possible combinations of two letters, except `oo`.
50 | - Letters are lower cases, from `a` to `z`.
51 | - One combination per line.
52 | - The output should be alpha ordered, starting with `aa`.
53 | - Do not print `oo`.
54 | - Your script file should contain maximum 64 characters.
55 |
56 | 13. [Floats](./13-print_float) : A script that prints a number with two decimal places, followed by a new line.
57 | - The number will be stored in the enviroment variable `NUM`.
58 |
59 | 14. [Decimal to Hexadecimal](./100-decimal_to_hexadecimal) : A script that converts a number from base 10 to base 16.
60 | - The number is base 10 is stored in the enviroment variable `DECIMAL`.
61 | - The script should display the number in base 16, followed by a new line.
62 |
63 | 15. [Everyone is a proponent of strong encryption](./101-rot13) : A script that encodes and decodes text using the rot13 encryption. Assume ASCII.
64 |
65 | 16. [The eggs of the brood need to be an odd number](./102-odd) : A script that prints every other line from the input, starting with the first line.
66 |
67 | 17. [I'm an instant star. Just add water and stir.](./103-water_and_stir) : A script that adds the two numbers stored in the enviroment variables `WATER` and `STIR` and prints the results.
68 | - `WATER` is in base `water`.
69 | - `STIR` is in base `stir`.
70 | - The result should be in base `bestchol`.
71 |
72 |
73 |
74 |
75 |
76 |
77 |
78 | Connect with me:
79 |
80 | 
81 | 
82 | 
83 | 
84 |
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/0x04-loops_conditions_and_parsing/0-RSA_public_key.pub:
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1 | ssh-rsa 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 firdaus@Firdaus-PC
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/0x04-loops_conditions_and_parsing/1-for_best_school:
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1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Displays 'Best School' in stdout 10 times
3 |
4 | for (( i=0; i<10; i++ ))
5 | do
6 | echo "Best School"
7 | done
8 |
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/0x04-loops_conditions_and_parsing/10-fizzbuzz:
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1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Displays numbers from 1 to 100 in list format.
3 | # Displays "FizzBuzz" when the number is a multiple of 3 and 5.
4 | # Displays "Fizz" when the number is a multiple of 3.
5 | # Displays "Buzz" when the number is a multiple of 5.
6 | # Otherwise, displays the number.
7 |
8 | for num in {1..100}
9 | do
10 | if (( num % 3 == 0 && num % 5 == 0 ))
11 | then
12 | echo "FizzBuzz"
13 | elif (( num % 3 == 0 ))
14 | then
15 | echo "Fizz"
16 | elif (( num % 5 == 0 ))
17 | then
18 | echo "Buzz"
19 | else
20 | echo "$num"
21 | fi
22 | done
23 |
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/0x04-loops_conditions_and_parsing/100-read_and_cut:
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1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Displays the contents of the file `/etc/passwd`.
3 | # Only displays the username, user id, and user home directory path.
4 |
5 | while read -r passwd; do
6 | echo "$passwd" | cut -d ':' -f1,3,6
7 | done < "/etc/passwd"
8 |
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/0x04-loops_conditions_and_parsing/101-tell_the_story_of_passwd:
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1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Tells a story based on the contents of the `/etc/passwd` file.
3 |
4 | while IFS=':' read -r username password uid gid info home shell; do
5 | echo "The user $username is part of the $gid gang,"\
6 | "lives in $home and rides $shell."\
7 | "$uid's place is protected by the passcode $password,"\
8 | "more info about the user here: $info"
9 | done < "/etc/passwd"
10 |
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/0x04-loops_conditions_and_parsing/102-lets_parse_apache_logs:
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1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Parses Apache log files in list format.
3 | # Displays the IP and HTTP status code.
4 |
5 | awk '{print $1 " " $9}' apache-access.log
6 |
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/0x04-loops_conditions_and_parsing/103-dig_the-data:
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1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Parses Apache log files in list format.
3 | # Groups visitors by IP and HTTP status code.
4 | # Displays the number of occurrences, IP, and HTTP status
5 | #+ code of each log, in sorted order.
6 |
7 | awk '{ print $1 " " $9}' apache-access.log | sort | uniq -c | sort -rn
8 |
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/0x04-loops_conditions_and_parsing/2-while_best_school:
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1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Displays 'Best School' in stdout 10 times using a while loop
3 |
4 | index=0
5 |
6 | while [ $index -lt 10 ]
7 | do
8 | echo "Best School"
9 | ((index++))
10 | done
11 |
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/0x04-loops_conditions_and_parsing/3-until_best_school:
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1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Displays 'Best School' in stdout 10 times using the until loop
3 |
4 | index=0
5 |
6 | until [ $index -eq 10 ]
7 | do
8 | echo "Best School"
9 | ((index++))
10 | done
11 |
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/0x04-loops_conditions_and_parsing/4-if_9_say_hi:
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1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Displays 'Best School'. Displays Hi on the 9th iteration
3 |
4 | index=0
5 |
6 | while [ $index -lt 10 ]
7 | do
8 | if [ $index -eq 9 ]
9 | then
10 | echo "Hi"
11 | fi
12 | echo "Best School"
13 | (( index++ ))
14 | done
15 |
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/0x04-loops_conditions_and_parsing/5-4_bad_luck_8_is_your_chance:
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1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Loops from 1 to 10 and displays:
3 | # "bad luck" for the 4th iteration
4 | # "good luck" for the 8th iteration
5 | # "Best School" for all other iterations
6 |
7 | count=0
8 |
9 | while [ $count -lt 10 ]
10 | do
11 | if [ $count -eq 3 ]
12 | then
13 | echo "bad luck"
14 | elif [ $count -eq 7 ]
15 | then
16 | echo "good luck"
17 | else
18 | echo "Best School"
19 | fi
20 | (( count++ ))
21 | done
22 |
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/0x04-loops_conditions_and_parsing/6-superstitious_numbers:
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1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Displays numbers from 1 to 20 in addition to:
3 | # "bad luck from China" for the 4th iteration
4 | # "bad luck from Japan" for the 9th iteration
5 | # "bad luck from Italy" for the 17th loop iteration
6 |
7 | count=1
8 |
9 | while [ $count -le 20 ]
10 | do
11 | echo "$count"
12 | case $count in
13 | "4") echo "bad luck from China";;
14 | "9") echo "bad luck from Japan";;
15 | "17") echo "bad luck from Italy";;
16 | esac
17 | (( count++ ))
18 | done
19 |
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/0x04-loops_conditions_and_parsing/7-clock:
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1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Displays the time for 12 horus and 59 minutes.
3 | # Displays hours from 0 to 12
4 | # Displays minutes from 1 to 59
5 |
6 | hour=0
7 |
8 | while [ $hour -le 12 ]
9 | do
10 | echo "Hour: $hour"
11 | minute=1
12 | while [ $minute -le 59 ]
13 | do
14 | echo "$minute"
15 | (( minute++ ))
16 | done
17 | (( hour++ ))
18 | done
19 |
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/0x04-loops_conditions_and_parsing/8-for_ls:
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1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Displays the contents of the current directory in list format.
3 | # Only displays the part of the name after the first dash.
4 |
5 | list=$(ls)
6 | for i in $list; do
7 | echo "$i" | cut -d '-' -f2
8 | done
9 |
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/0x04-loops_conditions_and_parsing/9-to_file_or_not_to_file:
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1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Displays information about the file `school`.
3 |
4 | if [ -e "school" ]
5 | then
6 | echo "school file exists"
7 | if [ -s "school" ]
8 | then
9 | echo "school file is not empty"
10 | else
11 | echo "school file is empty"
12 | fi
13 |
14 | if [ -f "school" ]
15 | then
16 | echo "school is a regular file"
17 | fi
18 | else
19 | echo "school file does not exist"
20 | fi
21 |
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/0x04-loops_conditions_and_parsing/README.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ## 0x04. Loops, conditions and parsing
2 |
3 | **What you should learn from this project**
4 |
5 | At the end of this project you are expected to be able to explain,
6 | without the help of Google:
7 |
8 | * How to create SSH keys
9 | * What is the advantage of using #!/usr/bin/env bash over #!/bin/bash
10 | * How to use while, until and for loops
11 | * How to use if, else, elif and case condition statements
12 | * How to use the cut command
13 | * What are files and other comparison operators, and how to use them
14 |
15 | **Exercises**
16 |
17 | **0. Create a SSH RSA key pair**
18 |
19 | **1. For Holberton School loop**
20 |
21 | Write a Bash script that displays Holberton School 10 times.
22 |
23 | Requirement:
24 |
25 | * You must use the for loop (while and until are forbidden)
26 |
27 | **2. While Holberton School loop**
28 |
29 | Write a Bash script that displays Holberton School 10 times.
30 |
31 | Requirements:
32 |
33 | * You must use the while loop (for and until are forbidden)
34 |
35 | **3. Until Holberton School loop**
36 |
37 | Write a Bash script that displays Holberton School 10 times.
38 |
39 | Requirements:
40 |
41 | * You must use the until loop (for and while are forbidden)
42 |
43 | **4. If 9, say Hi!**
44 |
45 | Write a Bash script that displays Holberton School 10 times, but for the
46 | 9th iteration, displays Holberton School and then Hi on a new line.
47 |
48 | Requirements:
49 |
50 | * You must use the while loop (for and until are forbidden)
51 | * You must use the if statement
52 |
53 | **5. 4 bad luck, 8 is your chance**
54 |
55 | Write a Bash script that loops from 1 to 10 and:
56 |
57 | * displays bad luck for the 4th loop iteration
58 | * displays good luck for the 8th loop iteration
59 | * displays Holberton School for the other iterations
60 | Requirements:
61 |
62 | * You must use the while loop (for and until are forbidden)
63 | * You must use the if, elif and else statements
64 |
65 | **6. Superstitious numbers**
66 |
67 | Write a Bash script that displays numbers from 1 to 20 and:
68 |
69 | * displays bad luck from China for the 4th loop iteration
70 | * displays bad luck from Japan for the 9th loop iteration
71 | * displays bad luck from Italy for the 17th loop iteration
72 | Requirements:
73 |
74 | * You must use the while loop (for and until are forbidden)
75 | * You must use the case statement
76 |
77 | **7. Clock**
78 |
79 | Write a Bash script that displays the time for 12 hours and 59 minutes:
80 |
81 | * display hours from 0 to 12
82 | * display minutes from 1 to 59
83 | Requirements:
84 |
85 | * You must use the while loop (for and until are forbidden)
86 | Note that in this example, we only display the first 70 lines using the
87 | head command.
88 |
89 | **8. For ls**
90 |
91 | Write a Bash script that displays:
92 |
93 | * The content of the current directory
94 | * In a list format
95 | * Where only the part of the name after the first dash is displayed
96 | (refer to the example)
97 | Requirements:
98 |
99 | * You must use the for loop (while and until are forbidden)
100 | * Do not display hidden files
101 |
102 | **9. To file, or not to file**
103 |
104 | Write a Bash script that gives you information about the holbertonschool file.
105 |
106 | Requirements:
107 |
108 | * You must use if and, else (case is forbidden)
109 | * Your Bash script should check if the file exists and print:
110 | * if the file exists: holbertonschool file exists
111 | * if the file does not exist: holbertonschool file does not exist
112 | * If the file exists, print:
113 | * if the file is empty: holbertonschool file is empty
114 | * if the file is no empty: holbertonschool file is not empty
115 | * if the file is a regular file: holbertonschool is a regular file
116 | * if the file is not a regular file: (nothing)
117 |
118 | **10. FizzBuzz**
119 |
120 | Write a Bash script that displays numbers from 1 to 100.
121 |
122 | Requirements:
123 |
124 | * Displays FizzBuzz when the number is a multiple of 3 and 5
125 | * Displays Fizz when the number is multiple of 3
126 | * Displays Buzz when the number is a multiple of 5
127 | * Otherwise, displays the number
128 | * In a list format
129 |
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/0x05-processes_and_signals/0-what-is-my-pid:
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1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Displays its own PID.
3 |
4 | echo $$
5 |
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/0x05-processes_and_signals/1-list_your_processes:
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1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Displays a list of currently running processes.
3 | # Shows all processes, for all users, including those
4 | #+ which might not have a TTY.
5 |
6 | ps -auxf
7 |
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/0x05-processes_and_signals/100-process_and_pid_file:
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1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Does the following:
3 | # Create a file /var/run/myscript.pid containing the script PID.
4 | # Displays "To infinity and beyond" indefinitely
5 | # Displays "I hate the kill command" upon receiving a SIGTERM
6 | # Displays "Y U no love me?!" upon receiving a SIGINT
7 | # Deletes the file /var/run/myscript.pid and terminates upon
8 | #+ receiving a SIGQUIT or SIGTERM.
9 |
10 | terminator() {
11 | rm /var/run/myscript.pid
12 | exit
13 | }
14 |
15 | echo "$$" > /var/run/myscript.pid
16 |
17 | while true
18 | do
19 | echo "To infinity and beyond"
20 | sleep 2
21 | trap 'echo "Y U no love me?!"' SIGINT
22 | trap 'echo "I hate the kill command" && terminator' SIGTERM
23 | trap 'terminator' SIGQUITgit
24 | done
25 |
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/0x05-processes_and_signals/101-manage_my_process:
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1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Manages the script manage_my_process.
3 | # When passed the argument `start`:
4 | # 1. Starts manage_my_process
5 | # 2. Creates a file containings its PID in /var/run/my_process.pid
6 | # 3. Displays "manage_my_process started"
7 | # When passed the argument `stop`:
8 | # 1. Stops manage_my_process
9 | # 2. Deletes the file /var/run/my_process.pid
10 | # 3. Displays "manage_my_process stopped"
11 | # When passed the argument `restart`:
12 | # 1. Stops manage_my_process
13 | # 2. Deletes the file /var/run/my_process.pid
14 | # 3. Starts manage_my_process
15 | # 4. Creates a file containing its PID in /var/run/my_process.pid
16 | # 5. Displays "manage_my_process restarted"
17 | # If any other or no arguments are passed, displays
18 | #+ "Usage: manage_my_process {start|stop|restart}"
19 |
20 | if [ "$1" == "start" ]
21 | then
22 | ./manage_my_process &
23 | echo $$ > /var/run/my_process.pid
24 | echo "manage_my_process started"
25 |
26 | elif [ "$1" == "stop" ]
27 | then
28 | kill "$(pgrep -f /manage_my_process)"
29 | rm /var/run/my_process.pid
30 | echo "manage_my_process stopped"
31 |
32 | elif [ "$1" == "restart" ]
33 | then
34 | kill "$(pgrep -f /manage_my_process)"
35 | rm /var/run/my_process.pid
36 | ./manage_my_process &
37 | echo $$ > /var/run/my_process.pid
38 | echo "manage_my_process restarted"
39 |
40 | else
41 | echo "Usage: manage_my_process {start|stop|restart}"
42 | fi
43 |
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/0x05-processes_and_signals/102-zombie.c:
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1 | #include
2 | #include
3 | #include
4 | #include
5 | #include
6 |
7 | /**
8 | * infinite_while - Run an infinite while loop.
9 | *
10 | * Return: Always 0.
11 | */
12 | int infinite_while(void)
13 | {
14 | while (1)
15 | {
16 | sleep(1);
17 | }
18 | return (0);
19 | }
20 |
21 | /**
22 | * main - Creates five zombie processes.
23 | *
24 | * Return: Always 0.
25 | */
26 | int main(void)
27 | {
28 | pid_t pid;
29 | char count = 0;
30 |
31 | while (count < 5)
32 | {
33 | pid = fork();
34 | if (pid > 0)
35 | {
36 | printf("Zombie process created, PID: %d\n", pid);
37 | sleep(1);
38 | count++;
39 | }
40 | else
41 | exit(0);
42 | }
43 |
44 | infinite_while();
45 |
46 | return (EXIT_SUCCESS);
47 | }
48 |
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/0x05-processes_and_signals/2-show_your_bash_pid:
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1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Displays a list of currently running processes containing the bash keyword.
3 | # shellcheck disable=SC2009
4 |
5 | ps -aux | grep bash
6 |
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/0x05-processes_and_signals/3-show_your_bash_pid_made_easy:
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1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Displays the PID along with the process name, of
3 | #+ processes whose name contains the word "bash".
4 |
5 | pgrep bash -l
6 |
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/0x05-processes_and_signals/4-to_infinity_and_beyond:
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1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Displays "To infinity and beyond" indefinitely with
3 | #+ a sleep 2 in between each iteration.
4 |
5 | while true
6 | do
7 | echo "To infinity and beyond"
8 | sleep 2
9 | done
10 |
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/0x05-processes_and_signals/5-dont_stop_me_now:
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1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Kills the 4-to_infinity_and_beyond process
3 |
4 | kill "$(pgrep -f 4-to_infinity_and_beyond)"
5 |
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/0x05-processes_and_signals/6-stop_me_if_you_can:
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1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Kills the 4-to_infinity_and_beyond process.
3 |
4 | pkill -f 4-to_infinity_and_beyond
5 |
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/0x05-processes_and_signals/7-highlander:
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1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Displays "To infinity and beyond" indefinitely with
3 | #+ a sleep 2 in between each iteration.
4 | # Displays "I am invincible!!!" in between each iteration.
5 |
6 | while true
7 | do
8 | echo "To infinity and beyond"
9 | sleep 2
10 | trap 'echo "I am invincible!!!"' SIGTERM
11 | done
12 |
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/0x05-processes_and_signals/8-beheaded_process:
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1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Kills the process 7-highlander.
3 |
4 | pkill -f -SIGKILL 7-highlander
5 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x05-processes_and_signals/README.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ## 0x05. Processes and signals
2 |
3 | **What you should learn from this project**
4 |
5 | At the end of this project you are expected to be able to explain,
6 | without the help of Google:
7 |
8 | * What is a PID
9 | * What is a process
10 | * How to find a process PID
11 | * How to kill a process
12 | * What is a signal
13 | * What are the 2 signals that cannot be ignored
14 |
15 | ## Exercises
16 |
17 | **0. What is my PID**
18 |
19 | Write a Bash script that displays its PID.
20 |
21 | **1. List your processes**
22 |
23 | Write a Bash script that displays a list of currently running processes.
24 |
25 | Requirements:
26 |
27 | * Must show all processes, for all users, including those which might not have a TTY
28 | * Display a user-oriented format
29 | * Show process hierarchy
30 |
31 | **2. Show your Bash PID**
32 |
33 | Using your previous exercise command, write a Bash script that displays line
34 | containing the bash word, this allowing you to easily get the PID of your
35 | Bash process
36 |
37 | Requirements:
38 |
39 | * You cannot use pgrep
40 | * The third line of your script must be # shellcheck disable=SC2009
41 | (for more info about ignoring shellcheck error here)
42 |
43 | **3. Show your Bash PID made easy**
44 |
45 | Write a Bash script that displays the PID, along with the process name, of
46 | processes which name contains the word bash.
47 |
48 | Requirements:
49 |
50 | * You cannot use ps
51 |
52 | **4. To infinity and beyond**
53 |
54 | Write a Bash script that displays To infinity and beyond indefinitely.
55 |
56 | Requirements:
57 |
58 | * In between each iteration of the loop, add a sleep 2
59 |
60 |
61 | **5. Kill me now**
62 |
63 | We killed our 4-to_infinity_and_beyond process using ctrl+c in the previous
64 | task, there is actually another way to do this.
65 |
66 | Write a Bash script that kills 4-to_infinity_and_beyond process.
67 |
68 | Requirements:
69 |
70 | * You must use kill
71 |
72 | **6. Kill me now made easy**
73 |
74 | Write a Bash script that kills 4-to_infinity_and_beyond process.
75 |
76 | Requirements:
77 |
78 | * You cannot use kill or killall
79 |
80 | **7. Highlander**
81 |
82 | Write a Bash script that displays:
83 |
84 | * To infinity and beyond indefinitely
85 | * With a sleep 2 in between each iteration
86 | * I am invincible!!! when receiving a SIGTERM signal
87 |
88 | **8. Beheaded process**
89 |
90 | Write a Bash script that kills the process 7-highlander
91 |
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/0x05-processes_and_signals/manage_my_process:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Indefinitely writes "I am alive" to the file /tmp/my_process.
3 | # Pauses two seconds in between each message.
4 |
5 | while true
6 | do
7 | echo "I am alive!" >> /tmp/my_process
8 | sleep 2
9 | done
10 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x05-processes_and_signals/zombie:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/TechByDami/alx-system_engineering-devops/908fb5b0bd20ce2571c070ab876dff54173442e2/0x05-processes_and_signals/zombie
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x06-regular_expressions/0-simply_match_school.rb:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env ruby
2 | puts ARGV[0].scan(/School/).join
3 |
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/0x06-regular_expressions/1-repetition_token_0.rb:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env ruby
2 | puts ARGV[0].scan(/hbt{2,5}n/).join
3 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x06-regular_expressions/100-textme.rb:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env ruby
2 | puts ARGV[0].scan(/\[from:(.*?)\] \[to:(.*?)\] \[flags:(.*?)\]/).join(",")
3 |
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/0x06-regular_expressions/2-repetition_token_1.rb:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env ruby
2 | puts ARGV[0].scan(/hb?t?n/).join
3 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x06-regular_expressions/3-repetition_token_2.rb:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env ruby
2 | puts ARGV[0].scan(/hbt+n/).join
3 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x06-regular_expressions/4-repetition_token_3.rb:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env ruby
2 | puts ARGV[0].scan(/hbt*n/).join
3 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x06-regular_expressions/5-beginning_and_end.rb:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env ruby
2 | puts ARGV[0].scan(/^h.n$/).join
3 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x06-regular_expressions/6-phone_number.rb:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env ruby
2 | puts ARGV[0].scan(/^\d{10,10}$/).join
3 |
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/0x06-regular_expressions/7-OMG_WHY_ARE_YOU_SHOUTING.rb:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env ruby
2 | puts ARGV[0].scan(/[A-Z]*/).join
3 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x06-regular_expressions/README.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ## 0x06. Regular expression
2 |
3 | 
4 |
5 | A regular expression, commonly called a “regexp”, is a sequence of characters that define a search pattern. It is mainly for use in pattern matching with strings, or string matching (i.e. it operates like a “find and replace” command). While it is a very powerful tool, it is also very dangerous because of its complexity.
6 |
7 | More about regexp:
8 | * http://www.regular-expressions.info/
9 | * http://www.w3schools.com/jsref/jsref_obj_regexp.asp Play with regexp (or compose them):
10 | * Ruby: http://rubular.com/
11 | * PHP/Javascript/Python: https://regex101.com/
12 |
13 | ## Exercises
14 |
15 | **0. Simply matching Holberton**
16 | 
17 |
18 | Requirements:
19 |
20 | The regular expression must match Holberton
21 | Using the project instructions, create a Ruby script that accepts one argument and pass it to a regular expression matching method
22 |
23 | **1. Repetition Token #0**
24 | 
25 |
26 | Requirements:
27 |
28 | Find the regular expression that will match the above cases
29 | Using the project instructions, create a Ruby script that accepts one argument and pass it to a regular expression matching method
30 |
31 | **2. Repetition Token #1**
32 | 
33 |
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/0x06-regular_expressions/example.rb:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env ruby
2 | puts ARGV[0].scan(/127.0.0.[0-9]/).join
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x07-networking_basics/0-OSI_model:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | 2
2 | 2
3 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x07-networking_basics/1-types_of_network:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | 3
2 | 2
3 | 1
4 |
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/0x07-networking_basics/2-MAC_and_IP_address:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | 2
2 | 1
3 |
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/0x07-networking_basics/3-UDP_and_TCP:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | 1
2 | 2
3 | 1
4 |
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/0x07-networking_basics/4-TCP_and_UDP_ports:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Displays listening ports. Includes listening sockets too
3 | # + as the PID and name of the program to which each socket belongs.
4 |
5 | netstat -l --program
6 |
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/0x07-networking_basics/5-is_the_host_on_the_network:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Pings an IP address received as a string argument 5 times.
3 |
4 | if [ "$#" -eq 0 ]
5 | then
6 | echo "Usage: 5-is_the_host_on_the_network {IP_ADDRESS}"
7 | else
8 | ping -c 5 "$1"
9 | fi
10 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x07-networking_basics/README.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | # 0x07. Networking basics #0
2 |
3 | ## In this project I learnt about
4 | - OSI Model
5 | - What it is
6 | - How many layers it has
7 | - How it is organized
8 | - What is a LAN
9 | - Typical usage
10 | - Typical geographical size
11 | - What is a WAN
12 | - Typical usage
13 | - Typical geographical size
14 | - What is the Internet
15 | - What is an IP address
16 | - What are the 2 types of IP address
17 | - What is localhost
18 | - What is a subnet
19 | - Why IPv6 was created
20 | - TCP/UDP
21 | - What are the 2 mainly used data transfer protocols for IP (transfer level on the OSI schema)
22 | - What is the main difference between TCP and UDP
23 | - What is a port
24 | - Memorize SSH, HTTP and HTTPS port numbers
25 | - What tool/protocol is often used to check if a device is connected to a network
26 |
27 | ## Useful resources
28 | [OSI Model Explained | OSI Animation | Open System Interconnection Model | OSI 7 layers](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vv4y_uOneC0)
29 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x08-networking_basics_2/0-change_your_home_IP:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Configures an Ubuntu server as follows:
3 | # - localhost resolves to 127.0.0.2
4 | # - facebook.com resolves to 8.8.8.8
5 |
6 | cp /etc/hosts ~/hosts.new
7 | sed -i 's/127.*$/127.0.0.2 localhost\n8.8.8.8 facebook.com/' ~/hosts.new
8 | cp -f ~/hosts.new /etc/hosts
9 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x08-networking_basics_2/1-show_attached_IPs:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Displays all acive IPv4 addresses.
3 |
4 | ifconfig | grep -Eo "inet (addr:)?([0-9]*\.){3}[0-9]*" | cut -b 11-
5 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x08-networking_basics_2/100-port_listening_on_localhost:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Listens on port 98 on localhost.
3 |
4 | nc -l localhost 98
5 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x08-networking_basics_2/README.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ## 0x08. Networking basics #1
2 |
3 | 
4 |
5 | **What you should learn from this project**
6 |
7 | At the end of this project you are expected to be able to explain,
8 | without the help of Google:
9 |
10 | * What is localhost/127.0.0.1
11 | * What is 0.0.0.0
12 | * What is /etc/hosts
13 | * How to display your machine’s active network interfaces
14 |
15 | **0. Localhost**
16 |
17 | What is localhost?
18 |
19 | 1. A hostname that means this IP
20 | 2. A hostname that means this computer
21 | 3. An IP attached to a computer
22 |
23 | **1. All IPs**
24 |
25 | What is 0.0.0.0?
26 |
27 | * All IPv4 addresses on the local machine
28 | * All the IPs
29 | * It means null in networking
30 |
31 | **2. Change your home IP**
32 |
33 | Write a Bash script that configures a Ubuntu server with the below
34 | requirements.
35 |
36 | Requirements:
37 |
38 | * localhost resolves to 127.0.0.2
39 | * facebook.com resolves to 8.8.8.8.
40 |
41 | **3. Show attached IPs**
42 |
43 | Write a Bash script that displays all active IPv4 IPs on the machine
44 | it’s executed on.
45 |
46 | **4. Port listening on localhost**
47 |
48 | Write a Bash script that listens on port 98 on localhost.
49 |
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/0x0A-configuration_management/0-create_a_file.pp:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | # creates a file in /tmp
2 |
3 | file { '/tmp/school':
4 | content =>'I love Puppet',
5 | mode => '0744',
6 | owner => 'www-data',
7 | group => 'www-data',
8 | }
9 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x0A-configuration_management/1-install_a_package.pp:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/pup
2 | # Install an especific version of flask (2.1.0)
3 | package {'flask':
4 | ensure => '2.1.0',
5 | provider => 'pip3'
6 | }
7 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x0A-configuration_management/2-execute_a_command.pp:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | # kill process killmenow
2 |
3 | exec { 'pkill':
4 | command => 'pkill killmenow',
5 | provider => 'shell',
6 | }
7 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x0A-configuration_management/README.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | # Configuration management
2 |
3 | In this project, I started working with Puppet as a configuration management
4 | tool. I practiced writing Puppet manifest files to create a file, install a
5 | package, and execute a command.
6 |
7 | ## Tasks :page_with_curl:
8 |
9 | * **0. Create a file**
10 | * [0-create_a_file.pp](./0-create_a_file.pp): Puppet manifest file that
11 | creates a file `school` in the `/tmp` directory.
12 | * File permissions: `0744`.
13 | * File group: `www-data`.
14 | * File owner: `www-data`.
15 | * File content: `I love Puppet`.
16 |
17 | * **1. Install a package**
18 | * [1-install_a_package.pp](./1-install_a_package.pp): Puppet manifest file
19 | that install `flask` from pip3.
20 |
21 | * **2. Execute a command**
22 | * [2-execute_a_command.pp](./2-execute_a_command.pp): Puppet manifest file
23 | that kills the process `killmenow`.
24 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x0A-configuration_management/killmenow:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/bin/bash
2 | while [[ true ]]
3 | do
4 | sleep 2
5 | done
6 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x0B-ssh/0-use_a_private_key:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Connects to server 34.138.32.248 with key in ~/.ssh/school
3 |
4 | ssh -i ~/.ssh/school ubuntu@34.138.32.248
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x0B-ssh/1-create_ssh_key_pair:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Creates RSA key pair
3 |
4 | ssh-keygen -b 4096 -f school -t rsa -N betty
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x0B-ssh/100-puppet_ssh_config.pp:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | # Seting up my client config file
2 | include stdlib
3 |
4 | file_line { 'Turn off passwd auth':
5 | ensure => present,
6 | path => '/etc/ssh/ssh_config',
7 | line => ' PasswordAuthentication no',
8 | replace => true,
9 | }
10 |
11 | file_line { 'Delare identity file':
12 | ensure => present,
13 | path => '/etc/ssh/ssh_config',
14 | line => ' IdentityFile ~/.ssh/school',
15 | replace => true,
16 | }
17 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x0B-ssh/2-ssh_config:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | # ssh config file
2 | Host *
3 | PasswordAuthentication no
4 | IdentifyFile ~/.ssh/school
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x0B-ssh/README.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | # SSH
2 |
3 | In this project, I became familiar connecting to and working
4 | with servers using the SSH protocol. I worked on a server
5 | provided by ALX.
6 |
7 | ## Tasks :page_with_curl:
8 |
9 | * **0. Use a private key**
10 | * [0-use_a_private_key](./0-use_a_private_key): Bash script that uses `ssh` to connect to my
11 | Holberton-provided server.
12 |
13 | * **1. Create an SSH key pair**
14 | * [1-create_ssh_key_pair](./1-create_ssh_key_pair): Bash script that creates an RSA key pair.
15 |
16 | * **2. Client configuration file**
17 | * [2-ssh_config](./2-ssh_config): SSH configuration file configured to use the private key
18 | `~/.ssh/holberton` and to refuse authentication using a password.
19 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x0D-web_stack_debugging_0/0-give_me_a_page:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # run apache on designated container
3 |
4 | echo "ServerName localhost" >> /etc/apache2.conf
5 | service apache2 start
6 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x0D-web_stack_debugging_0/README.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | # Web stack debugging #0
2 |
3 | This was the first in a series of web stack debugging projects. In these
4 | projects, I was given broken/bugged webstacks in isolated containers,
5 | and tasked with fixing the web stack to a working state. For each
6 | task, I wrote a script automating the commands necessary to fix the
7 | web stack.
8 |
9 | ## Tasks :page_with_curl:
10 |
11 | * **0. Give me a page!**
12 | * [0-give_me_a_page](./0-give_me_a_page): Bash script that runs Apache on a
13 | web server and gets it to respond to queries to the root.
14 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x0E-web_stack_debugging_1/0-nginx_likes_port_80:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Configures an Nginx server to listen on port 80.
3 |
4 | rm /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default
5 | ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/default /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default
6 | service nginx restart
7 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x0E-web_stack_debugging_1/1-debugging_made_short:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Configures an Nginx server to listen on port 80.
3 | ln -sf /etc/nginx/sites-available/default /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default
4 | service nginx start
5 | kill "$(pgrep 'nginx' | head -1)"
6 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x0E-web_stack_debugging_1/README.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | # Web stack debugging #1
2 |
3 | This was the second in a series of web stack debugging projects. In these
4 | projects, I was given broken/bugged webstacks in isolated containers,
5 | and tasked with fixing the web stack to a working state. For each
6 | task, I wrote a script automating the commands necessary to fix the
7 | web stack.
8 |
9 | ## Tasks :page_with_curl:
10 |
11 | * **0. Nginx likes port 80**
12 | * [0-nginx_likes_port_80](./0-nginx_likes_port_80): Bash script that
13 | configures Nginx to run and listen to port 80 on all of a server's active IPv4's.
14 |
15 | * **1. Make it sweet and short**
16 | * [1-debugging_made_short](./1-debugging_made_short): Bash script that
17 | configures Nginx to listen to port 80 without running on all of a server's
18 | active IPv4's.
19 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x0F-load_balancer/1-install_load_balancer:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Installs and setup haproxy
3 |
4 | apt-get install -y software-properties-common
5 | add-apt-repository -y ppa:vbernat/haproxy-1.8
6 | apt-get -y update
7 | apt-get install -y haproxy=1.8.\*
8 |
9 | echo "ENABLED=1" > /etc/default/haproxy
10 |
11 | # Listen to web1 and web2 servers
12 | echo "
13 | listen load_balancer
14 | bind *:80
15 | mode http
16 | balance roundrobin
17 | option httpclose
18 | option forwardfor
19 | server 17272-web-01 44.200.83.158:80 check
20 | server 17272-web-02 3.237.16.226:80 check
21 | " >> /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg
22 |
23 | service haproxy start
24 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x0F-load_balancer/2-puppet_custom_http_response-header.pp:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | # Installs a Nginx server with custome HTTP header
2 |
3 | exec {'update':
4 | provider => shell,
5 | command => 'sudo apt-get -y update',
6 | before => Exec['install Nginx'],
7 | }
8 |
9 | exec {'install Nginx':
10 | provider => shell,
11 | command => 'sudo apt-get -y install nginx',
12 | before => Exec['add_header'],
13 | }
14 |
15 | exec { 'add_header':
16 | provider => shell,
17 | environment => ["HOST=${hostname}"],
18 | command => 'sudo sed -i "s/include \/etc\/nginx\/sites-enabled\/\*;/include \/etc\/nginx\/sites-enabled\/\*;\n\tadd_header X-Served-By \"$HOST\";/" /etc/nginx/nginx.conf',
19 | before => Exec['restart Nginx'],
20 | }
21 |
22 | exec { 'restart Nginx':
23 | provider => shell,
24 | command => 'sudo service nginx restart',
25 | }
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x0F-load_balancer/README.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | # Load Balancer
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x10-https_ssl/0-world_wide_web:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Usage: ./1-world_wide_web
3 | # Display information about subdomains.
4 |
5 | domain_information () {
6 | line=$(dig "$2"."$1" | grep -A1 'ANSWER SECTION:' | tr '\t' '\n' | tail -2 | tr '\n' ' ')
7 | echo "$2 $line" | awk '{print "The subdomain " $1 " is a " $2 " record and points to " $3}'
8 | }
9 |
10 | if [ "$#" == 1 ]
11 | then
12 | domain_information "$1" "www"
13 | domain_information "$1" "lb-01"
14 | domain_information "$1" "web-01"
15 | domain_information "$1" "web-02"
16 | elif [ "$#" == 2 ]
17 | then
18 | domain_information "$1" "$2"
19 | fi
20 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x10-https_ssl/1-haproxy_ssl_termination:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | global
2 | log /dev/log local0
3 | maxconn 2048
4 | user haproxy
5 | group haproxy
6 | tune.ssl.default-dh-param 2048
7 |
8 | defaults
9 | log global
10 | mode http
11 | option httplog
12 | option dontlognull
13 | retries 3
14 | option redispatch
15 | timeout connect 5000
16 | timeout client 10000
17 | timeout server 10000
18 | option forwardfor
19 | option http-server-close
20 |
21 | frontend www-http
22 | bind 0.0.0.0:80
23 | reqadd X-Forwarded-Proto:\ http
24 | default_backend www-backend
25 |
26 | frontend www-https
27 | bind 0.0.0.0:443 ssl crt /etc/haproxy/certs/www.bdbnb.site.pem
28 | reqadd X-Forwarded-Proto:\ https
29 | acl letsencrypt-acl path_beg /.well-known/acme-challenge/
30 | use_backend letsencrypt-backend if letsencrypt-acl
31 | default_backend www-backend
32 |
33 | backend www-backend
34 | balance roundrobin
35 | redirect scheme https if !{ ssl_fc }
36 | server 375-web-01 104.196.168.90:80 check
37 | server 375-web-02 35.196.46.172:80 check
38 |
39 | backend letsencrypt-backend
40 | server letsencrypt 127.0.0.1:54321
41 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x10-https_ssl/100-redirect_http_to_https:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | global
2 | log /dev/log local0
3 | maxconn 2048
4 | user haproxy
5 | group haproxy
6 | tune.ssl.default-dh-param 2048
7 |
8 | defaults
9 | log global
10 | mode http
11 | option httplog
12 | option dontlognull
13 | retries 3
14 | option redispatch
15 | timeout connect 5000
16 | timeout client 10000
17 | timeout server 10000
18 | option forwardfor
19 | option http-server-close
20 |
21 | frontend www-http
22 | bind 0.0.0.0:80
23 | reqadd X-Forwarded-Proto:\ http
24 | default_backend www-backend
25 | redirect scheme https code 301 if !{ ssl_fc }
26 |
27 | frontend www-https
28 | bind 0.0.0.0:443 ssl crt /etc/haproxy/certs/www.bdbnb.site.pem
29 | reqadd X-Forwarded-Proto:\ https
30 | acl letsencrypt-acl path_beg /.well-known/acme-challenge/
31 | use_backend letsencrypt-backend if letsencrypt-acl
32 | default_backend www-backend
33 |
34 | backend www-backend
35 | balance roundrobin
36 | redirect scheme https if !{ ssl_fc }
37 | server 375-web-01 104.196.168.90:80 check
38 | server 375-web-02 35.196.46.172:80 check
39 |
40 | backend letsencrypt-backend
41 | server letsencrypt 127.0.0.1:54321
42 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x10-https_ssl/README.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | # HTTPS SSL
2 |
3 | In this project, I learned about the importance of HTTPS and how it works. I
4 | configured my HolbertonBnB web servers with `certbot` certificate and HAproxy
5 | SSL termination.
6 |
7 | ## Tasks :page_with_curl:
8 |
9 |
10 | * **0. World wide web**
11 | * [1-world_wide_web](./0-world_wide_web): Bash script that displays
12 | information about subdomains on my configured servers.
13 | * Usage: `./1-world_wide_web `
14 | * Output: `The subdomain [SUB_DOMAIN] is a [RECORD_TYPE] record and
15 | points to [DESTINATION]`
16 | * If no `subdomain` parameter is passed, displays information about the
17 | subdomains `www`, `lb-01`, `web-01` and `web-02`, in that order.
18 |
19 | * **2. HAproxy SSL termination**
20 | * [2-haproxy_ssl_termination](./2-haproxy_ssl_termination): HAproxy
21 | configuration file that accepts encrypted SSL traffic for the subdomain
22 | `www.` on TCP port 443.
23 |
24 | * **3. No loophole in your website traffic**
25 | * [100-redirect_http_to_https](./100-redirect_http_to_https): HAproxy
26 | configuration file that automatically redirects HTTP traffic to HTTPS.
27 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x11-what_happens_when_your_type_google_com_in_your_browser_and_press_enter/0-blog_post:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | https://medium.com/@fakunletolulope05/what-happens-when-you-type-google-com-in-your-browser-and-press-enter-b91559c4178d
2 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x11-what_happens_when_your_type_google_com_in_your_browser_and_press_enter/1-what_happen_when_diagram:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | https://im.ge/i/1ecIxa
2 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x11-what_happens_when_your_type_google_com_in_your_browser_and_press_enter/2-contribution-to_what-happens-when_github_answer:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | https://github.com/alex/what-happens-when/pull/385
2 |
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/0x11-what_happens_when_your_type_google_com_in_your_browser_and_press_enter/README.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | # Web Infrastructure
2 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x12-web_stack_debugging_2/0-iamsomeonelese:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Runs the whoami command under the user passed as argument.
3 | sudo -u "$1" whoami
4 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x12-web_stack_debugging_2/1-run_nginx_as_nginx:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Fixes a web server to run Nginx as the nginx user listening on port 8080.
3 | sed -i "s/#user www-data/user nginx/" /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
4 | sed -i "s/80/8080/g" /etc/nginx/sites-available/default
5 | chmod 644 /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
6 | pkill apache2
7 | sudo -u nginx service nginx start
8 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/0x12-web_stack_debugging_2/100-fix_in_7_lines_or_less:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Fixes a web server to run Nginx as the nginx user listening on port 8080.
3 | sed -i "s/#user www-data/user nginx/" /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
4 | sed -i "s/80/8080/g" /etc/nginx/sites-available/default
5 | chmod 644 /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
6 | pkill apache2
7 | sudo -u nginx service nginx start
8 |
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/0x12-web_stack_debugging_2/README.md:
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1 | # Web stack debugging #2
2 |
3 | This was the third in a series of web stack debugging projects. In these
4 | projects, I was given broken/bugged webstacks in isolated containers,
5 | and tasked with fixing the web stack to a working state. For each
6 | task, I wrote a script automating the commands necessary to fix the
7 | web stack.
8 |
9 | ## Tasks :page_with_curl:
10 |
11 | * **0. Run software as another user**
12 | * [0-iamsomeonelese](./0-iamsomeonelese): Bash script that runs the command
13 | `whoami` under the user passed as argument.
14 | * Usage: `./0-iamsomeonelese `
15 |
16 | * **1. Run Nginx as Nginx**
17 | * [1-run_nginx_as_nginx](./1-run_nginx_as_nginx): Bash script that fixes a
18 | web server to run Nginx listening on port `8080` as the `nginx` user.
19 |
20 | * **2. 7 lines or less**
21 | * [100-fix_in_7_lines_or_less](./100-fix_in_7_lines_or_less): Bash script
22 | that fixes a web server to run Nginx listening on port `8080` as the `nginx`
23 | user.
24 | * 7 lines long.
25 |
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/0x13-firewall/0-block_all_incoming_traffic_but:
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1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # Configures a ufw firewall to block all incoming traffic
3 | #+ except for TCP ports 22, 443 and 80.
4 |
5 | apt-get install ufw
6 | sed -i 's/IPV6=.*/IPV6=yes/' /etc/default/ufw
7 | ufw disable
8 | ufw enable
9 | ufw default deny incoming
10 | ufw default allow outgoing
11 | ufw allow 22/tcp
12 | ufw allow 443/tcp
13 | ufw allow 80/tcp
14 |
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/0x13-firewall/100-port_forwarding:
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1 | #
2 | # rules.before
3 | #
4 | # Rules that should be run before the ufw command line added rules. Custom
5 | # rules should be added to one of these chains:
6 | # ufw-before-input
7 | # ufw-before-output
8 | # ufw-before-forward
9 | #
10 |
11 | *nat
12 | :PREROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]
13 | -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 8080 -j REDIRECT --to-port 80
14 |
15 | # Don't delete these required lines, otherwise there will be errors
16 | *filter
17 | :ufw-before-input - [0:0]
18 | :ufw-before-output - [0:0]
19 | :ufw-before-forward - [0:0]
20 | :ufw-not-local - [0:0]
21 | # End required lines
22 |
23 |
24 | # allow all on loopback
25 | -A ufw-before-input -i lo -j ACCEPT
26 | -A ufw-before-output -o lo -j ACCEPT
27 |
28 | # quickly process packets for which we already have a connection
29 | -A ufw-before-input -m conntrack --ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
30 | -A ufw-before-output -m conntrack --ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
31 | -A ufw-before-forward -m conntrack --ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
32 |
33 | # drop INVALID packets (logs these in loglevel medium and higher)
34 | -A ufw-before-input -m conntrack --ctstate INVALID -j ufw-logging-deny
35 | -A ufw-before-input -m conntrack --ctstate INVALID -j DROP
36 |
37 | # ok icmp codes for INPUT
38 | -A ufw-before-input -p icmp --icmp-type destination-unreachable -j ACCEPT
39 | -A ufw-before-input -p icmp --icmp-type source-quench -j ACCEPT
40 | -A ufw-before-input -p icmp --icmp-type time-exceeded -j ACCEPT
41 | -A ufw-before-input -p icmp --icmp-type parameter-problem -j ACCEPT
42 | -A ufw-before-input -p icmp --icmp-type echo-request -j ACCEPT
43 |
44 | # ok icmp code for FORWARD
45 | -A ufw-before-forward -p icmp --icmp-type destination-unreachable -j ACCEPT
46 | -A ufw-before-forward -p icmp --icmp-type source-quench -j ACCEPT
47 | -A ufw-before-forward -p icmp --icmp-type time-exceeded -j ACCEPT
48 | -A ufw-before-forward -p icmp --icmp-type parameter-problem -j ACCEPT
49 | -A ufw-before-forward -p icmp --icmp-type echo-request -j ACCEPT
50 |
51 | # allow dhcp client to work
52 | -A ufw-before-input -p udp --sport 67 --dport 68 -j ACCEPT
53 |
54 | #
55 | # ufw-not-local
56 | #
57 | -A ufw-before-input -j ufw-not-local
58 |
59 | # if LOCAL, RETURN
60 | -A ufw-not-local -m addrtype --dst-type LOCAL -j RETURN
61 |
62 | # if MULTICAST, RETURN
63 | -A ufw-not-local -m addrtype --dst-type MULTICAST -j RETURN
64 |
65 | # if BROADCAST, RETURN
66 | -A ufw-not-local -m addrtype --dst-type BROADCAST -j RETURN
67 |
68 | # all other non-local packets are dropped
69 | -A ufw-not-local -m limit --limit 3/min --limit-burst 10 -j ufw-logging-deny
70 | -A ufw-not-local -j DROP
71 |
72 | # allow MULTICAST mDNS for service discovery (be sure the MULTICAST line above
73 | # is uncommented)
74 | -A ufw-before-input -p udp -d 224.0.0.251 --dport 5353 -j ACCEPT
75 |
76 | # allow MULTICAST UPnP for service discovery (be sure the MULTICAST line above
77 | # is uncommented)
78 | -A ufw-before-input -p udp -d 239.255.255.250 --dport 1900 -j ACCEPT
79 |
80 | # don't delete the 'COMMIT' line or these rules won't be processed
81 | COMMIT
82 |
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/0x13-firewall/README.md:
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1 | # Firewall
2 |
3 | In this project, I used `ufw` to configure firewalls on my issued web servers.
4 |
5 | ## Tasks :page_with_curl:
6 |
7 | * **0. Block all incoming traffic but**
8 | * [0-block_all_incoming_traffic_but](./0-block_all_incoming_traffic_but): Bash
9 | script that installs a `ufw` firewall to block all incoming traffic except for
10 | ports `22`, `443` and `80` on a web server.
11 |
12 | * **2. Port forwarding**
13 | * [100-port_forwarding](./100-port_forwarding): `ufw` configuration file that
14 | configures a firewall to redirect port `8080/TCP` to port `80/TCP`.
15 |
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/0x14-mysql/4-mysql_configuration_primary:
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1 | # Copyright (c) 2014, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
2 | #
3 | # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
4 | # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License, version 2.0,
5 | # as published by the Free Software Foundation.
6 | #
7 | # This program is also distributed with certain software (including
8 | # but not limited to OpenSSL) that is licensed under separate terms,
9 | # as designated in a particular file or component or in included license
10 | # documentation. The authors of MySQL hereby grant you an additional
11 | # permission to link the program and your derivative works with the
12 | # separately licensed software that they have included with MySQL.
13 | #
14 | # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
15 | # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
16 | # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
17 | # GNU General Public License, version 2.0, for more details.
18 | #
19 | # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
20 | # along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
21 | # Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
22 |
23 | #
24 | # The MySQL Server configuration file.
25 | #
26 | # For explanations see
27 | # http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/server-system-variables.html
28 |
29 | [mysqld]
30 | pid-file = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
31 | socket = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
32 | datadir = /var/lib/mysql
33 | log-error = /var/log/mysql/error.log
34 |
35 |
36 | # By default we only accept connections from localhost
37 | #--disabled inorder to enable mysql replication
38 | #bind-address = 127.0.0.1
39 |
40 | # Disabling symbolic-links is recommended to prevent assorted security risks
41 | symbolic-links=0
42 |
43 | # setting server id
44 | server-id = 1
45 |
46 | # setting the base name & location of mysql bunary log file
47 | log_bin = /var/log/mysql/mysql-bin.log
48 |
49 | # name of database to replicate
50 | binlog_do_db = tyrell_corp
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/0x14-mysql/4-mysql_configuration_replica:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | # Copyright (c) 2014, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
2 | #
3 | # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
4 | # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License, version 2.0,
5 | # as published by the Free Software Foundation.
6 | #
7 | # This program is also distributed with certain software (including
8 | # but not limited to OpenSSL) that is licensed under separate terms,
9 | # as designated in a particular file or component or in included license
10 | # documentation. The authors of MySQL hereby grant you an additional
11 | # permission to link the program and your derivative works with the
12 | # separately licensed software that they have included with MySQL.
13 | #
14 | # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
15 | # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
16 | # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
17 | # GNU General Public License, version 2.0, for more details.
18 | #
19 | # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
20 | # along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
21 | # Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
22 |
23 | #
24 | # The MySQL Server configuration file.
25 | #
26 | # For explanations see
27 | # http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/server-system-variables.html
28 |
29 | [mysqld]
30 | pid-file = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
31 | socket = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
32 | datadir = /var/lib/mysql
33 | log-error = /var/log/mysql/error.log
34 |
35 | # By default we only accept connections from localhost
36 | # bind-address = 127.0.0.1
37 |
38 | # setting server id
39 | server-id = 2
40 |
41 | # Disabling symbolic-links is recommended to prevent assorted security risks
42 | symbolic-links=0
43 |
44 | # setting the base name & location of mysql bunary log file
45 | log_bin = /var/log/mysql/mysql-bin.log
46 |
47 | # name of database to replicate
48 | binlog_do_db = tyrell_corp
49 |
50 | # setting location of the replica's relay log file
51 | relay-log = /var/log/mysql/mysql-relay-bin.log
52 |
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/0x14-mysql/5-mysql_backup:
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1 | #!/usr/bin/env bash
2 | # backup and compress my databases
3 | mysqldump --all-databases -u root --password="$1" > backup.sql
4 | day=$(date +"%d")
5 | month=$(date +"%m")
6 | year=$(date +"%Y")
7 | file_name="$day-$month-$year.tar.gz"
8 | tar -czvf "$file_name" backup.sql
9 |
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/0x14-mysql/README.md:
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1 | # Mysql
2 |
3 | This project involved learning how to configure database servers in a
4 | primary-replica model. I configured the two servers provided to me by
5 | ALX in a MySQL primary-replica setup with a dummy database, and wrote
6 | a Bash script to automate generation of database backups.
7 |
8 | ## Tasks :page_with_curl:
9 |
10 | * [4-mysql_configuration_primary](./4-mysql_configuration_primary): The MySQL
11 | `my.conf` configuration file used to set up my first server as a primary database
12 | server on the database `tyrell_corp`.
13 |
14 | * [4-mysql_configuration_replica](./4-mysql_configuration_replica): The MySQL
15 | `my.conf` configuration file used to set up my second server as the replica
16 | database server on the database `tyrell_corp`.
17 |
18 | * [5-mysql_backup](./5-mysql_backup): Bash script that generates a compressed
19 | `tar.gz` archive from a MySQL dump.
20 | * Usage: `./5-mysql_backup `
21 | * Generates a dump containing all MySQL databases on the root server.
22 | * Names the resulting tar archive in the format `day-month-year.tar.gz`.
23 |
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/0x15-api/0-gather_data_from_an_API.py:
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1 | #!/usr/bin/python3
2 | """Returns to-do list information for a given employee ID."""
3 | import requests
4 | import sys
5 |
6 | if __name__ == "__main__":
7 | url = "https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/"
8 | user = requests.get(url + "users/{}".format(sys.argv[1])).json()
9 | todos = requests.get(url + "todos", params={"userId": sys.argv[1]}).json()
10 |
11 | completed = [t.get("title") for t in todos if t.get("completed") is True]
12 | print("Employee {} is done with tasks({}/{}):".format(
13 | user.get("name"), len(completed), len(todos)))
14 | [print("\t {}".format(c)) for c in completed]
15 |
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/0x15-api/1-export_to_CSV.py:
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1 | #!/usr/bin/python3
2 | """Exports to-do list information for a given employee ID to CSV format."""
3 | import csv
4 | import requests
5 | import sys
6 |
7 | if __name__ == "__main__":
8 | user_id = sys.argv[1]
9 | url = "https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/"
10 | user = requests.get(url + "users/{}".format(user_id)).json()
11 | username = user.get("username")
12 | todos = requests.get(url + "todos", params={"userId": user_id}).json()
13 |
14 | with open("{}.csv".format(user_id), "w", newline="") as csvfile:
15 | writer = csv.writer(csvfile, quoting=csv.QUOTE_ALL)
16 | [writer.writerow(
17 | [user_id, username, t.get("completed"), t.get("title")]
18 | ) for t in todos]
19 |
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/0x15-api/2-export_to_JSON.py:
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1 | #!/usr/bin/python3
2 | """Exports to-do list information for a given employee ID to JSON format."""
3 | import json
4 | import requests
5 | import sys
6 |
7 | if __name__ == "__main__":
8 | user_id = sys.argv[1]
9 | url = "https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/"
10 | user = requests.get(url + "users/{}".format(user_id)).json()
11 | username = user.get("username")
12 | todos = requests.get(url + "todos", params={"userId": user_id}).json()
13 |
14 | with open("{}.json".format(user_id), "w") as jsonfile:
15 | json.dump({user_id: [{
16 | "task": t.get("title"),
17 | "completed": t.get("completed"),
18 | "username": username
19 | } for t in todos]}, jsonfile)
20 |
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/0x15-api/3-dictionary_of_list_of_dictionaries.py:
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1 | #!/usr/bin/python3
2 | """Exports to-do list information of all employees to JSON format."""
3 | import json
4 | import requests
5 |
6 | if __name__ == "__main__":
7 | url = "https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/"
8 | users = requests.get(url + "users").json()
9 |
10 | with open("todo_all_employees.json", "w") as jsonfile:
11 | json.dump({
12 | u.get("id"): [{
13 | "task": t.get("title"),
14 | "completed": t.get("completed"),
15 | "username": u.get("username")
16 | } for t in requests.get(url + "todos",
17 | params={"userId": u.get("id")}).json()]
18 | for u in users}, jsonfile)
19 |
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/0x15-api/README.md:
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1 | # API
2 |
3 | This project was further practice in working with API's. I collected data from the
4 | [JSONPlaceholder REST API](https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/), and learned how
5 | to export it to either CSV or JSON format.
6 |
7 | ## Tasks :page_with_curl:
8 |
9 | * **0. Gather data from an API**
10 | * [0-gather_data_from_an_API.py](./0-gather_data_from_an_API.py): Python script
11 | that returns information on the to-do list progress of a given employee ID.
12 | * Usage: `python3 0-gather_data_from_an_API.py `.
13 | * Output: `Employee is done with tasks(<# completed tasks>/):`
14 |
15 | * **1. Export to CSV**
16 | * [1-export_to_CSV.py](./1-export_to_CSV.py): Python script exports to-do list
17 | information of a given employee ID to CSV format.
18 | * Usage: `python3 1-export_to_CSV.py `
19 | * File name: `.csv`.
20 | * Format: `"","","",""`.
21 |
22 | * **2. Export to JSON**
23 | * [2-export_to_JSON.py](./2-export_to_JSON.py): Python script that exports
24 | to-do list information of a given employee ID to JSON format.
25 | * Usage: `python3 2-export_to_JSON.py `
26 | * File name: `.json`
27 | * Format: `{ "": [ {"task": "", "completed": , "username": ""}}, ... ]}`
28 |
29 | * **3. Dictionary of list of dictionaries**
30 | * [3-dictionary_of_list_of_dictionaries.py](./3-dictionary_of_list_of_dictionaries.py):
31 | Python script that exports to-do list information for all employees to JSON format.
32 | * Usage: `python3 3-dictionary_of_list_of_dictionaries.py`
33 | * File name: `todo_all_employees.json`
34 | * Format: `{ "": [ {"username": "", "task": "", "completed": }, {"username": "", "task": "", "completed": }, ... ], "": [ {"username": "", "task": "", "completed": }, {"username": "", "task": "", "completed": }, ... ]}`
35 |
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/README.md:
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1 |
2 | # ALX-system_engineering-devops
3 |
4 | 
5 |
6 |
7 | ## This repo contain tasks on Shell basics and scripting.
8 |
9 | # What is shell Scripting?
10 | #### A shell script is small computer program that is designed to be run or executed by the Unix shell, which is a command-line interpreter. A shell script is basically a set of commands that the shell in a Unix-based operating system follows. Like actual programs, the commands in the shell script can contain parameters and subcommands that tell the shell what to do. The shell script is usually contained in a simple text file.
11 |
12 | 
13 |
14 | A shell script is program composed of a series of operating system commands that are executed by the command-line interpreter or the shell in sequence. It is called a shell script because the individual commands are combined to form a "script" that the shell follows and executes, very much like how an actor/actress follows the script written for him/her.
15 | A shell script is useful for repetitive tasks that would become time consuming if manually typed in then executed one at a time. For example, programmers and developers use shell scripts to automate their code compile process so that instead of typing in a series of long commands, they just execute the shell script. This is especially helpful for them because they often compile and test code, sometimes multiple times, in one single minute.
16 |
17 | 
18 |
19 |
20 | ### Scripts start with a bash bang.
21 | Scripts are also identified with a shebang. Shebang is a combination of bash # and bang ! followed the the bash shell path. This is the first line of the script. Shebang tells the shell to execute it via bash shell. Shebang is simply an absolute path to the bash interpreter.
22 | Below is an example of the shebang statement.
23 |
24 |
25 | #### #! /bin/bash
26 |
27 |
28 |
29 |
30 |
31 |
32 |
33 |
34 |
35 |
36 |
37 |
38 | Connect with me:
39 |
40 |
41 |
42 |
43 |
44 | 
45 | 
46 | 
47 |
48 |
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