├── .gitignore ├── .whitesource ├── CNAME ├── Gemfile ├── LICENSE ├── _config.yml ├── _data └── nav.yml ├── _includes ├── browser-upgrade.html ├── head.html └── leftnav.html ├── _layouts └── article.html ├── accessing.md ├── connection-pool.md ├── css ├── bootstrap-responsive.min.css ├── bootstrap.min.css ├── godoc.css ├── journal.min.css ├── manual.css ├── prettify.css └── site.css ├── errors.md ├── importing.md ├── index.md ├── js ├── godoc.js ├── lang-go-rich.js └── prettify.js ├── modifying.md ├── nulls.md ├── overview.md ├── prepared.md ├── references.md ├── retrieving.md ├── surprises.md └── varcols.md /.gitignore: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | .Gemfile.lock 2 | Gemfile.lock 3 | _site/ 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /.whitesource: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | { 2 | "settingsInheritedFrom": "VividCortex/whitesource-config@master" 3 | } -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /CNAME: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | go-database-sql.org 2 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /Gemfile: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | source 'https://rubygems.org' 2 | gem 'github-pages' 3 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /LICENSE: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International 2 | 3 | ======================================================================= 4 | 5 | Creative Commons Corporation ("Creative Commons") is not a law firm and 6 | does not provide legal services or legal advice. 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70 | 71 | 72 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /accessing.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | layout: article 3 | title: Accessing the Database 4 | --- 5 | 6 | Now that you've loaded the driver package, you're ready to create a database 7 | object, a `sql.DB`. 8 | 9 | To create a `sql.DB`, you use `sql.Open()`. This returns a `*sql.DB`: 10 | 11 | 
12 | func main() {
13 | 	db, err := sql.Open("mysql",
14 | 		"user:password@tcp(127.0.0.1:3306)/hello")
15 | 	if err != nil {
16 | 		log.Fatal(err)
17 | 	}
18 | 	defer db.Close()
19 | }
20 |
21 | 22 | In the example shown, we're illustrating several things: 23 | 24 | 1. The first argument to `sql.Open` is the driver name. This is the string that the driver used to register itself with `database/sql`, and is conventionally the same as the package name to avoid confusion. For example, it's `mysql` for [github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql](https://github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql). Some drivers do not follow the convention and use the database name, e.g. `sqlite3` for [github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3](https://github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3) and `postgres` for [github.com/lib/pq](https://github.com/lib/pq). 25 | 2. The second argument is a driver-specific syntax that tells the driver how to access the underlying datastore. In this example, we're connecting to the "hello" database inside a local MySQL server instance. 26 | 3. You should (almost) always check and handle errors returned from all `database/sql` operations. There are a few special cases that we'll discuss later where it doesn't make sense to do this. 27 | 4. It is idiomatic to `defer db.Close()` if the `sql.DB` should not have a lifetime beyond the scope of the function. 28 | 29 | Perhaps counter-intuitively, `sql.Open()` **does not establish any connections 30 | to the database**, nor does it validate driver connection parameters. Instead, 31 | it simply prepares the database abstraction for later use. The first actual 32 | connection to the underlying datastore will be established lazily, when it's 33 | needed for the first time. If you want to check right away that the database is 34 | available and accessible (for example, check that you can establish a network 35 | connection and log in), use `db.Ping()` to do that, and remember to check for 36 | errors: 37 | 38 | 
39 | err = db.Ping()
40 | if err != nil {
41 | 	// do something here
42 | }
43 |
44 | 45 | Although it's idiomatic to `Close()` the database when you're finished with it, 46 | **the `sql.DB` object is designed to be long-lived.** Don't `Open()` and 47 | `Close()` databases frequently. Instead, create **one** `sql.DB` object for each 48 | distinct datastore you need to access, and keep it until the program is done 49 | accessing that datastore. Pass it around as needed, or make it available somehow 50 | globally, but keep it open. And don't `Open()` and `Close()` from a short-lived 51 | function. Instead, pass the `sql.DB` into that short-lived function as an 52 | argument. 53 | 54 | If you don't treat the `sql.DB` as a long-lived object, you could experience 55 | problems such as poor reuse and sharing of connections, running out of available 56 | network resources, or sporadic failures due to a lot of TCP connections 57 | remaining in `TIME_WAIT` status. Such problems are signs that you're not using 58 | `database/sql` as it was designed. 59 | 60 | Now it's time to use your `sql.DB` object. 61 | 62 | **Previous: [Importing a Database Driver](importing.html)** 63 | **Next: [Retrieving Result Sets](retrieving.html)** 64 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /connection-pool.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | layout: article 3 | title: The Connection Pool 4 | --- 5 | 6 | There is a basic connection pool in the `database/sql` package. There isn't a 7 | lot of ability to control or inspect it, but here are some things you might find 8 | useful to know: 9 | 10 | * Connection pooling means that executing two consecutive statements on a single database might open two connections and execute them separately. It is fairly common for programmers to be confused as to why their code misbehaves. For example, `LOCK TABLES` followed by an `INSERT` can block because the `INSERT` is on a connection that does not hold the table lock. 11 | * Connections are created when needed and there isn't a free connection in the pool. 12 | * By default, there's no limit on the number of connections. If you try to do a lot of things at once, you can create an arbitrary number of connections. This can cause the database to return an error such as "too many connections." 13 | * In Go 1.1 or newer, you can use `db.SetMaxIdleConns(N)` to limit the number of *idle* connections in the pool. This doesn't limit the pool size, though. 14 | * In Go 1.2.1 or newer, you can use `db.SetMaxOpenConns(N)` to limit the number of *total* open connections to the database. Unfortunately, a [deadlock bug](https://groups.google.com/d/msg/golang-dev/jOTqHxI09ns/x79ajll-ab4J) ([fix](https://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=8a7ac002f840)) prevents `db.SetMaxOpenConns(N)` from safely being used in 1.2. 15 | * Connections are recycled rather fast. Setting a high number of idle connections with `db.SetMaxIdleConns(N)` can reduce this churn, and help keep connections around for reuse. 16 | * Keeping a connection idle for a long time can cause problems (like in [this issue](https://github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql/issues/257) with MySQL on Microsoft Azure). Try `db.SetMaxIdleConns(0)` if you get connection timeouts because a connection is idle for too long. 17 | * You can also specify the maximum amount of time a connection may be reused by setting `db.SetConnMaxLifetime(duration)` since reusing long lived connections may cause network issues. This closes the unused connections lazily i.e. closing expired connection may be deferred. 18 | 19 | **Previous: [Working with Unknown Columns](varcols.html)** 20 | **Next: [Surprises, Antipatterns and Limitations](surprises.html)** 21 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /css/bootstrap-responsive.min.css: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | /*! 2 | * Bootstrap Responsive v2.0.3 3 | * 4 | * Copyright 2012 Twitter, Inc 5 | * Licensed under the Apache License v2.0 6 | * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 7 | * 8 | * Designed and built with all the love in the world @twitter by @mdo and @fat. 9 | */.clearfix{*zoom:1}.clearfix:before,.clearfix:after{display:table;content:""}.clearfix:after{clear:both}.hide-text{font:0/0 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#fff;-webkit-border-radius:23px;-moz-border-radius:23px;border-radius:23px;opacity:.5;filter:alpha(opacity=50)}.carousel-control.right{right:15px;left:auto}.carousel-control:hover{color:#fff;text-decoration:none;opacity:.9;filter:alpha(opacity=90)}.carousel-caption{position:absolute;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;padding:10px 15px 5px;background:#333;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.75)}.carousel-caption h4,.carousel-caption p{color:#fff}.hero-unit{padding:60px;margin-bottom:30px;background-color:#eee;-webkit-border-radius:6px;-moz-border-radius:6px;border-radius:6px}.hero-unit h1{margin-bottom:0;font-size:60px;line-height:1;letter-spacing:-1px;color:inherit}.hero-unit p{font-size:18px;font-weight:200;line-height:27px;color:inherit}.pull-right{float:right}.pull-left{float:left}.hide{display:none}.show{display:block}.invisible{visibility:hidden} 10 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /css/godoc.css: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | body { 2 | margin: 0; 3 | /* font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; */ 4 | font-size: 16px; 5 | } 6 | pre, 7 | code { 8 | font-family: Menlo, monospace; 9 | font-size: 14px; 10 | } 11 | pre { 12 | line-height: 18px; 13 | } 14 | pre .comment { 15 | color: #375EAB; 16 | } 17 | pre .highlight, 18 | pre .highlight-comment, 19 | pre .selection-highlight, 20 | pre .selection-highlight-comment { 21 | background: #FFFF00; 22 | } 23 | pre .selection, 24 | pre .selection-comment { 25 | background: #FF9632; 26 | } 27 | pre .ln { 28 | color: #999; 29 | } 30 | body { 31 | color: #222; 32 | } 33 | a, 34 | .exampleHeading .text { 35 | color: #375EAB; 36 | text-decoration: none; 37 | } 38 | a:hover, 39 | .exampleHeading .text:hover { 40 | text-decoration: underline; 41 | } 42 | p, 43 | pre, 44 | ul, 45 | ol { 46 | margin: 20px; 47 | } 48 | pre { 49 | background: #e9e9e9; 50 | padding: 10px; 51 | 52 | -webkit-border-radius: 5px; 53 | -moz-border-radius: 5px; 54 | border-radius: 5px; 55 | } 56 | 57 | h1, 58 | h2, 59 | h3, 60 | h4, 61 | .rootHeading { 62 | margin: 20px 0; 63 | padding: 0; 64 | color: #375EAB; 65 | font-weight: bold; 66 | } 67 | h1 { 68 | font-size: 24px; 69 | } 70 | h2 { 71 | font-size: 20px; 72 | background: #E0EBF5; 73 | padding: 2px 5px; 74 | } 75 | h3 { 76 | font-size: 20px; 77 | } 78 | h3, 79 | h4 { 80 | margin: 20px 5px; 81 | } 82 | h4 { 83 | font-size: 16px; 84 | } 85 | .rootHeading { 86 | font-size: 20px; 87 | margin: 0; 88 | } 89 | 90 | dl { 91 | margin: 20px; 92 | } 93 | dd { 94 | margin: 2px 20px; 95 | } 96 | dl, 97 | dd { 98 | font-size: 14px; 99 | } 100 | div#nav table td { 101 | vertical-align: top; 102 | } 103 | 104 | table.dir th { 105 | text-align: left; 106 | } 107 | table.dir td { 108 | word-wrap: break-word; 109 | vertical-align: top; 110 | } 111 | 112 | .alert { 113 | color: #AA0000; 114 | } 115 | 116 | div#heading { 117 | float: left; 118 | margin: 0 0 10px 0; 119 | padding: 21px 0; 120 | font-size: 20px; 121 | font-weight: normal; 122 | } 123 | div#heading a { 124 | color: #222; 125 | text-decoration: none; 126 | } 127 | 128 | div#topbar { 129 | background: #E0EBF5; 130 | height: 64px; 131 | } 132 | 133 | body { 134 | text-align: center; 135 | } 136 | div#page, 137 | div#topbar > .container { 138 | clear: both; 139 | text-align: left; 140 | margin-left: auto; 141 | margin-right: auto; 142 | padding: 0 20px; 143 | } 144 | div#page.wide, 145 | div#topbar > .wide { 146 | width: auto; 147 | } 148 | div#plusone { 149 | float: right; 150 | } 151 | 152 | div#footer { 153 | color: #666; 154 | font-size: 14px; 155 | margin: 40px 0; 156 | } 157 | 158 | div#menu > a, 159 | div#menu > input, 160 | div#learn .buttons a, 161 | div#blog .read a { 162 | padding: 10px; 163 | 164 | text-decoration: none; 165 | font-size: 16px; 166 | 167 | -webkit-border-radius: 5px; 168 | -moz-border-radius: 5px; 169 | border-radius: 5px; 170 | } 171 | div#menu > a, 172 | div#menu > input { 173 | border: 1px solid #375EAB; 174 | } 175 | div#menu > a { 176 | color: white; 177 | background: #375EAB; 178 | } 179 | a#start, 180 | div#learn .buttons a, 181 | div#blog .read a { 182 | color: #222; 183 | border: 1px solid #375EAB; 184 | background: #E0EBF5; 185 | } 186 | 187 | div#menu { 188 | float: right; 189 | min-width: 590px; 190 | padding: 10px 0; 191 | text-align: right; 192 | } 193 | div#menu > a { 194 | margin-right: 5px; 195 | margin-bottom: 10px; 196 | 197 | padding: 10px; 198 | } 199 | div#menu > input { 200 | position: relative; 201 | top: 1px; 202 | width: 60px; 203 | background: white; 204 | color: #222; 205 | } 206 | div#menu > input.inactive { 207 | color: #999; 208 | } 209 | 210 | div.left { 211 | float: left; 212 | } 213 | div.right { 214 | float: right; 215 | } 216 | div.left, 217 | div.right { 218 | width: 415px; 219 | } 220 | 221 | div#learn, 222 | div#about { 223 | padding-top: 20px; 224 | } 225 | div#learn h2, 226 | div#about { 227 | margin: 0; 228 | } 229 | div#about { 230 | font-size: 20px; 231 | } 232 | 233 | div#about { 234 | height: 96px; 235 | } 236 | div#gopher { 237 | background: url(/doc/gopher/frontpage.png) no-repeat; 238 | background-position: center top; 239 | height: 155px; 240 | } 241 | a#start { 242 | display: block; 243 | padding: 10px; 244 | 245 | text-align: center; 246 | text-decoration: none; 247 | 248 | -webkit-border-radius: 5px; 249 | -moz-border-radius: 5px; 250 | border-radius: 5px; 251 | } 252 | a#start .big { 253 | font-weight: bold; 254 | font-size: 20px; 255 | } 256 | a#start .desc { 257 | font-size: 14px; 258 | font-weight: normal; 259 | margin-top: 5px; 260 | } 261 | 262 | div#learn .icon { 263 | float: right; 264 | cursor: pointer; 265 | } 266 | div#learn pre, 267 | div#learn textarea { 268 | padding: 0; 269 | margin: 0; 270 | font-family: Menlo, monospace; 271 | font-size: 14px; 272 | } 273 | div#learn .input { 274 | padding: 10px; 275 | margin-top: 10px; 276 | height: 150px; 277 | 278 | -webkit-border-top-left-radius: 5px; 279 | -webkit-border-top-right-radius: 5px; 280 | -moz-border-radius-topleft: 5px; 281 | -moz-border-radius-topright: 5px; 282 | border-top-left-radius: 5px; 283 | border-top-right-radius: 5px; 284 | } 285 | div#learn .input textarea { 286 | width: 100%; 287 | height: 100%; 288 | border: none; 289 | outline: none; 290 | resize: none; 291 | } 292 | div#learn .output { 293 | border-top: none !important; 294 | 295 | padding: 10px; 296 | height: 59px; 297 | overflow: auto; 298 | 299 | -webkit-border-bottom-right-radius: 5px; 300 | -webkit-border-bottom-left-radius: 5px; 301 | -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 5px; 302 | -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 5px; 303 | border-bottom-right-radius: 5px; 304 | border-bottom-left-radius: 5px; 305 | } 306 | div#learn .output pre { 307 | padding: 0; 308 | 309 | -webkit-border-radius: 0; 310 | -moz-border-radius: 0; 311 | border-radius: 0; 312 | } 313 | div#learn .input, 314 | div#learn .input textarea, 315 | div#learn .output, 316 | div#learn .output pre { 317 | background: #FFFFD8; 318 | } 319 | div#learn .input, 320 | div#learn .output { 321 | border: 1px solid #375EAB; 322 | } 323 | div#learn .buttons { 324 | float: right; 325 | padding: 20px 0 10px 0; 326 | text-align: right; 327 | } 328 | div#learn .buttons a { 329 | height: 16px; 330 | margin-left: 5px; 331 | padding: 10px; 332 | } 333 | div#learn .toys { 334 | margin-top: 8px; 335 | } 336 | div#learn .toys select { 337 | border: 1px solid #375EAB; 338 | margin: 0; 339 | } 340 | 341 | div#blog, 342 | div#video { 343 | margin-top: 40px; 344 | } 345 | div#blog > a, 346 | div#blog > div, 347 | div#blog > h2, 348 | div#video > a, 349 | div#video > div, 350 | div#video > h2 { 351 | margin-bottom: 10px; 352 | } 353 | div#blog .title, 354 | div#video .title { 355 | display: block; 356 | font-size: 20px; 357 | } 358 | div#blog .when { 359 | color: #666; 360 | font-size: 14px; 361 | } 362 | div#blog .read { 363 | text-align: right; 364 | } 365 | 366 | .toggleButton { cursor: pointer; } 367 | .toggle .collapsed { display: block; } 368 | .toggle .expanded { display: none; } 369 | .toggleVisible .collapsed { display: none; } 370 | .toggleVisible .expanded { display: block; } 371 | 372 | table.codetable { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border-style: none; } 373 | hr { border-style: none; border-top: 1px solid black; } 374 | 375 | img.gopher { 376 | float: right; 377 | margin-left: 10px; 378 | margin-bottom: 10px; 379 | } 380 | .pkgGopher { 381 | text-align: right; 382 | } 383 | .pkgGopher .gopher { 384 | float: none; 385 | position: relative; 386 | top: -40px; 387 | margin-bottom: -120px; 388 | } 389 | h2 { clear: right; } 390 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /css/manual.css: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | /* Custom Revel manual styles. */ 2 | 3 | h2 { 4 | margin-top: 20px; 5 | margin-bottom: 15px; 6 | border-bottom: 1px solid #EEE; 7 | } 8 | 9 | h3 { 10 | margin-top: 15px; 11 | margin-bottom: 5px; 12 | } 13 | 14 | h4 { 15 | margin-top: 10px; 16 | margin-bottom: 2px; 17 | } 18 | 19 | .config-overview table { 20 | width: 100%; 21 | } 22 | 23 | .config-overview table td { 24 | text-align: center; 25 | } -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /css/prettify.css: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | .com { color: #93a1a1; } 2 | .lit { color: #195f91; } 3 | .pun, .opn, .clo { color: #93a1a1; } 4 | .fun { color: #dc322f; } 5 | .str, .atv { color: #D14; } 6 | .kwd, .linenums .tag { color: #1e347b; } 7 | .typ, .atn, .dec, .var { color: teal; } 8 | .pln { color: #48484c; } 9 | 10 | .prettyprint { 11 | padding: 8px; 12 | background-color: #f7f7f9; 13 | border: 1px solid #e1e1e8; 14 | } 15 | .prettyprint.linenums { 16 | -webkit-box-shadow: inset 40px 0 0 #fbfbfc, inset 41px 0 0 #ececf0; 17 | -moz-box-shadow: inset 40px 0 0 #fbfbfc, inset 41px 0 0 #ececf0; 18 | box-shadow: inset 40px 0 0 #fbfbfc, inset 41px 0 0 #ececf0; 19 | } 20 | 21 | /* Specify class=linenums on a pre to get line numbering */ 22 | ol.linenums { 23 | margin: 0 0 0 33px; /* IE indents via margin-left */ 24 | } 25 | ol.linenums li { 26 | padding-left: 12px; 27 | color: #bebec5; 28 | line-height: 18px; 29 | text-shadow: 0 1px 0 #fff; 30 | } 31 | /*.pln{color:#000}@media screen{.str{color:#080}.kwd{color:#008}.com{color:#800}.typ{color:#606}.lit{color:#066}.pun,.opn,.clo{color:#660}.tag{color:#008}.atn{color:#606}.atv{color:#080}.dec,.var{color:#606}.fun{color:red}}@media print,projection{.str{color:#060}.kwd{color:#006;font-weight:bold}.com{color:#600;font-style:italic}.typ{color:#404;font-weight:bold}.lit{color:#044}.pun,.opn,.clo{color:#440}.tag{color:#006;font-weight:bold}.atn{color:#404}.atv{color:#060}}pre.prettyprint{padding:2px;border:1px solid #888}ol.linenums{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}li.L0,li.L1,li.L2,li.L3,li.L5,li.L6,li.L7,li.L8{list-style-type:none}li.L1,li.L3,li.L5,li.L7,li.L9{background:#eee}*/ 32 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /css/site.css: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | body { 2 | padding: 0 0 40px 0; 3 | background-color: #fefefe; 4 | } 5 | 6 | .hero-unit { 7 | background-color: #222; 8 | margin-top: 0px; 9 | min-width: 940px; 10 | color:#ccc; 11 | padding-top:0px; 12 | border-bottom:1px solid #375EAB; 13 | 14 | -webkit-border-radius: 0px; 15 | -moz-border-radius: 0px; 16 | border-radius: 0px; 17 | } 18 | 19 | .hero-img { 20 | float:left; 21 | } 22 | 23 | .hero-text { 24 | margin-left:200px; 25 | padding-top:200px; 26 | padding-bottom:150px; 27 | } 28 | 29 | #header { 30 | position: absolute; 31 | width: 100%; 32 | min-width: 940px; 33 | top: 0; 34 | height: 60px; 35 | border-bottom: 1px solid #322; 36 | opacity:0.5; 37 | -webkit-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0 2px 4px; 38 | -moz-box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0 2px 4px; 39 | box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0 2px 4px; 40 | } 41 | 42 | #header #wrapper { 43 | width: 940px; 44 | margin: 0 auto; 45 | position: relative; 46 | } 47 | 48 | #header #nav { 49 | width: 900px; 50 | height: 65px; 51 | margin: 0 auto; 52 | text-align: center; 53 | } 54 | 55 | #header #nav li { 56 | margin: 0 40px; 57 | font-size:28px; 58 | line-height: 26px; 59 | display: inline; 60 | } 61 | 62 | #header #nav li.active a { 63 | font-weight:bold; 64 | color:#eee !important; 65 | } 66 | 67 | a { 68 | color: #0088cc; 69 | text-decoration: none; 70 | } 71 | 72 | a:hover { 73 | color: #005580; 74 | text-decoration: underline; 75 | } 76 | 77 | .container { 78 | padding-left: 5px; 79 | padding-right: 5px; 80 | } 81 | 82 | .navbar { 83 | min-width: 1062px; 84 | } 85 | 86 | .navbar .container { 87 | width: 940px; 88 | } 89 | 90 | .leftnav { 91 | border-right: 1px solid #eee; 92 | padding-top: 15px; 93 | } 94 | 95 | .brand { 96 | padding: 5px 20px 7px !important; 97 | } 98 | 99 | .navbar .nav > li > a { 100 | padding-top: 29px !important; 101 | padding-bottom: 5px !important; 102 | } 103 | 104 | .navbar-inner { 105 | min-height: 0 !important; 106 | height: 55px !important; 107 | background: #FFF; 108 | } 109 | 110 | .nav-list { 111 | padding-left: 10px; 112 | padding-right: 5px; 113 | } 114 | 115 | .nav-list > li > a, .nav-list .nav-header { 116 | margin-right: -5px; 117 | } 118 | 119 | .nav-list > .active > a, .nav-list > .active > a:hover { 120 | background-color: #999 !important; 121 | } 122 | 123 | .navbar .nav .active > a, .navbar .nav .active > a:hover { 124 | color: #fff !important; 125 | background-color: #999 !important; 126 | } 127 | 128 | .navbar .nav li { 129 | line-height: 20px; 130 | } 131 | 132 | .navbar .nav li a { 133 | font-size: 16px; 134 | } 135 | 136 | p, li, h4, h5, h6, dt, dd, address { 137 | line-height: 22px; 138 | } 139 | 140 | h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { 141 | margin: 14px 0 8px; 142 | } 143 | 144 | li { 145 | margin: 2px; 146 | } 147 | 148 | /* Prefer horizontal scroll to wrapping code */ 149 | pre { 150 | white-space:pre; 151 | word-wrap:normal; 152 | word-break:normal; 153 | overflow-x:auto; 154 | } 155 | 156 | pre.prettyprint { 157 | -webkit-border-radius: 4px; 158 | -moz-border-radius: 4px; 159 | border-radius: 4px; 160 | } 161 | 162 | code { 163 | color: #a14; 164 | background: 0; 165 | border: 0; 166 | } 167 | 168 | a code { 169 | color: #08C; 170 | } 171 | 172 | ul ul, ul ol, ol ol, ol ul, ul { 173 | margin-bottom: 1em; 174 | } 175 | 176 | .improve-page { 177 | float: right; 178 | margin: 0 5px; 179 | position: relative; 180 | } 181 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /errors.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | layout: article 3 | title: Handling Errors 4 | --- 5 | 6 | Almost all operations with `database/sql` types return an error as the last 7 | value. You should always check these errors, never ignore them. 8 | 9 | There are a few places where error behavior is special-case, or there's 10 | something additional you might need to know. 11 | 12 | Errors From Iterating Resultsets 13 | ================================ 14 | 15 | Consider the following code: 16 | 17 | 
 18 | for rows.Next() {
 19 | 	// ...
 20 | }
 21 | if err = rows.Err(); err != nil {
 22 | 	// handle the error here
 23 | }
 24 |
25 | 26 | The error from `rows.Err()` could be the result of a variety of errors in the 27 | `rows.Next()` loop. The loop 28 | might exit for some reason other than finishing the loop normally, so you always 29 | need to check whether the loop terminated normally or not. An abnormal 30 | termination automatically calls `rows.Close()`, although it's harmless to call it 31 | multiple times. 32 | 33 | Errors From Closing Resultsets 34 | ============================== 35 | 36 | You should always explicitly close a `sql.Rows` if you exit the loop 37 | prematurely, as previously mentioned. It's auto-closed if the loop exits 38 | normally or through an error, but you might mistakenly do this: 39 | 40 | 
 41 | for rows.Next() {
 42 | 	// ...
 43 | 	break; // whoops, rows is not closed! memory leak...
 44 | }
 45 | // do the usual "if err = rows.Err()" [omitted here]...
 46 | // it's always safe to [re?]close here:
 47 | if err = rows.Close(); err != nil {
 48 | 	// but what should we do if there's an error?
 49 | 	log.Println(err)
 50 | }
 51 |
52 | 53 | The error returned by `rows.Close()` is the only exception to the general rule 54 | that it's best to capture and check for errors in all database operations. If 55 | `rows.Close()` returns an error, it's unclear what you should do. 56 | Logging the error message or panicing might be the only sensible thing, 57 | and if that's not sensible, then perhaps you should just ignore the error. 58 | 59 | Errors From QueryRow() 60 | ====================== 61 | 62 | Consider the following code to fetch a single row: 63 | 64 | 
 65 | var name string
 66 | err = db.QueryRow("select name from users where id = ?", 1).Scan(&name)
 67 | if err != nil {
 68 | 	log.Fatal(err)
 69 | }
 70 | fmt.Println(name)
 71 |
72 | 73 | What if there was no user with `id = 1`? Then there would be no row in the 74 | result, and `.Scan()` would not scan a value into `name`. What happens then? 75 | 76 | Go defines a special error constant, called `sql.ErrNoRows`, which is returned 77 | from `QueryRow()` when the result is empty. This needs to be handled as a 78 | special case in most circumstances. An empty result is often not considered an 79 | error by application code, and if you don't check whether an error is this 80 | special constant, you'll cause application-code errors you didn't expect. 81 | 82 | Errors from the query are deferred until `Scan()` is called, and then are 83 | returned from that. The above code is better written like this instead: 84 | 85 | 
 86 | var name string
 87 | err = db.QueryRow("select name from users where id = ?", 1).Scan(&name)
 88 | if err != nil {
 89 | 	if err == sql.ErrNoRows {
 90 | 		// there were no rows, but otherwise no error occurred
 91 | 	} else {
 92 | 		log.Fatal(err)
 93 | 	}
 94 | }
 95 | fmt.Println(name)
 96 |
97 | 98 | One might ask why an empty result set is considered an error. There's nothing 99 | erroneous about an empty set. The reason is that the `QueryRow()` method needs 100 | to use this special-case in order to let the caller distinguish whether 101 | `QueryRow()` in fact found a row; without it, `Scan()` wouldn't do anything and 102 | you might not realize that your variable didn't get any value from the database 103 | after all. 104 | 105 | You should only run into this error when you're using `QueryRow()`. If you 106 | encounter this error elsewhere, you're doing something wrong. 107 | 108 | Identifying Specific Database Errors 109 | ==================================== 110 | 111 | It can be tempting to write code like the following: 112 | 113 | 
114 | rows, err := db.Query("SELECT someval FROM sometable")
115 | // err contains:
116 | // ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'foo'@'::1' (using password: NO)
117 | if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "Access denied") {
118 | 	// Handle the permission-denied error
119 | }
120 |
121 | 122 | This is not the best way to do it, though. For example, the string value might 123 | vary depending on what language the server uses to send error messages. It's 124 | much better to compare error numbers to identify what a specific error is. 125 | 126 | The mechanism to do this varies between drivers, however, because this isn't 127 | part of `database/sql` itself. In the MySQL driver that this tutorial focuses 128 | on, you could write the following code: 129 | 130 | 
131 | if driverErr, ok := err.(*mysql.MySQLError); ok { // Now the error number is accessible directly
132 | 	if driverErr.Number == 1045 {
133 | 		// Handle the permission-denied error
134 | 	}
135 | }
136 |
137 | 138 | Again, the `MySQLError` type here is provided by this specific driver, and the 139 | `.Number` field may differ between drivers. The value of the number, however, 140 | is taken from MySQL's error message, and is therefore database specific, not 141 | driver specific. 142 | 143 | This code is still ugly. Comparing to 1045, a magic number, is a code smell. 144 | Some drivers (though not the MySQL one, for reasons that are off-topic here) 145 | provide a list of error identifiers. The Postgres `pq` driver does, for example, in 146 | [error.go](https://github.com/lib/pq/blob/master/error.go). And there's an 147 | external package of [MySQL error numbers maintained by 148 | VividCortex](https://github.com/VividCortex/mysqlerr). Using such a list, the 149 | above code is better written thus: 150 | 151 | 
152 | if driverErr, ok := err.(*mysql.MySQLError); ok {
153 | 	if driverErr.Number == mysqlerr.ER_ACCESS_DENIED_ERROR {
154 | 		// Handle the permission-denied error
155 | 	}
156 | }
157 |
158 | 159 | Handling Connection Errors 160 | ========================== 161 | 162 | What if your connection to the database is dropped, killed, or has an error? 163 | 164 | You don't need to implement any logic to retry failed statements when this 165 | happens. As part of the [connection pooling](connection-pool.html) in 166 | `database/sql`, handling failed connections is built-in. If you execute a query 167 | or other statement and the underlying connection has a failure, Go will reopen a 168 | new connection (or just get another from the connection pool) and retry, up to 169 | 10 times. 170 | 171 | There can be some unintended consequences, however. Some types of errors may be 172 | retried when other error conditions happen. This might also be driver-specific. 173 | One example that has occurred with the MySQL driver is that using `KILL` to 174 | cancel an undesired statement (such as a long-running query) results in the 175 | statement being retried up to 10 times. 176 | 177 | **Previous: [Using Prepared Statements](prepared.html)** 178 | **Next: [Working with NULLs](nulls.html)** 179 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /importing.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | layout: article 3 | title: Importing a Database Driver 4 | --- 5 | 6 | To use `database/sql` you'll need the package itself, as well as a driver for 7 | the specific database you want to use. 8 | 9 | You generally shouldn't use driver packages directly, although some drivers 10 | encourage you to do so. (In our opinion, it's usually a bad idea.) Instead, your 11 | code should only refer to types defined in `database/sql`, if possible. This 12 | helps avoid making your code dependent on the driver, so that you can change the 13 | underlying driver (and thus the database you're accessing) with minimal code 14 | changes. It also forces you to use the Go idioms instead of ad-hoc idioms that a 15 | particular driver author may have provided. 16 | 17 | In this documentation, we'll use the excellent [MySQL 18 | drivers](https://github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql) from @julienschmidt and @arnehormann 19 | for examples. 20 | 21 | Add the following to the top of your Go source file: 22 | 23 | 
24 | import (
25 | 	"database/sql"
26 | 	_ "github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"
27 | )
28 |
29 | 30 | Notice that we're loading the driver anonymously, aliasing its package qualifier 31 | to `_` so none of its exported names are visible to our code. Under the hood, 32 | the driver registers itself as being available to the `database/sql` package, 33 | but in general nothing else happens with the exception that the init function is run. 34 | 35 | Now you're ready to access a database. 36 | 37 | **Previous: [Overview of Go's database/sql Package](overview.html)** 38 | **Next: [Accessing the Database](accessing.html)** 39 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /index.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | layout: article 3 | title: Go database/sql tutorial 4 | --- 5 | 6 | The idiomatic way to use a SQL, or SQL-like, database in Go is through the 7 | [database/sql package](http://golang.org/pkg/database/sql/). It provides a 8 | lightweight interface to a row-oriented database. This website is a 9 | reference for the most common aspects of how to use it. 10 | 11 | Why is this needed? The package's documentation tells you what everything does, 12 | but it doesn't tell you how to use the package. Many of us find ourselves 13 | wishing for a quick-reference and a "getting started" orientation that tells 14 | stories instead of listing facts. Contributions are welcome; please send pull 15 | requests [here](https://github.com/VividCortex/go-database-sql-tutorial). 16 | 17 | **Start: [Overview of Go's database/sql Package](overview.html)** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /js/godoc.js: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | // Except as noted, this content is licensed under Creative Commons 2 | // Attribution 3.0 3 | 4 | /* A little code to ease navigation of these documents. 5 | * 6 | * On window load we: 7 | * + Generate a table of contents (godocs_generateTOC) 8 | * + Add links up to the top of the doc from each section (godocs_addTopLinks) 9 | */ 10 | 11 | /* We want to do some stuff on page load (after the HTML is rendered). 12 | So listen for that: 13 | */ 14 | function bindEvent(el, e, fn) { 15 | if (el.addEventListener){ 16 | el.addEventListener(e, fn, false); 17 | } else if (el.attachEvent){ 18 | el.attachEvent('on'+e, fn); 19 | } 20 | } 21 | 22 | function godocs_bindSearchEvents() { 23 | var search = document.getElementById('search'); 24 | if (!search) { 25 | // no search box (index disabled) 26 | return; 27 | } 28 | function clearInactive() { 29 | if (search.className == "inactive") { 30 | search.value = ""; 31 | search.className = ""; 32 | } 33 | } 34 | function restoreInactive() { 35 | if (search.value !== "") { 36 | return; 37 | } 38 | if (search.type != "search") { 39 | search.value = search.getAttribute("placeholder"); 40 | } 41 | search.className = "inactive"; 42 | } 43 | restoreInactive(); 44 | bindEvent(search, 'focus', clearInactive); 45 | bindEvent(search, 'blur', restoreInactive); 46 | } 47 | 48 | /* Returns the "This sweet header" from

This sweet header

. 49 | * Takes a node, returns a string. 50 | */ 51 | function godocs_nodeToText(node) { 52 | var TEXT_NODE = 3; // Defined in Mozilla but not MSIE :( 53 | 54 | var text = ''; 55 | for (var j = 0; j != node.childNodes.length; j++) { 56 | var child = node.childNodes[j]; 57 | if (child.nodeType == TEXT_NODE) { 58 | if (child.nodeValue != '[Top]') { //ok, that's a hack, but it works. 59 | text = text + child.nodeValue; 60 | } 61 | } else { 62 | text = text + godocs_nodeToText(child); 63 | } 64 | } 65 | return text; 66 | } 67 | 68 | /* Generates a table of contents: looks for h2 and h3 elements and generates 69 | * links. "Decorates" the element with id=="nav" with this table of contents. 70 | */ 71 | function godocs_generateTOC() { 72 | if (document.getElementById('manual-nav')) { return; } 73 | var navbar = document.getElementById('nav'); 74 | if (!navbar) { return; } 75 | 76 | var toc_items = []; 77 | 78 | var i; 79 | var seenNav = false; 80 | for (i = 0; i < navbar.parentNode.childNodes.length; i++) { 81 | var node = navbar.parentNode.childNodes[i]; 82 | if (!seenNav) { 83 | if (node.id == 'nav') { 84 | seenNav = true; 85 | } 86 | continue; 87 | } 88 | if ((node.tagName != 'h2') && (node.tagName != 'H2') && 89 | (node.tagName != 'h3') && (node.tagName != 'H3')) { 90 | continue; 91 | } 92 | if (!node.id) { 93 | node.id = 'tmp_' + i; 94 | } 95 | var text = godocs_nodeToText(node); 96 | if (!text) { continue; } 97 | 98 | var textNode = document.createTextNode(text); 99 | 100 | var link = document.createElement('a'); 101 | link.href = '#' + node.id; 102 | link.appendChild(textNode); 103 | 104 | // Then create the item itself 105 | var item; 106 | if ((node.tagName == 'h2') || (node.tagName == 'H2')) { 107 | item = document.createElement('dt'); 108 | } else { // h3 109 | item = document.createElement('dd'); 110 | } 111 | 112 | item.appendChild(link); 113 | toc_items.push(item); 114 | } 115 | 116 | if (toc_items.length <= 1) { return; } 117 | 118 | var dl1 = document.createElement('dl'); 119 | var dl2 = document.createElement('dl'); 120 | 121 | var split_index = (toc_items.length / 2) + 1; 122 | if (split_index < 8) { 123 | split_index = toc_items.length; 124 | } 125 | 126 | for (i = 0; i < split_index; i++) { 127 | dl1.appendChild(toc_items[i]); 128 | } 129 | for (/* keep using i */; i < toc_items.length; i++) { 130 | dl2.appendChild(toc_items[i]); 131 | } 132 | 133 | var tocTable = document.createElement('table'); 134 | navbar.appendChild(tocTable); 135 | tocTable.className = 'unruled'; 136 | var tocBody = document.createElement('tbody'); 137 | tocTable.appendChild(tocBody); 138 | 139 | var tocRow = document.createElement('tr'); 140 | tocBody.appendChild(tocRow); 141 | 142 | // 1st column 143 | var tocCell = document.createElement('td'); 144 | tocCell.className = 'first'; 145 | tocRow.appendChild(tocCell); 146 | tocCell.appendChild(dl1); 147 | 148 | // 2nd column 149 | tocCell = document.createElement('td'); 150 | tocRow.appendChild(tocCell); 151 | tocCell.appendChild(dl2); 152 | } 153 | 154 | function getElementsByClassName(base, clazz) { 155 | if (base.getElementsByClassName) { 156 | return base.getElementsByClassName(clazz); 157 | } 158 | var elements = base.getElementsByTagName('*'), foundElements = []; 159 | for (var n in elements) { 160 | if (clazz == elements[n].className) { 161 | foundElements.push(elements[n]); 162 | } 163 | } 164 | return foundElements; 165 | } 166 | 167 | function godocs_bindToggle(el) { 168 | var button = getElementsByClassName(el, "toggleButton"); 169 | var callback = function() { 170 | if (el.className == "toggle") { 171 | el.className = "toggleVisible"; 172 | } else { 173 | el.className = "toggle"; 174 | } 175 | }; 176 | for (var i = 0; i < button.length; i++) { 177 | bindEvent(button[i], "click", callback); 178 | } 179 | } 180 | function godocs_bindToggles(className) { 181 | var els = getElementsByClassName(document, className); 182 | for (var i = 0; i < els.length; i++) { 183 | godocs_bindToggle(els[i]); 184 | } 185 | } 186 | function godocs_bindToggleLink(l, prefix) { 187 | bindEvent(l, "click", function() { 188 | var i = l.href.indexOf("#"+prefix); 189 | if (i < 0) { 190 | return; 191 | } 192 | var id = prefix + l.href.slice(i+1+prefix.length); 193 | var eg = document.getElementById(id); 194 | eg.className = "toggleVisible"; 195 | }); 196 | } 197 | function godocs_bindToggleLinks(className, prefix) { 198 | var links = getElementsByClassName(document, className); 199 | for (i = 0; i < links.length; i++) { 200 | godocs_bindToggleLink(links[i], prefix); 201 | } 202 | } 203 | 204 | function godocs_onload() { 205 | godocs_bindSearchEvents(); 206 | godocs_generateTOC(); 207 | godocs_bindToggles("toggle"); 208 | godocs_bindToggles("toggleVisible"); 209 | godocs_bindToggleLinks("exampleLink", "example_"); 210 | godocs_bindToggleLinks("overviewLink", ""); 211 | } 212 | 213 | bindEvent(window, 'load', godocs_onload); 214 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /js/lang-go-rich.js: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | // Copyright (C) 2011 Google Inc. 2 | // 3 | // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); 4 | // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. 5 | // You may obtain a copy of the License at 6 | // 7 | // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 8 | // 9 | // Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software 10 | // distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, 11 | // WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. 12 | // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and 13 | // limitations under the License. 14 | 15 | /** 16 | * @fileoverview 17 | * Registers a language handler for the Go language. 18 | *

19 | * Unlike the minimal lang-go.js, this does more semantic highlighting, 20 | * similar to the highlighting in the emacs go-mode.el. 21 | *

22 | * 23 | * @author felixz@google.com 24 | */ 25 | 26 | (function () { 27 | /** @const */ var KEYWORDS = 28 | "break case chan const continue " + 29 | "default defer else fallthrough for " + 30 | "func go goto if import " + 31 | "interface map package range return " + 32 | "select struct switch type var"; 33 | 34 | /** @const */ var CONSTANTS = 35 | "true false iota nil"; 36 | 37 | /** @const */ var TYPES = 38 | "bool byte complex64 complex128 float32 float64 " + 39 | "int8 int16 int32 int64 string uint16 uint32 uint64 " + 40 | "int uint uintptr"; 41 | 42 | /** @const */ var BUILTINS = 43 | "append cap close complex copy imag len " + 44 | "make new panic print println real recover"; 45 | 46 | var shortcuts = []; 47 | var fallthrus = []; 48 | 49 | shortcuts.push( 50 | [PR['PR_PLAIN'], /^[\t\n\r \xA0]+/, null, '\t\n\r \xA0']); 51 | 52 | // 'chars' and "strings" can't span lines 53 | shortcuts.push( 54 | [PR['PR_STRING'], /^\'(?:[^\\\'\r\n]|\\[^\r\n])*(?:\'|$)/, 55 | null, "'"]); 56 | shortcuts.push( 57 | [PR['PR_STRING'], /^\"(?:[^\\\"\r\n]|\\[^\r\n])*(?:\"|$)/, 58 | null, '"']); 59 | 60 | // `rawstrings` can span lines and do not treat \ specially 61 | shortcuts.push( 62 | [PR['PR_STRING'], /^`[^`]*(?:`|$)/, 63 | null, '`']); 64 | 65 | // numbers that start with \d 66 | shortcuts.push( 67 | [PR['PR_LITERAL'], 68 | new RegExp( 69 | '^' 70 | // A hex number 71 | + '0x[a-f0-9]+' 72 | // or an octal or decimal number, 73 | + '|\\d+(?:\\.\\d*)?' 74 | // possibly in scientific notation 75 | + '(?:e[+\\-]?\\d+)?' 76 | // possibly imaginary 77 | + 'i?', 'i'), 78 | null, '0123456789']); 79 | 80 | // numbers that start with '.' 81 | fallthrus.push( 82 | [PR['PR_LITERAL'], /^\.\d+(?:e[+\-]?\d+)?i?/i]); 83 | 84 | fallthrus.push( 85 | [PR['PR_COMMENT'], /^\/\/[^\r\n]*/]); 86 | fallthrus.push( 87 | [PR['PR_COMMENT'], /^\/\*[\s\S]*?(?:\*\/|$)/]); 88 | 89 | fallthrus.push( 90 | [PR['PR_KEYWORD'], 91 | new RegExp('^(?:' + KEYWORDS.replace(/\s+/g, '|') + ')\\b')]); 92 | 93 | 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k=k.match(g),f,b;if(b= 26 | !k){b=n;for(var o=void 0,c=b.firstChild;c;c=c.nextSibling)var i=c.nodeType,o=i===1?o?b:c:i===3?N.test(c.nodeValue)?b:o:o;b=(f=o===b?void 0:o)&&"CODE"===f.tagName}b&&(k=f.className.match(g));k&&(k=k[1]);b=!1;for(o=n.parentNode;o;o=o.parentNode)if((o.tagName==="pre"||o.tagName==="code"||o.tagName==="xmp")&&o.className&&o.className.indexOf("prettyprint")>=0){b=!0;break}b||((b=(b=n.className.match(/\blinenums\b(?::(\d+))?/))?b[1]&&b[1].length?+b[1]:!0:!1)&&D(n,b),d={g:k,h:n,i:b},E(d))}}p 19 | stmt, err := db.Prepare("INSERT INTO users(name) VALUES(?)") 20 | if err != nil { 21 | log.Fatal(err) 22 | } 23 | res, err := stmt.Exec("Dolly") 24 | if err != nil { 25 | log.Fatal(err) 26 | } 27 | lastId, err := res.LastInsertId() 28 | if err != nil { 29 | log.Fatal(err) 30 | } 31 | rowCnt, err := res.RowsAffected() 32 | if err != nil { 33 | log.Fatal(err) 34 | } 35 | log.Printf("ID = %d, affected = %d\n", lastId, rowCnt) 36 | 37 | 38 | Executing the statement produces a `sql.Result` that gives access to statement 39 | metadata: the last inserted ID and the number of rows affected. 40 | 41 | What if you don't care about the result? What if you just want to execute a 42 | statement and check if there were any errors, but ignore the result? Wouldn't 43 | the following two statements do the same thing? 44 | 45 | 

 46 | _, err := db.Exec("DELETE FROM users")  // OK
 47 | _, err := db.Query("DELETE FROM users") // BAD
 48 |
49 | 50 | The answer is no. They do **not** do the same thing, and **you should never use 51 | `Query()` like this.** The `Query()` will return a `sql.Rows`, which reserves a 52 | database connection until the `sql.Rows` is closed. 53 | Since there might be unread data (e.g. more data rows), the connection can not 54 | be used. In the example above, the connection will *never* be released again. 55 | The garbage collector will eventually close the underlying `net.Conn` for you, 56 | but this might take a long time. Moreover the database/sql package keeps 57 | tracking the connection in its pool, hoping that you release it at some point, 58 | so that the connection can be used again. 59 | This anti-pattern is therefore a good way to run out of resources (too many 60 | connections, for example). 61 | 62 | Working with Transactions 63 | ========================= 64 | 65 | In Go, a transaction is essentially an object that reserves a connection to the 66 | datastore. It lets you do all of the operations we've seen thus far, but 67 | guarantees that they'll be executed on the same connection. 68 | 69 | You begin a transaction with a call to `db.Begin()`, and close it with a 70 | `Commit()` or `Rollback()` method on the resulting `Tx` variable. Under the 71 | covers, the `Tx` gets a connection from the pool, and reserves it for use only 72 | with that transaction. The methods on the `Tx` map one-for-one to methods you 73 | can call on the database itself, such as `Query()` and so forth. 74 | 75 | Prepared statements that are created in a transaction are bound exclusively to 76 | that transaction. See [prepared statements](prepared.html) for more. 77 | 78 | You should not mingle the use of transaction-related functions such as `Begin()` 79 | and `Commit()` with SQL statements such as `BEGIN` and `COMMIT` in your SQL 80 | code. Bad things might result: 81 | 82 | * The `Tx` objects could remain open, reserving a connection from the pool and not returning it. 83 | * The state of the database could get out of sync with the state of the Go variables representing it. 84 | * You could believe you're executing queries on a single connection, inside of a transaction, when in reality Go has created several connections for you invisibly and some statements aren't part of the transaction. 85 | 86 | While you are working inside a transaction you should be careful not to make 87 | calls to the `db` variable. Make all of your calls to the `Tx` variable that you 88 | created with `db.Begin()`. `db` is not in a transaction, only the `Tx` object is. 89 | If you make further calls to `db.Exec()` or similar, those will happen outside 90 | the scope of your transaction, on other connections. 91 | 92 | If you need to work with multiple statements that modify connection state, you 93 | need a `Tx` even if you don't want a transaction per se. For example: 94 | 95 | * Creating temporary tables, which are only visible to one connection. 96 | * Setting variables, such as MySQL's `SET @var := somevalue` syntax. 97 | * Changing connection options, such as character sets or timeouts. 98 | 99 | If you need to do any of these things, you need to bind your activity to a 100 | single connection, and the only way to do that in Go is to use a `Tx`. 101 | 102 | **Previous: [Retrieving Result Sets](retrieving.html)** 103 | **Next: [Using Prepared Statements](prepared.html)** 104 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /nulls.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | layout: article 3 | title: Working with NULLs 4 | --- 5 | 6 | Nullable columns are annoying and lead to a lot of ugly code. If you can, avoid 7 | them. If not, then you'll need to use special types from the `database/sql` 8 | package to handle them, or define your own. 9 | 10 | There are types for nullable booleans, strings, integers, and floats. Here's how 11 | you use them: 12 | 13 | 
14 | for rows.Next() {
15 | 	var s sql.NullString
16 | 	err := rows.Scan(&s)
17 | 	// check err
18 | 	if s.Valid {
19 | 	   // use s.String
20 | 	} else {
21 | 	   // NULL value
22 | 	}
23 | }
24 |
25 | 26 | Limitations of the nullable types, and reasons to avoid nullable columns in case 27 | you need more convincing: 28 | 29 | 1. There's no `sql.NullUint64` or `sql.NullYourFavoriteType`. You'd need to 30 | define your own for this. 31 | 1. Nullability can be tricky, and not future-proof. If you think something won't 32 | be null, but you're wrong, your program will crash, perhaps rarely enough 33 | that you won't catch errors before you ship them. 34 | 1. One of the nice things about Go is having a useful default zero-value for 35 | every variable. This isn't the way nullable things work. 36 | 37 | If you need to define your own types to handle NULLs, you can copy the design of 38 | `sql.NullString` to achieve that. 39 | 40 | If you can't avoid having NULL values in your database, there is another work around that most database systems support, namely `COALESCE()`. Something like the following might be something that you can use, without introducing a myriad of `sql.Null*` types. 41 | 
42 | rows, err := db.Query(`
43 | 	SELECT
44 | 		name,
45 | 		COALESCE(other_field, '') as otherField
46 | 	WHERE id = ?
47 | `, 42)
48 | 
49 | for rows.Next() {
50 | 	err := rows.Scan(&name, &otherField)
51 | 	// ..
52 | 	// If `other_field` was NULL, `otherField` is now an empty string. This works with other data types as well.
53 | }
54 |
55 | 56 | 57 | **Previous: [Handling Errors](errors.html)** 58 | **Next: [Working with Unknown Columns](varcols.html)** 59 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /overview.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | layout: article 3 | title: Overview 4 | --- 5 | 6 | To access databases in Go, you use a `sql.DB`. You use this type to create 7 | statements and transactions, execute queries, and fetch results. 8 | 9 | The first thing you should know is that **a `sql.DB` isn't a database 10 | connection**. It also doesn't map to any particular database software's notion 11 | of a "database" or "schema." It's an abstraction of the interface and existence 12 | of a database, which might be as varied as a local file, accessed through a network 13 | connection, or in-memory and in-process. 14 | 15 | `sql.DB` performs some important tasks for you behind the scenes: 16 | 17 | * It opens and closes connections to the actual underlying database, via the driver. 18 | * It manages a pool of connections as needed, which may be a variety of things as mentioned. 19 | 20 | The `sql.DB` abstraction is designed to keep you from worrying about how to 21 | manage concurrent access to the underlying datastore. A connection is marked 22 | in-use when you use it to perform a task, and then returned to the available 23 | pool when it's not in use anymore. One consequence of this is that **if you fail 24 | to release connections back to the pool, you can cause `sql.DB` to open a lot of 25 | connections**, potentially running out of resources (too many connections, too 26 | many open file handles, lack of available network ports, etc). We'll discuss 27 | more about this later. 28 | 29 | After creating a `sql.DB`, you can use it to query the database that it 30 | represents, as well as creating statements and transactions. 31 | 32 | **Next: [Importing a Database Driver](importing.html)** 33 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /prepared.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | layout: article 3 | title: Using Prepared Statements 4 | --- 5 | 6 | Prepared statements have all the usual benefits in Go: security, efficiency, 7 | convenience. But the way they're implemented is a little different from what 8 | you might be used to, especially with regards to how they interact with some of 9 | the internals of `database/sql`. 10 | 11 | Prepared Statements And Connections 12 | =================================== 13 | 14 | At the database level, a prepared statement is bound to a single database 15 | connection. The typical flow is that the client sends a SQL statement with 16 | placeholders to the server for preparation, the server responds with a statement 17 | ID, and then the client executes the statement by sending its ID and parameters. 18 | 19 | In Go, however, connections are not exposed directly to the user of the 20 | `database/sql` package. You don't prepare a statement on a connection. You 21 | prepare it on a `DB` or a `Tx`. And `database/sql` has some convenience 22 | behaviors such as automatic retries. For these reasons, the underlying 23 | association between prepared statements and connections, which exists at the 24 | driver level, is hidden from your code. 25 | 26 | Here's how it works: 27 | 28 | 1. When you prepare a statement, it's prepared on a connection in the pool. 29 | 2. The `Stmt` object remembers which connection was used. 30 | 3. When you execute the `Stmt`, it tries to use the connection. If it's not 31 | available because it's closed or busy doing something else, it gets another 32 | connection from the pool *and re-prepares the statement with the database on 33 | another connection.* 34 | 35 | Because statements will be re-prepared as needed when their original connection 36 | is busy, it's possible for high-concurrency usage of the database, which may 37 | keep a lot of connections busy, to create a large number of prepared statements. 38 | This can result in apparent leaks of statements, statements being prepared and 39 | re-prepared more often than you think, and even running into server-side limits 40 | on the number of statements. 41 | 42 | Avoiding Prepared Statements 43 | ============================ 44 | 45 | Go creates prepared statements for you under the covers. A simple 46 | `db.Query(sql, param1, param2)`, for example, works by preparing the sql, then 47 | executing it with the parameters and finally closing the statement. 48 | 49 | Sometimes a prepared statement is not what you want, however. There might be 50 | several reasons for this: 51 | 52 | 1. The database doesn't support prepared statements. When using the MySQL 53 | driver, for example, you can connect to MemSQL and Sphinx, because they 54 | support the MySQL wire protocol. But they don't support the "binary" protocol 55 | that includes prepared statements, so they can fail in confusing ways. 56 | 2. The statements aren't reused enough to make them worthwhile, and security 57 | issues are handled in other ways, so performance overhead is undesired. An 58 | example of this can be seen at the 59 | [VividCortex blog](https://vividcortex.com/blog/2014/11/19/analyzing-prepared-statement-performance-with-vividcortex/). 60 | 61 | If you don't want to use a prepared statement, you need to use `fmt.Sprint()` or 62 | similar to assemble the SQL, and pass this as the only argument to `db.Query()` 63 | or `db.QueryRow()`. And your driver needs to support plaintext query execution, 64 | which is added in Go 1.1 via the `Execer` and `Queryer` interfaces, 65 | [documented here](http://golang.org/pkg/database/sql/driver/#Execer). 66 | 67 | Prepared Statements in Transactions 68 | =================================== 69 | 70 | Prepared statements that are created in a `Tx` are bound exclusively to 71 | it, so the earlier cautions about repreparing do not apply. When 72 | you operate on a `Tx` object, your actions map directly to the one and only one 73 | connection underlying it. 74 | 75 | This also means that prepared statements created inside a `Tx` can't be used 76 | separately from it. Likewise, prepared statements created on a `DB` can't be 77 | used within a transaction, because they will be bound to a different connection. 78 | 79 | To use a prepared statement prepared outside the transaction in a `Tx`, you can use 80 | `Tx.Stmt()`, which will create a new transaction-specific statement from the one 81 | prepared outside the transaction. It does this by taking an existing prepared statement, 82 | setting the connection to that of the transaction and repreparing all statements every 83 | time they are executed. This behavior and its implementation are undesirable and there's 84 | even a TODO in the `database/sql` source code to improve it; we advise against using this. 85 | 86 | Caution must be exercised when working with prepared statements in 87 | transactions. Consider the following example: 88 | 89 | 
 90 | tx, err := db.Begin()
 91 | if err != nil {
 92 | 	log.Fatal(err)
 93 | }
 94 | defer tx.Rollback()
 95 | stmt, err := tx.Prepare("INSERT INTO foo VALUES (?)")
 96 | if err != nil {
 97 | 	log.Fatal(err)
 98 | }
 99 | defer stmt.Close() // danger!
100 | for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
101 | 	_, err = stmt.Exec(i)
102 | 	if err != nil {
103 | 		log.Fatal(err)
104 | 	}
105 | }
106 | err = tx.Commit()
107 | if err != nil {
108 | 	log.Fatal(err)
109 | }
110 | // stmt.Close() runs here!
111 |
112 | 113 | 114 | Before Go 1.4 closing a `*sql.Tx` released the connection associated with it back into the 115 | pool, but the deferred call to Close on the prepared statement was executed 116 | **after** that has happened, which could lead to concurrent access to the 117 | underlying connection, rendering the connection state inconsistent. 118 | If you use Go 1.4 or older, you should make sure the statement is always closed before the transaction is 119 | committed or rolled back. [This issue](https://github.com/golang/go/issues/4459) was fixed in Go 1.4 by [CR 131650043](https://codereview.appspot.com/131650043). 120 | 121 | Parameter Placeholder Syntax 122 | ============================ 123 | 124 | The syntax for placeholder parameters in prepared statements is 125 | database-specific. For example, comparing MySQL, PostgreSQL, and Oracle: 126 | 127 | MySQL PostgreSQL Oracle 128 | ===== ========== ====== 129 | WHERE col = ? WHERE col = $1 WHERE col = :col 130 | VALUES(?, ?, ?) VALUES($1, $2, $3) VALUES(:val1, :val2, :val3) 131 | 132 | **Previous: [Modifying Data and Using Transactions](modifying.html)** 133 | **Next: [Handling Errors](errors.html)** 134 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /references.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | layout: article 3 | title: Related Reading and Resources 4 | --- 5 | 6 | Here are some external sources of information we've found to be helpful. 7 | 8 | * [http://golang.org/pkg/database/sql/](http://golang.org/pkg/database/sql/) 9 | * [http://jmoiron.net/blog/gos-database-sql/](http://jmoiron.net/blog/gos-database-sql/) 10 | * [http://jmoiron.net/blog/built-in-interfaces/](http://jmoiron.net/blog/built-in-interfaces/) 11 | * The VividCortex blog, e.g. [transparent encryption](https://vividcortex.com/blog/2014/11/11/encrypting-data-in-mysql-with-go/) 12 | * Overview of SQL Drivers from [golang github](https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/SQLDrivers) 13 | 14 | We hope you've found this website to be helpful. If you have any suggestions for 15 | improvements, please send pull requests or open an issue report at 16 | [https://github.com/VividCortex/go-database-sql-tutorial](https://github.com/VividCortex/go-database-sql-tutorial). 17 | 18 | **Previous: [Surprises, Antipatterns and Limitations](surprises.html)** 19 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /retrieving.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | layout: article 3 | title: Retrieving Result Sets 4 | --- 5 | 6 | There are several idiomatic operations to retrieve results from the datastore. 7 | 8 | 1. Execute a query that returns rows. 9 | 1. Prepare a statement for repeated use, execute it multiple times, and destroy it. 10 | 1. Execute a statement in a once-off fashion, without preparing it for repeated use. 11 | 1. Execute a query that returns a single row. There is a shortcut for this special case. 12 | 13 | Go's `database/sql` function names are significant. **If a function name 14 | includes `Query`, it is designed to ask a question of the database, and will 15 | return a set of rows**, even if it's empty. Statements that don't return rows 16 | should not use `Query` functions; they should use `Exec()`. 17 | 18 | Fetching Data from the Database 19 | =============================== 20 | 21 | Let's take a look at an example of how to query the database, working with 22 | results. We'll query the `users` table for a user whose `id` is 1, and print out 23 | the user's `id` and `name`. We will assign results to variables, a row at a 24 | time, with `rows.Scan()`. 25 | 26 | 
 27 | var (
 28 | 	id int
 29 | 	name string
 30 | )
 31 | rows, err := db.Query("select id, name from users where id = ?", 1)
 32 | if err != nil {
 33 | 	log.Fatal(err)
 34 | }
 35 | defer rows.Close()
 36 | for rows.Next() {
 37 | 	err := rows.Scan(&id, &name)
 38 | 	if err != nil {
 39 | 		log.Fatal(err)
 40 | 	}
 41 | 	log.Println(id, name)
 42 | }
 43 | err = rows.Err()
 44 | if err != nil {
 45 | 	log.Fatal(err)
 46 | }
 47 |
48 | 49 | Here's what's happening in the above code: 50 | 51 | 1. We're using `db.Query()` to send the query to the database. We check the error, as usual. 52 | 2. We defer `rows.Close()`. This is very important. 53 | 3. We iterate over the rows with `rows.Next()`. 54 | 4. We read the columns in each row into variables with `rows.Scan()`. 55 | 5. We check for errors after we're done iterating over the rows. 56 | 57 | This is pretty much the only way to do it in Go. You can't 58 | get a row as a map, for example. That's because everything is strongly typed. 59 | You need to create variables of the correct type and pass pointers to them, as 60 | shown. 61 | 62 | A couple parts of this are easy to get wrong, and can have bad consequences. 63 | 64 | * You should always check for an error at the end of the `for rows.Next()` 65 | loop. If there's an error during the loop, you need to know about it. Don't 66 | just assume that the loop iterates until you've processed all the rows. 67 | * Second, as long as there's an open result set (represented by `rows`), the 68 | underlying connection is busy and can't be used for any other query. That 69 | means it's not available in the connection pool. If you iterate over all of 70 | the rows with `rows.Next()`, eventually you'll read the last row, and 71 | `rows.Next()` will encounter an internal EOF error and call `rows.Close()` for 72 | you. But if for some reason you exit that loop -- an early return, or so on -- 73 | then the `rows` doesn't get closed, and the connection remains open. (It is 74 | auto-closed if `rows.Next()` returns false due to an error, though). This is 75 | an easy way to run out of resources. 76 | * `rows.Close()` is a harmless no-op if it's already closed, so you can call 77 | it multiple times. Notice, however, that we check the error first, and only 78 | call `rows.Close()` if there isn't an error, in order to avoid a runtime panic. 79 | * You should **always `defer rows.Close()`**, even if you also call `rows.Close()` 80 | explicitly at the end of the loop, which isn't a bad idea. 81 | * Don't `defer` within a loop. A deferred statement doesn't get executed until 82 | the function exits, so a long-running function shouldn't use it. If you do, 83 | you will slowly accumulate memory. If you are repeatedly querying and 84 | consuming result sets within a loop, you should explicitly call `rows.Close()` 85 | when you're done with each result, and not use `defer`. 86 | 87 | How Scan() Works 88 | ================ 89 | 90 | When you iterate over rows and scan them into destination variables, Go performs data 91 | type conversions work for you, behind the scenes. It is based on the type of the 92 | destination variable. Being aware of this can clean up your code and help avoid 93 | repetitive work. 94 | 95 | For example, suppose you select some rows from a table that is defined with 96 | string columns, such as `VARCHAR(45)` or similar. You happen to know, however, 97 | that the table always contains numbers. If you pass a pointer to a string, Go 98 | will copy the bytes into the string. Now you can use `strconv.ParseInt()` or 99 | similar to convert the value to a number. You'll have to check for errors in the 100 | SQL operations, as well as errors parsing the integer. This is messy and 101 | tedious. 102 | 103 | Or, you can just pass `Scan()` a pointer to an integer. Go will detect that and 104 | call `strconv.ParseInt()` for you. If there's an error in conversion, the call 105 | to `Scan()` will return it. Your code is neater and smaller now. This is the 106 | recommended way to use `database/sql`. 107 | 108 | Preparing Queries 109 | ================= 110 | 111 | You should, in general, always prepare queries to be used multiple times. The 112 | result of preparing the query is a prepared statement, which can have 113 | placeholders (a.k.a. bind values) for parameters that you'll provide when you 114 | execute the statement. This is much better than concatenating strings, for all 115 | the usual reasons (avoiding SQL injection attacks, for example). 116 | 117 | In MySQL, the parameter placeholder is `?`, and in PostgreSQL it is `$N`, where 118 | N is a number. SQLite accepts either of these. In Oracle placeholders begin with 119 | a colon and are named, like `:param1`. We'll use `?` because we're using MySQL 120 | as our example. 121 | 122 | 
123 | stmt, err := db.Prepare("select id, name from users where id = ?")
124 | if err != nil {
125 | 	log.Fatal(err)
126 | }
127 | defer stmt.Close()
128 | rows, err := stmt.Query(1)
129 | if err != nil {
130 | 	log.Fatal(err)
131 | }
132 | defer rows.Close()
133 | for rows.Next() {
134 | 	// ...
135 | }
136 | if err = rows.Err(); err != nil {
137 | 	log.Fatal(err)
138 | }
139 |
140 | 141 | Under the hood, `db.Query()` actually prepares, executes, and closes a prepared 142 | statement. That's three round-trips to the database. If you're not careful, you 143 | can triple the number of database interactions your application makes! Some 144 | drivers can avoid this in specific cases, 145 | but not all drivers do. See [prepared statements](prepared.html) for more. 146 | 147 | Single-Row Queries 148 | ================== 149 | 150 | If a query returns at most one row, you can use a shortcut around some of the 151 | lengthy boilerplate code: 152 | 153 | 
154 | var name string
155 | err = db.QueryRow("select name from users where id = ?", 1).Scan(&name)
156 | if err != nil {
157 | 	log.Fatal(err)
158 | }
159 | fmt.Println(name)
160 |
161 | 162 | Errors from the query are deferred until `Scan()` is called, and then are 163 | returned from that. You can also call `QueryRow()` on a prepared statement: 164 | 165 | 
166 | stmt, err := db.Prepare("select name from users where id = ?")
167 | if err != nil {
168 | 	log.Fatal(err)
169 | }
170 | defer stmt.Close()
171 | var name string
172 | err = stmt.QueryRow(1).Scan(&name)
173 | if err != nil {
174 | 	log.Fatal(err)
175 | }
176 | fmt.Println(name)
177 |
178 | 179 | **Previous: [Accessing the Database](accessing.html)** 180 | **Next: [Modifying Data and Using Transactions](modifying.html)** 181 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /surprises.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | layout: article 3 | title: Surprises, Antipatterns and Limitations 4 | --- 5 | 6 | Although `database/sql` is simple once you're accustomed to it, you might be 7 | surprised by the subtlety of use cases it supports. This is common to Go's core 8 | libraries. 9 | 10 | Resource Exhaustion 11 | =================== 12 | 13 | As mentioned throughout this site, if you don't use `database/sql` as intended, 14 | you can certainly cause trouble for yourself, usually by consuming some 15 | resources or preventing them from being reused effectively: 16 | 17 | * Opening and closing databases can cause exhaustion of resources. 18 | * Failing to read all rows or use `rows.Close()` reserves connections from the pool. 19 | * Using `Query()` for a statement that doesn't return rows will reserve a connection from the pool. 20 | * Failing to be aware of how [prepared statements](prepared.html) work can lead to a lot of extra database activity. 21 | 22 | Large uint64 Values 23 | =================== 24 | 25 | Here's a surprising error. You can't pass big unsigned integers as parameters to 26 | statements if their high bit is set: 27 | 28 | 
 29 | _, err := db.Exec("INSERT INTO users(id) VALUES", math.MaxUint64) // Error
 30 |
31 | 32 | This will throw an error. Be careful if you use `uint64` values, as they may 33 | start out small and work without error, but increment over time and start 34 | throwing errors. 35 | 36 | Connection State Mismatch 37 | ========================= 38 | 39 | Some things can change connection state, and that can cause problems for two 40 | reasons: 41 | 42 | 1. Some connection state, such as whether you're in a transaction, should be 43 | handled through the Go types instead. 44 | 2. You might be assuming that your queries run on a single connection when they 45 | don't. 46 | 47 | For example, setting the current database with a `USE` statement is a typical 48 | thing for many people to do. But in Go, it will affect only the connection that 49 | you run it in. Unless you are in a transaction, other statements that you think 50 | are executed on that connection may actually run on different connections gotten 51 | from the pool, so they won't see the effects of such changes. 52 | 53 | Additionally, after you've changed the connection, it'll return to the pool and 54 | potentially pollute the state for some other code. This is one of the reasons 55 | why you should never issue BEGIN or COMMIT statements as SQL commands directly, 56 | too. 57 | 58 | Database-Specific Syntax 59 | ======================== 60 | 61 | The `database/sql` API provides an abstraction of a row-oriented database, but 62 | specific databases and drivers can differ in behavior and/or syntax, such as 63 | [prepared statement placeholders](prepared.html). 64 | 65 | Multiple Result Sets 66 | ==================== 67 | 68 | The Go driver doesn't support multiple result sets from a single query in any 69 | way, and there doesn't seem to be any plan to do that, although there is [a 70 | feature request](https://github.com/golang/go/issues/5171) for 71 | supporting bulk operations such as bulk copy. 72 | 73 | This means, among other things, that a stored procedure that returns multiple 74 | result sets will not work correctly. 75 | 76 | Invoking Stored Procedures 77 | ========================== 78 | 79 | Invoking stored procedures is driver-specific, but in the MySQL driver it can't 80 | be done at present. It might seem that you'd be able to call a simple 81 | procedure that returns a single result set, by executing something like this: 82 | 83 | 
 84 | err := db.QueryRow("CALL mydb.myprocedure").Scan(&result) // Error
 85 |
86 | 87 | In fact, this won't work. You'll get the following error: _Error 88 | 1312: PROCEDURE mydb.myprocedure can't return a result set in the given 89 | context_. This is because MySQL expects the connection to be set into 90 | multi-statement mode, even for a single result, and the driver doesn't currently 91 | do that (though see [this 92 | issue](https://github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql/issues/66)). 93 | 94 | Multiple Statement Support 95 | ========================== 96 | 97 | The `database/sql` doesn't explicitly have multiple statement support, which means 98 | that the behavior of this is backend dependent: 99 | 100 | 
101 | _, err := db.Exec("DELETE FROM tbl1; DELETE FROM tbl2") // Error/unpredictable result
102 |
103 | 104 | The server is allowed to interpret this however it wants, which can include 105 | returning an error, executing only the first statement, or executing both. 106 | 107 | Similarly, there is no way to batch statements in a transaction. Each statement 108 | in a transaction must be executed serially, and the resources in the results, 109 | such as a Row or Rows, must be scanned or closed so the underlying connection is free 110 | for the next statement to use. This differs from the usual behavior when you're 111 | not working with a transaction. In that scenario, it is perfectly possible to 112 | execute a query, loop over the rows, and within the loop make a query to the 113 | database (which will happen on a new connection): 114 | 115 | 
116 | rows, err := db.Query("select * from tbl1") // Uses connection 1
117 | for rows.Next() {
118 | 	err = rows.Scan(&myvariable)
119 | 	// The following line will NOT use connection 1, which is already in-use
120 | 	db.Query("select * from tbl2 where id = ?", myvariable)
121 | }
122 |
123 | 124 | But transactions are bound to 125 | just one connection, so this isn't possible with a transaction: 126 | 127 | 
128 | tx, err := db.Begin()
129 | rows, err := tx.Query("select * from tbl1") // Uses tx's connection
130 | for rows.Next() {
131 | 	err = rows.Scan(&myvariable)
132 | 	// ERROR! tx's connection is already busy!
133 | 	tx.Query("select * from tbl2 where id = ?", myvariable)
134 | }
135 |
136 | 137 | Go doesn't stop you from trying, though. For that reason, you may wind up with a 138 | corrupted connection if you attempt to perform another statement before the 139 | first has released its resources and cleaned up after itself. This also means 140 | that each statement in a transaction results in a separate set of network 141 | round-trips to the database. 142 | 143 | **Previous: [The Connection Pool](connection-pool.html)** 144 | **Next: [Related Reading and Resources](references.html)** 145 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /varcols.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | layout: article 3 | title: Working with Unknown Columns 4 | --- 5 | 6 | The `Scan()` function requires you to pass exactly the right number of 7 | destination variables. What if you don't know what the query will return? 8 | 9 | If you don't know how many columns the query will return, you can use 10 | `Columns()` to find a list of column names. You can examine the length of this 11 | list to see how many columns there are, and you can pass a slice into `Scan()` 12 | with the correct number of values. For example, some forks of MySQL return 13 | different columns for the `SHOW PROCESSLIST` command, so you have to be prepared 14 | for that or you'll cause an error. Here's one way to do it; there are others: 15 | 16 | 
17 | cols, err := rows.Columns()
18 | if err != nil {
19 | 	// handle the error
20 | } else {
21 | 	dest := []interface{}{ // Standard MySQL columns
22 | 		new(uint64), // id
23 | 		new(string), // host
24 | 		new(string), // user
25 | 		new(string), // db
26 | 		new(string), // command
27 | 		new(uint32), // time
28 | 		new(string), // state
29 | 		new(string), // info
30 | 	}
31 | 	if len(cols) == 11 {
32 | 		// Percona Server
33 | 	} else if len(cols) > 8 {
34 | 		// Handle this case
35 | 	}
36 | 	err = rows.Scan(dest...)
37 | 	// Work with the values in dest
38 | }
39 |
40 | 41 | If you don't know the columns or their types, you should use `sql.RawBytes`. 42 | 43 | 
44 | cols, err := rows.Columns() // Remember to check err afterwards
45 | vals := make([]interface{}, len(cols))
46 | for i, _ := range cols {
47 | 	vals[i] = new(sql.RawBytes)
48 | }
49 | for rows.Next() {
50 | 	err = rows.Scan(vals...)
51 | 	// Now you can check each element of vals for nil-ness,
52 | 	// and you can use type introspection and type assertions
53 | 	// to fetch the column into a typed variable.
54 | }
55 |
56 | 57 | **Previous: [Working with NULLs](nulls.html)** 58 | **Next: [The Connection Pool](connection-pool.html)** 59 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------