├── .assets
    ├── cover_en.jpg
    └── cover_zh.jpg
├── .gitattributes
├── README.md
├── The Python Standard Library by Example.pdf
├── abc
    ├── abc_abc_base.py
    ├── abc_abstractproperty.py
    ├── abc_abstractproperty_rw.py
    ├── abc_base.py
    ├── abc_class_static.py
    ├── abc_concrete_method.py
    ├── abc_find_subclasses.py
    ├── abc_incomplete.py
    ├── abc_register.py
    └── abc_subclass.py
├── argparse
    ├── argparse_FileType.py
    ├── argparse_action.py
    ├── argparse_arguments.py
    ├── argparse_choices.py
    ├── argparse_conflict_handler_resolve.py
    ├── argparse_conflict_handler_resolve2.py
    ├── argparse_custom_action.py
    ├── argparse_custom_help.py
    ├── argparse_default_grouping.py
    ├── argparse_fromfile_prefix_chars.py
    ├── argparse_fromfile_prefix_chars.txt
    ├── argparse_long.py
    ├── argparse_metavar_type_help_formatter.py
    ├── argparse_mutually_exclusive.py
    ├── argparse_nargs.py
    ├── argparse_parent_base.py
    ├── argparse_parent_with_group.py
    ├── argparse_prefix_chars.py
    ├── argparse_raw_description_help_formatter.py
    ├── argparse_raw_text_help_formatter.py
    ├── argparse_short.py
    ├── argparse_subparsers.py
    ├── argparse_type.py
    ├── argparse_uses_parent.py
    ├── argparse_uses_parent_with_group.py
    ├── argparse_with_help.py
    ├── argparse_with_shlex.ini
    ├── argparse_with_shlex.py
    ├── argparse_without_help.py
    └── tmp_file.txt
├── array
    ├── array_byteswap.py
    ├── array_file.py
    ├── array_sequence.py
    ├── array_string.py
    └── array_tobytes.py
├── asyncio
    ├── asyncio_as_completed.py
    ├── asyncio_call_at.py
    ├── asyncio_call_later.py
    ├── asyncio_call_soon.py
    ├── asyncio_cancel_task.py
    ├── asyncio_cancel_task2.py
    ├── asyncio_condition.py
    ├── asyncio_coroutine.py
    ├── asyncio_coroutine_chain.py
    ├── asyncio_coroutine_return.py
    ├── asyncio_create_task.py
    ├── asyncio_debug.py
    ├── asyncio_echo_client_coroutine.py
    ├── asyncio_echo_client_protocol.py
    ├── asyncio_echo_client_ssl.py
    ├── asyncio_echo_server_coroutine.py
    ├── asyncio_echo_server_generator.py
    ├── asyncio_echo_server_protocol.py
    ├── asyncio_echo_server_ssl.py
    ├── asyncio_ensure_future.py
    ├── asyncio_event.py
    ├── asyncio_executor_process.py
    ├── asyncio_executor_thread.py
    ├── asyncio_future_await.py
    ├── asyncio_future_callback.py
    ├── asyncio_future_event_loop.py
    ├── asyncio_gather.py
    ├── asyncio_generator.py
    ├── asyncio_getaddrinfo.py
    ├── asyncio_getnameinfo.py
    ├── asyncio_lock.py
    ├── asyncio_queue.py
    ├── asyncio_signal.py
    ├── asyncio_stop.py
    ├── asyncio_subprocess_coroutine.py
    ├── asyncio_subprocess_coroutine_write.py
    ├── asyncio_subprocess_protocol.py
    ├── asyncio_wait.py
    └── asyncio_wait_timeout.py
├── atexit
    ├── atexit_decorator.py
    ├── atexit_exception.py
    ├── atexit_keyboardinterrupt.py
    ├── atexit_multiple.py
    ├── atexit_os_exit.py
    ├── atexit_signal_child.py
    ├── atexit_signal_parent.py
    ├── atexit_simple.py
    ├── atexit_sys_exit.py
    ├── atexit_unregister.py
    └── atexit_unregister_not_registered.py
├── base64
    ├── base64_b64decode.py
    ├── base64_b64encode.py
    ├── base64_base16.py
    ├── base64_base32.py
    ├── base64_base85.py
    └── base64_urlsafe.py
├── bisect
    ├── bisect_example.py
    └── bisect_example2.py
├── bz2
    ├── bz2_file_compresslevel.py
    ├── bz2_file_read.py
    ├── bz2_file_seek.py
    ├── bz2_file_write.py
    ├── bz2_file_writelines.py
    ├── bz2_incremental.py
    ├── bz2_lengths.py
    ├── bz2_memory.py
    ├── bz2_mixed.py
    ├── bz2_server.py
    ├── bz2_unicode.py
    └── lorem.txt
├── calendar
    ├── calendar_formatyear.py
    ├── calendar_htmlcalendar.py
    ├── calendar_locale.py
    ├── calendar_monthcalendar.py
    ├── calendar_secondthursday.py
    ├── calendar_textcalendar.py
    └── calendar_yeardays2calendar.py
├── cgitb
    ├── LOGS
    │   └── tmpdl2oafqt.txt
    ├── cgitb_basic_traceback.py
    ├── cgitb_exception_properties.py
    ├── cgitb_extended_traceback.py
    ├── cgitb_html_output.py
    ├── cgitb_local_vars.py
    ├── cgitb_log_exception.py
    ├── cgitb_more_context.py
    └── cgitb_with_classes.py
├── cmd
    ├── cmd_arg_completion.py
    ├── cmd_arguments.py
    ├── cmd_argv.py
    ├── cmd_attributes.py
    ├── cmd_do_help.py
    ├── cmd_do_shell.py
    ├── cmd_file.py
    ├── cmd_file.txt
    ├── cmd_illustrate_methods.py
    └── cmd_simple.py
├── codecs
    ├── codecs_bom.py
    ├── codecs_bom_create_file.py
    ├── codecs_bom_detection.py
    ├── codecs_decode.py
    ├── codecs_decode_error.py
    ├── codecs_encode_error.py
    ├── codecs_encodedfile.py
    ├── codecs_encodings.py
    ├── codecs_incremental_bz2.py
    ├── codecs_invertcaps.py
    ├── codecs_invertcaps_charmap.py
    ├── codecs_invertcaps_error.py
    ├── codecs_invertcaps_register.py
    ├── codecs_open_read.py
    ├── codecs_open_write.py
    ├── codecs_register.py
    ├── codecs_rot13.py
    ├── codecs_socket.py
    ├── codecs_socket_fail.py
    ├── codecs_to_hex.py
    ├── codecs_zlib.py
    ├── decode_error.txt
    ├── encode_error.txt
    ├── nonnative-encoded.txt
    ├── utf-16.txt
    ├── utf-32.txt
    └── utf-8.txt
├── collections
    ├── collections_chainmap_new_child.py
    ├── collections_chainmap_new_child_explicit.py
    ├── collections_chainmap_read.py
    ├── collections_chainmap_reorder.py
    ├── collections_chainmap_update_behind.py
    ├── collections_chainmap_update_directly.py
    ├── collections_counter_arithmetic.py
    ├── collections_counter_elements.py
    ├── collections_counter_get_values.py
    ├── collections_counter_init.py
    ├── collections_counter_most_common.py
    ├── collections_counter_update.py
    ├── collections_defaultdict.py
    ├── collections_deque.py
    ├── collections_deque_both_ends.py
    ├── collections_deque_consuming.py
    ├── collections_deque_maxlen.py
    ├── collections_deque_populating.py
    ├── collections_deque_rotate.py
    ├── collections_namedtuple_asdict.py
    ├── collections_namedtuple_bad_fields.py
    ├── collections_namedtuple_fields.py
    ├── collections_namedtuple_immutable.py
    ├── collections_namedtuple_person.py
    ├── collections_namedtuple_rename.py
    ├── collections_namedtuple_replace.py
    ├── collections_ordereddict_equality.py
    ├── collections_ordereddict_iter.py
    ├── collections_ordereddict_move_to_end.py
    └── collections_tuple.py
├── compileall
    ├── compileall_compile_dir.py
    ├── compileall_compile_file.py
    ├── compileall_exclude_dirs.py
    ├── compileall_path.py
    ├── compileall_recursion_depth.py
    └── examples
    │   ├── a.py
    │   └── subdir
    │       └── b.py
├── concurrent.futures
    ├── futures_as_completed.py
    ├── futures_context_manager.py
    ├── futures_future_callback.py
    ├── futures_future_callback_cancel.py
    ├── futures_future_exception.py
    ├── futures_process_pool_broken.py
    ├── futures_process_pool_map.py
    ├── futures_thread_pool_map.py
    └── futures_thread_pool_submit.py
├── configparser
    ├── allow_no_value.ini
    ├── configparser_allow_no_value.py
    ├── configparser_custom_types.py
    ├── configparser_defaults.py
    ├── configparser_escape.py
    ├── configparser_example.py
    ├── configparser_extendedinterpolation.py
    ├── configparser_has_option.py
    ├── configparser_has_section.py
    ├── configparser_interpolation.py
    ├── configparser_interpolation_defaults.py
    ├── configparser_interpolation_error.py
    ├── configparser_interpolation_recursion.py
    ├── configparser_multiline.py
    ├── configparser_nointerpolation.py
    ├── configparser_populate.py
    ├── configparser_read.py
    ├── configparser_read_many.py
    ├── configparser_remove.py
    ├── configparser_structure.py
    ├── configparser_structure_dict.py
    ├── configparser_unicode.py
    ├── configparser_value_types.py
    ├── configparser_write.py
    ├── custom_types.ini
    ├── escape.ini
    ├── extended_interpolation.ini
    ├── interpolation.ini
    ├── interpolation_defaults.ini
    ├── multiline.ini
    ├── multisection.ini
    ├── simple.ini
    ├── types.ini
    ├── unicode.ini
    └── with-defaults.ini
├── contextlib
    ├── contextlib_api.py
    ├── contextlib_api_error.py
    ├── contextlib_api_other_object.py
    ├── contextlib_closing.py
    ├── contextlib_context_managers.py
    ├── contextlib_contextmanager.py
    ├── contextlib_contextmanager_decorator.py
    ├── contextlib_decorator.py
    ├── contextlib_exitstack_callbacks.py
    ├── contextlib_exitstack_callbacks_decorator.py
    ├── contextlib_exitstack_callbacks_error.py
    ├── contextlib_exitstack_enter_context.py
    ├── contextlib_exitstack_enter_context_errors.py
    ├── contextlib_exitstack_pop_all.py
    ├── contextlib_file.py
    ├── contextlib_ignore_error.py
    ├── contextlib_redirect.py
    └── contextlib_suppress.py
├── copy
    ├── copy_deep.py
    ├── copy_hooks.py
    ├── copy_recursion.py
    └── copy_shallow.py
├── csv
    ├── csv_dialect.py
    ├── csv_dialect_sniffer.py
    ├── csv_dialect_variations.py
    ├── csv_dictreader.py
    ├── csv_dictwriter.py
    ├── csv_list_dialects.py
    ├── csv_reader.py
    ├── csv_writer.py
    ├── csv_writer_quoted.py
    ├── testdata.csv
    ├── testdata.pipes
    ├── testlinebreak.csv
    ├── testout.csv
    └── testout_quoted.csv
├── datetime
    ├── datetime_comparing.py
    ├── datetime_date.py
    ├── datetime_date_fromordinal.py
    ├── datetime_date_fromothervalue.py
    ├── datetime_date_isocalendar.py
    ├── datetime_date_math.py
    ├── datetime_date_minmax.py
    ├── datetime_date_replace.py
    ├── datetime_datetime.py
    ├── datetime_datetime_combine.py
    ├── datetime_datetime_math.py
    ├── datetime_datetime_minmax.py
    ├── datetime_datetime_strptime.py
    ├── datetime_format.py
    ├── datetime_time.py
    ├── datetime_time_minmax.py
    ├── datetime_time_resolution.py
    ├── datetime_timedelta.py
    ├── datetime_timedelta_math.py
    ├── datetime_timedelta_total_seconds.py
    └── datetime_timezone.py
├── dbm
    ├── dbm_existing.py
    ├── dbm_intkeys.py
    ├── dbm_intvalue.py
    ├── dbm_new.py
    └── dbm_whichdb.py
├── decimal
    ├── decimal_context_manager.py
    ├── decimal_create.py
    ├── decimal_format.py
    ├── decimal_getcontext.py
    ├── decimal_instance_context.py
    ├── decimal_log.py
    ├── decimal_operators.py
    ├── decimal_precision.py
    ├── decimal_rounding.py
    ├── decimal_special.py
    ├── decimal_thread_context.py
    └── decimal_tuple.py
├── difflib
    ├── difflib_context.py
    ├── difflib_data.py
    ├── difflib_differ.py
    ├── difflib_html.py
    ├── difflib_junk.py
    ├── difflib_ndiff.py
    ├── difflib_seq.py
    ├── difflib_unified.py
    └── output.diff
├── dis
    ├── dis_class.py
    ├── dis_constant_folding.py
    ├── dis_eliminate_loop.py
    ├── dis_faster_loop.py
    ├── dis_fastest_loop.py
    ├── dis_function.py
    ├── dis_loops.py
    ├── dis_show_code.py
    ├── dis_simple.py
    ├── dis_slow_loop.py
    ├── dis_string.py
    ├── dis_test_loop.py
    └── dis_traceback.py
├── doctest
    ├── doctest_blankline.py
    ├── doctest_blankline_fail.py
    ├── doctest_docstrings.py
    ├── doctest_ellipsis.py
    ├── doctest_extra_space.py
    ├── doctest_hashed_values.py
    ├── doctest_hashed_values_tests.py
    ├── doctest_in_help.py
    ├── doctest_in_help.txt
    ├── doctest_mutable_globals.py
    ├── doctest_ndiff.py
    ├── doctest_normalize_whitespace.py
    ├── doctest_private_tests.py
    ├── doctest_private_tests_external.py
    ├── doctest_simple.py
    ├── doctest_simple_with_docs.py
    ├── doctest_test_globals.py
    ├── doctest_testfile.py
    ├── doctest_testmod.py
    ├── doctest_testmod_other_module.py
    ├── doctest_tracebacks.py
    ├── doctest_tracebacks_no_body.py
    ├── doctest_unittest.py
    └── doctest_unpredictable.py
├── enum
    ├── enum_aliases.py
    ├── enum_comparison.py
    ├── enum_complex_values.py
    ├── enum_create.py
    ├── enum_intenum.py
    ├── enum_iterate.py
    ├── enum_programmatic_create.py
    ├── enum_programmatic_mapping.py
    ├── enum_tuple_values.py
    └── enum_unique_enforce.py
├── filecmp
    ├── filecmp_cmp.py
    ├── filecmp_cmpfiles.py
    ├── filecmp_dircmp_common.py
    ├── filecmp_dircmp_diff.py
    ├── filecmp_dircmp_list.py
    ├── filecmp_dircmp_list_filter.py
    ├── filecmp_dircmp_membership.py
    ├── filecmp_dircmp_report.py
    ├── filecmp_dircmp_report_full_closure.py
    ├── filecmp_dircmp_subdirs.py
    └── filecmp_mkexamples.py
├── fileinput
    ├── etc_hosts.txt
    ├── fileinput_change_subnet.py
    ├── fileinput_change_subnet_noisy.py
    ├── fileinput_example.py
    └── fileinput_grep.py
├── fnmatch
    ├── fnmatch_filter.py
    ├── fnmatch_fnmatch.py
    ├── fnmatch_fnmatchcase.py
    └── fnmatch_translate.py
├── fractions
    ├── fractions_arithmetic.py
    ├── fractions_create_integers.py
    ├── fractions_create_strings.py
    ├── fractions_create_strings_floats.py
    ├── fractions_from_decimal.py
    ├── fractions_from_float.py
    └── fractions_limit_denominator.py
├── functools
    ├── functools_callable.py
    ├── functools_cmp_to_key.py
    ├── functools_lru_cache.py
    ├── functools_lru_cache_arguments.py
    ├── functools_lru_cache_expire.py
    ├── functools_partial.py
    ├── functools_partialmethod.py
    ├── functools_reduce.py
    ├── functools_reduce_initializer.py
    ├── functools_reduce_short_sequences.py
    ├── functools_singledispatch.py
    ├── functools_singledispatch_mro.py
    ├── functools_total_ordering.py
    ├── functools_update_wrapper.py
    └── functools_wraps.py
├── gc
    ├── gc_collect.py
    ├── gc_debug_leak.py
    ├── gc_debug_saveall.py
    ├── gc_debug_stats.py
    ├── gc_get_objects.py
    ├── gc_get_referents.py
    ├── gc_get_referents_cycles.py
    ├── gc_get_referrers.py
    ├── gc_get_threshold.py
    └── gc_threshold.py
├── getopt
    ├── getopt_example.py
    ├── getopt_gnu.py
    ├── getopt_long.py
    └── getopt_short.py
├── getpass
    ├── getpass_defaults.py
    ├── getpass_noterminal.py
    ├── getpass_prompt.py
    └── getpass_stream.py
├── gettext
    ├── gettext_app_builtin.py
    ├── gettext_example.py
    ├── gettext_example_corrected.py
    ├── gettext_find.py
    ├── gettext_module_global.py
    └── gettext_plural.py
├── glob
    ├── dir
    │   ├── file.txt
    │   ├── file1.txt
    │   ├── file2.txt
    │   ├── file[.txt
    │   ├── file_.txt
    │   ├── filea.txt
    │   ├── fileb.txt
    │   └── subdir
    │   │   └── subfile.txt
    ├── glob_asterisk.py
    ├── glob_charrange.py
    ├── glob_escape.py
    ├── glob_extension.py
    ├── glob_maketestdata.py
    ├── glob_question.py
    └── glob_subdir.py
├── grp
    ├── grp_getgrall.py
    ├── grp_getgrgid_fileowner.py
    ├── grp_getgrgid_process.py
    ├── grp_getgrnam.py
    └── grp_groups_for_user.py
├── gzip
    ├── gzip_BytesIO.py
    ├── gzip_compresslevel.py
    ├── gzip_read.py
    ├── gzip_seek.py
    ├── gzip_write.py
    ├── gzip_writelines.py
    └── lorem.txt
├── hashlib
    ├── hashlib_algorithms.py
    ├── hashlib_data.py
    ├── hashlib_md5.py
    ├── hashlib_new.py
    ├── hashlib_sha1.py
    └── hashlib_update.py
├── heapq
    ├── heapq_extremes.py
    ├── heapq_heapdata.py
    ├── heapq_heapify.py
    ├── heapq_heappop.py
    ├── heapq_heappush.py
    ├── heapq_heapreplace.py
    ├── heapq_merge.py
    └── heapq_showtree.py
├── hmac
    ├── hmac_base64.py
    ├── hmac_pickle.py
    ├── hmac_sha.py
    ├── hmac_simple.py
    └── lorem.txt
├── http.cookies
    ├── http_cookies_Morsel.py
    ├── http_cookies_coded_value.py
    ├── http_cookies_js_output.py
    ├── http_cookies_parse.py
    └── http_cookies_setheaders.py
├── http.server
    ├── http_server_GET.py
    ├── http_server_POST.py
    ├── http_server_errors.py
    ├── http_server_send_header.py
    └── http_server_threads.py
├── imaplib
    ├── imaplib_append.py
    ├── imaplib_archive_read.py
    ├── imaplib_connect.py
    ├── imaplib_connect_fail.py
    ├── imaplib_delete_messages.py
    ├── imaplib_fetch_body.py
    ├── imaplib_fetch_raw.py
    ├── imaplib_fetch_rfc822.py
    ├── imaplib_fetch_separately.py
    ├── imaplib_list.py
    ├── imaplib_list_parse.py
    ├── imaplib_list_pattern.py
    ├── imaplib_list_subfolders.py
    ├── imaplib_search_all.py
    ├── imaplib_search_from.py
    ├── imaplib_search_subject.py
    ├── imaplib_select.py
    ├── imaplib_select_invalid.py
    └── imaplib_status.py
├── importlib
    ├── example
    │   ├── __init__.py
    │   └── submodule.py
    ├── importlib_find_loader.py
    ├── importlib_import_module.py
    ├── importlib_import_module_error.py
    ├── importlib_reload.py
    ├── importlib_submodule.py
    └── importlib_suffixes.py
├── inspect
    ├── example.py
    ├── inspect_currentframe.py
    ├── inspect_formatargspec.py
    ├── inspect_getclasstree.py
    ├── inspect_getclasstree_unique.py
    ├── inspect_getcomments_method.py
    ├── inspect_getcomments_module.py
    ├── inspect_getdoc.py
    ├── inspect_getmembers_class.py
    ├── inspect_getmembers_class_methods.py
    ├── inspect_getmembers_class_methods_b.py
    ├── inspect_getmembers_instance.py
    ├── inspect_getmembers_module.py
    ├── inspect_getmembers_module_class.py
    ├── inspect_getmro.py
    ├── inspect_getsource_class.py
    ├── inspect_getsource_method.py
    ├── inspect_getsourcelines_method.py
    ├── inspect_signature_bind.py
    ├── inspect_signature_bind_partial.py
    ├── inspect_signature_function.py
    └── inspect_stack.py
├── io
    ├── io_bytesio.py
    ├── io_stringio.py
    └── io_textiowrapper.py
├── ipaddress
    ├── ipaddress_addresses.py
    ├── ipaddress_interfaces.py
    ├── ipaddress_network_iterate.py
    ├── ipaddress_network_iterate_hosts.py
    ├── ipaddress_network_membership.py
    └── ipaddress_networks.py
├── itertools
    ├── itertools_accumulate.py
    ├── itertools_accumulate_custom.py
    ├── itertools_chain.py
    ├── itertools_chain_from_iterable.py
    ├── itertools_combinations.py
    ├── itertools_combinations_with_replacement.py
    ├── itertools_compress.py
    ├── itertools_count.py
    ├── itertools_count_step.py
    ├── itertools_cycle.py
    ├── itertools_dropwhile.py
    ├── itertools_filter.py
    ├── itertools_filterfalse.py
    ├── itertools_groupby.py
    ├── itertools_groupby_seq.py
    ├── itertools_islice.py
    ├── itertools_map.py
    ├── itertools_permutations.py
    ├── itertools_product.py
    ├── itertools_product_ordering.py
    ├── itertools_product_repeat.py
    ├── itertools_repeat.py
    ├── itertools_repeat_map.py
    ├── itertools_repeat_zip.py
    ├── itertools_starmap.py
    ├── itertools_takewhile.py
    ├── itertools_tee.py
    ├── itertools_tee_error.py
    ├── itertools_zip.py
    └── itertools_zip_longest.py
├── json
    ├── json_compact_encoding.py
    ├── json_decoder_object_hook.py
    ├── json_dump_default.py
    ├── json_dump_file.py
    ├── json_encoder_default.py
    ├── json_encoder_iterable.py
    ├── json_indent.py
    ├── json_load_file.py
    ├── json_load_object_hook.py
    ├── json_mixed_data.py
    ├── json_myobj.py
    ├── json_simple_types.py
    ├── json_simple_types_decode.py
    ├── json_skipkeys.py
    └── json_sort_keys.py
├── linecache
    ├── linecache_data.py
    ├── linecache_empty_line.py
    ├── linecache_example.py
    ├── linecache_getline.py
    ├── linecache_missing_file.py
    ├── linecache_out_of_range.py
    └── linecache_path_search.py
├── locale
    ├── locale_atof.py
    ├── locale_currency.py
    ├── locale_date.py
    ├── locale_delocalize.py
    ├── locale_env.py
    ├── locale_grouping.py
    └── locale_list.py
├── logging
    ├── logging_capture_warnings.py
    ├── logging_file_example.py
    ├── logging_level_example.py
    ├── logging_modules_example.py
    └── logging_rotatingfile_example.py
├── mailbox
    ├── mailbox_maildir_add_flag.py
    ├── mailbox_maildir_create.py
    ├── mailbox_maildir_folders.py
    ├── mailbox_maildir_read.py
    ├── mailbox_maildir_remove.py
    ├── mailbox_maildir_set_flags.py
    ├── mailbox_maildir_set_subdir.py
    ├── mailbox_mbox_create.py
    ├── mailbox_mbox_read.py
    └── mailbox_mbox_remove.py
├── math
    ├── math_constants.py
    ├── math_copysign.py
    ├── math_degrees.py
    ├── math_distance_2_points.py
    ├── math_erf.py
    ├── math_erfc.py
    ├── math_exp.py
    ├── math_expm1.py
    ├── math_fabs.py
    ├── math_factorial.py
    ├── math_fmod.py
    ├── math_frexp.py
    ├── math_fsum.py
    ├── math_gamma.py
    ├── math_gcd.py
    ├── math_hyperbolic.py
    ├── math_hypot.py
    ├── math_integers.py
    ├── math_inverse_trig.py
    ├── math_isclose.py
    ├── math_isclose_abs_tol.py
    ├── math_isclose_inf.py
    ├── math_isfinite.py
    ├── math_isinf.py
    ├── math_isnan.py
    ├── math_ldexp.py
    ├── math_lgamma.py
    ├── math_log.py
    ├── math_log10.py
    ├── math_log1p.py
    ├── math_log2.py
    ├── math_modf.py
    ├── math_overflow.py
    ├── math_pow.py
    ├── math_radians.py
    ├── math_sqrt.py
    └── math_trig.py
├── mmap
    ├── lorem.txt
    ├── lorem_copy.txt
    ├── mmap_read.py
    ├── mmap_regex.py
    ├── mmap_write_copy.py
    └── mmap_write_slice.py
├── multiprocessing
    ├── multiprocessing_condition.py
    ├── multiprocessing_daemon.py
    ├── multiprocessing_daemon_join.py
    ├── multiprocessing_daemon_join_timeout.py
    ├── multiprocessing_event.py
    ├── multiprocessing_exitcode.py
    ├── multiprocessing_get_logger.py
    ├── multiprocessing_import_main.py
    ├── multiprocessing_import_worker.py
    ├── multiprocessing_lock.py
    ├── multiprocessing_log_to_stderr.py
    ├── multiprocessing_manager_dict.py
    ├── multiprocessing_mapreduce.py
    ├── multiprocessing_names.py
    ├── multiprocessing_namespaces.py
    ├── multiprocessing_namespaces_mutable.py
    ├── multiprocessing_pool.py
    ├── multiprocessing_pool_maxtasksperchild.py
    ├── multiprocessing_producer_consumer.py
    ├── multiprocessing_queue.py
    ├── multiprocessing_semaphore.py
    ├── multiprocessing_simple.py
    ├── multiprocessing_simpleargs.py
    ├── multiprocessing_subclass.py
    ├── multiprocessing_terminate.py
    └── multiprocessing_wordcount.py
├── operator
    ├── operator_attrgetter.py
    ├── operator_boolean.py
    ├── operator_classes.py
    ├── operator_comparisons.py
    ├── operator_inplace.py
    ├── operator_itemgetter.py
    ├── operator_math.py
    └── operator_sequences.py
├── os.path
    ├── ospath_abspath.py
    ├── ospath_basename.py
    ├── ospath_commonpath.py
    ├── ospath_commonprefix.py
    ├── ospath_dirname.py
    ├── ospath_expanduser.py
    ├── ospath_expandvars.py
    ├── ospath_join.py
    ├── ospath_normpath.py
    ├── ospath_properties.py
    ├── ospath_split.py
    ├── ospath_splitext.py
    └── ospath_tests.py
├── os
    ├── os_access.py
    ├── os_cwd_example.py
    ├── os_directories.py
    ├── os_environ_example.py
    ├── os_exec_example.py
    ├── os_fork_example.py
    ├── os_kill_example.py
    ├── os_listdir.py
    ├── os_process_id_example.py
    ├── os_process_user_example.py
    ├── os_rename_replace.py
    ├── os_scandir.py
    ├── os_spawn_example.py
    ├── os_stat.py
    ├── os_stat_chmod.py
    ├── os_stat_chmod_example.txt
    ├── os_strerror.py
    ├── os_symlinks.py
    ├── os_system_background.py
    ├── os_system_example.py
    ├── os_system_shell.py
    ├── os_wait_example.py
    ├── os_waitpid_example.py
    └── os_walk.py
├── pathlib
    ├── example.txt
    ├── pathlib_chmod.py
    ├── pathlib_chmod_example.txt
    ├── pathlib_convenience.py
    ├── pathlib_from_existing.py
    ├── pathlib_glob.py
    ├── pathlib_iterdir.py
    ├── pathlib_joinpath.py
    ├── pathlib_mkdir.py
    ├── pathlib_name.py
    ├── pathlib_operator.py
    ├── pathlib_ownership.py
    ├── pathlib_parents.py
    ├── pathlib_parts.py
    ├── pathlib_read_write.py
    ├── pathlib_resolve.py
    ├── pathlib_rglob.py
    ├── pathlib_rmdir.py
    ├── pathlib_stat.py
    ├── pathlib_symlink_to.py
    ├── pathlib_touch.py
    ├── pathlib_types.py
    └── pathlib_unlink.py
├── pdb
    ├── lorem.txt
    ├── pdb_break.py
    ├── pdb_break_remote.py
    ├── pdb_function_arguments.py
    ├── pdb_interact.py
    ├── pdb_jump.py
    ├── pdb_next.py
    ├── pdb_no_jump.py
    ├── pdb_post_mortem.py
    ├── pdb_pp.py
    ├── pdb_run.py
    ├── pdb_script.py
    ├── pdb_set_trace.py
    └── pdb_step.py
├── pickle
    ├── pickle_cycle.py
    ├── pickle_dump_to_file_1.py
    ├── pickle_load_from_file_1.py
    ├── pickle_load_from_file_2.py
    ├── pickle_state.py
    ├── pickle_stream.py
    ├── pickle_string.py
    └── pickle_unpickle.py
├── pkgutil
    ├── __init__.py
    ├── demopkg1
    │   ├── __init__.py
    │   └── shared.py
    ├── demopkg2
    │   ├── __init__.py
    │   └── overloaded.py
    ├── develop
    │   ├── demopkg2
    │   │   ├── __init__.py
    │   │   └── overloaded.py
    │   └── nested
    │   │   ├── __init__.py
    │   │   ├── second
    │   │       ├── __init__.py
    │   │       └── deep.py
    │   │   └── shallow.py
    ├── extension
    │   ├── __init__.py
    │   └── demopkg1
    │   │   ├── __init__.py
    │   │   └── not_shared.py
    ├── nested
    │   ├── __init__.py
    │   ├── second
    │   │   ├── __init__.py
    │   │   └── deep.py
    │   └── shallow.py
    ├── os_one
    │   └── demopkg1
    │   │   ├── __init__.py
    │   │   └── not_shared.py
    ├── os_two
    │   └── demopkg1
    │   │   ├── __init__.py
    │   │   └── not_shared.py
    ├── pkgutil_devel.py
    ├── pkgutil_extend_path.py
    ├── pkgutil_get_data.py
    ├── pkgutil_get_data_zip.py
    ├── pkgutil_nested.py
    ├── pkgutil_os_specific.py
    └── pkgwithdata
    │   └── __init__.py
├── platform
    ├── platform_architecture.py
    ├── platform_os_info.py
    ├── platform_platform.py
    └── platform_python.py
├── pprint
    ├── pprint_arbitrary_object.py
    ├── pprint_compact.py
    ├── pprint_data.py
    ├── pprint_depth.py
    ├── pprint_pformat.py
    ├── pprint_pprint.py
    ├── pprint_recursion.py
    └── pprint_width.py
├── profile
    ├── profile_fibonacci_memoized.py
    ├── profile_fibonacci_raw.py
    ├── profile_runctx.py
    ├── profile_stats.py
    ├── profile_stats_callers.py
    └── profile_stats_restricted.py
├── pwd
    ├── pwd_getpwall.py
    ├── pwd_getpwnam.py
    ├── pwd_getpwuid_fileowner.py
    └── pwd_getpwuid_process.py
├── pyclbr
    ├── pyclbr_example.py
    ├── pyclbr_readmodule.py
    └── pyclbr_readmodule_ex.py
├── queue
    ├── fetch_podcasts.py
    ├── queue_fifo.py
    ├── queue_lifo.py
    └── queue_priority.py
├── random
    ├── random_choice.py
    ├── random_randint.py
    ├── random_random.py
    ├── random_random_class.py
    ├── random_randrange.py
    ├── random_sample.py
    ├── random_seed.py
    ├── random_shuffle.py
    ├── random_state.py
    ├── random_system_random.py
    └── random_uniform.py
├── re
    ├── re_anchoring.py
    ├── re_charset.py
    ├── re_charset_dot.py
    ├── re_charset_exclude.py
    ├── re_charset_ranges.py
    ├── re_email_compact.py
    ├── re_email_verbose.py
    ├── re_email_with_name.py
    ├── re_escape_codes.py
    ├── re_escape_escapes.py
    ├── re_findall.py
    ├── re_finditer.py
    ├── re_flags_ascii.py
    ├── re_flags_dotall.py
    ├── re_flags_embedded.py
    ├── re_flags_ignorecase.py
    ├── re_flags_multiline.py
    ├── re_fullmatch.py
    ├── re_groups.py
    ├── re_groups_alternative.py
    ├── re_groups_individual.py
    ├── re_groups_match.py
    ├── re_groups_named.py
    ├── re_groups_nested.py
    ├── re_groups_noncapturing.py
    ├── re_id.py
    ├── re_look_ahead.py
    ├── re_look_behind.py
    ├── re_match.py
    ├── re_negative_look_ahead.py
    ├── re_negative_look_behind.py
    ├── re_paragraphs_findall.py
    ├── re_refer_to_group.py
    ├── re_refer_to_named_group.py
    ├── re_repetition.py
    ├── re_repetition_non_greedy.py
    ├── re_search_substring.py
    ├── re_simple.py
    ├── re_simple_compiled.py
    ├── re_simple_match.py
    ├── re_split.py
    ├── re_split_groups.py
    ├── re_sub.py
    ├── re_sub_count.py
    ├── re_sub_named_groups.py
    ├── re_subn.py
    ├── re_test_patterns.py
    └── re_test_patterns_groups.py
├── readline
    ├── readline_buffer.py
    ├── readline_completer.py
    ├── readline_history.py
    ├── readline_hooks.py
    ├── readline_parse_and_bind.py
    └── readline_read_init_file.py
├── resource
    ├── resource_getrlimit.py
    ├── resource_getrusage.py
    ├── resource_setrlimit_cpu.py
    └── resource_setrlimit_nofile.py
├── sched
    ├── sched_basic.py
    ├── sched_cancel.py
    ├── sched_overlap.py
    └── sched_priority.py
├── select
    ├── select_echo_multiclient.py
    ├── select_echo_server.py
    ├── select_echo_server_timeout.py
    ├── select_echo_slow_client.py
    └── select_poll_echo_server.py
├── selectors
    ├── selectors_echo_client.py
    └── selectors_echo_server.py
├── shelve
    ├── shelve_create.py
    ├── shelve_existing.py
    ├── shelve_readonly.py
    ├── shelve_withoutwriteback.py
    └── shelve_writeback.py
├── shlex
    ├── apostrophe.txt
    ├── comments.txt
    ├── quotes.txt
    ├── shlex_errors.py
    ├── shlex_example.py
    ├── shlex_posix.py
    ├── shlex_quote.py
    ├── shlex_source.py
    ├── shlex_split.py
    ├── shlex_table.py
    └── shlex_whitespace.py
├── shutil
    ├── config.ini
    ├── file_to_change.txt
    ├── shutil_copy.py
    ├── shutil_copy2.py
    ├── shutil_copyfile.py
    ├── shutil_copyfileobj.py
    ├── shutil_copymode.py
    ├── shutil_copystat.py
    ├── shutil_copytree.py
    ├── shutil_copytree_verbose.py
    ├── shutil_disk_usage.py
    ├── shutil_get_archive_formats.py
    ├── shutil_get_unpack_formats.py
    ├── shutil_make_archive.py
    ├── shutil_move.py
    ├── shutil_rmtree.py
    ├── shutil_unpack_archive.py
    ├── shutil_which.py
    └── shutil_which_regular_file.py
├── signal
    ├── signal_alarm.py
    ├── signal_getsignal.py
    ├── signal_ignore.py
    ├── signal_signal.py
    ├── signal_threads.py
    └── signal_threads_alarm.py
├── site
    ├── multiple_pth
    │   ├── a.pth
    │   ├── b.pth
    │   ├── from_a
    │   │   └── mymodule.py
    │   └── from_b
    │   │   └── mymodule.py
    ├── site_addsitedir.py
    ├── site_enable_user_site.py
    ├── site_import_path.py
    ├── site_user_base.py
    ├── with_modules
    │   └── mymodule.py
    ├── with_pth
    │   ├── pymotw.pth
    │   └── subdir
    │   │   └── mymodule.py
    ├── with_sitecustomize
    │   ├── site_sitecustomize.py
    │   └── sitecustomize.py
    └── with_usercustomize
    │   ├── site_usercustomize.py
    │   └── usercustomize.py
├── smtpd
    ├── smtpd_custom.py
    ├── smtpd_debug.py
    ├── smtpd_proxy.py
    └── smtpd_senddata.py
├── smtplib
    ├── smtplib_authenticated.py
    ├── smtplib_sendmail.py
    └── smtplib_verify.py
├── socket
    ├── socket_address_packing.py
    ├── socket_binary_client.py
    ├── socket_binary_server.py
    ├── socket_echo_client.py
    ├── socket_echo_client_dgram.py
    ├── socket_echo_client_easy.py
    ├── socket_echo_client_explicit.py
    ├── socket_echo_client_uds.py
    ├── socket_echo_server.py
    ├── socket_echo_server_any.py
    ├── socket_echo_server_dgram.py
    ├── socket_echo_server_explicit.py
    ├── socket_echo_server_uds.py
    ├── socket_getaddrinfo.py
    ├── socket_getaddrinfo_extra_args.py
    ├── socket_getfqdn.py
    ├── socket_gethostbyaddr.py
    ├── socket_gethostbyname.py
    ├── socket_gethostbyname_ex.py
    ├── socket_gethostname.py
    ├── socket_getprotobyname.py
    ├── socket_getservbyname.py
    ├── socket_getservbyport.py
    ├── socket_ipv6_address_packing.py
    ├── socket_multicast_receiver.py
    ├── socket_multicast_sender.py
    └── socket_socketpair.py
├── socketserver
    ├── socketserver_echo.py
    ├── socketserver_echo_simple.py
    ├── socketserver_forking.py
    └── socketserver_threaded.py
├── sqlite3
    ├── sqlite3_argument_named.py
    ├── sqlite3_argument_positional.py
    ├── sqlite3_argument_update.py
    ├── sqlite3_autocommit.py
    ├── sqlite3_create_aggregate.py
    ├── sqlite3_create_function.py
    ├── sqlite3_create_schema.py
    ├── sqlite3_createdb.py
    ├── sqlite3_cursor_description.py
    ├── sqlite3_custom_type.py
    ├── sqlite3_custom_type_column.py
    ├── sqlite3_date_types.py
    ├── sqlite3_isolation_levels.py
    ├── sqlite3_iterdump.py
    ├── sqlite3_load_csv.py
    ├── sqlite3_load_extension_fts3.py
    ├── sqlite3_memory.py
    ├── sqlite3_regex.py
    ├── sqlite3_row_factory.py
    ├── sqlite3_select_tasks.py
    ├── sqlite3_select_variations.py
    ├── sqlite3_set_authorizer.py
    ├── sqlite3_threading.py
    ├── sqlite3_transaction_commit.py
    └── sqlite3_transaction_rollback.py
├── statistics
    ├── statistics_mean.py
    ├── statistics_median.py
    ├── statistics_median_grouped.py
    ├── statistics_mode.py
    └── statistics_variance.py
├── string
    ├── string_capwords.py
    ├── string_constants.py
    ├── string_template.py
    ├── string_template_advanced.py
    ├── string_template_defaultpattern.py
    ├── string_template_missing.py
    └── string_template_newsyntax.py
├── struct
    ├── struct_buffers.py
    ├── struct_endianness.py
    ├── struct_pack.py
    └── struct_unpack.py
├── subprocess
    ├── interaction.py
    ├── repeater.py
    ├── signal_child.py
    ├── signal_parent.py
    ├── subprocess_check_output_error_trap_output.py
    ├── subprocess_os_system.py
    ├── subprocess_pipes.py
    ├── subprocess_popen2.py
    ├── subprocess_popen3.py
    ├── subprocess_popen4.py
    ├── subprocess_popen_read.py
    ├── subprocess_popen_write.py
    ├── subprocess_run_check.py
    ├── subprocess_run_output.py
    ├── subprocess_run_output_error.py
    ├── subprocess_run_output_error_suppress.py
    ├── subprocess_run_output_error_trap.py
    ├── subprocess_shell_variables.py
    ├── subprocess_signal_parent_shell.py
    └── subprocess_signal_setpgrp.py
├── sys
    ├── package_dir_a
    │   ├── __init__.py
    │   └── example.py
    ├── package_dir_b
    │   ├── __init__.py
    │   └── example.py
    ├── sys_argv.py
    ├── sys_builtins.py
    ├── sys_byteorder.py
    ├── sys_current_frames.py
    ├── sys_displayhook.py
    ├── sys_exc_info.py
    ├── sys_excepthook.py
    ├── sys_exit.py
    ├── sys_flags.py
    ├── sys_float_info.py
    ├── sys_getrefcount.py
    ├── sys_getsizeof.py
    ├── sys_getsizeof_custom.py
    ├── sys_getsizeof_object.py
    ├── sys_implementation.py
    ├── sys_int_info.py
    ├── sys_locations.py
    ├── sys_maximums.py
    ├── sys_meta_path.py
    ├── sys_modules.py
    ├── sys_path_hooks_noisy.py
    ├── sys_path_importer_cache.py
    ├── sys_path_modify.py
    ├── sys_path_show.py
    ├── sys_platform.py
    ├── sys_ps1.py
    ├── sys_recursionlimit.py
    ├── sys_settrace_call.py
    ├── sys_settrace_exception.py
    ├── sys_settrace_line.py
    ├── sys_settrace_return.py
    ├── sys_shelve_importer.py
    ├── sys_shelve_importer_create.py
    ├── sys_shelve_importer_get_data.py
    ├── sys_shelve_importer_missing.py
    ├── sys_shelve_importer_module.py
    ├── sys_shelve_importer_package.py
    ├── sys_shelve_importer_reload.py
    ├── sys_stdio.py
    ├── sys_switchinterval.py
    ├── sys_unicode.py
    └── sys_version_values.py
├── sysconfig
    ├── sysconfig_get_config_var.py
    ├── sysconfig_get_config_vars.py
    ├── sysconfig_get_config_vars_by_name.py
    ├── sysconfig_get_path.py
    ├── sysconfig_get_path_names.py
    ├── sysconfig_get_paths.py
    ├── sysconfig_get_platform.py
    ├── sysconfig_get_python_version.py
    └── sysconfig_get_scheme_names.py
├── tabnanny
    └── tabnanny_check.py
├── tarfile
    ├── README.txt
    ├── outdir
    │   └── README.txt
    ├── tarfile_add.py
    ├── tarfile_addfile.py
    ├── tarfile_addfile_string.py
    ├── tarfile_append.py
    ├── tarfile_compression.py
    ├── tarfile_extract.py
    ├── tarfile_extractall.py
    ├── tarfile_extractall_members.py
    ├── tarfile_extractfile.py
    ├── tarfile_getmember.py
    ├── tarfile_getmembers.py
    ├── tarfile_getnames.py
    └── tarfile_is_tarfile.py
├── tempfile
    ├── tempfile_NamedTemporaryFile.py
    ├── tempfile_NamedTemporaryFile_args.py
    ├── tempfile_SpooledTemporaryFile.py
    ├── tempfile_SpooledTemporaryFile_explicit.py
    ├── tempfile_TemporaryDirectory.py
    ├── tempfile_TemporaryFile.py
    ├── tempfile_TemporaryFile_binary.py
    ├── tempfile_TemporaryFile_text.py
    ├── tempfile_settings.py
    └── tempfile_tempdir.py
├── textwrap
    ├── textwrap_dedent.py
    ├── textwrap_example.py
    ├── textwrap_fill.py
    ├── textwrap_fill_width.py
    ├── textwrap_hanging_indent.py
    ├── textwrap_indent.py
    ├── textwrap_indent_predicate.py
    └── textwrap_shorten.py
├── threading
    ├── threading_barrier.py
    ├── threading_barrier_abort.py
    ├── threading_condition.py
    ├── threading_daemon.py
    ├── threading_daemon_join.py
    ├── threading_daemon_join_timeout.py
    ├── threading_enumerate.py
    ├── threading_event.py
    ├── threading_local.py
    ├── threading_local_defaults.py
    ├── threading_lock.py
    ├── threading_lock_noblock.py
    ├── threading_lock_reacquire.py
    ├── threading_lock_with.py
    ├── threading_names.py
    ├── threading_names_log.py
    ├── threading_rlock.py
    ├── threading_semaphore.py
    ├── threading_simple.py
    ├── threading_simpleargs.py
    ├── threading_subclass.py
    ├── threading_subclass_args.py
    └── threading_timer.py
├── time
    ├── time_clock_sleep.py
    ├── time_ctime.py
    ├── time_get_clock_info.py
    ├── time_monotonic.py
    ├── time_perf_counter.py
    ├── time_process_time.py
    ├── time_strptime.py
    ├── time_struct.py
    ├── time_time.py
    └── time_timezone.py
├── timeit
    ├── timeit_dictionary.py
    ├── timeit_example.py
    └── timeit_setitem.py
├── trace
    ├── trace_CoverageResults.py
    ├── trace_example
    │   ├── __init__.py
    │   ├── main.py
    │   └── recurse.py
    ├── trace_report.py
    ├── trace_run.py
    └── trace_runfunc.py
├── traceback
    ├── traceback_example.py
    ├── traceback_extract_stack.py
    ├── traceback_extract_tb.py
    ├── traceback_format_exc.py
    ├── traceback_format_exception.py
    ├── traceback_format_stack.py
    ├── traceback_framesummary.py
    ├── traceback_print_exc.py
    ├── traceback_print_exception.py
    ├── traceback_print_stack.py
    ├── traceback_print_tb.py
    ├── traceback_stacksummary.py
    └── traceback_tracebackexception.py
├── unittest
    ├── unittest_addcleanup.py
    ├── unittest_almostequal.py
    ├── unittest_equality.py
    ├── unittest_equality_container.py
    ├── unittest_exception.py
    ├── unittest_expectedfailure.py
    ├── unittest_failwithmessage.py
    ├── unittest_fixtures.py
    ├── unittest_in.py
    ├── unittest_outcomes.py
    ├── unittest_simple.py
    ├── unittest_skip.py
    ├── unittest_subtest.py
    └── unittest_truth.py
├── urllib.parse
    ├── urllib_parse_geturl.py
    ├── urllib_parse_parse_qs.py
    ├── urllib_parse_quote.py
    ├── urllib_parse_unquote.py
    ├── urllib_parse_urldefrag.py
    ├── urllib_parse_urlencode.py
    ├── urllib_parse_urlencode_doseq.py
    ├── urllib_parse_urljoin.py
    ├── urllib_parse_urljoin_with_path.py
    ├── urllib_parse_urlparse.py
    ├── urllib_parse_urlparseattrs.py
    ├── urllib_parse_urlsplit.py
    ├── urllib_parse_urlunparse.py
    └── urllib_parse_urlunparseextra.py
├── urllib.request
    ├── urllib_request_http_get_args.py
    ├── urllib_request_nfs_handler.py
    ├── urllib_request_request_header.py
    ├── urllib_request_request_post.py
    ├── urllib_request_upload_files.py
    ├── urllib_request_urlopen.py
    ├── urllib_request_urlopen_iterator.py
    └── urllib_request_urlopen_post.py
├── urllib.robotparser
    ├── robots.txt
    ├── urllib_robotparser_longlived.py
    └── urllib_robotparser_simple.py
├── uuid
    ├── uuid_getnode.py
    ├── uuid_uuid1.py
    ├── uuid_uuid1_othermac.py
    ├── uuid_uuid1_repeat.py
    ├── uuid_uuid3_repeat.py
    ├── uuid_uuid3_uuid5.py
    ├── uuid_uuid4.py
    └── uuid_uuid_objects.py
├── warnings
    ├── warnings_filter.py
    ├── warnings_filterwarnings_lineno.py
    ├── warnings_filterwarnings_message.py
    ├── warnings_filterwarnings_module.py
    ├── warnings_formatwarning.py
    ├── warnings_once.py
    ├── warnings_repeated.py
    ├── warnings_showwarning.py
    ├── warnings_warn.py
    ├── warnings_warn_raise.py
    └── warnings_warn_stacklevel.py
├── weakref
    ├── weakref_finalize.py
    ├── weakref_finalize_atexit.py
    ├── weakref_finalize_reference.py
    ├── weakref_finalize_reference_method.py
    ├── weakref_proxy.py
    ├── weakref_ref.py
    ├── weakref_ref_callback.py
    └── weakref_valuedict.py
├── webbrowser
    ├── webbrowser_get.py
    ├── webbrowser_open.py
    ├── webbrowser_open_new.py
    └── webbrowser_open_new_tab.py
├── xml.etree.ElementTree
    ├── ElementTree_XML.py
    ├── ElementTree_XMLID.py
    ├── ElementTree_create.py
    ├── ElementTree_create_pretty.py
    ├── ElementTree_csv_to_xml.py
    ├── ElementTree_dump_opml.py
    ├── ElementTree_entity_references.py
    ├── ElementTree_extend.py
    ├── ElementTree_extend_node.py
    ├── ElementTree_extend_node_copy.py
    ├── ElementTree_find_feeds_by_structure.py
    ├── ElementTree_find_feeds_by_tag.py
    ├── ElementTree_node_attributes.py
    ├── ElementTree_node_text.py
    ├── ElementTree_parse_opml.py
    ├── ElementTree_podcast_csv_treebuilder.py
    ├── ElementTree_pretty.py
    ├── ElementTree_show_all_events.py
    ├── ElementTree_show_feed_urls.py
    ├── ElementTree_write.py
    ├── ElementTree_write_method.py
    └── ElementTree_write_podcast_csv.py
├── xmlrpc.client
    ├── xmlrpc_Binary.py
    ├── xmlrpc_Binary_pickle.py
    ├── xmlrpc_MultiCall.py
    ├── xmlrpc_MultiCall_exception.py
    ├── xmlrpc_ServerProxy.py
    ├── xmlrpc_ServerProxy_allow_none.py
    ├── xmlrpc_ServerProxy_encoding.py
    ├── xmlrpc_ServerProxy_use_datetime.py
    ├── xmlrpc_ServerProxy_verbose.py
    ├── xmlrpc_exception.py
    ├── xmlrpc_server.py
    ├── xmlrpc_types.py
    ├── xmlrpc_types_nested.py
    └── xmlrpc_types_object.py
├── xmlrpc.server
    ├── xmlrpc_alternate_name.py
    ├── xmlrpc_alternate_name_client.py
    ├── xmlrpc_arbitrary_name.py
    ├── xmlrpc_arbitrary_name_client.py
    ├── xmlrpc_dotted_name.py
    ├── xmlrpc_dotted_name_client.py
    ├── xmlrpc_function.py
    ├── xmlrpc_function_client.py
    ├── xmlrpc_instance.py
    ├── xmlrpc_instance_client.py
    ├── xmlrpc_instance_dotted_names.py
    ├── xmlrpc_instance_dotted_names_client.py
    ├── xmlrpc_instance_with_prefix.py
    ├── xmlrpc_instance_with_prefix_client.py
    ├── xmlrpc_introspection.py
    └── xmlrpc_introspection_client.py
├── zipfile
    ├── README.txt
    ├── zipfile_append.py
    ├── zipfile_getinfo.py
    ├── zipfile_infolist.py
    ├── zipfile_is_zipfile.py
    ├── zipfile_namelist.py
    ├── zipfile_printdir.py
    ├── zipfile_pyzipfile.py
    ├── zipfile_read.py
    ├── zipfile_write.py
    ├── zipfile_write_arcname.py
    ├── zipfile_write_compression.py
    ├── zipfile_writestr.py
    └── zipfile_writestr_zipinfo.py
├── zipimport
    ├── __init__.py
    ├── example_package
    │   ├── README.txt
    │   └── __init__.py
    ├── zipimport_find_module.py
    ├── zipimport_get_code.py
    ├── zipimport_get_data.py
    ├── zipimport_get_data_nozip.py
    ├── zipimport_get_data_zip.py
    ├── zipimport_get_source.py
    ├── zipimport_is_package.py
    ├── zipimport_load_module.py
    └── zipimport_make_example.py
└── zlib
    ├── lorem.txt
    ├── zlib_checksum_tests.py
    ├── zlib_checksums.py
    ├── zlib_compresslevel.py
    ├── zlib_incremental.py
    ├── zlib_lengths.py
    ├── zlib_memory.py
    ├── zlib_mixed.py
    └── zlib_server.py


/.assets/cover_en.jpg:
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/.assets/cover_zh.jpg:
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/.gitattributes:
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1 | # Auto detect text files and perform LF normalization
2 | * text=auto
3 | 


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/The Python Standard Library by Example.pdf:
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https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bat67/The-Python-Standard-Library-by-Example/95d2d71d949a276d62520294906415129733aabd/The Python Standard Library by Example.pdf


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/abc/abc_find_subclasses.py:
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 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2009 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import abc
11 | from abc_base import PluginBase
12 | import abc_subclass
13 | import abc_register
14 | 
15 | for sc in PluginBase.__subclasses__():
16 |     print(sc.__name__)
17 | 


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/argparse/argparse_choices.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import argparse
11 | 
12 | parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
13 | 
14 | parser.add_argument(
15 |     '--mode',
16 |     choices=('read-only', 'read-write'),
17 | )
18 | 
19 | print(parser.parse_args())
20 | 


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/argparse/argparse_fromfile_prefix_chars.txt:
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1 | -a
2 | -b
3 | 2
4 | 


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/argparse/argparse_mutually_exclusive.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import argparse
11 | 
12 | parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
13 | 
14 | group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
15 | group.add_argument('-a', action='store_true')
16 | group.add_argument('-b', action='store_true')
17 | 
18 | print(parser.parse_args())
19 | 


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/argparse/argparse_parent_base.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Parent with shared options
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import argparse
11 | 
12 | parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(add_help=False)
13 | 
14 | parser.add_argument('--user', action="store")
15 | parser.add_argument('--password', action="store")
16 | 


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/argparse/argparse_with_shlex.ini:
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1 | [cli]
2 | options = -a -b 2


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/argparse/tmp_file.txt:
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https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bat67/The-Python-Standard-Library-by-Example/95d2d71d949a276d62520294906415129733aabd/argparse/tmp_file.txt


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/array/array_sequence.py:
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 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import array
11 | import pprint
12 | 
13 | a = array.array('i', range(3))
14 | print('Initial :', a)
15 | 
16 | a.extend(range(3))
17 | print('Extended:', a)
18 | 
19 | print('Slice   :', a[2:5])
20 | 
21 | print('Iterator:')
22 | print(list(enumerate(a)))
23 | 


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/array/array_string.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import array
11 | import binascii
12 | 
13 | s = b'This is the array.'
14 | a = array.array('b', s)
15 | 
16 | print('As byte string:', s)
17 | print('As array      :', a)
18 | print('As hex        :', binascii.hexlify(a))
19 | 


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/array/array_tobytes.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import array
11 | import binascii
12 | 
13 | a = array.array('i', range(5))
14 | print('A1:', a)
15 | 
16 | as_bytes = a.tobytes()
17 | print('Bytes:', binascii.hexlify(as_bytes))
18 | 
19 | a2 = array.array('i')
20 | a2.frombytes(as_bytes)
21 | print('A2:', a2)
22 | 


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/atexit/atexit_decorator.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Using atexit.register as a decorator.
 3 | """
 4 | # end_pymotw_header
 5 | import atexit
 6 | 
 7 | 
 8 | @atexit.register
 9 | def all_done():
10 |     print('all_done()')
11 | 
12 | 
13 | print('starting main program')
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/atexit/atexit_exception.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """If an exception is raised in an atexit callback, it is
 3 | printed to the console.
 4 | 
 5 | """
 6 | # end_pymotw_header
 7 | import atexit
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | def exit_with_exception(message):
11 |     raise RuntimeError(message)
12 | 
13 | 
14 | atexit.register(exit_with_exception, 'Registered first')
15 | atexit.register(exit_with_exception, 'Registered second')
16 | 


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/atexit/atexit_keyboardinterrupt.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """atexit functions are still called when a KeyboardInterrupt is
 3 | received.
 4 | 
 5 | """
 6 | # end_pymotw_header
 7 | import atexit
 8 | import sys
 9 | 
10 | 
11 | def is_called():
12 |     print('The atexit handlers are still called')
13 | 
14 | 
15 | atexit.register(is_called)
16 | 
17 | sys.stdout.write('Press Ctrl-C now')
18 | sys.stdout.flush()
19 | 
20 | ignored = sys.stdin.readline()
21 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/atexit/atexit_multiple.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Register repeatedly with different arguments.
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | # end_pymotw_header
 6 | import atexit
 7 | 
 8 | 
 9 | def my_cleanup(name):
10 |     print('my_cleanup({})'.format(name))
11 | 
12 | 
13 | atexit.register(my_cleanup, 'first')
14 | atexit.register(my_cleanup, 'second')
15 | atexit.register(my_cleanup, 'third')
16 | 


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/atexit/atexit_os_exit.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """atexit callbacks are not invoked if we bypass normal exit and
 3 | cleanup.
 4 | 
 5 | """
 6 | 
 7 | # end_pymotw_header
 8 | import atexit
 9 | import os
10 | 
11 | 
12 | def not_called():
13 |     print('This should not be called')
14 | 
15 | 
16 | print('Registering')
17 | atexit.register(not_called)
18 | print('Registered')
19 | 
20 | print('Exiting...')
21 | os._exit(0)
22 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/atexit/atexit_simple.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Simple atexit example.
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | # end_pymotw_header
 6 | import atexit
 7 | 
 8 | 
 9 | def all_done():
10 |     print('all_done()')
11 | 
12 | 
13 | print('Registering')
14 | atexit.register(all_done)
15 | print('Registered')
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/atexit/atexit_sys_exit.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | # end_pymotw_header
 6 | import atexit
 7 | import sys
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | def all_done():
11 |     print('all_done()')
12 | 
13 | 
14 | print('Registering')
15 | atexit.register(all_done)
16 | print('Registered')
17 | 
18 | print('Exiting...')
19 | sys.exit()
20 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/atexit/atexit_unregister.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Cancel registered callback
 3 | """
 4 | # end_pymotw_header
 5 | import atexit
 6 | 
 7 | 
 8 | def my_cleanup(name):
 9 |     print('my_cleanup({})'.format(name))
10 | 
11 | 
12 | atexit.register(my_cleanup, 'first')
13 | atexit.register(my_cleanup, 'second')
14 | atexit.register(my_cleanup, 'third')
15 | 
16 | atexit.unregister(my_cleanup)
17 | 


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/atexit/atexit_unregister_not_registered.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Cancel registered callback
 3 | """
 4 | # end_pymotw_header
 5 | import atexit
 6 | 
 7 | 
 8 | def my_cleanup(name):
 9 |     print('my_cleanup({})'.format(name))
10 | 
11 | 
12 | if False:
13 |     atexit.register(my_cleanup, 'never registered')
14 | 
15 | atexit.unregister(my_cleanup)
16 | 


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/base64/base64_b64decode.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import base64
11 | 
12 | encoded_data = b'VGhpcyBpcyB0aGUgZGF0YSwgaW4gdGhlIGNsZWFyLg=='
13 | decoded_data = base64.b64decode(encoded_data)
14 | print('Encoded :', encoded_data)
15 | print('Decoded :', decoded_data)
16 | 


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/bz2/bz2_file_read.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import bz2
11 | import io
12 | 
13 | with bz2.BZ2File('example.bz2', 'rb') as input:
14 |     with io.TextIOWrapper(input, encoding='utf-8') as dec:
15 |         print(dec.read())
16 | 


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/bz2/lorem.txt:
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1 | Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Donec
2 | egestas, enim et consectetuer ullamcorper, lectus ligula rutrum leo,
3 | a elementum elit tortor eu quam. Duis tincidunt nisi ut ante. Nulla
4 | facilisi.
5 | 


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/calendar/calendar_formatyear.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
2 | """Print entire year calendar.
3 | """
4 | #end_pymotw_header
5 | import calendar
6 | 
7 | cal = calendar.TextCalendar(calendar.SUNDAY)
8 | print(cal.formatyear(2017, 2, 1, 1, 3))
9 | 


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/calendar/calendar_htmlcalendar.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
2 | """Sample of TextCalendar output.
3 | """
4 | #end_pymotw_header
5 | import calendar
6 | 
7 | c = calendar.HTMLCalendar(calendar.SUNDAY)
8 | print(c.formatmonth(2017, 7))
9 | 


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/calendar/calendar_locale.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Sample of TextCalendar output.
 3 | """
 4 | #end_pymotw_header
 5 | import calendar
 6 | 
 7 | c = calendar.LocaleTextCalendar(locale='en_US')
 8 | c.prmonth(2017, 7)
 9 | 
10 | print()
11 | 
12 | c = calendar.LocaleTextCalendar(locale='fr_FR')
13 | c.prmonth(2017, 7)
14 | 


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/calendar/calendar_monthcalendar.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
2 | """Show the dates in each week of a month.
3 | """
4 | #end_pymotw_header
5 | import calendar
6 | import pprint
7 | 
8 | pprint.pprint(calendar.monthcalendar(2017, 7))
9 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/calendar/calendar_textcalendar.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
2 | """Sample of TextCalendar output.
3 | """
4 | #end_pymotw_header
5 | import calendar
6 | 
7 | c = calendar.TextCalendar(calendar.SUNDAY)
8 | c.prmonth(2017, 7)
9 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/cgitb/cgitb_basic_traceback.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2009 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Generate a traceback
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | def func2(a, divisor):
11 |     return a / divisor
12 | 
13 | 
14 | def func1(a, b):
15 |     c = b - 5
16 |     return func2(a, c)
17 | 
18 | func1(1, 5)
19 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/cgitb/cgitb_local_vars.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2009 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Local variables lead to an answer
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import cgitb
11 | cgitb.enable(format='text')
12 | 
13 | 
14 | def func2(a, divisor):
15 |     return a / divisor
16 | 
17 | 
18 | def func1(a, b):
19 |     c = b - 5
20 |     return func2(a, c)
21 | 
22 | func1(1, 5)
23 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/cmd/cmd_file.txt:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | greet
2 | greet Alice and Bob
3 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/cmd/cmd_simple.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import cmd
12 | 
13 | 
14 | class HelloWorld(cmd.Cmd):
15 | 
16 |     def do_greet(self, line):
17 |         print("hello")
18 | 
19 |     def do_EOF(self, line):
20 |         return True
21 | 
22 | 
23 | if __name__ == '__main__':
24 |     HelloWorld().cmdloop()
25 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/codecs/codecs_open_read.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Writing Unicode data to a file.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import codecs
11 | import sys
12 | 
13 | encoding = sys.argv[1]
14 | filename = encoding + '.txt'
15 | 
16 | print('Reading from', filename)
17 | with codecs.open(filename, mode='r', encoding=encoding) as f:
18 |     print(repr(f.read()))
19 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/codecs/decode_error.txt:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bat67/The-Python-Standard-Library-by-Example/95d2d71d949a276d62520294906415129733aabd/codecs/decode_error.txt


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/codecs/encode_error.txt:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | fran\xe7ais


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/codecs/nonnative-encoded.txt:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bat67/The-Python-Standard-Library-by-Example/95d2d71d949a276d62520294906415129733aabd/codecs/nonnative-encoded.txt


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/codecs/utf-16.txt:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bat67/The-Python-Standard-Library-by-Example/95d2d71d949a276d62520294906415129733aabd/codecs/utf-16.txt


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/codecs/utf-32.txt:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bat67/The-Python-Standard-Library-by-Example/95d2d71d949a276d62520294906415129733aabd/codecs/utf-32.txt


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/codecs/utf-8.txt:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | français


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/collections/collections_chainmap_update_directly.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2015 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Updating values through a ChainMap
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import collections
11 | 
12 | a = {'a': 'A', 'c': 'C'}
13 | b = {'b': 'B', 'c': 'D'}
14 | 
15 | m = collections.ChainMap(a, b)
16 | print('Before:', m)
17 | m['c'] = 'E'
18 | print('After :', m)
19 | print('a:', a)
20 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/collections/collections_counter_elements.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Produce the elements of the counter.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import collections
11 | 
12 | c = collections.Counter('extremely')
13 | c['z'] = 0
14 | print(c)
15 | print(list(c.elements()))
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/collections/collections_counter_get_values.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Updating counts.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import collections
11 | 
12 | c = collections.Counter('abcdaab')
13 | 
14 | for letter in 'abcde':
15 |     print('{} : {}'.format(letter, c[letter]))
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/collections/collections_counter_init.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Initializing a Counter
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import collections
11 | 
12 | print(collections.Counter(['a', 'b', 'c', 'a', 'b', 'b']))
13 | print(collections.Counter({'a': 2, 'b': 3, 'c': 1}))
14 | print(collections.Counter(a=2, b=3, c=1))
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/collections/collections_counter_update.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Updating counts.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import collections
11 | 
12 | c = collections.Counter()
13 | print('Initial :', c)
14 | 
15 | c.update('abcdaab')
16 | print('Sequence:', c)
17 | 
18 | c.update({'a': 1, 'd': 5})
19 | print('Dict    :', c)
20 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/collections/collections_deque.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Double-ended queue.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import collections
11 | 
12 | d = collections.deque('abcdefg')
13 | print('Deque:', d)
14 | print('Length:', len(d))
15 | print('Left end:', d[0])
16 | print('Right end:', d[-1])
17 | 
18 | d.remove('c')
19 | print('remove(c):', d)
20 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/collections/collections_namedtuple_asdict.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2009 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import collections
11 | 
12 | Person = collections.namedtuple('Person', 'name age')
13 | 
14 | bob = Person(name='Bob', age=30)
15 | print('Representation:', bob)
16 | print('As Dictionary:', bob._asdict())
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/collections/collections_namedtuple_fields.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2009 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import collections
11 | 
12 | Person = collections.namedtuple('Person', 'name age')
13 | 
14 | bob = Person(name='Bob', age=30)
15 | print('Representation:', bob)
16 | print('Fields:', bob._fields)
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/collections/collections_namedtuple_immutable.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2009 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import collections
11 | 
12 | Person = collections.namedtuple('Person', 'name age')
13 | 
14 | pat = Person(name='Pat', age=12)
15 | print('\nRepresentation:', pat)
16 | 
17 | pat.age = 21
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/collections/collections_namedtuple_replace.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2009 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import collections
11 | 
12 | Person = collections.namedtuple('Person', 'name age')
13 | 
14 | bob = Person(name='Bob', age=30)
15 | print('\nBefore:', bob)
16 | bob2 = bob._replace(name='Robert')
17 | print('After:', bob2)
18 | print('Same?:', bob is bob2)
19 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/compileall/compileall_exclude_dirs.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2009 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import compileall
11 | import re
12 | 
13 | compileall.compile_dir(
14 |     'examples',
15 |     rx=re.compile(r'/subdir'),
16 | )
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/compileall/compileall_path.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2009 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import compileall
11 | import sys
12 | 
13 | sys.path[:] = ['examples', 'notthere']
14 | print('sys.path =', sys.path)
15 | compileall.compile_path()
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/compileall/compileall_recursion_depth.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2009 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import compileall
11 | import re
12 | 
13 | compileall.compile_dir(
14 |     'examples',
15 |     maxlevels=0,
16 | )
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/compileall/examples/a.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2009 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | print('running {}'.format(__file__))
11 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/compileall/examples/subdir/b.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2009 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | print('running {}'.format(__file__))
11 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/configparser/allow_no_value.ini:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | [flags]
2 | turn_feature_on
3 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/configparser/configparser_escape.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | #
 3 | # Copyright 2007 Doug Hellmann.
 4 | """Example use of ConfigParser module.
 5 | """
 6 | 
 7 | #end_pymotw_header
 8 | from configparser import ConfigParser
 9 | import os
10 | 
11 | filename = 'escape.ini'
12 | config = ConfigParser()
13 | config.read([filename])
14 | 
15 | value = config.get('escape', 'value')
16 | 
17 | print(value)
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/configparser/configparser_example.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | #
 3 | # Copyright 2007 Doug Hellmann.
 4 | """Example use of ConfigParser module.
 5 | """
 6 | 
 7 | #end_pymotw_header
 8 | from configparser import ConfigParser
 9 | import os
10 | 
11 | filename = 'approach.ini'
12 | config = ConfigParser()
13 | config.read([filename])
14 | 
15 | url = config.get('portal', 'url')
16 | 
17 | print(url)
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/configparser/configparser_interpolation_defaults.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Reading a configuration file.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | from configparser import ConfigParser
11 | 
12 | parser = ConfigParser()
13 | parser.read('interpolation_defaults.ini')
14 | 
15 | print('URL:', parser.get('bug_tracker', 'url'))
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/configparser/configparser_multiline.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | #
 3 | # Copyright 2015 Doug Hellmann.
 4 | """Example use of ConfigParser module.
 5 | """
 6 | 
 7 | #end_pymotw_header
 8 | from configparser import ConfigParser
 9 | import os
10 | 
11 | filename = 'multiline.ini'
12 | config = ConfigParser()
13 | config.read([filename])
14 | 
15 | message = config['example']['message']
16 | 
17 | print(message)
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/configparser/configparser_nointerpolation.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Disabling interpolation
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | from configparser import ConfigParser
11 | 
12 | parser = ConfigParser(interpolation=None)
13 | parser.read('interpolation.ini')
14 | 
15 | print('Without interpolation:', parser.get('bug_tracker', 'url'))
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/configparser/configparser_read.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Reading a configuration file.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | from configparser import ConfigParser
11 | 
12 | parser = ConfigParser()
13 | parser.read('simple.ini')
14 | 
15 | print(parser.get('bug_tracker', 'url'))
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/configparser/custom_types.ini:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | [datetimes]
2 | due_date = 2015-11-08T11:30:05.905898


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/configparser/escape.ini:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | [escape]
2 | value = a literal %% must be escaped


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/configparser/extended_interpolation.ini:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | [intranet]
2 | server = localhost
3 | port = 8080
4 | 
5 | [bug_tracker]
6 | url = http://${intranet:server}:${intranet:port}/bugs/
7 | username = dhellmann
8 | password = SECRET
9 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/configparser/interpolation.ini:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | [bug_tracker]
2 | protocol = http
3 | server = localhost
4 | port = 8080
5 | url = %(protocol)s://%(server)s:%(port)s/bugs/
6 | username = dhellmann
7 | password = SECRET
8 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/configparser/interpolation_defaults.ini:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | [DEFAULT]
 2 | url = %(protocol)s://%(server)s:%(port)s/bugs/
 3 | protocol = http
 4 | server = bugs.example.com
 5 | port = 80
 6 | 
 7 | [bug_tracker]
 8 | server = localhost
 9 | port = 8080
10 | username = dhellmann
11 | password = SECRET
12 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/configparser/multiline.ini:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | [example]
2 | message = This is a multi-line string.
3 |   With two paragraphs.
4 | 
5 |   They are separated by a completely empty line.
6 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/configparser/multisection.ini:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | [bug_tracker]
 2 | url = http://localhost:8080/bugs/
 3 | username = dhellmann
 4 | password = SECRET
 5 | 
 6 | [wiki]
 7 | url = http://localhost:8080/wiki/
 8 | username = dhellmann
 9 | password = SECRET
10 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/configparser/simple.ini:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | # This is a simple example with comments.
2 | [bug_tracker]
3 | url = http://localhost:8080/bugs/
4 | username = dhellmann
5 | ; You should not store passwords in plain text
6 | ; configuration files.
7 | password = SECRET
8 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/configparser/types.ini:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | [ints]
 2 | positive = 1
 3 | negative = -5
 4 | 
 5 | [floats]
 6 | positive = 0.2
 7 | negative = -3.14
 8 | 
 9 | [booleans]
10 | number_true = 1
11 | number_false = 0
12 | yn_true = yes
13 | yn_false = no
14 | tf_true = true
15 | tf_false = false
16 | onoff_true = on
17 | onoff_false = false
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/configparser/unicode.ini:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | [bug_tracker]
2 | url = http://localhost:8080/bugs/
3 | username = dhellmann
4 | password = ßéç®é†
5 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/configparser/with-defaults.ini:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | [DEFAULT]
 2 | file-only = value from DEFAULT section
 3 | init-and-file = value from DEFAULT section
 4 | from-section = value from DEFAULT section
 5 | from-vars = value from DEFAULT section
 6 | 
 7 | [sect]
 8 | section-only = value from section in file
 9 | from-section = value from section in file
10 | from-vars = value from section in file
11 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/contextlib/contextlib_file.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Files as context managers.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | with open('/tmp/pymotw.txt', 'wt') as f:
11 |     f.write('contents go here')
12 | # file is automatically closed
13 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/csv/csv_dialect.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2009 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | #end_pymotw_header
 9 | import csv
10 | 
11 | csv.register_dialect('pipes', delimiter='|')
12 | 
13 | with open('testdata.pipes', 'r') as f:
14 |     reader = csv.reader(f, dialect='pipes')
15 |     for row in reader:
16 |         print(row)
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/csv/csv_dictreader.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | 
 3 | """Dictionary reader.
 4 | """
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import csv
 7 | import sys
 8 | 
 9 | with open(sys.argv[1], 'rt') as f:
10 |     reader = csv.DictReader(f)
11 |     for row in reader:
12 |         print(row)
13 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/csv/csv_list_dialects.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """List the registered dialects.
 7 | """
 8 | #end_pymotw_header
 9 | import csv
10 | 
11 | print(csv.list_dialects())
12 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/csv/csv_reader.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | #
 3 | # Copyright 2007 Doug Hellmann.
 4 | #
 5 | """Example of reading a comma separated value file.
 6 | """
 7 | #end_pymotw_header
 8 | import csv
 9 | import sys
10 | 
11 | with open(sys.argv[1], 'rt') as f:
12 |     reader = csv.reader(f)
13 |     for row in reader:
14 |         print(row)
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/csv/testdata.csv:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | "Title 1","Title 2","Title 3","Title 4"
2 | 1,"a",08/18/07,"å"
3 | 2,"b",08/19/07,"∫"
4 | 3,"c",08/20/07,"ç"
5 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/csv/testdata.pipes:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | "Title 1"|"Title 2"|"Title 3"
2 | 1|"first line
3 | second line"|08/18/07
4 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/csv/testlinebreak.csv:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | "Title 1","Title 2","Title 3"
2 | 1,"first line
3 | second line",08/18/07
4 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/csv/testout.csv:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | Title 1,Title 2,Title 3,Title 4
2 | 1,a,08/01/07,å
3 | 2,b,08/02/07,∫
4 | 3,c,08/03/07,ç
5 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/csv/testout_quoted.csv:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | "Title 1","Title 2","Title 3","Title 4"
2 | 1,"a","08/01/07","å"
3 | 2,"b","08/02/07","∫"
4 | 3,"c","08/03/07","ç"
5 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/datetime/datetime_date_minmax.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Minimum and maximum values for dates.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import datetime
11 | 
12 | print('Earliest  :', datetime.date.min)
13 | print('Latest    :', datetime.date.max)
14 | print('Resolution:', datetime.date.resolution)
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/datetime/datetime_date_replace.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Creating dates from existing objects.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import datetime
11 | 
12 | d1 = datetime.date(2008, 3, 29)
13 | print('d1:', d1.ctime())
14 | 
15 | d2 = d1.replace(year=2009)
16 | print('d2:', d2.ctime())
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/datetime/datetime_datetime_combine.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import datetime
11 | 
12 | t = datetime.time(1, 2, 3)
13 | print('t :', t)
14 | 
15 | d = datetime.date.today()
16 | print('d :', d)
17 | 
18 | dt = datetime.datetime.combine(d, t)
19 | print('dt:', dt)
20 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/datetime/datetime_datetime_minmax.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """The range of valid datetime values.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import datetime
11 | 
12 | print('Earliest  :', datetime.datetime.min)
13 | print('Latest    :', datetime.datetime.max)
14 | print('Resolution:', datetime.datetime.resolution)
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/datetime/datetime_format.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import datetime
11 | 
12 | today = datetime.datetime.today()
13 | print('ISO     :', today)
14 | print('format(): {:%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y}'.format(today))
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/datetime/datetime_time_minmax.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Valid range of time values.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import datetime
11 | 
12 | print('Earliest  :', datetime.time.min)
13 | print('Latest    :', datetime.time.max)
14 | print('Resolution:', datetime.time.resolution)
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/datetime/datetime_time_resolution.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Time resolution.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import datetime
11 | 
12 | for m in [1, 0, 0.1, 0.6]:
13 |     try:
14 |         print('{:02.1f} :'.format(m),
15 |               datetime.time(0, 0, 0, microsecond=m))
16 |     except TypeError as err:
17 |         print('ERROR:', err)
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/dbm/dbm_existing.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import dbm
11 | 
12 | with dbm.open('/tmp/example.db', 'r') as db:
13 |     print('keys():', db.keys())
14 |     for k in db.keys():
15 |         print('iterating:', k, db[k])
16 |     print('db["author"] =', db['author'])
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/dbm/dbm_intkeys.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import dbm
11 | 
12 | with dbm.open('/tmp/example.db', 'w') as db:
13 |     try:
14 |         db[1] = 'one'
15 |     except TypeError as err:
16 |         print(err)
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/dbm/dbm_intvalue.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import dbm
11 | 
12 | with dbm.open('/tmp/example.db', 'w') as db:
13 |     try:
14 |         db['one'] = 1
15 |     except TypeError as err:
16 |         print(err)
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/dbm/dbm_new.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import dbm
11 | 
12 | with dbm.open('/tmp/example.db', 'n') as db:
13 |     db['key'] = 'value'
14 |     db['today'] = 'Sunday'
15 |     db['author'] = 'Doug'
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/dbm/dbm_whichdb.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import dbm
11 | 
12 | print(dbm.whichdb('/tmp/example.db'))
13 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/decimal/decimal_log.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2009 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import decimal
11 | 
12 | d = decimal.Decimal(100)
13 | print('d     :', d)
14 | print('log10 :', d.log10())
15 | print('ln    :', d.ln())
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/decimal/decimal_precision.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2009 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import decimal
11 | 
12 | d = decimal.Decimal('0.123456')
13 | 
14 | for i in range(1, 5):
15 |     decimal.getcontext().prec = i
16 |     print(i, ':', d, d * 1)
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/decimal/decimal_tuple.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2009 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import decimal
11 | 
12 | # Tuple
13 | t = (1, (1, 1), -2)
14 | print('Input  :', t)
15 | print('Decimal:', decimal.Decimal(t))
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/difflib/difflib_context.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | #
 3 | # Copyright 2007 Doug Hellmann.
 4 | #
 5 | """Context diff example
 6 | """
 7 | 
 8 | #end_pymotw_header
 9 | import difflib
10 | from difflib_data import *
11 | 
12 | diff = difflib.context_diff(
13 |     text1_lines,
14 |     text2_lines,
15 |     lineterm='',
16 | )
17 | print('\n'.join(diff))
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/difflib/difflib_differ.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | #
 3 | # Copyright 2007 Doug Hellmann.
 4 | #
 5 | """Differ example
 6 | """
 7 | 
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import difflib
11 | from difflib_data import *
12 | 
13 | d = difflib.Differ()
14 | diff = d.compare(text1_lines, text2_lines)
15 | print('\n'.join(diff))
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/difflib/difflib_html.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | #
 3 | # Copyright 2007 Doug Hellmann.
 4 | #
 5 | """HtmlDiff example
 6 | """
 7 | 
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import difflib
11 | from difflib_data import *
12 | 
13 | d = difflib.HtmlDiff()
14 | print(d.make_table(text1_lines, text2_lines))
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/difflib/difflib_ndiff.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | #
 3 | # Copyright 2007 Doug Hellmann.
 4 | #
 5 | """ndiff example
 6 | """
 7 | 
 8 | #end_pymotw_header
 9 | import difflib
10 | from difflib_data import *
11 | 
12 | diff = difflib.ndiff(text1_lines, text2_lines)
13 | print('\n'.join(diff))
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/difflib/difflib_unified.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | #
 3 | # Copyright 2007 Doug Hellmann.
 4 | #
 5 | """Unified diff example
 6 | """
 7 | 
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import difflib
11 | from difflib_data import *
12 | 
13 | diff = difflib.unified_diff(
14 |     text1_lines,
15 |     text2_lines,
16 |     lineterm='',
17 | )
18 | print('\n'.join(diff))
19 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/dis/dis_class.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | 
 4 | import dis
 5 | 
 6 | 
 7 | class MyObject:
 8 |     """Example for dis."""
 9 | 
10 |     CLASS_ATTRIBUTE = 'some value'
11 | 
12 |     def __str__(self):
13 |         return 'MyObject({})'.format(self.name)
14 | 
15 |     def __init__(self, name):
16 |         self.name = name
17 | 
18 | 
19 | dis.dis(MyObject)
20 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/dis/dis_constant_folding.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | 
 4 | # Folded
 5 | i = 1 + 2
 6 | f = 3.4 * 5.6
 7 | s = 'Hello,' + ' World!'
 8 | 
 9 | # Not folded
10 | I = i * 3 * 4
11 | F = f / 2 / 3
12 | S = s + '\n' + 'Fantastic!'
13 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/dis/dis_faster_loop.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | 
 4 | import string
 5 | 
 6 | 
 7 | class Dictionary:
 8 | 
 9 |     def __init__(self, words):
10 |         self.by_letter = {
11 |             letter: []
12 |             for letter in string.ascii_letters
13 |         }
14 |         self.load_data(words)
15 | 
16 |     def load_data(self, words):
17 |         for word in words:
18 |             self.by_letter[word[0]].append(word)
19 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/dis/dis_fastest_loop.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | 
 4 | import collections
 5 | 
 6 | 
 7 | class Dictionary:
 8 | 
 9 |     def __init__(self, words):
10 |         self.by_letter = collections.defaultdict(list)
11 |         self.load_data(words)
12 | 
13 |     def load_data(self, words):
14 |         by_letter = self.by_letter
15 |         for word in words:
16 |             by_letter[word[0]].append(word)
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/dis/dis_function.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | 
 4 | 
 5 | def f(*args):
 6 |     nargs = len(args)
 7 |     print(nargs, args)
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | if __name__ == '__main__':
11 |     import dis
12 |     dis.dis(f)
13 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/dis/dis_show_code.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | 
 4 | 
 5 | def f(*args):
 6 |     nargs = len(args)
 7 |     print(nargs, args)
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | if __name__ == '__main__':
11 |     import dis
12 |     dis.show_code(f)
13 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/dis/dis_simple.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
2 | # encoding: utf-8
3 | 
4 | my_dict = {'a': 1}
5 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/dis/dis_slow_loop.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | 
 4 | 
 5 | class Dictionary:
 6 | 
 7 |     def __init__(self, words):
 8 |         self.by_letter = {}
 9 |         self.load_data(words)
10 | 
11 |     def load_data(self, words):
12 |         for word in words:
13 |             try:
14 |                 self.by_letter[word[0]].append(word)
15 |             except KeyError:
16 |                 self.by_letter[word[0]] = [word]
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/dis/dis_string.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2016 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | # Written for https://pymotw.com
 6 | #
 7 | 
 8 | #end_pymotw_header
 9 | import dis
10 | 
11 | code = """
12 | my_dict = {'a': 1}
13 | """
14 | 
15 | print('Disassembly:\n')
16 | dis.dis(code)
17 | 
18 | print('\nCode details:\n')
19 | dis.show_code(code)
20 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/dis/dis_traceback.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | 
 4 | i = 1
 5 | j = 0
 6 | k = 3
 7 | 
 8 | try:
 9 |     result = k * (i / j) + (i / k)
10 | except Exception:
11 |     import dis
12 |     import sys
13 |     exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb = sys.exc_info()
14 |     dis.distb(exc_tb)
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/doctest/doctest_hashed_values.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Demonstrate how insertion order affects dictonaries and sets.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | keys = ['a', 'aa', 'aaa']
11 | 
12 | print('dict:', {k: len(k) for k in keys})
13 | print('set :', set(keys))
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/doctest/doctest_in_help.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Tests for this module are in the external help text.
 7 | """
 8 | #end_pymotw_header
 9 | def my_function(a, b):
10 |     """Returns a*b
11 |     """
12 |     return a * b
13 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/doctest/doctest_private_tests_external.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | #end_pymotw_header
 7 | """External tests associated with doctest_private_tests.py.
 8 | 
 9 | >>> my_function(['A', 'B', 'C'], 2)
10 | ['A', 'B', 'C', 'A', 'B', 'C']
11 | """
12 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/doctest/doctest_simple.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Simple example using doctest
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | def my_function(a, b):
11 |     """
12 |     >>> my_function(2, 3)
13 |     6
14 |     >>> my_function('a', 3)
15 |     'aaa'
16 |     """
17 |     return a * b
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/doctest/doctest_testfile.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Run the tests from an external file.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import doctest
11 | 
12 | if __name__ == '__main__':
13 |     doctest.testfile('doctest_in_help.txt')
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/doctest/doctest_testmod_other_module.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Run tests for another module we import.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import doctest_simple
11 | 
12 | if __name__ == '__main__':
13 |     import doctest
14 |     doctest.testmod(doctest_simple)
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/enum/enum_intenum.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | """
 4 | """
 5 | 
 6 | #end_pymotw_header
 7 | import enum
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | class BugStatus(enum.IntEnum):
11 | 
12 |     new = 7
13 |     incomplete = 6
14 |     invalid = 5
15 |     wont_fix = 4
16 |     in_progress = 3
17 |     fix_committed = 2
18 |     fix_released = 1
19 | 
20 | 
21 | print('Ordered by value:')
22 | print('\n'.join('  ' + s.name for s in sorted(BugStatus)))
23 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/enum/enum_iterate.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | """
 4 | """
 5 | 
 6 | #end_pymotw_header
 7 | import enum
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | class BugStatus(enum.Enum):
11 | 
12 |     new = 7
13 |     incomplete = 6
14 |     invalid = 5
15 |     wont_fix = 4
16 |     in_progress = 3
17 |     fix_committed = 2
18 |     fix_released = 1
19 | 
20 | 
21 | for status in BugStatus:
22 |     print('{:15} = {}'.format(status.name, status.value))
23 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/enum/enum_unique_enforce.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | """
 4 | """
 5 | 
 6 | #end_pymotw_header
 7 | import enum
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | @enum.unique
11 | class BugStatus(enum.Enum):
12 | 
13 |     new = 7
14 |     incomplete = 6
15 |     invalid = 5
16 |     wont_fix = 4
17 |     in_progress = 3
18 |     fix_committed = 2
19 |     fix_released = 1
20 | 
21 |     # This will trigger an error with unique applied.
22 |     by_design = 4
23 |     closed = 1
24 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/filecmp/filecmp_dircmp_diff.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import filecmp
11 | 
12 | dc = filecmp.dircmp('example/dir1', 'example/dir2')
13 | print('Same      :', dc.same_files)
14 | print('Different :', dc.diff_files)
15 | print('Funny     :', dc.funny_files)
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/filecmp/filecmp_dircmp_list.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import filecmp
11 | import pprint
12 | 
13 | dc = filecmp.dircmp('example/dir1', 'example/dir2')
14 | print('Left:')
15 | pprint.pprint(dc.left_list)
16 | 
17 | print('\nRight:')
18 | pprint.pprint(dc.right_list)
19 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/filecmp/filecmp_dircmp_report.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import filecmp
11 | 
12 | dc = filecmp.dircmp('example/dir1', 'example/dir2')
13 | dc.report()
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/filecmp/filecmp_dircmp_report_full_closure.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import filecmp
11 | 
12 | dc = filecmp.dircmp('example/dir1', 'example/dir2')
13 | dc.report_full_closure()
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/filecmp/filecmp_dircmp_subdirs.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import filecmp
11 | 
12 | dc = filecmp.dircmp('example/dir1', 'example/dir2')
13 | print('Subdirectories:')
14 | print(dc.subdirs)
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/fileinput/etc_hosts.txt:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | ##
 2 | # Host Database
 3 | #
 4 | # localhost is used to configure the loopback interface
 5 | # when the system is booting.  Do not change this entry.
 6 | ##
 7 | 127.0.0.1       localhost
 8 | 255.255.255.255 broadcasthost
 9 | ::1             localhost
10 | fe80::1%lo0     localhost
11 | 10.17.177.128  hubert hubert.hellfly.net
12 | 10.17.177.132  cubert cubert.hellfly.net
13 | 10.17.177.136  zoidberg zoidberg.hellfly.net
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/fnmatch/fnmatch_translate.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Translate a glob-style pattern to a regular expression.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import fnmatch
11 | 
12 | pattern = 'fnmatch_*.py'
13 | print('Pattern :', pattern)
14 | print('Regex   :', fnmatch.translate(pattern))
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/fractions/fractions_create_integers.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2009 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import fractions
11 | 
12 | for n, d in [(1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6)]:
13 |     f = fractions.Fraction(n, d)
14 |     print('{}/{} = {}'.format(n, d, f))
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/fractions/fractions_create_strings.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2009 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import fractions
11 | 
12 | for s in ['1/2', '2/4', '3/6']:
13 |     f = fractions.Fraction(s)
14 |     print('{} = {}'.format(s, f))
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/fractions/fractions_create_strings_floats.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2009 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import fractions
11 | 
12 | for s in ['0.5', '1.5', '2.0', '5e-1']:
13 |     f = fractions.Fraction(s)
14 |     print('{0:>4} = {1}'.format(s, f))
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/fractions/fractions_from_float.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2009 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import fractions
11 | 
12 | for v in [0.1, 0.5, 1.5, 2.0]:
13 |     print('{} = {}'.format(v, fractions.Fraction(v)))
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/functools/functools_reduce.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | """
 4 | """
 5 | 
 6 | #end_pymotw_header
 7 | import functools
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | def do_reduce(a, b):
11 |     print('do_reduce({}, {})'.format(a, b))
12 |     return a + b
13 | 
14 | 
15 | data = range(1, 5)
16 | print(data)
17 | result = functools.reduce(do_reduce, data)
18 | print('result: {}'.format(result))
19 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/functools/functools_reduce_initializer.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | """
 4 | """
 5 | 
 6 | #end_pymotw_header
 7 | import functools
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | def do_reduce(a, b):
11 |     print('do_reduce({}, {})'.format(a, b))
12 |     return a + b
13 | 
14 | 
15 | data = range(1, 5)
16 | print(data)
17 | result = functools.reduce(do_reduce, data, 99)
18 | print('result: {}'.format(result))
19 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/gc/gc_debug_stats.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Tuning the garbage collector threshold.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import gc
11 | 
12 | gc.set_debug(gc.DEBUG_STATS)
13 | 
14 | gc.collect()
15 | print('Exiting')
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/gc/gc_get_objects.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Examine the objects being managed.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import gc
11 | 
12 | print(len(gc.get_objects()))
13 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/gc/gc_get_threshold.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Show the default thresholds.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import gc
11 | 
12 | print(gc.get_threshold())
13 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/getopt/getopt_long.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Using getopt with longer option names.
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import getopt
 7 | 
 8 | opts, args = getopt.getopt(
 9 |     ['--noarg',
10 |      '--witharg', 'val',
11 |      '--witharg2=another'],
12 |     '',
13 |     ['noarg', 'witharg=', 'witharg2='],
14 | )
15 | for opt in opts:
16 |     print(opt)
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/getopt/getopt_short.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Using optparse with single-letter options.
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import getopt
 7 | 
 8 | opts, args = getopt.getopt(['-a', '-bval', '-c', 'val'], 'ab:c:')
 9 | 
10 | for opt in opts:
11 |     print(opt)
12 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/getpass/getpass_defaults.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright 2007 Doug Hellmann.
 5 | #
 6 | """Default use of getpass.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import getpass
11 | 
12 | try:
13 |     p = getpass.getpass()
14 | except Exception as err:
15 |     print('ERROR:', err)
16 | else:
17 |     print('You entered:', p)
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/getpass/getpass_noterminal.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright 2007 Doug Hellmann.
 5 | #
 6 | """Using read() when there is no tty for getpass() to use.
 7 | 
 8 | """
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import getpass
12 | import sys
13 | 
14 | if sys.stdin.isatty():
15 |     p = getpass.getpass('Using getpass: ')
16 | else:
17 |     print('Using readline')
18 |     p = sys.stdin.readline().rstrip()
19 | 
20 | print('Read: ', p)
21 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/getpass/getpass_prompt.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright 2007 Doug Hellmann.
 5 | #
 6 | """Passing a prompt to getpass.
 7 | 
 8 | """
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import getpass
12 | 
13 | p = getpass.getpass(prompt='What is your favorite color? ')
14 | if p.lower() == 'blue':
15 |     print('Right.  Off you go.')
16 | else:
17 |     print('Auuuuugh!')
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/getpass/getpass_stream.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright 2007 Doug Hellmann.
 5 | #
 6 | """Using sys.stderr for the prompt lets us redirect stdout.
 7 | 
 8 | """
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import getpass
12 | import sys
13 | 
14 | p = getpass.getpass(stream=sys.stderr)
15 | print('You entered:', p)
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/gettext/gettext_app_builtin.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2009 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | # flake8: noqa
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import gettext
12 | 
13 | gettext.install(
14 |     'example',
15 |     'locale',
16 |     names=['ngettext'],
17 | )
18 | 
19 | print(_('This message is in the script.'))
20 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/gettext/gettext_example.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2009 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import gettext
11 | 
12 | # Set up message catalog access
13 | t = gettext.translation(
14 |     'example_domain', 'locale',
15 |     fallback=True,
16 | )
17 | _ = t.gettext
18 | 
19 | print(_('This message is in the script.'))
20 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/gettext/gettext_example_corrected.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2009 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import gettext
11 | 
12 | # Set up message catalog access
13 | t = gettext.translation(
14 |     'example', 'locale',
15 |     fallback=True,
16 | )
17 | _ = t.gettext
18 | 
19 | print(_('This message is in the script.'))
20 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/gettext/gettext_find.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2009 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import gettext
11 | 
12 | catalogs = gettext.find('example', 'locale', all=True)
13 | print('Catalogs:', catalogs)
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/gettext/gettext_module_global.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2009 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import gettext
11 | 
12 | t = gettext.translation(
13 |     'example',
14 |     'locale',
15 |     fallback=False,
16 | )
17 | _ = t.gettext
18 | ngettext = t.ngettext
19 | 
20 | print(_('This message is in the script.'))
21 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/glob/dir/file.txt:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | 
2 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/glob/dir/file1.txt:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | 
2 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/glob/dir/file2.txt:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | 
2 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/glob/dir/file[.txt:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | 
2 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/glob/dir/file_.txt:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | 
2 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/glob/dir/filea.txt:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | 
2 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/glob/dir/fileb.txt:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | 
2 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/glob/dir/subdir/subfile.txt:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | 
2 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/gzip/gzip_read.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import gzip
11 | import io
12 | 
13 | with gzip.open('example.txt.gz', 'rb') as input_file:
14 |     with io.TextIOWrapper(input_file, encoding='utf-8') as dec:
15 |         print(dec.read())
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/hashlib/hashlib_algorithms.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | """
 4 | """
 5 | 
 6 | #end_pymotw_header
 7 | import hashlib
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | print('Guaranteed:\n{}\n'.format(
11 |     ', '.join(sorted(hashlib.algorithms_guaranteed))))
12 | print('Available:\n{}'.format(
13 |     ', '.join(sorted(hashlib.algorithms_available))))
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/hashlib/hashlib_md5.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Simple MD5 generation.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import hashlib
11 | 
12 | from hashlib_data import lorem
13 | 
14 | h = hashlib.md5()
15 | h.update(lorem.encode('utf-8'))
16 | print(h.hexdigest())
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/hashlib/hashlib_sha1.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Simple SHA1 generation.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import hashlib
11 | 
12 | from hashlib_data import lorem
13 | 
14 | h = hashlib.sha1()
15 | h.update(lorem.encode('utf-8'))
16 | print(h.hexdigest())
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/heapq/heapq_heapdata.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | # This data was generated with the random module.
11 | 
12 | data = [19, 9, 4, 10, 11]
13 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/heapq/heapq_heapify.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import heapq
11 | from heapq_showtree import show_tree
12 | from heapq_heapdata import data
13 | 
14 | print('random    :', data)
15 | heapq.heapify(data)
16 | print('heapified :')
17 | show_tree(data)
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/heapq/heapq_heappush.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import heapq
11 | from heapq_showtree import show_tree
12 | from heapq_heapdata import data
13 | 
14 | heap = []
15 | print('random :', data)
16 | print()
17 | 
18 | for n in data:
19 |     print('add {:>3}:'.format(n))
20 |     heapq.heappush(heap, n)
21 |     show_tree(heap)
22 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/hmac/hmac_base64.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Generate a base64 encoded HMAC signature.
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import base64
 7 | import hmac
 8 | import hashlib
 9 | 
10 | with open('lorem.txt', 'rb') as f:
11 |     body = f.read()
12 | 
13 | hash = hmac.new(
14 |     b'secret-shared-key-goes-here',
15 |     body,
16 |     hashlib.sha1,
17 | )
18 | 
19 | digest = hash.digest()
20 | print(base64.encodebytes(digest))
21 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/hmac/hmac_simple.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Generate a simple HMAC signature.
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import hmac
 7 | 
 8 | digest_maker = hmac.new(b'secret-shared-key-goes-here')
 9 | 
10 | with open('lorem.txt', 'rb') as f:
11 |     while True:
12 |         block = f.read(1024)
13 |         if not block:
14 |             break
15 |         digest_maker.update(block)
16 | 
17 | digest = digest_maker.hexdigest()
18 | print(digest)
19 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/http.cookies/http_cookies_js_output.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | from http import cookies
12 | import textwrap
13 | 
14 | 
15 | c = cookies.SimpleCookie()
16 | c['mycookie'] = 'cookie_value'
17 | c['another_cookie'] = 'second value'
18 | js_text = c.js_output()
19 | print(textwrap.dedent(js_text).lstrip())
20 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/http.cookies/http_cookies_setheaders.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | from http import cookies
12 | 
13 | 
14 | c = cookies.SimpleCookie()
15 | c['mycookie'] = 'cookie_value'
16 | print(c)
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/imaplib/imaplib_list.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import imaplib
11 | from pprint import pprint
12 | from imaplib_connect import open_connection
13 | 
14 | with open_connection() as c:
15 |     typ, data = c.list()
16 |     print('Response code:', typ)
17 |     print('Response:')
18 |     pprint(data)
19 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/imaplib/imaplib_list_pattern.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import imaplib
11 | 
12 | from imaplib_connect import open_connection
13 | 
14 | with open_connection() as c:
15 |     typ, data = c.list(pattern='*Example*')
16 | 
17 | print('Response code:', typ)
18 | 
19 | for line in data:
20 |     print('Server response:', line)
21 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/imaplib/imaplib_list_subfolders.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import imaplib
11 | 
12 | from imaplib_connect import open_connection
13 | 
14 | with open_connection() as c:
15 |     typ, data = c.list(directory='Example')
16 | 
17 | print('Response code:', typ)
18 | 
19 | for line in data:
20 |     print('Server response:', line)
21 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/imaplib/imaplib_select.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import imaplib
11 | import imaplib_connect
12 | 
13 | with imaplib_connect.open_connection() as c:
14 |     typ, data = c.select('INBOX')
15 |     print(typ, data)
16 |     num_msgs = int(data[0])
17 |     print('There are {} messages in INBOX'.format(num_msgs))
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/imaplib/imaplib_select_invalid.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import imaplib
11 | import imaplib_connect
12 | 
13 | with imaplib_connect.open_connection() as c:
14 |     typ, data = c.select('Does-Not-Exist')
15 |     print(typ, data)
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/importlib/example/__init__.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | print('Importing example package')
11 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/importlib/example/submodule.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | print('Importing submodule')
11 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/importlib/importlib_find_loader.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | """
 4 | """
 5 | 
 6 | #end_pymotw_header
 7 | import importlib
 8 | 
 9 | spec = importlib.util.find_spec('example')
10 | print('Loader:', spec.loader)
11 | 
12 | m = spec.loader.load_module()
13 | print('Module:', m)
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/importlib/importlib_import_module_error.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2016 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | # Written for https://pymotw.com
 6 | #
 7 | """Importing a module from a package
 8 | """
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import importlib
12 | 
13 | 
14 | try:
15 |     importlib.import_module('example.nosuchmodule')
16 | except ImportError as err:
17 |     print('Error:', err)
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/importlib/importlib_reload.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2016 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | # Written for https://pymotw.com
 6 | #
 7 | """Importing a module from a package
 8 | """
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import importlib
12 | 
13 | 
14 | m1 = importlib.import_module('example.submodule')
15 | print(m1)
16 | 
17 | m2 = importlib.reload(m1)
18 | print(m1 is m2)
19 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/importlib/importlib_submodule.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | """
 4 | """
 5 | 
 6 | #end_pymotw_header
 7 | import importlib
 8 | 
 9 | spec = importlib.util.find_spec('.submodule', package='example')
10 | print('Loader:', spec.loader)
11 | 
12 | m = spec.loader.load_module()
13 | print('Module:', m)
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/inspect/inspect_formatargspec.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Print information about the arguments to a method.
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | 
 6 | #end_pymotw_header
 7 | import inspect
 8 | import example
 9 | 
10 | spec = inspect.getargspec(example.module_level_function)
11 | print(spec)
12 | print(inspect.formatargspec(spec))
13 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/inspect/inspect_getclasstree_unique.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import inspect
 7 | import example
 8 | from inspect_getclasstree import *
 9 | 
10 | print_class_tree(inspect.getclasstree(
11 |     [example.A, example.B, C, D],
12 |     unique=True,
13 | ))
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/inspect/inspect_getcomments_method.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Show the comment before a method.
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import inspect
 7 | import example
 8 | 
 9 | print(inspect.getcomments(example.B.do_something))
10 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/inspect/inspect_getcomments_module.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Show the comment before a method.
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import inspect
 7 | import example
 8 | 
 9 | print(inspect.getcomments(example))
10 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/inspect/inspect_getdoc.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Docstrings
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import inspect
 7 | import example
 8 | 
 9 | print('B.__doc__:')
10 | print(example.B.__doc__)
11 | print()
12 | print('getdoc(B):')
13 | print(inspect.getdoc(example.B))
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/inspect/inspect_getmembers_class.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Using getmembers()
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import inspect
 7 | from pprint import pprint
 8 | 
 9 | import example
10 | 
11 | pprint(inspect.getmembers(example.A), width=65)
12 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/inspect/inspect_getmembers_class_methods.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Using getmembers()
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import inspect
 7 | from pprint import pprint
 8 | 
 9 | import example
10 | 
11 | pprint(inspect.getmembers(example.A, inspect.isfunction))
12 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/inspect/inspect_getmembers_class_methods_b.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Using getmembers()
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import inspect
 7 | from pprint import pprint
 8 | 
 9 | import example
10 | 
11 | pprint(inspect.getmembers(example.B, inspect.isfunction))
12 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/inspect/inspect_getmembers_instance.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Using getmembers()
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import inspect
 7 | from pprint import pprint
 8 | 
 9 | import example
10 | 
11 | a = example.A(name='inspect_getmembers')
12 | pprint(inspect.getmembers(a, inspect.ismethod))
13 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/inspect/inspect_getmembers_module.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Using getmembers()
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import inspect
 7 | 
 8 | import example
 9 | 
10 | for name, data in inspect.getmembers(example):
11 |     if name.startswith('__'):
12 |         continue
13 |     print('{} : {!r}'.format(name, data))
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/inspect/inspect_getmembers_module_class.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Using getmembers()
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import inspect
 7 | 
 8 | import example
 9 | 
10 | for name, data in inspect.getmembers(example, inspect.isclass):
11 |     print('{} : {!r}'.format(name, data))
12 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/inspect/inspect_getsource_class.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import inspect
 7 | import example
 8 | 
 9 | print(inspect.getsource(example.A))
10 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/inspect/inspect_getsource_method.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import inspect
 7 | import example
 8 | 
 9 | print(inspect.getsource(example.A.get_name))
10 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/inspect/inspect_getsourcelines_method.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import inspect
 7 | import pprint
 8 | import example
 9 | 
10 | pprint.pprint(inspect.getsourcelines(example.A.get_name))
11 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/itertools/itertools_accumulate.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | """combine values
 4 | """
 5 | 
 6 | #end_pymotw_header
 7 | from itertools import *
 8 | 
 9 | print(list(accumulate(range(5))))
10 | print(list(accumulate('abcde')))
11 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/itertools/itertools_accumulate_custom.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | """combine values
 4 | """
 5 | 
 6 | #end_pymotw_header
 7 | from itertools import *
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | def f(a, b):
11 |     print(a, b)
12 |     return b + a + b
13 | 
14 | 
15 | print(list(accumulate('abcde', f)))
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/itertools/itertools_chain.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Using chain()
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | from itertools import *
 7 | 
 8 | for i in chain([1, 2, 3], ['a', 'b', 'c']):
 9 |     print(i, end=' ')
10 | print()
11 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/itertools/itertools_chain_from_iterable.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Using chain()
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | from itertools import *
 7 | 
 8 | 
 9 | def make_iterables_to_chain():
10 |     yield [1, 2, 3]
11 |     yield ['a', 'b', 'c']
12 | 
13 | 
14 | for i in chain.from_iterable(make_iterables_to_chain()):
15 |     print(i, end=' ')
16 | print()
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/itertools/itertools_compress.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Using filter()
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | from itertools import *
 7 | 
 8 | every_third = cycle([False, False, True])
 9 | data = range(1, 10)
10 | 
11 | for i in compress(data, every_third):
12 |     print(i, end=' ')
13 | print()
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/itertools/itertools_count.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Using count()
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | from itertools import *
 7 | 
 8 | for i in zip(count(1), ['a', 'b', 'c']):
 9 |     print(i)
10 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/itertools/itertools_count_step.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Using count()
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import fractions
 7 | from itertools import *
 8 | 
 9 | start = fractions.Fraction(1, 3)
10 | step = fractions.Fraction(1, 3)
11 | 
12 | for i in zip(count(start, step), ['a', 'b', 'c']):
13 |     print('{}: {}'.format(*i))
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/itertools/itertools_cycle.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Using cycle().
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | from itertools import *
 7 | 
 8 | for i in zip(range(7), cycle(['a', 'b', 'c'])):
 9 |     print(i)
10 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/itertools/itertools_dropwhile.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Using dropwhile()
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | from itertools import *
 7 | 
 8 | 
 9 | def should_drop(x):
10 |     print('Testing:', x)
11 |     return x < 1
12 | 
13 | 
14 | for i in dropwhile(should_drop, [-1, 0, 1, 2, -2]):
15 |     print('Yielding:', i)
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/itertools/itertools_filter.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Using filter()
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | from itertools import *
 7 | 
 8 | 
 9 | def check_item(x):
10 |     print('Testing:', x)
11 |     return x < 1
12 | 
13 | 
14 | for i in filter(check_item, [-1, 0, 1, 2, -2]):
15 |     print('Yielding:', i)
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/itertools/itertools_filterfalse.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Using filterfalse()
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | from itertools import *
 7 | 
 8 | 
 9 | def check_item(x):
10 |     print('Testing:', x)
11 |     return x < 1
12 | 
13 | 
14 | for i in filterfalse(check_item, [-1, 0, 1, 2, -2]):
15 |     print('Yielding:', i)
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/itertools/itertools_groupby.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Using groupby()
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | from itertools import *
 7 | from operator import itemgetter
 8 | 
 9 | d = dict(a=1, b=2, c=1, d=2, e=1, f=2, g=3)
10 | di = sorted(d.iteritems(), key=itemgetter(1))
11 | for k, g in groupby(di, key=itemgetter(1)):
12 |     print(k, map(itemgetter(0), g))
13 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/itertools/itertools_repeat.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Using repeat()
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | from itertools import *
 7 | 
 8 | for i in repeat('over-and-over', 5):
 9 |     print(i)
10 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/itertools/itertools_repeat_map.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Using repeat() and map()
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | from itertools import *
 7 | 
 8 | for i in map(lambda x, y: (x, y, x * y), repeat(2), range(5)):
 9 |     print('{:d} * {:d} = {:d}'.format(*i))
10 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/itertools/itertools_repeat_zip.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Using repeat() with zip().
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | from itertools import *
 7 | 
 8 | for i, s in zip(count(), repeat('over-and-over', 5)):
 9 |     print(i, s)
10 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/itertools/itertools_starmap.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Using starmap()
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | from itertools import *
 7 | 
 8 | values = [(0, 5), (1, 6), (2, 7), (3, 8), (4, 9)]
 9 | 
10 | for i in starmap(lambda x, y: (x, y, x * y), values):
11 |     print('{} * {} = {}'.format(*i))
12 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/itertools/itertools_takewhile.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Using takewhile()
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | from itertools import *
 7 | 
 8 | 
 9 | def should_take(x):
10 |     print('Testing:', x)
11 |     return x < 2
12 | 
13 | 
14 | for i in takewhile(should_take, [-1, 0, 1, 2, -2]):
15 |     print('Yielding:', i)
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/itertools/itertools_tee.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Using tee()
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | from itertools import *
 7 | 
 8 | r = islice(count(), 5)
 9 | i1, i2 = tee(r)
10 | 
11 | print('i1:', list(i1))
12 | print('i2:', list(i2))
13 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/itertools/itertools_tee_error.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Using tee()
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | from itertools import *
 7 | 
 8 | r = islice(count(), 5)
 9 | i1, i2 = tee(r)
10 | 
11 | print('r:', end=' ')
12 | for i in r:
13 |     print(i, end=' ')
14 |     if i > 1:
15 |         break
16 | print()
17 | 
18 | print('i1:', list(i1))
19 | print('i2:', list(i2))
20 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/itertools/itertools_zip.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
2 | """Using zip()
3 | """
4 | 
5 | #end_pymotw_header
6 | for i in zip([1, 2, 3], ['a', 'b', 'c']):
7 |     print(i)
8 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/itertools/itertools_zip_longest.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Using zip()
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | from itertools import *
 7 | 
 8 | r1 = range(3)
 9 | r2 = range(2)
10 | 
11 | print('zip stops early:')
12 | print(list(zip(r1, r2)))
13 | 
14 | r1 = range(3)
15 | r2 = range(2)
16 | 
17 | print('\nzip_longest processes all of the values:')
18 | print(list(zip_longest(r1, r2)))
19 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/json/json_dump_file.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2009 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import io
11 | import json
12 | 
13 | data = [{'a': 'A', 'b': (2, 4), 'c': 3.0}]
14 | 
15 | f = io.StringIO()
16 | json.dump(data, f)
17 | 
18 | print(f.getvalue())
19 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/json/json_encoder_iterable.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2009 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import json
11 | 
12 | encoder = json.JSONEncoder()
13 | data = [{'a': 'A', 'b': (2, 4), 'c': 3.0}]
14 | 
15 | for part in encoder.iterencode(data):
16 |     print('PART:', part)
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/json/json_indent.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2009 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import json
11 | 
12 | data = [{'a': 'A', 'b': (2, 4), 'c': 3.0}]
13 | print('DATA:', repr(data))
14 | 
15 | print('NORMAL:', json.dumps(data, sort_keys=True))
16 | print('INDENT:', json.dumps(data, sort_keys=True, indent=2))
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/json/json_load_file.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2009 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import io
11 | import json
12 | 
13 | f = io.StringIO('[{"a": "A", "c": 3.0, "b": [2, 4]}]')
14 | print(json.load(f))
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/json/json_myobj.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2009 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | 
11 | class MyObj:
12 | 
13 |     def __init__(self, s):
14 |         self.s = s
15 | 
16 |     def __repr__(self):
17 |         return '<MyObj({})>'.format(self.s)
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/json/json_simple_types.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2009 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import json
11 | 
12 | data = [{'a': 'A', 'b': (2, 4), 'c': 3.0}]
13 | print('DATA:', repr(data))
14 | 
15 | data_string = json.dumps(data)
16 | print('JSON:', data_string)
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/linecache/linecache_empty_line.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Example use of linecache module.
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import linecache
 7 | from linecache_data import *
 8 | 
 9 | filename = make_tempfile()
10 | 
11 | # Blank lines include the newline
12 | print('BLANK : {!r}'.format(linecache.getline(filename, 8)))
13 | 
14 | cleanup(filename)
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/linecache/linecache_missing_file.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import linecache
12 | 
13 | # Errors are even hidden if linecache cannot find the file
14 | no_such_file = linecache.getline(
15 |     'this_file_does_not_exist.txt', 1,
16 | )
17 | print('NO FILE: {!r}'.format(no_such_file))
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/logging/logging_capture_warnings.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Simple logging to stderr using different levels.
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import logging
 7 | import warnings
 8 | 
 9 | logging.basicConfig(
10 |     level=logging.INFO,
11 | )
12 | 
13 | warnings.warn('This warning is not sent to the logs')
14 | 
15 | logging.captureWarnings(True)
16 | 
17 | warnings.warn('This warning is sent to the logs')
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/mailbox/mailbox_maildir_read.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import mailbox
11 | 
12 | mbox = mailbox.Maildir('Example')
13 | for message in mbox:
14 |     print(message['subject'])
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/mailbox/mailbox_mbox_read.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import mailbox
11 | 
12 | mbox = mailbox.mbox('example.mbox')
13 | for message in mbox:
14 |     print(message['subject'])
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/math/math_constants.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Constants in the math module.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import math
11 | 
12 | print('  π: {:.30f}'.format(math.pi))
13 | print('  e: {:.30f}'.format(math.e))
14 | print('nan: {:.30f}'.format(math.nan))
15 | print('inf: {:.30f}'.format(math.inf))
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/math/math_erf.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Gauss Error Function
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import math
11 | 
12 | print('{:^5} {:7}'.format('x', 'erf(x)'))
13 | print('{:-^5} {:-^7}'.format('', ''))
14 | 
15 | for x in [-3, -2, -1, -0.5, -0.25, 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3]:
16 |     print('{:5.2f} {:7.4f}'.format(x, math.erf(x)))
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/math/math_erfc.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Gauss Error Function
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import math
11 | 
12 | print('{:^5} {:7}'.format('x', 'erfc(x)'))
13 | print('{:-^5} {:-^7}'.format('', ''))
14 | 
15 | for x in [-3, -2, -1, -0.5, -0.25, 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3]:
16 |     print('{:5.2f} {:7.4f}'.format(x, math.erfc(x)))
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/math/math_exp.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Raise e to a power.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import math
11 | 
12 | x = 2
13 | 
14 | fmt = '{:.20f}'
15 | print(fmt.format(math.e ** 2))
16 | print(fmt.format(math.pow(math.e, 2)))
17 | print(fmt.format(math.exp(2)))
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/math/math_expm1.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Logarithms close to zero.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import math
11 | 
12 | x = 0.0000000000000000000000001
13 | 
14 | print(x)
15 | print(math.exp(x) - 1)
16 | print(math.expm1(x))
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/math/math_fabs.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Absolute value
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import math
11 | 
12 | print(math.fabs(-1.1))
13 | print(math.fabs(-0.0))
14 | print(math.fabs(0.0))
15 | print(math.fabs(1.1))
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/math/math_factorial.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Factorial
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import math
11 | 
12 | for i in [0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.1]:
13 |     try:
14 |         print('{:2.0f} {:6.0f}'.format(i, math.factorial(i)))
15 |     except ValueError as err:
16 |         print('Error computing factorial({}): {}'.format(i, err))
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/math/math_frexp.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Separate mantissa from exponent.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import math
11 | 
12 | print('{:^7} {:^7} {:^7}'.format('x', 'm', 'e'))
13 | print('{:-^7} {:-^7} {:-^7}'.format('', '', ''))
14 | 
15 | for x in [0.1, 0.5, 4.0]:
16 |     m, e = math.frexp(x)
17 |     print('{:7.2f} {:7.2f} {:7d}'.format(x, m, e))
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/math/math_gamma.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Factorial
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import math
11 | 
12 | for i in [0, 1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4, 5.5, 6.6]:
13 |     try:
14 |         print('{:2.1f} {:6.2f}'.format(i, math.gamma(i)))
15 |     except ValueError as err:
16 |         print('Error computing gamma({}): {}'.format(i, err))
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/math/math_gcd.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Greatest common denominator
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import math
11 | 
12 | print(math.gcd(10, 8))
13 | print(math.gcd(10, 0))
14 | print(math.gcd(50, 225))
15 | print(math.gcd(11, 9))
16 | print(math.gcd(0, 0))
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/math/math_isfinite.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Checking for overflow or infinite values.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import math
11 | 
12 | for f in [0.0, 1.0, math.pi, math.e, math.inf, math.nan]:
13 |     print('{:5.2f} {!s}'.format(f, math.isfinite(f)))
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/math/math_log.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Logarithms
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import math
11 | 
12 | print(math.log(8))
13 | print(math.log(8, 2))
14 | print(math.log(0.5, 2))
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/math/math_log1p.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Logarithms close to zero.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import math
11 | 
12 | x = 0.0000000000000000000000001
13 | print('x       :', x)
14 | print('1 + x   :', 1 + x)
15 | print('log(1+x):', math.log(1 + x))
16 | print('log1p(x):', math.log1p(x))
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/math/math_modf.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Split fractional from whole number part.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import math
11 | 
12 | for i in range(6):
13 |     print('{}/2 = {}'.format(i, math.modf(i / 2.0)))
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/math/math_overflow.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """OverflowError
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | x = 10.0 ** 200
11 | 
12 | print('x    =', x)
13 | print('x*x  =', x * x)
14 | print('x**2 =', end=' ')
15 | try:
16 |     print(x ** 2)
17 | except OverflowError as err:
18 |     print(err)
19 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/math/math_sqrt.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Square roots
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import math
11 | 
12 | print(math.sqrt(9.0))
13 | print(math.sqrt(3))
14 | try:
15 |     print(math.sqrt(-1))
16 | except ValueError as err:
17 |     print('Cannot compute sqrt(-1):', err)
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/multiprocessing/multiprocessing_import_worker.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Creating and waiting for a process
 7 | """
 8 | #end_pymotw_header
 9 | def worker():
10 |     """worker function"""
11 |     print('Worker')
12 |     return
13 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/operator/operator_comparisons.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | from operator import *
11 | 
12 | a = 1
13 | b = 5.0
14 | 
15 | print('a =', a)
16 | print('b =', b)
17 | for func in (lt, le, eq, ne, ge, gt):
18 |     print('{}(a, b): {}'.format(func.__name__, func(a, b)))
19 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/os.path/ospath_expanduser.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Expand tilde in filenames.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import os.path
12 | 
13 | for user in ['', 'dhellmann', 'nosuchuser']:
14 |     lookup = '~' + user
15 |     print('{!r:>15} : {!r}'.format(
16 |         lookup, os.path.expanduser(lookup)))
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/os.path/ospath_expandvars.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Expand shell variables in filenames.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import os.path
12 | import os
13 | 
14 | os.environ['MYVAR'] = 'VALUE'
15 | 
16 | print(os.path.expandvars('/path/to/$MYVAR'))
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/os.path/ospath_normpath.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Compute a "normalized" path.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import os.path
12 | 
13 | PATHS = [
14 |     'one//two//three',
15 |     'one/./two/./three',
16 |     'one/../alt/two/three',
17 | ]
18 | 
19 | for path in PATHS:
20 |     print('{!r:>22} : {!r}'.format(path, os.path.normpath(path)))
21 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/os/os_access.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Check access rights on a file
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import os
 7 | 
 8 | print('Testing:', __file__)
 9 | print('Exists:', os.access(__file__, os.F_OK))
10 | print('Readable:', os.access(__file__, os.R_OK))
11 | print('Writable:', os.access(__file__, os.W_OK))
12 | print('Executable:', os.access(__file__, os.X_OK))
13 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/os/os_cwd_example.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Using the os module to read and write environment variables.
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import os
 7 | 
 8 | print('Starting:', os.getcwd())
 9 | 
10 | print('Moving up one:', os.pardir)
11 | os.chdir(os.pardir)
12 | 
13 | print('After move:', os.getcwd())
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/os/os_exec_example.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Using os.exec*().
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import os
 7 | 
 8 | child_pid = os.fork()
 9 | if child_pid:
10 |     os.waitpid(child_pid, 0)
11 | else:
12 |     os.execlp('pwd', 'pwd', '-P')
13 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/os/os_fork_example.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Simple example of using os.fork to create a new child process.
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import os
 7 | 
 8 | pid = os.fork()
 9 | 
10 | if pid:
11 |     print('Child process id:', pid)
12 | else:
13 |     print('I am the child')
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/os/os_listdir.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """A simple directory listing.
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import os
 7 | import sys
 8 | 
 9 | print(sorted(os.listdir(sys.argv[1])))
10 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/os/os_process_id_example.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Find information about the current process.
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import os
 7 | 
 8 | print('This process id:', os.getpid())
 9 | print('Parent process :', os.getppid())
10 | print('Process group  :', os.getpgid(os.getpid()))
11 | print('Parent group   :', os.getpgid(os.getppid()))
12 | print('Session id     :', os.getsid(0))
13 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/os/os_spawn_example.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
2 | """Using spawn*() instead of fork() and exec*().
3 | """
4 | 
5 | #end_pymotw_header
6 | import os
7 | 
8 | os.spawnlp(os.P_WAIT, 'pwd', 'pwd', '-P')
9 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/os/os_stat_chmod_example.txt:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | contents


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/os/os_strerror.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Show some of the system error messages
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import errno
 7 | import os
 8 | 
 9 | for num in [errno.ENOENT, errno.EINTR, errno.EBUSY]:
10 |     name = errno.errorcode[num]
11 |     print('[{num:>2}] {name:<6}: {msg}'.format(
12 |         name=name, num=num, msg=os.strerror(num)))
13 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/os/os_system_background.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Running a command in the background
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import os
 7 | import time
 8 | 
 9 | print('Calling...')
10 | os.system('date; (sleep 3; date) &')
11 | 
12 | print('Sleeping...')
13 | time.sleep(5)
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/os/os_system_example.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Using os.system() to run external commands.
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import os
 7 | 
 8 | # Simple command
 9 | os.system('pwd')
10 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/os/os_system_shell.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Using os.system() to run external commands.
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import os
 7 | 
 8 | # Command with shell expansion
 9 | os.system('echo $TMPDIR')
10 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pathlib/example.txt:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | This is the content


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pathlib/pathlib_chmod_example.txt:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | contents


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pathlib/pathlib_convenience.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2016 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | # Written for https://pymotw.com
 6 | #
 7 | """Convenience methods for Path
 8 | """
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import pathlib
12 | 
13 | home = pathlib.Path.home()
14 | print('home: ', home)
15 | 
16 | cwd = pathlib.Path.cwd()
17 | print('cwd : ', cwd)
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pathlib/pathlib_glob.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2016 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | # Written for https://pymotw.com
 6 | #
 7 | """pathlib glob
 8 | """
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import pathlib
12 | 
13 | p = pathlib.Path('..')
14 | 
15 | for f in p.glob('*.rst'):
16 |     print(f)
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pathlib/pathlib_iterdir.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2016 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | # Written for https://pymotw.com
 6 | #
 7 | """pathlib iterdir
 8 | """
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import pathlib
12 | 
13 | p = pathlib.Path('.')
14 | 
15 | for f in p.iterdir():
16 |     print(f)
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pathlib/pathlib_joinpath.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2016 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | # Written for https://pymotw.com
 6 | #
 7 | """Building paths with joinpath
 8 | """
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import pathlib
12 | 
13 | root = pathlib.PurePosixPath('/')
14 | subdirs = ['usr', 'local']
15 | usr_local = root.joinpath(*subdirs)
16 | print(usr_local)
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pathlib/pathlib_mkdir.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2016 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | # Written for https://pymotw.com
 6 | #
 7 | """Creating a directory
 8 | """
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import pathlib
12 | 
13 | p = pathlib.Path('example_dir')
14 | 
15 | print('Creating {}'.format(p))
16 | p.mkdir()
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pathlib/pathlib_ownership.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Show stat info for a file.
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import pathlib
 7 | 
 8 | p = pathlib.Path(__file__)
 9 | 
10 | print('{} is owned by {}/{}'.format(p, p.owner(), p.group()))
11 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pathlib/pathlib_parents.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2016 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | # Written for https://pymotw.com
 6 | #
 7 | """Parsing paths
 8 | """
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import pathlib
12 | 
13 | p = pathlib.PurePosixPath('/usr/local/lib')
14 | 
15 | print('parent: {}'.format(p.parent))
16 | 
17 | print('\nhierarchy:')
18 | for up in p.parents:
19 |     print(up)
20 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pathlib/pathlib_parts.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2016 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | # Written for https://pymotw.com
 6 | #
 7 | """Parsing paths
 8 | """
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import pathlib
12 | 
13 | p = pathlib.PurePosixPath('/usr/local')
14 | print(p.parts)
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pathlib/pathlib_resolve.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2016 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | # Written for https://pymotw.com
 6 | #
 7 | """Resolving relative paths
 8 | """
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import pathlib
12 | 
13 | usr_local = pathlib.Path('/usr/local')
14 | share = usr_local / '..' / 'share'
15 | print(share.resolve())
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pathlib/pathlib_rglob.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2016 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | # Written for https://pymotw.com
 6 | #
 7 | """pathlib rglob
 8 | """
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import pathlib
12 | 
13 | p = pathlib.Path('..')
14 | 
15 | for f in p.rglob('pathlib_*.py'):
16 |     print(f)
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pathlib/pathlib_rmdir.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2016 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | # Written for https://pymotw.com
 6 | #
 7 | """Creating a directory
 8 | """
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import pathlib
12 | 
13 | p = pathlib.Path('example_dir')
14 | 
15 | print('Removing {}'.format(p))
16 | p.rmdir()
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pathlib/pathlib_symlink_to.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2016 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | # Written for https://pymotw.com
 6 | #
 7 | """Creating symbolic links
 8 | """
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import pathlib
12 | 
13 | p = pathlib.Path('example_link')
14 | 
15 | p.symlink_to('index.rst')
16 | 
17 | print(p)
18 | print(p.resolve().name)
19 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pathlib/pathlib_unlink.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2016 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | # Written for https://pymotw.com
 6 | #
 7 | """Removing files
 8 | """
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import pathlib
12 | 
13 | p = pathlib.Path('touched')
14 | 
15 | p.touch()
16 | 
17 | print('exists before removing:', p.exists())
18 | 
19 | p.unlink()
20 | 
21 | print('exists after removing:', p.exists())
22 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pdb/lorem.txt:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. 
2 | Donec egestas, enim et consectetuer ullamcorper, lectus 
3 | ligula rutrum leo, a elementum elit tortor eu quam.
4 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pdb/pdb_break_remote.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
2 | # encoding: utf-8
3 | 
4 | from pdb_break import f
5 | 
6 | f(5)
7 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pdb/pdb_function_arguments.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | 
 7 | import pdb
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | def recursive_function(n=5, output='to be printed'):
11 |     if n > 0:
12 |         recursive_function(n - 1)
13 |     else:
14 |         pdb.set_trace()
15 |         print(output)
16 |     return
17 | 
18 | if __name__ == '__main__':
19 |     recursive_function()
20 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pdb/pdb_interact.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | 
 7 | import pdb
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | def f():
11 |     l = ['a', 'b']
12 |     m = 9
13 |     n = 5
14 |     print(l, m, n)
15 | 
16 | if __name__ == '__main__':
17 |     f()
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pdb/pdb_jump.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | 
 7 | 
 8 | def f(n):
 9 |     result = []
10 |     j = 0
11 |     for i in range(n):
12 |         j = i * n + j
13 |         j += n
14 |         result.append(j)
15 |     return result
16 | 
17 | if __name__ == '__main__':
18 |     print(f(5))
19 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pdb/pdb_next.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | 
 7 | import pdb
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | def calc(i, n):
11 |     j = i * n
12 |     return j
13 | 
14 | 
15 | def f(n):
16 |     for i in range(n):
17 |         j = calc(i, n)
18 |         print(i, j)
19 |     return
20 | 
21 | if __name__ == '__main__':
22 |     pdb.set_trace()
23 |     f(5)
24 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pdb/pdb_post_mortem.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | 
 7 | 
 8 | class MyObj:
 9 | 
10 |     def __init__(self, num_loops):
11 |         self.count = num_loops
12 | 
13 |     def go(self):
14 |         for i in range(self.num_loops):
15 |             print(i)
16 |         return
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pdb/pdb_pp.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | 
 7 | import pdb
 8 | 
 9 | with open('lorem.txt', 'rt') as f:
10 |     lines = f.readlines()
11 | 
12 | pdb.set_trace()
13 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pdb/pdb_run.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | 
 7 | import sys
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | def f():
11 |     print('Command-line args:', sys.argv)
12 |     return
13 | 
14 | if __name__ == '__main__':
15 |     f()
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pdb/pdb_script.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | 
 7 | 
 8 | class MyObj:
 9 | 
10 |     def __init__(self, num_loops):
11 |         self.count = num_loops
12 | 
13 |     def go(self):
14 |         for i in range(self.count):
15 |             print(i)
16 |         return
17 | 
18 | if __name__ == '__main__':
19 |     MyObj(5).go()
20 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pdb/pdb_step.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | 
 7 | import pdb
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | def f(n):
11 |     for i in range(n):
12 |         j = i * n
13 |         print(i, j)
14 |     return
15 | 
16 | if __name__ == '__main__':
17 |     pdb.set_trace()
18 |     f(5)
19 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pickle/pickle_string.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Pickle an object to a string.
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import pickle
 7 | import pprint
 8 | 
 9 | data = [{'a': 'A', 'b': 2, 'c': 3.0}]
10 | print('DATA:', end=' ')
11 | pprint.pprint(data)
12 | 
13 | data_string = pickle.dumps(data)
14 | print('PICKLE: {!r}'.format(data_string))
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pkgutil/__init__.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bat67/The-Python-Standard-Library-by-Example/95d2d71d949a276d62520294906415129733aabd/pkgutil/__init__.py


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pkgutil/demopkg1/shared.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
2 | # encoding: utf-8
3 | #
4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
5 | #
6 | """
7 | """
8 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pkgutil/demopkg2/__init__.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import pkgutil
11 | 
12 | __path__ = pkgutil.extend_path(__path__, __name__)
13 | __path__.reverse()
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pkgutil/demopkg2/overloaded.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | 
11 | def func():
12 |     print('This is the installed version of func().')
13 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pkgutil/develop/demopkg2/__init__.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
2 | # encoding: utf-8
3 | #
4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
5 | #
6 | """
7 | """
8 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pkgutil/develop/demopkg2/overloaded.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | 
11 | def func():
12 |     print('This is the development version of func().')
13 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pkgutil/develop/nested/__init__.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
2 | # encoding: utf-8
3 | #
4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
5 | #
6 | """
7 | """
8 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pkgutil/develop/nested/second/__init__.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
2 | # encoding: utf-8
3 | #
4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
5 | #
6 | """
7 | """
8 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pkgutil/develop/nested/second/deep.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | def func():
11 |     print('This func() comes from the development '
12 |           'version of nested.second.deep')
13 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pkgutil/develop/nested/shallow.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | def func():
11 |     print('This func() comes from the development '
12 |           'version of nested.shallow')
13 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pkgutil/extension/__init__.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bat67/The-Python-Standard-Library-by-Example/95d2d71d949a276d62520294906415129733aabd/pkgutil/extension/__init__.py


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pkgutil/extension/demopkg1/__init__.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
2 | # encoding: utf-8
3 | #
4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
5 | #
6 | """
7 | """
8 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pkgutil/extension/demopkg1/not_shared.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
2 | # encoding: utf-8
3 | #
4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
5 | #
6 | """
7 | """
8 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pkgutil/nested/__init__.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import pkgutil
11 | 
12 | __path__ = pkgutil.extend_path(__path__, __name__)
13 | __path__.reverse()
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pkgutil/nested/second/__init__.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
2 | # encoding: utf-8
3 | #
4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
5 | #
6 | """
7 | """
8 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pkgutil/nested/second/deep.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | def func():
11 |     print('This func() comes from the installed '
12 |           'version of nested.second.deep')
13 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pkgutil/nested/shallow.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | def func():
11 |     print('This func() comes from the installed '
12 |           'version of nested.shallow')
13 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pkgutil/os_one/demopkg1/__init__.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
2 | # encoding: utf-8
3 | #
4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
5 | #
6 | """
7 | """
8 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pkgutil/os_one/demopkg1/not_shared.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
2 | # encoding: utf-8
3 | #
4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
5 | #
6 | """
7 | """
8 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pkgutil/os_two/demopkg1/__init__.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
2 | # encoding: utf-8
3 | #
4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
5 | #
6 | """
7 | """
8 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pkgutil/os_two/demopkg1/not_shared.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
2 | # encoding: utf-8
3 | #
4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
5 | #
6 | """
7 | """
8 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pkgutil/pkgutil_devel.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import demopkg2
11 | print('demopkg2           :', demopkg2.__file__)
12 | 
13 | import demopkg2.overloaded
14 | print('demopkg2.overloaded:', demopkg2.overloaded.__file__)
15 | 
16 | print()
17 | demopkg2.overloaded.func()
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pkgutil/pkgutil_get_data.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Load package data
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import pkgutil
11 | 
12 | template = pkgutil.get_data('pkgwithdata', 'templates/base.html')
13 | print(template.decode('utf-8'))
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pkgutil/pkgutil_nested.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import nested
11 | 
12 | import nested.shallow
13 | print('nested.shallow:', nested.shallow.__file__)
14 | nested.shallow.func()
15 | 
16 | print()
17 | import nested.second.deep
18 | print('nested.second.deep:', nested.second.deep.__file__)
19 | nested.second.deep.func()
20 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pkgutil/pkgutil_os_specific.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import demopkg1
11 | print('demopkg1:', demopkg1.__file__)
12 | 
13 | import demopkg1.shared
14 | print('demopkg1.shared:', demopkg1.shared.__file__)
15 | 
16 | import demopkg1.not_shared
17 | print('demopkg1.not_shared:', demopkg1.not_shared.__file__)
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pkgutil/pkgwithdata/__init__.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bat67/The-Python-Standard-Library-by-Example/95d2d71d949a276d62520294906415129733aabd/pkgutil/pkgwithdata/__init__.py


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/platform/platform_architecture.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import platform
12 | 
13 | print('interpreter:', platform.architecture())
14 | print('/bin/ls    :', platform.architecture('/bin/ls'))
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/platform/platform_platform.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import platform
12 | 
13 | print('Normal :', platform.platform())
14 | print('Aliased:', platform.platform(aliased=True))
15 | print('Terse  :', platform.platform(terse=True))
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/platform/platform_python.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import platform
12 | 
13 | print('Version      :', platform.python_version())
14 | print('Version tuple:', platform.python_version_tuple())
15 | print('Compiler     :', platform.python_compiler())
16 | print('Build        :', platform.python_build())
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pprint/pprint_compact.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | #
 3 | # Copyright 2007 Doug Hellmann.
 4 | #
 5 | """Pretty print with pprint
 6 | """
 7 | 
 8 | #end_pymotw_header
 9 | from pprint import pprint
10 | 
11 | from pprint_data import data
12 | 
13 | print('DEFAULT:')
14 | pprint(data, compact=False)
15 | print('\nCOMPACT:')
16 | pprint(data, compact=True)
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pprint/pprint_depth.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | #
 3 | # Copyright 2007 Doug Hellmann.
 4 | #
 5 | """Pretty print with pprint
 6 | """
 7 | 
 8 | #end_pymotw_header
 9 | from pprint import pprint
10 | 
11 | from pprint_data import data
12 | 
13 | pprint(data, depth=1)
14 | pprint(data, depth=2)
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pprint/pprint_pprint.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | #
 3 | # Copyright 2007 Doug Hellmann.
 4 | #
 5 | """Pretty print with pprint
 6 | """
 7 | 
 8 | #end_pymotw_header
 9 | from pprint import pprint
10 | 
11 | from pprint_data import data
12 | 
13 | print('PRINT:')
14 | print(data)
15 | print()
16 | print('PPRINT:')
17 | pprint(data)
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pprint/pprint_recursion.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | #
 3 | # Copyright 2007 Doug Hellmann.
 4 | #
 5 | """Handling recursive data structures.
 6 | """
 7 | 
 8 | #end_pymotw_header
 9 | from pprint import pprint
10 | 
11 | local_data = ['a', 'b', 1, 2]
12 | local_data.append(local_data)
13 | 
14 | print('id(local_data) =>', id(local_data))
15 | pprint(local_data)
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pprint/pprint_width.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | #
 3 | # Copyright 2007 Doug Hellmann.
 4 | #
 5 | """Pretty print with pprint
 6 | """
 7 | 
 8 | #end_pymotw_header
 9 | from pprint import pprint
10 | 
11 | from pprint_data import data
12 | 
13 | for width in [80, 5]:
14 |     print('WIDTH =', width)
15 |     pprint(data, width=width)
16 |     print()
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/profile/profile_runctx.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import profile
11 | from profile_fibonacci_memoized import fib, fib_seq
12 | 
13 | if __name__ == '__main__':
14 |     profile.runctx(
15 |         'print(fib_seq(n)); print()',
16 |         globals(),
17 |         {'n': 20},
18 |     )
19 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/pwd/pwd_getpwuid_process.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2009 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import pwd
11 | import os
12 | 
13 | uid = os.getuid()
14 | user_info = pwd.getpwuid(uid)
15 | print('Currently running with UID={} username={}'.format(
16 |     uid, user_info.pw_name))
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/queue/queue_fifo.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """FIFO Queue
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import queue
11 | 
12 | q = queue.Queue()
13 | 
14 | for i in range(5):
15 |     q.put(i)
16 | 
17 | while not q.empty():
18 |     print(q.get(), end=' ')
19 | print()
20 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/queue/queue_lifo.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """LIFO Queue
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import queue
11 | 
12 | q = queue.LifoQueue()
13 | 
14 | for i in range(5):
15 |     q.put(i)
16 | 
17 | while not q.empty():
18 |     print(q.get(), end=' ')
19 | print()
20 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/random/random_random.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Generate random numbers
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import random
11 | 
12 | for i in range(5):
13 |     print('%04.3f' % random.random(), end=' ')
14 | print()
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/random/random_randrange.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Random values from a range
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import random
11 | 
12 | for i in range(3):
13 |     print(random.randrange(0, 101, 5), end=' ')
14 | print()
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/random/random_sample.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Sampling from sequences
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import random
11 | 
12 | with open('/usr/share/dict/words', 'rt') as f:
13 |     words = f.readlines()
14 | words = [w.rstrip() for w in words]
15 | 
16 | for w in random.sample(words, 5):
17 |     print(w)
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/random/random_seed.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Generate random numbers
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import random
11 | 
12 | random.seed(1)
13 | 
14 | for i in range(5):
15 |     print('{:04.3f}'.format(random.random()), end=' ')
16 | print()
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/random/random_uniform.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Generate random numbers
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import random
11 | 
12 | for i in range(5):
13 |     print('{:04.3f}'.format(random.uniform(1, 100)), end=' ')
14 | print()
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/re/re_charset_exclude.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Repetition of patterns
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | from re_test_patterns import test_patterns
11 | 
12 | test_patterns(
13 |     'This is some text -- with punctuation.',
14 |     [('[^-. ]+', 'sequences without -, ., or space')],
15 | )
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/re/re_escape_escapes.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Escaping escape codes
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | from re_test_patterns import test_patterns
11 | 
12 | test_patterns(
13 |     r'\d+ \D+ \s+',
14 |     [(r'\\.\+', 'escape code')],
15 | )
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/re/re_findall.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Repetition of patterns
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import re
11 | 
12 | text = 'abbaaabbbbaaaaa'
13 | 
14 | pattern = 'ab'
15 | 
16 | for match in re.findall(pattern, text):
17 |     print('Found {!r}'.format(match))
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/re/re_finditer.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Repetition of patterns
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import re
11 | 
12 | text = 'abbaaabbbbaaaaa'
13 | 
14 | pattern = 'ab'
15 | 
16 | for match in re.finditer(pattern, text):
17 |     s = match.start()
18 |     e = match.end()
19 |     print('Found {!r} at {:d}:{:d}'.format(
20 |         text[s:e], s, e))
21 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/re/re_groups_alternative.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Matching alternative groups
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | from re_test_patterns_groups import test_patterns
11 | 
12 | test_patterns(
13 |     'abbaabbba',
14 |     [(r'a((a+)|(b+))', 'a then seq. of a or seq. of b'),
15 |      (r'a((a|b)+)', 'a then seq. of [ab]')],
16 | )
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/re/re_groups_nested.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Nested groups
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | from re_test_patterns_groups import test_patterns
11 | 
12 | test_patterns(
13 |     'abbaabbba',
14 |     [(r'a((a*)(b*))', 'a followed by 0-n a and 0-n b')],
15 | )
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/re/re_groups_noncapturing.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Noncapturing groups
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | from re_test_patterns_groups import test_patterns
11 | 
12 | test_patterns(
13 |     'abbaabbba',
14 |     [(r'a((a+)|(b+))', 'capturing form'),
15 |      (r'a((?:a+)|(?:b+))', 'noncapturing')],
16 | )
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/re/re_sub.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Substitute based on patterns.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import re
11 | 
12 | bold = re.compile(r'\*{2}(.*?)\*{2}')
13 | 
14 | text = 'Make this **bold**.  This **too**.'
15 | 
16 | print('Text:', text)
17 | print('Bold:', bold.sub(r'<b>\1</b>', text))
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/re/re_sub_count.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Substitute based on patterns.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import re
11 | 
12 | bold = re.compile(r'\*{2}(.*?)\*{2}')
13 | 
14 | text = 'Make this **bold**.  This **too**.'
15 | 
16 | print('Text:', text)
17 | print('Bold:', bold.sub(r'<b>\1</b>', text, count=1))
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/re/re_sub_named_groups.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Substitute based on patterns.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import re
11 | 
12 | bold = re.compile(r'\*{2}(?P<bold_text>.*?)\*{2}')
13 | 
14 | text = 'Make this **bold**.  This **too**.'
15 | 
16 | print('Text:', text)
17 | print('Bold:', bold.sub(r'<b>\g<bold_text></b>', text))
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/re/re_subn.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Substitute based on patterns.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import re
11 | 
12 | bold = re.compile(r'\*{2}(.*?)\*{2}')
13 | 
14 | text = 'Make this **bold**.  This **too**.'
15 | 
16 | print('Text:', text)
17 | print('Bold:', bold.subn(r'<b>\1</b>', text))
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/shelve/shelve_create.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Creating a new shelf.
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import shelve
 7 | 
 8 | with shelve.open('test_shelf.db') as s:
 9 |     s['key1'] = {
10 |         'int': 10,
11 |         'float': 9.5,
12 |         'string': 'Sample data',
13 |     }
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/shelve/shelve_existing.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Opening an existing shelf.
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import shelve
 7 | 
 8 | with shelve.open('test_shelf.db') as s:
 9 |     existing = s['key1']
10 | 
11 | print(existing)
12 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/shelve/shelve_readonly.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Opening an existing shelf read-only.
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import dbm
 7 | import shelve
 8 | 
 9 | with shelve.open('test_shelf.db', flag='r') as s:
10 |     print('Existing:', s['key1'])
11 |     try:
12 |         s['key1'] = 'new value'
13 |     except dbm.error as err:
14 |         print('ERROR: {}'.format(err))
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/shelve/shelve_withoutwriteback.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Modifying an existing shelf opened with write-back enabled.
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import shelve
 7 | 
 8 | with shelve.open('test_shelf.db') as s:
 9 |     print(s['key1'])
10 |     s['key1']['new_value'] = 'this was not here before'
11 | 
12 | with shelve.open('test_shelf.db', writeback=True) as s:
13 |     print(s['key1'])
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/shlex/apostrophe.txt:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | This string has an embedded apostrophe, doesn't it?


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/shlex/comments.txt:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | This line is recognized.
2 | # But this line is ignored.
3 | And this line is processed.


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/shlex/quotes.txt:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | This string has embedded "double quotes" and
2 | 'single quotes' in it, and even "a 'nested example'".
3 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/shlex/shlex_split.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | #
 3 | # Copyright 2007 Doug Hellmann.
 4 | """Splitting strings with shlex.
 5 | """
 6 | 
 7 | #end_pymotw_header
 8 | import shlex
 9 | 
10 | text = """This text has "quoted parts" inside it."""
11 | print('ORIGINAL: {!r}'.format(text))
12 | print()
13 | 
14 | print('TOKENS:')
15 | print(shlex.split(text))
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/shlex/shlex_table.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | #
 3 | # Copyright 2007 Doug Hellmann.
 4 | """Other uses for the parser.
 5 | """
 6 | 
 7 | #end_pymotw_header
 8 | import shlex
 9 | 
10 | text = """|Col 1||Col 2||Col 3|"""
11 | print('ORIGINAL: {!r}'.format(text))
12 | print()
13 | 
14 | lexer = shlex.shlex(text)
15 | lexer.quotes = '|'
16 | 
17 | print('TOKENS:')
18 | for token in lexer:
19 |     print('{!r}'.format(token))
20 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/shutil/config.ini:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bat67/The-Python-Standard-Library-by-Example/95d2d71d949a276d62520294906415129733aabd/shutil/config.ini


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/shutil/file_to_change.txt:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | content


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/shutil/shutil_copy.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Copying a file
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import glob
 7 | import os
 8 | import shutil
 9 | 
10 | os.mkdir('example')
11 | print('BEFORE:', glob.glob('example/*'))
12 | 
13 | shutil.copy('shutil_copy.py', 'example')
14 | 
15 | print('AFTER :', glob.glob('example/*'))
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/shutil/shutil_copyfile.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Copying a file
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import glob
 7 | import shutil
 8 | 
 9 | print('BEFORE:', glob.glob('shutil_copyfile.*'))
10 | 
11 | shutil.copyfile('shutil_copyfile.py', 'shutil_copyfile.py.copy')
12 | 
13 | print('AFTER:', glob.glob('shutil_copyfile.*'))
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/shutil/shutil_copytree.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Copying an entire tree of files.
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import glob
 7 | import pprint
 8 | import shutil
 9 | 
10 | print('BEFORE:')
11 | pprint.pprint(glob.glob('/tmp/example/*'))
12 | 
13 | shutil.copytree('../shutil', '/tmp/example')
14 | 
15 | print('\nAFTER:')
16 | pprint.pprint(glob.glob('/tmp/example/*'))
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/shutil/shutil_get_archive_formats.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2016 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | # Written for https://pymotw.com
 6 | #
 7 | """Which archive formats are supported?
 8 | """
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import shutil
12 | 
13 | for format, description in shutil.get_archive_formats():
14 |     print('{:<5}: {}'.format(format, description))
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/shutil/shutil_get_unpack_formats.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2016 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | # Written for https://pymotw.com
 6 | #
 7 | """Which archive formats can be extracted?
 8 | """
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import shutil
12 | 
13 | for format, exts, description in shutil.get_unpack_formats():
14 |     print('{:<5}: {}, names ending in {}'.format(
15 |         format, description, exts))
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/shutil/shutil_move.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Copying a file
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import glob
 7 | import shutil
 8 | 
 9 | with open('example.txt', 'wt') as f:
10 |     f.write('contents')
11 | 
12 | print('BEFORE: ', glob.glob('example*'))
13 | 
14 | shutil.move('example.txt', 'example.out')
15 | 
16 | print('AFTER : ', glob.glob('example*'))
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/shutil/shutil_rmtree.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Remove an entire tree of files.
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import glob
 7 | import pprint
 8 | import shutil
 9 | 
10 | print('BEFORE:')
11 | pprint.pprint(glob.glob('/tmp/example/*'))
12 | 
13 | shutil.rmtree('/tmp/example')
14 | 
15 | print('\nAFTER:')
16 | pprint.pprint(glob.glob('/tmp/example/*'))
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/shutil/shutil_which.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2016 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | # Written for https://pymotw.com
 6 | #
 7 | """Find a program on $PATH
 8 | """
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import shutil
12 | 
13 | print(shutil.which('virtualenv'))
14 | print(shutil.which('tox'))
15 | print(shutil.which('no-such-program'))
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/site/multiple_pth/a.pth:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ./from_a
2 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/site/multiple_pth/b.pth:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ./from_b
2 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/site/multiple_pth/from_a/mymodule.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Empty module for example.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import os
11 | print('Loaded {} from {}'.format(
12 |     __name__, __file__[len(os.getcwd()) + 1:])
13 | )
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/site/multiple_pth/from_b/mymodule.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Empty module for example.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import os
11 | print('Loaded {} from {}'.format(
12 |     __name__, __file__[len(os.getcwd()) + 1:])
13 | )
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/site/site_user_base.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Show the user base directory.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import site
11 | 
12 | print('Base:', site.USER_BASE)
13 | print('Site:', site.USER_SITE)
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/site/with_modules/mymodule.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Empty module for example.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import os
11 | print('Loaded {} from {}'.format(
12 |     __name__, __file__[len(os.getcwd()) + 1:])
13 | )
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/site/with_pth/pymotw.pth:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | # Add a single subdirectory to the path.
2 | ./subdir
3 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/site/with_pth/subdir/mymodule.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Empty module for example.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import os
11 | print('Loaded {} from {}'.format(
12 |     __name__, __file__[len(os.getcwd()) + 1:])
13 | )
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/site/with_sitecustomize/site_sitecustomize.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Run in with_sitecustomize directory.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import sys
11 | 
12 | print('Running main program from\n{}'.format(sys.argv[0]))
13 | 
14 | print('End of path:', sys.path[-1])
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/site/with_usercustomize/site_usercustomize.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Run in with_usercustomize directory.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import sys
11 | 
12 | print('Running main program from\n{}'.format(sys.argv[0]))
13 | 
14 | print('End of path:', sys.path[-1])
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/smtpd/smtpd_debug.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import smtpd
12 | import asyncore
13 | 
14 | server = smtpd.DebuggingServer(('127.0.0.1', 1025), None)
15 | 
16 | asyncore.loop()
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/smtpd/smtpd_proxy.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import smtpd
12 | import asyncore
13 | 
14 | server = smtpd.PureProxy(('127.0.0.1', 1025), ('mail', 25))
15 | 
16 | asyncore.loop()
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/socket/socket_getfqdn.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Look up the fully qualified domain name for a host.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import socket
11 | 
12 | for host in ['apu', 'pymotw.com']:
13 |     print('{:>10} : {}'.format(host, socket.getfqdn(host)))
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/socket/socket_gethostbyaddr.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Look up a hostname from its address.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import socket
11 | 
12 | hostname, aliases, addresses = socket.gethostbyaddr('10.9.0.10')
13 | 
14 | print('Hostname :', hostname)
15 | print('Aliases  :', aliases)
16 | print('Addresses:', addresses)
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/socket/socket_gethostname.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Look up the name of the current host
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import socket
11 | 
12 | print(socket.gethostname())
13 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/socket/socket_getservbyport.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Look up a service name by its port number.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import socket
11 | from urllib.parse import urlunparse
12 | 
13 | for port in [80, 443, 21, 70, 25, 143, 993, 110, 995]:
14 |     url = '{}://example.com/'.format(socket.getservbyport(port))
15 |     print(url)
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/statistics/statistics_mean.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | """Arithmetic mean
 5 | """
 6 | 
 7 | #end_pymotw_header
 8 | from statistics import *
 9 | 
10 | data = [1, 2, 2, 5, 10, 12]
11 | 
12 | print('{:0.2f}'.format(mean(data)))
13 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/statistics/statistics_median.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | """
 5 | """
 6 | 
 7 | #end_pymotw_header
 8 | from statistics import *
 9 | 
10 | data = [1, 2, 2, 5, 10, 12]
11 | 
12 | print('median     : {:0.2f}'.format(median(data)))
13 | print('low        : {:0.2f}'.format(median_low(data)))
14 | print('high       : {:0.2f}'.format(median_high(data)))
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/statistics/statistics_median_grouped.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | """
 5 | """
 6 | 
 7 | #end_pymotw_header
 8 | from statistics import *
 9 | 
10 | data = [10, 20, 30, 40]
11 | 
12 | print('1: {:0.2f}'.format(median_grouped(data, interval=1)))
13 | print('2: {:0.2f}'.format(median_grouped(data, interval=2)))
14 | print('3: {:0.2f}'.format(median_grouped(data, interval=3)))
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/statistics/statistics_mode.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | """
 5 | """
 6 | 
 7 | #end_pymotw_header
 8 | from statistics import *
 9 | 
10 | data = [1, 2, 2, 5, 10, 12]
11 | 
12 | print(mode(data))
13 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/string/string_capwords.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import string
11 | 
12 | s = 'The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.'
13 | 
14 | print(s)
15 | print(string.capwords(s))
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/string/string_template_defaultpattern.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import string
11 | 
12 | t = string.Template('$var')
13 | print(t.pattern.pattern)
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/struct/struct_unpack.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import struct
12 | import binascii
13 | 
14 | packed_data = binascii.unhexlify(b'0100000061620000cdcc2c40')
15 | 
16 | s = struct.Struct('I 2s f')
17 | unpacked_data = s.unpack(packed_data)
18 | print('Unpacked Values:', unpacked_data)
19 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/subprocess/subprocess_os_system.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Replacing os.system with subprocess.
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import subprocess
 7 | 
 8 | completed = subprocess.run(['ls', '-1'])
 9 | print('returncode:', completed.returncode)
10 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/subprocess/subprocess_popen_read.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import subprocess
12 | 
13 | print('read:')
14 | proc = subprocess.Popen(
15 |     ['echo', '"to stdout"'],
16 |     stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
17 | )
18 | stdout_value = proc.communicate()[0].decode('utf-8')
19 | print('stdout:', repr(stdout_value))
20 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/subprocess/subprocess_popen_write.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import subprocess
12 | 
13 | print('write:')
14 | proc = subprocess.Popen(
15 |     ['cat', '-'],
16 |     stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
17 | )
18 | proc.communicate('stdin: to stdin\n'.encode('utf-8'))
19 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/subprocess/subprocess_run_check.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | #
 3 | # Copyright 2010 Doug Hellmann.
 4 | #
 5 | """Checking exit codes from external processes
 6 | """
 7 | 
 8 | #end_pymotw_header
 9 | import subprocess
10 | 
11 | try:
12 |     subprocess.run(['false'], check=True)
13 | except subprocess.CalledProcessError as err:
14 |     print('ERROR:', err)
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/subprocess/subprocess_shell_variables.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import subprocess
11 | 
12 | completed = subprocess.run('echo $HOME', shell=True)
13 | print('returncode:', completed.returncode)
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/sys/sys_argv.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
2 | # encoding: utf-8
3 | #end_pymotw_header
4 | import sys
5 | 
6 | print('Arguments:', sys.argv)
7 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/sys/sys_builtins.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #end_pymotw_header
 4 | import sys
 5 | import textwrap
 6 | 
 7 | name_text = ', '.join(sorted(sys.builtin_module_names))
 8 | 
 9 | print(textwrap.fill(name_text, width=64))
10 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/sys/sys_byteorder.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
2 | # encoding: utf-8
3 | #end_pymotw_header
4 | import sys
5 | 
6 | print(sys.byteorder)
7 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/sys/sys_excepthook.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #end_pymotw_header
 4 | import sys
 5 | 
 6 | 
 7 | def my_excepthook(type, value, traceback):
 8 |     print('Unhandled error:', type, value)
 9 | 
10 | 
11 | sys.excepthook = my_excepthook
12 | 
13 | print('Before exception')
14 | 
15 | raise RuntimeError('This is the error message')
16 | 
17 | print('After exception')
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/sys/sys_exit.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
2 | # encoding: utf-8
3 | #end_pymotw_header
4 | import sys
5 | 
6 | exit_code = int(sys.argv[1])
7 | sys.exit(exit_code)
8 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/sys/sys_getrefcount.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #end_pymotw_header
 4 | import sys
 5 | 
 6 | one = []
 7 | print('At start         :', sys.getrefcount(one))
 8 | 
 9 | two = one
10 | 
11 | print('Second reference :', sys.getrefcount(one))
12 | 
13 | del two
14 | 
15 | print('After del        :', sys.getrefcount(one))
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/sys/sys_getsizeof.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #end_pymotw_header
 4 | import sys
 5 | 
 6 | 
 7 | class MyClass:
 8 |     pass
 9 | 
10 | 
11 | objects = [
12 |     [], (), {}, 'c', 'string', b'bytes', 1, 2.3,
13 |     MyClass, MyClass(),
14 | ]
15 | 
16 | for obj in objects:
17 |     print('{:>10} : {}'.format(type(obj).__name__,
18 |                                sys.getsizeof(obj)))
19 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/sys/sys_implementation.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #end_pymotw_header
 4 | import sys
 5 | 
 6 | 
 7 | print('Name:', sys.implementation.name)
 8 | print('Version:', sys.implementation.version)
 9 | print('Cache tag:', sys.implementation.cache_tag)
10 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/sys/sys_int_info.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #end_pymotw_header
 4 | import sys
 5 | 
 6 | print('Number of bits used to hold each digit:',
 7 |       sys.int_info.bits_per_digit)
 8 | print('Size in bytes of C type used to hold each digit:',
 9 |       sys.int_info.sizeof_digit)
10 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/sys/sys_locations.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #end_pymotw_header
 4 | import sys
 5 | 
 6 | print('Interpreter executable:')
 7 | print(sys.executable)
 8 | print('\nInstallation prefix:')
 9 | print(sys.prefix)
10 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/sys/sys_maximums.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
2 | # encoding: utf-8
3 | #end_pymotw_header
4 | import sys
5 | 
6 | print('maxsize   :', sys.maxsize)
7 | print('maxunicode:', sys.maxunicode)
8 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/sys/sys_modules.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #end_pymotw_header
 4 | import sys
 5 | import textwrap
 6 | 
 7 | names = sorted(sys.modules.keys())
 8 | name_text = ', '.join(names)
 9 | 
10 | print(textwrap.fill(name_text, width=64))
11 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/sys/sys_path_show.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
2 | # encoding: utf-8
3 | #end_pymotw_header
4 | import sys
5 | 
6 | for d in sys.path:
7 |     print(d)
8 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/sys/sys_platform.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
2 | # encoding: utf-8
3 | #end_pymotw_header
4 | import sys
5 | 
6 | print('This interpreter was built for:', sys.platform)
7 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/sys/sys_ps1.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #end_pymotw_header
 4 | import sys
 5 | 
 6 | 
 7 | class LineCounter:
 8 | 
 9 |     def __init__(self):
10 |         self.count = 0
11 | 
12 |     def __str__(self):
13 |         self.count += 1
14 |         return '({:3d})> '.format(self.count)
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/sys/sys_shelve_importer_missing.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #end_pymotw_header
 4 | import sys
 5 | import sys_shelve_importer
 6 | 
 7 | filename = '/tmp/pymotw_import_example.shelve'
 8 | sys.path_hooks.append(sys_shelve_importer.ShelveFinder)
 9 | sys.path.insert(0, filename)
10 | 
11 | try:
12 |     import package.module3
13 | except ImportError as e:
14 |     print('Failed to import:', e)
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/sys/sys_stdio.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | 
 3 | #end_pymotw_header
 4 | import sys
 5 | 
 6 | print('STATUS: Reading from stdin', file=sys.stderr)
 7 | 
 8 | data = sys.stdin.read()
 9 | 
10 | print('STATUS: Writing data to stdout', file=sys.stderr)
11 | 
12 | sys.stdout.write(data)
13 | sys.stdout.flush()
14 | 
15 | print('STATUS: Done', file=sys.stderr)
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/sys/sys_unicode.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
2 | # encoding: utf-8
3 | #end_pymotw_header
4 | import sys
5 | 
6 | print('Default encoding     :', sys.getdefaultencoding())
7 | print('File system encoding :', sys.getfilesystemencoding())
8 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/sys/sys_version_values.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #end_pymotw_header
 4 | import sys
 5 | 
 6 | print('Version info:')
 7 | print()
 8 | print('sys.version      =', repr(sys.version))
 9 | print('sys.version_info =', sys.version_info)
10 | print('sys.hexversion   =', hex(sys.hexversion))
11 | print('sys.api_version  =', sys.api_version)
12 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/sysconfig/sysconfig_get_config_var.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """All configuration variables.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import sysconfig
11 | 
12 | print('User base directory:',
13 |       sysconfig.get_config_var('userbase'))
14 | print('Unknown variable   :',
15 |       sysconfig.get_config_var('NoSuchVariable'))
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/sysconfig/sysconfig_get_config_vars_by_name.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """All configuration variables.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import sysconfig
11 | 
12 | bases = sysconfig.get_config_vars('base', 'platbase', 'userbase')
13 | print('Base directories:')
14 | for b in bases:
15 |     print('  ', b)
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/sysconfig/sysconfig_get_path_names.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """The names of the paths in a scheme.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import sysconfig
11 | 
12 | for name in sysconfig.get_path_names():
13 |     print(name)
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/sysconfig/sysconfig_get_platform.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Platform specifier for binary modules
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import sysconfig
11 | 
12 | print(sysconfig.get_platform())
13 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/sysconfig/sysconfig_get_scheme_names.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Installation schemes.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import sysconfig
11 | 
12 | for name in sysconfig.get_scheme_names():
13 |     print(name)
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/tabnanny/tabnanny_check.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2009 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Using tabnanny from your own code
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import sys
11 | import tabnanny
12 | 
13 | # Turn on verbose mode
14 | tabnanny.verbose = 1
15 | 
16 | for dirname in sys.argv[1:]:
17 |     tabnanny.check(dirname)
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/tarfile/README.txt:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | The examples for the tarfile module use this file and
2 | example.tar as data.
3 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/tarfile/outdir/README.txt:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | The examples for the tarfile module use this file and
2 | example.tar as data.
3 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/tarfile/tarfile_extract.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2009 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import tarfile
12 | import os
13 | 
14 | os.mkdir('outdir')
15 | with tarfile.open('example.tar', 'r') as t:
16 |     t.extract('README.txt', 'outdir')
17 | print(os.listdir('outdir'))
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/tarfile/tarfile_extractall.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2009 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import tarfile
12 | import os
13 | 
14 | os.mkdir('outdir')
15 | with tarfile.open('example.tar', 'r') as t:
16 |     t.extractall('outdir')
17 | print(os.listdir('outdir'))
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/tarfile/tarfile_getnames.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2009 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import tarfile
12 | 
13 | with tarfile.open('example.tar', 'r') as t:
14 |     print(t.getnames())
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/tempfile/tempfile_TemporaryFile_binary.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import os
12 | import tempfile
13 | 
14 | with tempfile.TemporaryFile() as temp:
15 |     temp.write(b'Some data')
16 | 
17 |     temp.seek(0)
18 |     print(temp.read())
19 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/tempfile/tempfile_TemporaryFile_text.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import tempfile
12 | 
13 | with tempfile.TemporaryFile(mode='w+t') as f:
14 |     f.writelines(['first\n', 'second\n'])
15 | 
16 |     f.seek(0)
17 |     for line in f:
18 |         print(line.rstrip())
19 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/tempfile/tempfile_settings.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import tempfile
12 | 
13 | print('gettempdir():', tempfile.gettempdir())
14 | print('gettempprefix():', tempfile.gettempprefix())
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/tempfile/tempfile_tempdir.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import tempfile
12 | 
13 | tempfile.tempdir = '/I/changed/this/path'
14 | print('gettempdir():', tempfile.gettempdir())
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/textwrap/textwrap_dedent.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import textwrap
11 | from textwrap_example import sample_text
12 | 
13 | dedented_text = textwrap.dedent(sample_text)
14 | print('Dedented:')
15 | print(dedented_text)
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/textwrap/textwrap_fill.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import textwrap
11 | from textwrap_example import sample_text
12 | 
13 | print(textwrap.fill(sample_text, width=50))
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/threading/threading_lock_reacquire.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Normal locks cannot be acquired more than once
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import threading
11 | 
12 | lock = threading.Lock()
13 | 
14 | print('First try :', lock.acquire())
15 | print('Second try:', lock.acquire(0))
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/threading/threading_rlock.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Re-entrant locks
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import threading
11 | 
12 | lock = threading.RLock()
13 | 
14 | print('First try :', lock.acquire())
15 | print('Second try:', lock.acquire(0))
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/time/time_ctime.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import time
11 | 
12 | print('The time is      :', time.ctime())
13 | later = time.time() + 15
14 | print('15 secs from now :', time.ctime(later))
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/time/time_time.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import time
11 | 
12 | print('The time is:', time.time())
13 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/timeit/timeit_example.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Example of using timeit programatically.
 3 | 
 4 | Time various ways to populate and check a dictionary
 5 | using a long list of strings and integers.
 6 | """
 7 | 
 8 | #end_pymotw_header
 9 | import timeit
10 | 
11 | # using setitem
12 | t = timeit.Timer("print('main statement')", "print('setup')")
13 | 
14 | print('TIMEIT:')
15 | print(t.timeit(2))
16 | 
17 | print('REPEAT:')
18 | print(t.repeat(3, 2))
19 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/timeit/timeit_setitem.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | 
 7 | def test_setitem(range_size=1000):
 8 |     l = [(str(x), x) for x in range(range_size)]
 9 |     d = {}
10 |     for s, i in l:
11 |         d[s] = i
12 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/trace/trace_CoverageResults.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import trace
12 | from trace_example.recurse import recurse
13 | 
14 | tracer = trace.Trace(count=True, trace=False)
15 | tracer.runfunc(recurse, 2)
16 | 
17 | results = tracer.results()
18 | results.write_results(coverdir='coverdir2')
19 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/trace/trace_example/__init__.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bat67/The-Python-Standard-Library-by-Example/95d2d71d949a276d62520294906415129733aabd/trace/trace_example/__init__.py


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/trace/trace_example/main.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | from recurse import recurse
11 | 
12 | 
13 | def main():
14 |     print('This is the main program.')
15 |     recurse(2)
16 | 
17 | 
18 | if __name__ == '__main__':
19 |     main()
20 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/trace/trace_example/recurse.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | 
11 | def recurse(level):
12 |     print('recurse({})'.format(level))
13 |     if level:
14 |         recurse(level - 1)
15 | 
16 | 
17 | def not_called():
18 |     print('This function is never called.')
19 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/trace/trace_run.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import trace
12 | from trace_example.recurse import recurse
13 | 
14 | tracer = trace.Trace(count=False, trace=True)
15 | tracer.run('recurse(2)')
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/trace/trace_runfunc.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import trace
12 | from trace_example.recurse import recurse
13 | 
14 | tracer = trace.Trace(count=False, trace=True)
15 | tracer.runfunc(recurse, 2)
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/traceback/traceback_format_exc.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import traceback
11 | import sys
12 | 
13 | from traceback_example import produce_exception
14 | 
15 | try:
16 |     produce_exception()
17 | except Exception as err:
18 |     print('format_exc():')
19 |     print(traceback.format_exc())
20 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/unittest/unittest_expectedfailure.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import unittest
 7 | 
 8 | 
 9 | class Test(unittest.TestCase):
10 | 
11 |     @unittest.expectedFailure
12 |     def test_never_passes(self):
13 |         self.assertTrue(False)
14 | 
15 |     @unittest.expectedFailure
16 |     def test_always_passes(self):
17 |         self.assertTrue(True)
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/unittest/unittest_failwithmessage.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """A test that fails with a custom message.
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import unittest
 7 | 
 8 | 
 9 | class FailureMessageTest(unittest.TestCase):
10 | 
11 |     def testFail(self):
12 |         self.assertFalse(True, 'failure message goes here')
13 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/unittest/unittest_in.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Test for equality
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import unittest
 7 | 
 8 | 
 9 | class ContainerMembershipTest(unittest.TestCase):
10 | 
11 |     def testDict(self):
12 |         self.assertIn(4, {1: 'a', 2: 'b', 3: 'c'})
13 | 
14 |     def testList(self):
15 |         self.assertIn(4, [1, 2, 3])
16 | 
17 |     def testSet(self):
18 |         self.assertIn(4, set([1, 2, 3]))
19 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/unittest/unittest_outcomes.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Demonstrate possible test outcomes
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import unittest
 7 | 
 8 | 
 9 | class OutcomesTest(unittest.TestCase):
10 | 
11 |     def testPass(self):
12 |         return
13 | 
14 |     def testFail(self):
15 |         self.assertFalse(True)
16 | 
17 |     def testError(self):
18 |         raise RuntimeError('Test error!')
19 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/unittest/unittest_simple.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Simplistic examples of unit tests.
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import unittest
 7 | 
 8 | 
 9 | class SimplisticTest(unittest.TestCase):
10 | 
11 |     def test(self):
12 |         a = 'a'
13 |         b = 'a'
14 |         self.assertEqual(a, b)
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/unittest/unittest_truth.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Test for truth
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import unittest
 7 | 
 8 | 
 9 | class TruthTest(unittest.TestCase):
10 | 
11 |     def testAssertTrue(self):
12 |         self.assertTrue(True)
13 | 
14 |     def testAssertFalse(self):
15 |         self.assertFalse(False)
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/urllib.parse/urllib_parse_geturl.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Parsing URLs
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | from urllib.parse import urlparse
 7 | 
 8 | original = 'http://netloc/path;param?query=arg#frag'
 9 | print('ORIG  :', original)
10 | parsed = urlparse(original)
11 | print('PARSED:', parsed.geturl())
12 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/urllib.parse/urllib_parse_parse_qs.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | from urllib.parse import parse_qs, parse_qsl
11 | 
12 | encoded = 'foo=foo1&foo=foo2'
13 | 
14 | print('parse_qs :', parse_qs(encoded))
15 | print('parse_qsl:', parse_qsl(encoded))
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/urllib.parse/urllib_parse_quote.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | from urllib.parse import quote, quote_plus, urlencode
11 | 
12 | url = 'http://localhost:8080/~hellmann/'
13 | print('urlencode() :', urlencode({'url': url}))
14 | print('quote()     :', quote(url))
15 | print('quote_plus():', quote_plus(url))
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/urllib.parse/urllib_parse_unquote.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | from urllib.parse import unquote, unquote_plus
11 | 
12 | print(unquote('http%3A//localhost%3A8080/%7Ehellmann/'))
13 | print(unquote_plus(
14 |     'http%3A%2F%2Flocalhost%3A8080%2F%7Ehellmann%2F'
15 | ))
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/urllib.parse/urllib_parse_urldefrag.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Remove fragment portion of URL
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | from urllib.parse import urldefrag
 7 | 
 8 | original = 'http://netloc/path;param?query=arg#frag'
 9 | print('original:', original)
10 | d = urldefrag(original)
11 | print('url     :', d.url)
12 | print('fragment:', d.fragment)
13 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/urllib.parse/urllib_parse_urlencode.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | from urllib.parse import urlencode
11 | 
12 | query_args = {
13 |     'q': 'query string',
14 |     'foo': 'bar',
15 | }
16 | encoded_args = urlencode(query_args)
17 | print('Encoded:', encoded_args)
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/urllib.parse/urllib_parse_urlencode_doseq.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | from urllib.parse import urlencode
11 | 
12 | query_args = {
13 |     'foo': ['foo1', 'foo2'],
14 | }
15 | print('Single  :', urlencode(query_args))
16 | print('Sequence:', urlencode(query_args, doseq=True))
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/urllib.parse/urllib_parse_urljoin.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Joining relative fragments into absolute URLs
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | from urllib.parse import urljoin
 7 | 
 8 | print(urljoin('http://www.example.com/path/file.html',
 9 |               'anotherfile.html'))
10 | print(urljoin('http://www.example.com/path/file.html',
11 |               '../anotherfile.html'))
12 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/urllib.parse/urllib_parse_urljoin_with_path.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Joining fragments into absolute URLs
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | from urllib.parse import urljoin
 7 | 
 8 | print(urljoin('http://www.example.com/path/',
 9 |               '/subpath/file.html'))
10 | print(urljoin('http://www.example.com/path/',
11 |               'subpath/file.html'))
12 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/urllib.parse/urllib_parse_urlparse.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Parsing URLs
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | from urllib.parse import urlparse
 7 | 
 8 | url = 'http://netloc/path;param?query=arg#frag'
 9 | parsed = urlparse(url)
10 | print(parsed)
11 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/urllib.parse/urllib_parse_urlunparse.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Parsing URLs
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | from urllib.parse import urlparse, urlunparse
 7 | 
 8 | original = 'http://netloc/path;param?query=arg#frag'
 9 | print('ORIG  :', original)
10 | parsed = urlparse(original)
11 | print('PARSED:', type(parsed), parsed)
12 | t = parsed[:]
13 | print('TUPLE :', type(t), t)
14 | print('NEW   :', urlunparse(t))
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/urllib.parse/urllib_parse_urlunparseextra.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Parsing URLs
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | from urllib.parse import urlparse, urlunparse
 7 | 
 8 | original = 'http://netloc/path;?#'
 9 | print('ORIG  :', original)
10 | parsed = urlparse(original)
11 | print('PARSED:', type(parsed), parsed)
12 | t = parsed[:]
13 | print('TUPLE :', type(t), t)
14 | print('NEW   :', urlunparse(t))
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/urllib.request/urllib_request_urlopen_iterator.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Simple example with urllib.urlopen().
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | from urllib import request
11 | 
12 | response = request.urlopen('http://localhost:8080/')
13 | for line in response:
14 |     print(line.decode('utf-8').rstrip())
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/urllib.robotparser/robots.txt:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | 
2 | Sitemap: https://pymotw.com/sitemap.xml
3 | User-agent: *
4 | Disallow: /admin/
5 | Disallow: /downloads/
6 | Disallow: /media/
7 | Disallow: /static/
8 | Disallow: /codehosting/
9 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/uuid/uuid_getnode.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | """
 4 | """
 5 | 
 6 | #end_pymotw_header
 7 | import uuid
 8 | 
 9 | print(hex(uuid.getnode()))
10 | 


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/uuid/uuid_uuid1_othermac.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | """
 4 | """
 5 | 
 6 | #end_pymotw_header
 7 | import uuid
 8 | 
 9 | for node in [0x1ec200d9e0, 0x1e5274040e]:
10 |     print(uuid.uuid1(node), hex(node))
11 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/uuid/uuid_uuid1_repeat.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | """
 4 | """
 5 | 
 6 | #end_pymotw_header
 7 | import uuid
 8 | 
 9 | for i in range(3):
10 |     print(uuid.uuid1())
11 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/uuid/uuid_uuid3_uuid5.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | """
 4 | """
 5 | 
 6 | #end_pymotw_header
 7 | import uuid
 8 | 
 9 | hostnames = ['www.doughellmann.com', 'blog.doughellmann.com']
10 | 
11 | for name in hostnames:
12 |     print(name)
13 |     print('  MD5   :', uuid.uuid3(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, name))
14 |     print('  SHA-1 :', uuid.uuid5(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, name))
15 |     print()
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/uuid/uuid_uuid4.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | """
 4 | """
 5 | 
 6 | #end_pymotw_header
 7 | import uuid
 8 | 
 9 | for i in range(3):
10 |     print(uuid.uuid4())
11 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/warnings/warnings_filter.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import warnings
11 | 
12 | warnings.warn('Show this message')
13 | warnings.warn('Do not show this message')
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/warnings/warnings_filterwarnings_lineno.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | # flake8: noqa
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import warnings
12 | 
13 | warnings.filterwarnings(
14 |     'ignore',
15 |     '.*',
16 |     UserWarning,
17 |     'warnings_filter',
18 |     13,
19 | )
20 | 
21 | import warnings_filter
22 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/warnings/warnings_filterwarnings_message.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import warnings
11 | 
12 | warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', '.*do not.*',)
13 | 
14 | warnings.warn('Show this message')
15 | warnings.warn('Do not show this message')
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/warnings/warnings_filterwarnings_module.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | # flake8: noqa
 9 | 
10 | #end_pymotw_header
11 | import warnings
12 | 
13 | warnings.filterwarnings(
14 |     'ignore',
15 |     '.*',
16 |     UserWarning,
17 |     'warnings_filter',
18 | )
19 | 
20 | import warnings_filter
21 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/warnings/warnings_once.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import warnings
11 | 
12 | warnings.simplefilter('once', UserWarning)
13 | 
14 | warnings.warn('This is a warning!')
15 | warnings.warn('This is a warning!')
16 | warnings.warn('This is a warning!')
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/warnings/warnings_repeated.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import warnings
11 | 
12 | 
13 | def function_with_warning():
14 |     warnings.warn('This is a warning!')
15 | 
16 | 
17 | function_with_warning()
18 | function_with_warning()
19 | function_with_warning()
20 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/warnings/warnings_warn.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import warnings
11 | 
12 | print('Before the warning')
13 | warnings.warn('This is a warning message')
14 | print('After the warning')
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/warnings/warnings_warn_raise.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import warnings
11 | 
12 | warnings.simplefilter('error', UserWarning)
13 | 
14 | print('Before the warning')
15 | warnings.warn('This is a warning message')
16 | print('After the warning')
17 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/warnings/warnings_warn_stacklevel.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | 
 4 | import warnings
 5 | 
 6 | 
 7 | def old_function():
 8 |     warnings.warn(
 9 |         'old_function() is deprecated, use new_function()',
10 |         stacklevel=2)
11 | 
12 | 
13 | def caller_of_old_function():
14 |     old_function()
15 | 
16 | 
17 | caller_of_old_function()
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/webbrowser/webbrowser_get.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import webbrowser
11 | 
12 | b = webbrowser.get('lynx')
13 | b.open('https://docs.python.org/3/library/webbrowser.html')
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/webbrowser/webbrowser_open.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import webbrowser
11 | 
12 | webbrowser.open(
13 |     'https://docs.python.org/3/library/webbrowser.html'
14 | )
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/webbrowser/webbrowser_open_new.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import webbrowser
11 | 
12 | webbrowser.open_new(
13 |     'https://docs.python.org/3/library/webbrowser.html'
14 | )
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/webbrowser/webbrowser_open_new_tab.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import webbrowser
11 | 
12 | webbrowser.open_new_tab(
13 |     'https://docs.python.org/3/library/webbrowser.html'
14 | )
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/xml.etree.ElementTree/ElementTree_dump_opml.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Dump the OPML in plain text
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | from xml.etree import ElementTree
11 | import pprint
12 | 
13 | with open('podcasts.opml', 'rt') as f:
14 |     tree = ElementTree.parse(f)
15 | 
16 | for node in tree.iter():
17 |     print(node.tag)
18 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/xml.etree.ElementTree/ElementTree_parse_opml.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2010 Doug Hellmann.  All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """Parse an OPML file and show something about the results.
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | from xml.etree import ElementTree
11 | 
12 | with open('podcasts.opml', 'rt') as f:
13 |     tree = ElementTree.parse(f)
14 | 
15 | print(tree)
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/xmlrpc.client/xmlrpc_ServerProxy.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import xmlrpc.client
11 | 
12 | server = xmlrpc.client.ServerProxy('http://localhost:9000')
13 | print('Ping:', server.ping())
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/xmlrpc.client/xmlrpc_ServerProxy_encoding.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import xmlrpc.client
11 | 
12 | server = xmlrpc.client.ServerProxy('http://localhost:9000',
13 |                                    encoding='ISO-8859-1')
14 | print('Ping:', server.ping())
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/xmlrpc.client/xmlrpc_ServerProxy_verbose.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import xmlrpc.client
11 | 
12 | server = xmlrpc.client.ServerProxy('http://localhost:9000',
13 |                                    verbose=True)
14 | print('Ping:', server.ping())
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/xmlrpc.server/xmlrpc_arbitrary_name_client.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import xmlrpc.client
11 | 
12 | proxy = xmlrpc.client.ServerProxy('http://localhost:9000')
13 | print(getattr(proxy, 'multiply args')(5, 5))
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/xmlrpc.server/xmlrpc_function_client.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import xmlrpc.client
11 | 
12 | proxy = xmlrpc.client.ServerProxy('http://localhost:9000')
13 | print(proxy.list_contents('/tmp'))
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/xmlrpc.server/xmlrpc_instance_client.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import xmlrpc.client
11 | 
12 | proxy = xmlrpc.client.ServerProxy('http://localhost:9000')
13 | print(proxy.list('/tmp'))
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/xmlrpc.server/xmlrpc_instance_dotted_names_client.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | # encoding: utf-8
 3 | #
 4 | # Copyright (c) 2008 Doug Hellmann All rights reserved.
 5 | #
 6 | """
 7 | """
 8 | 
 9 | #end_pymotw_header
10 | import xmlrpc.client
11 | 
12 | proxy = xmlrpc.client.ServerProxy('http://localhost:9000')
13 | print(proxy.dir.list('/tmp'))
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/zipfile/README.txt:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | The examples for the zipfile module use 
2 | this file and example.zip as data.
3 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/zipfile/zipfile_is_zipfile.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Test if a file is a zipfile.
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import zipfile
 7 | 
 8 | for filename in ['README.txt', 'example.zip',
 9 |                  'bad_example.zip', 'notthere.zip']:
10 |     print('{:>15}  {}'.format(
11 |         filename, zipfile.is_zipfile(filename)))
12 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/zipfile/zipfile_namelist.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Reading the names out of a ZIP archive.
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import zipfile
 7 | 
 8 | with zipfile.ZipFile('example.zip', 'r') as zf:
 9 |     print(zf.namelist())
10 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/zipfile/zipfile_printdir.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Print the table of contents of a ZIP archive
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | import zipfile
 7 | 
 8 | with zipfile.ZipFile('example.zip', 'r') as zf:
 9 |     print(zf.printdir())
10 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/zipfile/zipfile_write.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Writing data to a new archive.
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | from zipfile_infolist import print_info
 7 | import zipfile
 8 | 
 9 | print('creating archive')
10 | with zipfile.ZipFile('write.zip', mode='w') as zf:
11 |     print('adding README.txt')
12 |     zf.write('README.txt')
13 | 
14 | print()
15 | print_info('write.zip')
16 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/zipfile/zipfile_write_arcname.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | """Writing data to a new archive using an alternate name.
 3 | """
 4 | 
 5 | #end_pymotw_header
 6 | from zipfile_infolist import print_info
 7 | import zipfile
 8 | 
 9 | with zipfile.ZipFile('write_arcname.zip', mode='w') as zf:
10 |     zf.write('README.txt', arcname='NOT_README.txt')
11 | 
12 | print_info('write_arcname.zip')
13 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/zipimport/__init__.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #
 2 | # Copyright 2007 Doug Hellmann.
 3 | #
 4 | """Package marker.
 5 | 
 6 | This file is included to cause this directory to be treated as a
 7 | python package, instead of a simple directory.
 8 | 
 9 | """
10 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/zipimport/example_package/README.txt:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | This file represents sample data which could be embedded in the
2 | ZIP archive.  You could include a configuration file, images, or
3 | any other sort of noncode data.
4 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/zipimport/example_package/__init__.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #
 2 | # Copyright 2007 Doug Hellmann.
 3 | #
 4 | """Example package
 5 | 
 6 | This file represents source code which could be embedded in the
 7 | ZIP archive.
 8 | 
 9 | """
10 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/zipimport/zipimport_find_module.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | #
 3 | # Copyright 2007 Doug Hellmann.
 4 | #
 5 | """Finding a module within a zip archive.
 6 | """
 7 | 
 8 | #end_pymotw_header
 9 | import zipimport
10 | 
11 | importer = zipimport.zipimporter('zipimport_example.zip')
12 | 
13 | for module_name in ['zipimport_find_module', 'not_there']:
14 |     print(module_name, ':', importer.find_module(module_name))
15 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/zipimport/zipimport_get_code.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | #
 3 | # Copyright 2007 Doug Hellmann.
 4 | #
 5 | """Retrieving the code for a module within a zip archive.
 6 | """
 7 | 
 8 | #end_pymotw_header
 9 | import zipimport
10 | 
11 | importer = zipimport.zipimporter('zipimport_example.zip')
12 | code = importer.get_code('zipimport_get_code')
13 | print(code)
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/zipimport/zipimport_is_package.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3
 2 | #
 3 | # Copyright 2007 Doug Hellmann.
 4 | #
 5 | """Determine whether the type of a module within a ZIP archive
 6 | """
 7 | 
 8 | #end_pymotw_header
 9 | import zipimport
10 | 
11 | importer = zipimport.zipimporter('zipimport_example.zip')
12 | for name in ['zipimport_is_package', 'example_package']:
13 |     print(name, importer.is_package(name))
14 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/zlib/lorem.txt:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Donec
2 | egestas, enim et consectetuer ullamcorper, lectus ligula rutrum leo, a
3 | elementum elit tortor eu quam. Duis tincidunt nisi ut ante. Nulla
4 | facilisi. Sed tristique eros eu libero. Pellentesque vel arcu. Vivamus
5 | purus orci, iaculis ac, suscipit sit amet, pulvinar eu,
6 | lacus.
7 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------