├── .DS_Store
├── .gitignore
├── 2019-08-01-LikelihoodFree_1.md
├── README.md
├── _config.yml
├── _data
└── topnav.yml
├── _includes
├── config.html
├── footer.html
├── head.html
└── topnav.html
├── _layouts
├── default.html
├── member.html
├── page-sidenav.html
├── page.html
├── post-sidenav.html
├── post.html
└── postset.html
├── _posts
├── 2019-06-23-EM_algorithm.md
├── 2019-06-27-Computing_BF.md
├── 2019-06-27-jensen.md
├── 2019-06-28-logtransformation.md
├── 2019-07-02-sobeltest_1.md
├── 2019-07-02-sobeltest_2.md
├── 2019-07-04-npb.md
├── 2019-07-04-sobeltest_3.md
├── 2019-07-07-bootstrap_mediation_1.md
├── 2019-07-07-bootstrap_mediation_2.md
├── 2019-07-08-Bayesian_mediation.md
├── 2019-07-12-DIC_WAIC.md
├── 2019-07-26-Wald_MCMC.md
├── 2019-07-29-eight_schools.md
├── 2019-07-29-sensitivity_analysis.md
├── 2019-08-01-LikelihoodFree_1.md
├── 2019-08-01-LikelihoodFree_2.md
└── 2019-08-02-LikelihoodFree_3.md
├── _sass
├── _bootstrap.scss
├── _syntax-highlighting.scss
└── bootstrap
│ ├── _alerts.scss
│ ├── _badges.scss
│ ├── _breadcrumbs.scss
│ ├── _button-groups.scss
│ ├── _buttons.scss
│ ├── _carousel.scss
│ ├── _close.scss
│ ├── _code.scss
│ ├── _component-animations.scss
│ ├── _dropdowns.scss
│ ├── _forms.scss
│ ├── _glyphicons.scss
│ ├── _grid.scss
│ ├── _input-groups.scss
│ ├── _jumbotron.scss
│ ├── _labels.scss
│ ├── _list-group.scss
│ ├── _media.scss
│ ├── _mixins.scss
│ ├── _modals.scss
│ ├── _navbar.scss
│ ├── _navs.scss
│ ├── _normalize.scss
│ ├── _pager.scss
│ ├── _pagination.scss
│ ├── _panels.scss
│ ├── _popovers.scss
│ ├── _print.scss
│ ├── _progress-bars.scss
│ ├── _responsive-embed.scss
│ ├── _responsive-utilities.scss
│ ├── _scaffolding.scss
│ ├── _tables.scss
│ ├── _theme.scss
│ ├── _thumbnails.scss
│ ├── _tooltip.scss
│ ├── _type.scss
│ ├── _utilities.scss
│ ├── _variables.scss
│ ├── _wells.scss
│ └── mixins
│ ├── _alerts.scss
│ ├── _background-variant.scss
│ ├── _border-radius.scss
│ ├── _buttons.scss
│ ├── _center-block.scss
│ ├── _clearfix.scss
│ ├── _forms.scss
│ ├── _gradients.scss
│ ├── _grid-framework.scss
│ ├── _grid.scss
│ ├── _hide-text.scss
│ ├── _image.scss
│ ├── _labels.scss
│ ├── _list-group.scss
│ ├── _nav-divider.scss
│ ├── _nav-vertical-align.scss
│ ├── _opacity.scss
│ ├── _pagination.scss
│ ├── _panels.scss
│ ├── _progress-bar.scss
│ ├── _reset-filter.scss
│ ├── _reset-text.scss
│ ├── _resize.scss
│ ├── _responsive-visibility.scss
│ ├── _size.scss
│ ├── _tab-focus.scss
│ ├── _table-row.scss
│ ├── _text-emphasis.scss
│ ├── _text-overflow.scss
│ └── _vendor-prefixes.scss
├── bayes.svg.png
├── blog.Rproj
├── code
├── density.r
└── dirichlet_process.py
├── css
├── font-awesome.min.css
├── fonts
│ ├── FontAwesome.otf
│ ├── fontawesome-webfont.eot
│ ├── fontawesome-webfont.svg
│ ├── fontawesome-webfont.ttf
│ ├── fontawesome-webfont.woff
│ └── fontawesome-webfont.woff2
└── main.scss
├── docs
├── abs
│ ├── 0.md
│ ├── 0101.md
│ ├── 0201.md
│ ├── 0202.md
│ └── 0203.md
├── bc
│ ├── 0.md
│ ├── 0100.md
│ ├── 0101.md
│ ├── 0102.md
│ ├── 0103.md
│ ├── 0104.md
│ ├── 0105.md
│ ├── 0200.md
│ ├── 0201.md
│ ├── 0202.md
│ ├── 0300.md
│ ├── 0301.md
│ ├── 0302.md
│ ├── 0303.md
│ ├── 0400.md
│ ├── 0401.md
│ └── 0406.md
├── index-backup.html
├── preposts
│ ├── 2019-06-25-npb.md
│ ├── 2019-06-30-crp.md
│ ├── 2019-07-07-dp.md
│ └── 2019-07-07-dp_application.md
└── previous
│ ├── PRML
│ ├── chapter01
│ │ ├── 0.md
│ │ ├── 1.md
│ │ ├── 2.md
│ │ ├── 3.md
│ │ ├── 4.md
│ │ ├── 5.md
│ │ └── 6.md
│ ├── chapter02
│ │ ├── 0.md
│ │ ├── 1.md
│ │ ├── 2.md
│ │ ├── 3_1.md
│ │ ├── 3_2.md
│ │ ├── 3_3.md
│ │ ├── 4.md
│ │ └── 5.md
│ ├── chapter03
│ │ ├── 0.md
│ │ ├── 1.md
│ │ ├── 2.md
│ │ ├── 3.md
│ │ ├── 4.md
│ │ ├── 5.md
│ │ └── 6.md
│ ├── chapter04
│ │ ├── 0.md
│ │ ├── 1.md
│ │ ├── 2.md
│ │ ├── 3.md
│ │ ├── 4.md
│ │ └── 5.md
│ └── chapter05
│ │ ├── 0.md
│ │ ├── 1.md
│ │ ├── 2.md
│ │ ├── 3.md
│ │ ├── 4.md
│ │ └── 5.md
│ ├── agm
│ ├── 0.md
│ ├── 0101.md
│ ├── 0102.md
│ ├── 0103.md
│ ├── 0104.md
│ ├── 0201.md
│ ├── 0202.md
│ ├── 0203.md
│ ├── 0204.md
│ └── 0205.md
│ ├── aons
│ ├── 0.md
│ └── 0100.md
│ ├── aos2
│ ├── 0.md
│ ├── 0100.md
│ ├── 0101.md
│ ├── 0102.md
│ ├── 0103.md
│ ├── 0200.md
│ ├── 0201.md
│ ├── 0202.md
│ ├── 0300.md
│ ├── 0400.md
│ ├── 0500.md
│ ├── 0600.md
│ └── 0700.md
│ ├── aos3
│ ├── 0.md
│ ├── 0100.md
│ ├── 0200.md
│ ├── 0300.md
│ ├── 0400.md
│ ├── 0500.md
│ ├── 0600.md
│ ├── 0700.md
│ ├── 0800.md
│ ├── 0900.md
│ ├── 1000.md
│ ├── 1100.md
│ └── 1200.md
│ ├── mpsl
│ ├── 0.md
│ ├── 0100.md
│ ├── 0101.md
│ ├── 0102.md
│ ├── 0103.md
│ ├── 0104.md
│ ├── 0105.md
│ ├── 0200.md
│ ├── 0201.md
│ ├── 0202.md
│ ├── 0203.md
│ ├── 0300.md
│ ├── 0301.md
│ ├── 0302.md
│ ├── 0303.md
│ ├── 0400.md
│ ├── 0401.md
│ └── 0406.md
│ └── mpt
│ ├── 0.md
│ ├── 0000.md
│ ├── 0001.md
│ ├── 0002.md
│ ├── 0101.md
│ ├── 0201.md
│ ├── 0202.md
│ └── 0203.md
├── feed.xml
├── fonts
├── FontAwesome.otf
├── bootstrap
│ └── glyphicons-halflings-regular.woff
└── fontawesome-webfont.svg
├── images
├── PRML
│ ├── Figure1.1.png
│ ├── Figure1.10.png
│ ├── Figure1.11a.png
│ ├── Figure1.11b.png
│ ├── Figure1.11c.png
│ ├── Figure1.11d.png
│ ├── Figure1.12.png
│ ├── Figure1.13.png
│ ├── Figure1.14.png
│ ├── Figure1.15.png
│ ├── Figure1.16.png
│ ├── Figure1.17.png
│ ├── Figure1.18.png
│ ├── Figure1.19.png
│ ├── Figure1.2.png
│ ├── Figure1.20.png
│ ├── Figure1.21a.png
│ ├── Figure1.21b.png
│ ├── Figure1.21c.png
│ ├── Figure1.22.png
│ ├── Figure1.23.png
│ ├── Figure1.24.png
│ ├── Figure1.26.png
│ ├── Figure1.27a.png
│ ├── Figure1.27b.png
│ ├── Figure1.28.png
│ ├── Figure1.29a.png
│ ├── Figure1.29b.png
│ ├── Figure1.29c.png
│ ├── Figure1.29d.png
│ ├── Figure1.3.png
│ ├── Figure1.30a.png
│ ├── Figure1.30b.png
│ ├── Figure1.31.png
│ ├── Figure1.4a.png
│ ├── Figure1.4b.png
│ ├── Figure1.4c.png
│ ├── Figure1.4d.png
│ ├── Figure1.5.png
│ ├── Figure1.6a.png
│ ├── Figure1.6b.png
│ ├── Figure1.7a.png
│ ├── Figure1.7b.png
│ ├── Figure1.8.png
│ ├── Figure1.9.png
│ ├── Figure10.10a.png
│ ├── Figure10.10b.png
│ ├── Figure10.11a.png
│ ├── Figure10.11b.png
│ ├── Figure10.12a.png
│ ├── Figure10.12b.png
│ ├── Figure10.13a.png
│ ├── Figure10.13b.png
│ ├── Figure10.14a.png
│ ├── Figure10.14b.png
│ ├── Figure10.15.png
│ ├── Figure10.16a.png
│ ├── Figure10.16b.png
│ ├── Figure10.17a.png
│ ├── Figure10.17b.png
│ ├── Figure10.18a.png
│ ├── Figure10.18b.png
│ ├── Figure10.1a.png
│ ├── Figure10.1b.png
│ ├── Figure10.2a.png
│ ├── Figure10.2b.png
│ ├── Figure10.3a.png
│ ├── Figure10.3b.png
│ ├── Figure10.3c.png
│ ├── Figure10.4a.png
│ ├── Figure10.4b.png
│ ├── Figure10.4c.png
│ ├── Figure10.4d.png
│ ├── Figure10.5.png
│ ├── Figure10.6a.png
│ ├── Figure10.6b.png
│ ├── Figure10.6c.png
│ ├── Figure10.6d.png
│ ├── Figure10.7.png
│ ├── Figure10.8.png
│ ├── Figure10.9.png
│ ├── Figure11.1.png
│ ├── Figure11.10.png
│ ├── Figure11.11.png
│ ├── Figure11.12a.png
│ ├── Figure11.12b.png
│ ├── Figure11.13a.png
│ ├── Figure11.13b.png
│ ├── Figure11.14a.png
│ ├── Figure11.14b.png
│ ├── Figure11.15.png
│ ├── Figure11.16.png
│ ├── Figure11.2.png
│ ├── Figure11.3.png
│ ├── Figure11.4.png
│ ├── Figure11.5.png
│ ├── Figure11.6.png
│ ├── Figure11.7.png
│ ├── Figure11.8.png
│ ├── Figure11.9.png
│ ├── Figure2.1.png
│ ├── Figure2.10.png
│ ├── Figure2.11.png
│ ├── Figure2.12.png
│ ├── Figure2.13a.png
│ ├── Figure2.13b.png
│ ├── Figure2.13c.png
│ ├── Figure2.14.png
│ ├── Figure2.15.png
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│ ├── Figure2.16b.png
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│ ├── Figure2.24.png
│ ├── Figure2.25.png
│ ├── Figure2.26.png
│ ├── Figure2.27a.png
│ ├── Figure2.27b.png
│ ├── Figure2.28a.png
│ ├── Figure2.28b.png
│ ├── Figure2.28c.png
│ ├── Figure2.2a.png
│ ├── Figure2.2b.png
│ ├── Figure2.2c.png
│ ├── Figure2.2d.png
│ ├── Figure2.3a.png
│ ├── Figure2.3b.png
│ ├── Figure2.3c.png
│ ├── Figure2.4.png
│ ├── Figure2.5a.png
│ ├── Figure2.5b.png
│ ├── Figure2.5c.png
│ ├── Figure2.6a.png
│ ├── Figure2.6b.png
│ ├── Figure2.6c.png
│ ├── Figure2.7.png
│ ├── Figure2.8a.png
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│ ├── Figure2.8c.png
│ ├── Figure2.9a.png
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│ ├── Figure3.10.png
│ ├── Figure3.11a.png
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│ ├── Figure3.1a.png
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│ ├── Figure4.1.png
│ ├── Figure4.10a.png
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│ ├── Figure4.11a.png
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│ ├── Figure4.7d.png
│ ├── Figure4.9.png
│ ├── Figure4.t1.png
│ ├── Figure5.1.png
│ ├── Figure5.10.png
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│ ├── Figure9.8b.png
│ ├── Figure9.8c.png
│ ├── Figure9.8d.png
│ ├── Figure9.8e.png
│ ├── Figure9.8f.png
│ └── Figure9.9.png
├── docs
│ └── bc
│ │ └── causal-model.png
├── posts
│ ├── ABC_normal.png
│ ├── bayes-npb.png
│ ├── bin.png
│ ├── cluster-dp.png
│ ├── density-npb.png
│ ├── dice-npb.png
│ ├── lfd-npb.png
│ ├── medical-npb.png
│ ├── meta_priors.png
│ ├── models-npb.png
│ ├── partition-dp.png
│ ├── process-npb.png
│ ├── regression-npb.png
│ ├── scnas-npb.png
│ ├── uncertainty-npb.png
│ ├── wald_python_traceplot.png
│ └── wald_r_traceplot.png
└── previous
│ ├── agm_Figure020102.png
│ ├── agm_Figure020201.gif
│ ├── agm_Figure020202.png
│ ├── agm_Figure020401.png
│ ├── aos2_Figure010301.png
│ ├── aos2_Figure020101.png
│ ├── aos_Figure2.1.jpeg
│ ├── aos_Figure2.2.png
│ ├── mpsl_Figure010101.png
│ ├── mpsl_Figure010102.png
│ ├── mpsl_Figure010201.png
│ ├── mpsl_Figure020101.png
│ ├── mpsl_Figure020102.png
│ ├── mpsl_Figure020103.png
│ ├── mpt_Figure1.1.png
│ └── mpt_Figure1.2.png
├── index.html
├── js
└── jquery-1.12.0.min.js
├── jspark.png
├── logo.key
├── logo.png
├── params.json
├── proof
└── aos2
│ ├── 010301.lyx
│ ├── 010301.pdf
│ ├── 020101.lyx
│ └── 020101.pdf
├── run_local_jekyell.sh
├── sample.md
├── sblim.jpg
└── stylesheets
├── github-light.css
├── normalize.css
└── stylesheet.css
/.DS_Store:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bayestour/blog/c3a810d17837a359754a8f115f2f53f3139c7837/.DS_Store
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/.gitignore:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | .Rproj.user
2 | .Rhistory
3 | .RData
4 | .Ruserdata
5 | code/.idea/code.iml
6 | code/.idea/misc.xml
7 | code/.idea/modules.xml
8 | code/.idea/workspace.xml
9 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/README.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ## Link
2 |
3 | - [http://bayestour.github.io/blog](http://bayestour.github.io/blog)
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/_config.yml:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | # Site settings
2 | title: Bayesian tour
3 |
4 | email: "sunnybenlim@gmail.com"
5 | url: "https://bayestour.github.io/blog/"
6 | github_url: "http://github.com/bayestour/blog"
7 | github_editurl: "/blob/gh-pages"
8 | github_profile: "http://github.com/bayestour"
9 | baseurl: "/blog"
10 |
11 | exclude:
12 | - README.md
13 | - _site
14 |
15 | highlighter: rouge
16 | markdown: kramdown
17 | plugins:
18 | - jemoji
19 | - jekyll-paginate
20 |
21 | kramdown:
22 | input: GFM
23 | syntax_highlighter: rouge
24 |
25 | paginate: 4
26 | paginate_path: /page:num
27 |
28 |
29 | analytics:
30 | provider: "google"
31 | google:
32 | tracking_id: "UA-142844151-1"
33 | anonymize_ip: false # default
34 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/_data/topnav.yml:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | topnav:
2 | - title: Contents
3 | items:
4 | - title: Causal Inference & Learning
5 | group: "Causal Inference & Learning"
6 | url: /docs/bc/0
7 | items:
8 | - title: Bayesian Statistics
9 | group: "Bayesian Statistics"
10 | url: /2019/06/28/logtransformation.html
11 | # - title: 1. Applied Bayesian Statistics
12 | # items:
13 | # - title: 1.
14 | # group: ""
15 | # url: /docs/abs/0101
16 | # - title: 2.
17 | # group: ""
18 | # url: /docs/abs/0201
19 | # - title: 2. Advanced Statistical Learning
20 | # items:
21 | # - title: 1. Mixture Models
22 | # group: "Mixture Models"
23 | # url: /docs/asl/0101
24 | # - title: 2. Variational Methods
25 | # group: "Variational Methods"
26 | # url: /docs/asl/0201
27 | # - title: 3. Causal Inference & Learning
28 | # items:
29 | # - title: 1. Causal Modeling
30 | # group: "Causal Modeling"
31 | # url: /docs/cml/0101
32 | # - title: 4. General Research Method
33 | # items:
34 | # - title: 1.
35 | # group: ""
36 | # url: /docs/grm/0101
37 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/_includes/config.html:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | {% assign topnav = site.data.topnav.topnav %}
2 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/_includes/footer.html:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 |
13 |
14 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/_includes/head.html:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 | {% if page.title %}{{ page.title }}{% else %}{{ site.title }}{% endif %}
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
15 |
16 |
17 |
18 |
25 |
26 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/_layouts/default.html:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 |
2 |
3 | {% include head.html %}
4 |
5 | {% include topnav.html %}
6 |
7 | {{ content }}
8 |
9 |
10 | {% include footer.html %}
11 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/_layouts/member.html:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page
3 | ---
4 |
5 |
6 | {% include config.html %}
7 | {% if site.avatar_url %}
8 | {% for member in members %}
9 |
10 |
16 | {% if site.github_url %}
17 |
18 |
24 | {% else %}
25 |
{{ member.name }}
26 | {% endif %}
27 |
28 |
29 |
30 | {% endfor %}
31 | {% endif %}
32 |
33 |
34 |
35 |
36 | {{ content }}
37 |
38 |
39 |
40 |
41 |
42 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/_layouts/page-sidenav.html:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: default
3 | comments: true
4 | ---
5 |
6 |
7 |
{{ page.group }}
8 |
9 | {% for p in site.pages %}
10 | {% if p.group == page.group %}
11 | -
12 | {{ p.title }}
13 |
14 | {% endif %}
15 | {% endfor %}
16 |
17 |
18 |
19 | {% if site.github_url %}
20 |
25 | {% endif %}
26 |
27 |
28 | {{ page.title }}
29 |
30 |
31 |
32 | {{ content }}
33 |
34 |
35 |
36 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/_layouts/page.html:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: default
3 | comments: true
4 | ---
5 |
6 | {% if site.github_url %}
7 |
12 | {% endif %}
13 |
14 | {{ page.title }}
15 |
16 |
17 |
18 | {{ content }}
19 |
20 |
21 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/_layouts/post-sidenav.html:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: default
3 | comments: true
4 | ---
5 |
6 |
7 |
{{ page.group }}
8 |
9 | {% for p in site.posts %}
10 | {% if p.group == page.group %}
11 | -
12 | {{ p.title }}
13 |
14 | {% endif %}
15 | {% endfor %}
16 |
17 |
18 |
19 | {% if site.github_url %}
20 |
25 | {% endif %}
26 |
27 |
31 |
32 |
33 | {{ content }}
34 |
35 |
36 |
37 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/_layouts/post.html:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: postset
3 | comments: true
4 | ---
5 |
11 |
12 |
13 | {{ content }}
14 |
15 |
16 |
17 |
18 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/_layouts/postset.html:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 |
2 |
3 | {% include head.html %}
4 |
5 | {% include topnav.html %}
6 |
7 | {{ content }}
8 |
9 |
10 | {% include footer.html %}
11 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/_sass/_bootstrap.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | /*!
2 | * Bootstrap v3.3.6 (http://getbootstrap.com)
3 | * Copyright 2011-2015 Twitter, Inc.
4 | * Licensed under MIT (https://github.com/twbs/bootstrap/blob/master/LICENSE)
5 | */
6 |
7 | // Core variables and mixins
8 | @import "bootstrap/variables";
9 | @import "bootstrap/mixins";
10 |
11 | // Reset and dependencies
12 | @import "bootstrap/normalize";
13 | @import "bootstrap/print";
14 | @import "bootstrap/glyphicons";
15 |
16 | // Core CSS
17 | @import "bootstrap/scaffolding";
18 | @import "bootstrap/type";
19 | @import "bootstrap/code";
20 | @import "bootstrap/grid";
21 | @import "bootstrap/tables";
22 | @import "bootstrap/forms";
23 | @import "bootstrap/buttons";
24 |
25 | // Components
26 | @import "bootstrap/component-animations";
27 | @import "bootstrap/dropdowns";
28 | @import "bootstrap/button-groups";
29 | @import "bootstrap/input-groups";
30 | @import "bootstrap/navs";
31 | @import "bootstrap/navbar";
32 | @import "bootstrap/breadcrumbs";
33 | @import "bootstrap/pagination";
34 | @import "bootstrap/pager";
35 | @import "bootstrap/labels";
36 | @import "bootstrap/badges";
37 | @import "bootstrap/jumbotron";
38 | @import "bootstrap/thumbnails";
39 | @import "bootstrap/alerts";
40 | @import "bootstrap/progress-bars";
41 | @import "bootstrap/media";
42 | @import "bootstrap/list-group";
43 | @import "bootstrap/panels";
44 | @import "bootstrap/responsive-embed";
45 | @import "bootstrap/wells";
46 | @import "bootstrap/close";
47 |
48 | // Components w/ JavaScript
49 | @import "bootstrap/modals";
50 | @import "bootstrap/tooltip";
51 | @import "bootstrap/popovers";
52 | @import "bootstrap/carousel";
53 |
54 | // Utility classes
55 | @import "bootstrap/utilities";
56 | @import "bootstrap/responsive-utilities";
57 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/_sass/bootstrap/_badges.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | //
2 | // Badges
3 | // --------------------------------------------------
4 |
5 |
6 | // Base class
7 | .badge {
8 | display: inline-block;
9 | min-width: 10px;
10 | padding: 3px 7px;
11 | font-size: $font-size-small;
12 | font-weight: $badge-font-weight;
13 | color: $badge-color;
14 | line-height: $badge-line-height;
15 | vertical-align: middle;
16 | white-space: nowrap;
17 | text-align: center;
18 | background-color: $badge-bg;
19 | border-radius: $badge-border-radius;
20 |
21 | // Empty badges collapse automatically (not available in IE8)
22 | &:empty {
23 | display: none;
24 | }
25 |
26 | // Quick fix for badges in buttons
27 | .btn & {
28 | position: relative;
29 | top: -1px;
30 | }
31 |
32 | .btn-xs &,
33 | .btn-group-xs > .btn & {
34 | top: 0;
35 | padding: 1px 5px;
36 | }
37 |
38 | // [converter] extracted a& to a.badge
39 |
40 | // Account for badges in navs
41 | .list-group-item.active > &,
42 | .nav-pills > .active > a > & {
43 | color: $badge-active-color;
44 | background-color: $badge-active-bg;
45 | }
46 |
47 | .list-group-item > & {
48 | float: right;
49 | }
50 |
51 | .list-group-item > & + & {
52 | margin-right: 5px;
53 | }
54 |
55 | .nav-pills > li > a > & {
56 | margin-left: 3px;
57 | }
58 | }
59 |
60 | // Hover state, but only for links
61 | a.badge {
62 | &:hover,
63 | &:focus {
64 | color: $badge-link-hover-color;
65 | text-decoration: none;
66 | cursor: pointer;
67 | }
68 | }
69 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/_sass/bootstrap/_breadcrumbs.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | //
2 | // Breadcrumbs
3 | // --------------------------------------------------
4 |
5 |
6 | .breadcrumb {
7 | padding: $breadcrumb-padding-vertical $breadcrumb-padding-horizontal;
8 | margin-bottom: $line-height-computed;
9 | list-style: none;
10 | background-color: $breadcrumb-bg;
11 | border-radius: $border-radius-base;
12 |
13 | > li {
14 | display: inline-block;
15 |
16 | + li:before {
17 | // [converter] Workaround for https://github.com/sass/libsass/issues/1115
18 | $nbsp: "\00a0";
19 | content: "#{$breadcrumb-separator}#{$nbsp}"; // Unicode space added since inline-block means non-collapsing white-space
20 | padding: 0 5px;
21 | color: $breadcrumb-color;
22 | }
23 | }
24 |
25 | > .active {
26 | color: $breadcrumb-active-color;
27 | }
28 | }
29 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/_sass/bootstrap/_close.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | //
2 | // Close icons
3 | // --------------------------------------------------
4 |
5 |
6 | .close {
7 | float: right;
8 | font-size: ($font-size-base * 1.5);
9 | font-weight: $close-font-weight;
10 | line-height: 1;
11 | color: $close-color;
12 | text-shadow: $close-text-shadow;
13 | @include opacity(.2);
14 |
15 | &:hover,
16 | &:focus {
17 | color: $close-color;
18 | text-decoration: none;
19 | cursor: pointer;
20 | @include opacity(.5);
21 | }
22 |
23 | // [converter] extracted button& to button.close
24 | }
25 |
26 | // Additional properties for button version
27 | // iOS requires the button element instead of an anchor tag.
28 | // If you want the anchor version, it requires `href="#"`.
29 | // See https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Events/click#Safari_Mobile
30 | button.close {
31 | padding: 0;
32 | cursor: pointer;
33 | background: transparent;
34 | border: 0;
35 | -webkit-appearance: none;
36 | }
37 |
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/_sass/bootstrap/_code.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | //
2 | // Code (inline and block)
3 | // --------------------------------------------------
4 |
5 |
6 | // Inline and block code styles
7 | code,
8 | kbd,
9 | pre,
10 | samp {
11 | font-family: $font-family-monospace;
12 | }
13 |
14 | // Inline code
15 | code {
16 | padding: 2px 4px;
17 | font-size: 90%;
18 | color: $code-color;
19 | background-color: $code-bg;
20 | border-radius: $border-radius-base;
21 | }
22 |
23 | // User input typically entered via keyboard
24 | kbd {
25 | padding: 2px 4px;
26 | font-size: 90%;
27 | color: $kbd-color;
28 | background-color: $kbd-bg;
29 | border-radius: $border-radius-small;
30 | box-shadow: inset 0 -1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.25);
31 |
32 | kbd {
33 | padding: 0;
34 | font-size: 100%;
35 | font-weight: bold;
36 | box-shadow: none;
37 | }
38 | }
39 |
40 | // Blocks of code
41 | pre {
42 | display: block;
43 | padding: (($line-height-computed - 1) / 2);
44 | margin: 0 0 ($line-height-computed / 2);
45 | font-size: ($font-size-base - 1); // 14px to 13px
46 | line-height: $line-height-base;
47 | word-break: break-all;
48 | word-wrap: break-word;
49 | color: $pre-color;
50 | background-color: $pre-bg;
51 | border: 1px solid $pre-border-color;
52 | border-radius: $border-radius-base;
53 |
54 | // Account for some code outputs that place code tags in pre tags
55 | code {
56 | padding: 0;
57 | font-size: inherit;
58 | color: inherit;
59 | white-space: pre-wrap;
60 | background-color: transparent;
61 | border-radius: 0;
62 | }
63 | }
64 |
65 | // Enable scrollable blocks of code
66 | .pre-scrollable {
67 | max-height: $pre-scrollable-max-height;
68 | overflow-y: scroll;
69 | }
70 |
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/_sass/bootstrap/_component-animations.scss:
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1 | //
2 | // Component animations
3 | // --------------------------------------------------
4 |
5 | // Heads up!
6 | //
7 | // We don't use the `.opacity()` mixin here since it causes a bug with text
8 | // fields in IE7-8. Source: https://github.com/twbs/bootstrap/pull/3552.
9 |
10 | .fade {
11 | opacity: 0;
12 | @include transition(opacity .15s linear);
13 | &.in {
14 | opacity: 1;
15 | }
16 | }
17 |
18 | .collapse {
19 | display: none;
20 |
21 | &.in { display: block; }
22 | // [converter] extracted tr&.in to tr.collapse.in
23 | // [converter] extracted tbody&.in to tbody.collapse.in
24 | }
25 |
26 | tr.collapse.in { display: table-row; }
27 |
28 | tbody.collapse.in { display: table-row-group; }
29 |
30 | .collapsing {
31 | position: relative;
32 | height: 0;
33 | overflow: hidden;
34 | @include transition-property(height, visibility);
35 | @include transition-duration(.35s);
36 | @include transition-timing-function(ease);
37 | }
38 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/_sass/bootstrap/_grid.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | //
2 | // Grid system
3 | // --------------------------------------------------
4 |
5 |
6 | // Container widths
7 | //
8 | // Set the container width, and override it for fixed navbars in media queries.
9 |
10 | .container {
11 | @include container-fixed;
12 |
13 | @media (min-width: $screen-sm-min) {
14 | width: $container-sm;
15 | }
16 | @media (min-width: $screen-md-min) {
17 | width: $container-md;
18 | }
19 | @media (min-width: $screen-lg-min) {
20 | width: $container-lg;
21 | }
22 | }
23 |
24 |
25 | // Fluid container
26 | //
27 | // Utilizes the mixin meant for fixed width containers, but without any defined
28 | // width for fluid, full width layouts.
29 |
30 | .container-fluid {
31 | @include container-fixed;
32 | }
33 |
34 |
35 | // Row
36 | //
37 | // Rows contain and clear the floats of your columns.
38 |
39 | .row {
40 | @include make-row;
41 | }
42 |
43 |
44 | // Columns
45 | //
46 | // Common styles for small and large grid columns
47 |
48 | @include make-grid-columns;
49 |
50 |
51 | // Extra small grid
52 | //
53 | // Columns, offsets, pushes, and pulls for extra small devices like
54 | // smartphones.
55 |
56 | @include make-grid(xs);
57 |
58 |
59 | // Small grid
60 | //
61 | // Columns, offsets, pushes, and pulls for the small device range, from phones
62 | // to tablets.
63 |
64 | @media (min-width: $screen-sm-min) {
65 | @include make-grid(sm);
66 | }
67 |
68 |
69 | // Medium grid
70 | //
71 | // Columns, offsets, pushes, and pulls for the desktop device range.
72 |
73 | @media (min-width: $screen-md-min) {
74 | @include make-grid(md);
75 | }
76 |
77 |
78 | // Large grid
79 | //
80 | // Columns, offsets, pushes, and pulls for the large desktop device range.
81 |
82 | @media (min-width: $screen-lg-min) {
83 | @include make-grid(lg);
84 | }
85 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/_sass/bootstrap/_jumbotron.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | //
2 | // Jumbotron
3 | // --------------------------------------------------
4 |
5 |
6 | .jumbotron {
7 | padding-top: $jumbotron-padding;
8 | padding-bottom: $jumbotron-padding;
9 | margin-bottom: $jumbotron-padding;
10 | color: $jumbotron-color;
11 | background-color: $jumbotron-bg;
12 |
13 | h1,
14 | .h1 {
15 | color: $jumbotron-heading-color;
16 | }
17 |
18 | p {
19 | margin-bottom: ($jumbotron-padding / 2);
20 | font-size: $jumbotron-font-size;
21 | font-weight: 200;
22 | }
23 |
24 | > hr {
25 | border-top-color: darken($jumbotron-bg, 10%);
26 | }
27 |
28 | .container &,
29 | .container-fluid & {
30 | border-radius: $border-radius-large; // Only round corners at higher resolutions if contained in a container
31 | padding-left: ($grid-gutter-width / 2);
32 | padding-right: ($grid-gutter-width / 2);
33 | }
34 |
35 | .container {
36 | max-width: 100%;
37 | }
38 |
39 | @media screen and (min-width: $screen-sm-min) {
40 | padding-top: ($jumbotron-padding * 1.6);
41 | padding-bottom: ($jumbotron-padding * 1.6);
42 |
43 | .container &,
44 | .container-fluid & {
45 | padding-left: ($jumbotron-padding * 2);
46 | padding-right: ($jumbotron-padding * 2);
47 | }
48 |
49 | h1,
50 | .h1 {
51 | font-size: $jumbotron-heading-font-size;
52 | }
53 | }
54 | }
55 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/_sass/bootstrap/_labels.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | //
2 | // Labels
3 | // --------------------------------------------------
4 |
5 | .label {
6 | display: inline;
7 | padding: .2em .6em .3em;
8 | font-size: 75%;
9 | font-weight: bold;
10 | line-height: 1;
11 | color: $label-color;
12 | text-align: center;
13 | white-space: nowrap;
14 | vertical-align: baseline;
15 | border-radius: .25em;
16 |
17 | // [converter] extracted a& to a.label
18 |
19 | // Empty labels collapse automatically (not available in IE8)
20 | &:empty {
21 | display: none;
22 | }
23 |
24 | // Quick fix for labels in buttons
25 | .btn & {
26 | position: relative;
27 | top: -1px;
28 | }
29 | }
30 |
31 | // Add hover effects, but only for links
32 | a.label {
33 | &:hover,
34 | &:focus {
35 | color: $label-link-hover-color;
36 | text-decoration: none;
37 | cursor: pointer;
38 | }
39 | }
40 |
41 | // Colors
42 | // Contextual variations (linked labels get darker on :hover)
43 |
44 | .label-default {
45 | @include label-variant($label-default-bg);
46 | }
47 |
48 | .label-primary {
49 | @include label-variant($label-primary-bg);
50 | }
51 |
52 | .label-success {
53 | @include label-variant($label-success-bg);
54 | }
55 |
56 | .label-info {
57 | @include label-variant($label-info-bg);
58 | }
59 |
60 | .label-warning {
61 | @include label-variant($label-warning-bg);
62 | }
63 |
64 | .label-danger {
65 | @include label-variant($label-danger-bg);
66 | }
67 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/_sass/bootstrap/_media.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | .media {
2 | // Proper spacing between instances of .media
3 | margin-top: 15px;
4 |
5 | &:first-child {
6 | margin-top: 0;
7 | }
8 | }
9 |
10 | .media,
11 | .media-body {
12 | zoom: 1;
13 | overflow: hidden;
14 | }
15 |
16 | .media-body {
17 | width: 10000px;
18 | }
19 |
20 | .media-object {
21 | display: block;
22 |
23 | // Fix collapse in webkit from max-width: 100% and display: table-cell.
24 | &.img-thumbnail {
25 | max-width: none;
26 | }
27 | }
28 |
29 | .media-right,
30 | .media > .pull-right {
31 | padding-left: 10px;
32 | }
33 |
34 | .media-left,
35 | .media > .pull-left {
36 | padding-right: 10px;
37 | }
38 |
39 | .media-left,
40 | .media-right,
41 | .media-body {
42 | display: table-cell;
43 | vertical-align: top;
44 | }
45 |
46 | .media-middle {
47 | vertical-align: middle;
48 | }
49 |
50 | .media-bottom {
51 | vertical-align: bottom;
52 | }
53 |
54 | // Reset margins on headings for tighter default spacing
55 | .media-heading {
56 | margin-top: 0;
57 | margin-bottom: 5px;
58 | }
59 |
60 | // Media list variation
61 | //
62 | // Undo default ul/ol styles
63 | .media-list {
64 | padding-left: 0;
65 | list-style: none;
66 | }
67 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/_sass/bootstrap/_mixins.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | // Mixins
2 | // --------------------------------------------------
3 |
4 | // Utilities
5 | @import "mixins/hide-text";
6 | @import "mixins/opacity";
7 | @import "mixins/image";
8 | @import "mixins/labels";
9 | @import "mixins/reset-filter";
10 | @import "mixins/resize";
11 | @import "mixins/responsive-visibility";
12 | @import "mixins/size";
13 | @import "mixins/tab-focus";
14 | @import "mixins/reset-text";
15 | @import "mixins/text-emphasis";
16 | @import "mixins/text-overflow";
17 | @import "mixins/vendor-prefixes";
18 |
19 | // Components
20 | @import "mixins/alerts";
21 | @import "mixins/buttons";
22 | @import "mixins/panels";
23 | @import "mixins/pagination";
24 | @import "mixins/list-group";
25 | @import "mixins/nav-divider";
26 | @import "mixins/forms";
27 | @import "mixins/progress-bar";
28 | @import "mixins/table-row";
29 |
30 | // Skins
31 | @import "mixins/background-variant";
32 | @import "mixins/border-radius";
33 | @import "mixins/gradients";
34 |
35 | // Layout
36 | @import "mixins/clearfix";
37 | @import "mixins/center-block";
38 | @import "mixins/nav-vertical-align";
39 | @import "mixins/grid-framework";
40 | @import "mixins/grid";
41 |
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/_sass/bootstrap/_pager.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | //
2 | // Pager pagination
3 | // --------------------------------------------------
4 |
5 |
6 | .pager {
7 | padding-left: 0;
8 | margin: $line-height-computed 0;
9 | list-style: none;
10 | text-align: center;
11 | @include clearfix;
12 | li {
13 | display: inline;
14 | > a,
15 | > span {
16 | display: inline-block;
17 | padding: 5px 14px;
18 | background-color: $pager-bg;
19 | border: 1px solid $pager-border;
20 | border-radius: $pager-border-radius;
21 | }
22 |
23 | > a:hover,
24 | > a:focus {
25 | text-decoration: none;
26 | background-color: $pager-hover-bg;
27 | }
28 | }
29 |
30 | .next {
31 | > a,
32 | > span {
33 | float: right;
34 | }
35 | }
36 |
37 | .previous {
38 | > a,
39 | > span {
40 | float: left;
41 | }
42 | }
43 |
44 | .disabled {
45 | > a,
46 | > a:hover,
47 | > a:focus,
48 | > span {
49 | color: $pager-disabled-color;
50 | background-color: $pager-bg;
51 | cursor: $cursor-disabled;
52 | }
53 | }
54 | }
55 |
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/_sass/bootstrap/_responsive-embed.scss:
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1 | // Embeds responsive
2 | //
3 | // Credit: Nicolas Gallagher and SUIT CSS.
4 |
5 | .embed-responsive {
6 | position: relative;
7 | display: block;
8 | height: 0;
9 | padding: 0;
10 | overflow: hidden;
11 |
12 | .embed-responsive-item,
13 | iframe,
14 | embed,
15 | object,
16 | video {
17 | position: absolute;
18 | top: 0;
19 | left: 0;
20 | bottom: 0;
21 | height: 100%;
22 | width: 100%;
23 | border: 0;
24 | }
25 | }
26 |
27 | // Modifier class for 16:9 aspect ratio
28 | .embed-responsive-16by9 {
29 | padding-bottom: 56.25%;
30 | }
31 |
32 | // Modifier class for 4:3 aspect ratio
33 | .embed-responsive-4by3 {
34 | padding-bottom: 75%;
35 | }
36 |
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/_sass/bootstrap/_thumbnails.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | //
2 | // Thumbnails
3 | // --------------------------------------------------
4 |
5 |
6 | // Mixin and adjust the regular image class
7 | .thumbnail {
8 | display: block;
9 | padding: $thumbnail-padding;
10 | margin-bottom: $line-height-computed;
11 | line-height: $line-height-base;
12 | background-color: $thumbnail-bg;
13 | border: 1px solid $thumbnail-border;
14 | border-radius: $thumbnail-border-radius;
15 | @include transition(border .2s ease-in-out);
16 |
17 | > img,
18 | a > img {
19 | @include img-responsive;
20 | margin-left: auto;
21 | margin-right: auto;
22 | }
23 |
24 | // [converter] extracted a&:hover, a&:focus, a&.active to a.thumbnail:hover, a.thumbnail:focus, a.thumbnail.active
25 |
26 | // Image captions
27 | .caption {
28 | padding: $thumbnail-caption-padding;
29 | color: $thumbnail-caption-color;
30 | }
31 | }
32 |
33 | // Add a hover state for linked versions only
34 | a.thumbnail:hover,
35 | a.thumbnail:focus,
36 | a.thumbnail.active {
37 | border-color: $link-color;
38 | }
39 |
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/_sass/bootstrap/_utilities.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | //
2 | // Utility classes
3 | // --------------------------------------------------
4 |
5 |
6 | // Floats
7 | // -------------------------
8 |
9 | .clearfix {
10 | @include clearfix;
11 | }
12 | .center-block {
13 | @include center-block;
14 | }
15 | .pull-right {
16 | float: right !important;
17 | }
18 | .pull-left {
19 | float: left !important;
20 | }
21 |
22 |
23 | // Toggling content
24 | // -------------------------
25 |
26 | // Note: Deprecated .hide in favor of .hidden or .sr-only (as appropriate) in v3.0.1
27 | .hide {
28 | display: none !important;
29 | }
30 | .show {
31 | display: block !important;
32 | }
33 | .invisible {
34 | visibility: hidden;
35 | }
36 | .text-hide {
37 | @include text-hide;
38 | }
39 |
40 |
41 | // Hide from screenreaders and browsers
42 | //
43 | // Credit: HTML5 Boilerplate
44 |
45 | .hidden {
46 | display: none !important;
47 | }
48 |
49 |
50 | // For Affix plugin
51 | // -------------------------
52 |
53 | .affix {
54 | position: fixed;
55 | }
56 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/_sass/bootstrap/_wells.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | //
2 | // Wells
3 | // --------------------------------------------------
4 |
5 |
6 | // Base class
7 | .well {
8 | min-height: 20px;
9 | padding: 19px;
10 | margin-bottom: 20px;
11 | background-color: $well-bg;
12 | border: 1px solid $well-border;
13 | border-radius: $border-radius-base;
14 | @include box-shadow(inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.05));
15 | blockquote {
16 | border-color: #ddd;
17 | border-color: rgba(0,0,0,.15);
18 | }
19 | }
20 |
21 | // Sizes
22 | .well-lg {
23 | padding: 24px;
24 | border-radius: $border-radius-large;
25 | }
26 | .well-sm {
27 | padding: 9px;
28 | border-radius: $border-radius-small;
29 | }
30 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/_sass/bootstrap/mixins/_alerts.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | // Alerts
2 |
3 | @mixin alert-variant($background, $border, $text-color) {
4 | background-color: $background;
5 | border-color: $border;
6 | color: $text-color;
7 |
8 | hr {
9 | border-top-color: darken($border, 5%);
10 | }
11 | .alert-link {
12 | color: darken($text-color, 10%);
13 | }
14 | }
15 |
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/_sass/bootstrap/mixins/_background-variant.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | // Contextual backgrounds
2 |
3 | // [converter] $parent hack
4 | @mixin bg-variant($parent, $color) {
5 | #{$parent} {
6 | background-color: $color;
7 | }
8 | a#{$parent}:hover,
9 | a#{$parent}:focus {
10 | background-color: darken($color, 10%);
11 | }
12 | }
13 |
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/_sass/bootstrap/mixins/_border-radius.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | // Single side border-radius
2 |
3 | @mixin border-top-radius($radius) {
4 | border-top-right-radius: $radius;
5 | border-top-left-radius: $radius;
6 | }
7 | @mixin border-right-radius($radius) {
8 | border-bottom-right-radius: $radius;
9 | border-top-right-radius: $radius;
10 | }
11 | @mixin border-bottom-radius($radius) {
12 | border-bottom-right-radius: $radius;
13 | border-bottom-left-radius: $radius;
14 | }
15 | @mixin border-left-radius($radius) {
16 | border-bottom-left-radius: $radius;
17 | border-top-left-radius: $radius;
18 | }
19 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/_sass/bootstrap/mixins/_buttons.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | // Button variants
2 | //
3 | // Easily pump out default styles, as well as :hover, :focus, :active,
4 | // and disabled options for all buttons
5 |
6 | @mixin button-variant($color, $background, $border) {
7 | color: $color;
8 | background-color: $background;
9 | border-color: $border;
10 |
11 | &:focus,
12 | &.focus {
13 | color: $color;
14 | background-color: darken($background, 10%);
15 | border-color: darken($border, 25%);
16 | }
17 | &:hover {
18 | color: $color;
19 | background-color: darken($background, 10%);
20 | border-color: darken($border, 12%);
21 | }
22 | &:active,
23 | &.active,
24 | .open > &.dropdown-toggle {
25 | color: $color;
26 | background-color: darken($background, 10%);
27 | border-color: darken($border, 12%);
28 |
29 | &:hover,
30 | &:focus,
31 | &.focus {
32 | color: $color;
33 | background-color: darken($background, 17%);
34 | border-color: darken($border, 25%);
35 | }
36 | }
37 | &:active,
38 | &.active,
39 | .open > &.dropdown-toggle {
40 | background-image: none;
41 | }
42 | &.disabled,
43 | &[disabled],
44 | fieldset[disabled] & {
45 | &:hover,
46 | &:focus,
47 | &.focus {
48 | background-color: $background;
49 | border-color: $border;
50 | }
51 | }
52 |
53 | .badge {
54 | color: $background;
55 | background-color: $color;
56 | }
57 | }
58 |
59 | // Button sizes
60 | @mixin button-size($padding-vertical, $padding-horizontal, $font-size, $line-height, $border-radius) {
61 | padding: $padding-vertical $padding-horizontal;
62 | font-size: $font-size;
63 | line-height: $line-height;
64 | border-radius: $border-radius;
65 | }
66 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/_sass/bootstrap/mixins/_center-block.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | // Center-align a block level element
2 |
3 | @mixin center-block() {
4 | display: block;
5 | margin-left: auto;
6 | margin-right: auto;
7 | }
8 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/_sass/bootstrap/mixins/_clearfix.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | // Clearfix
2 | //
3 | // For modern browsers
4 | // 1. The space content is one way to avoid an Opera bug when the
5 | // contenteditable attribute is included anywhere else in the document.
6 | // Otherwise it causes space to appear at the top and bottom of elements
7 | // that are clearfixed.
8 | // 2. The use of `table` rather than `block` is only necessary if using
9 | // `:before` to contain the top-margins of child elements.
10 | //
11 | // Source: http://nicolasgallagher.com/micro-clearfix-hack/
12 |
13 | @mixin clearfix() {
14 | &:before,
15 | &:after {
16 | content: " "; // 1
17 | display: table; // 2
18 | }
19 | &:after {
20 | clear: both;
21 | }
22 | }
23 |
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/_sass/bootstrap/mixins/_hide-text.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | // CSS image replacement
2 | //
3 | // Heads up! v3 launched with only `.hide-text()`, but per our pattern for
4 | // mixins being reused as classes with the same name, this doesn't hold up. As
5 | // of v3.0.1 we have added `.text-hide()` and deprecated `.hide-text()`.
6 | //
7 | // Source: https://github.com/h5bp/html5-boilerplate/commit/aa0396eae757
8 |
9 | // Deprecated as of v3.0.1 (has been removed in v4)
10 | @mixin hide-text() {
11 | font: 0/0 a;
12 | color: transparent;
13 | text-shadow: none;
14 | background-color: transparent;
15 | border: 0;
16 | }
17 |
18 | // New mixin to use as of v3.0.1
19 | @mixin text-hide() {
20 | @include hide-text;
21 | }
22 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/_sass/bootstrap/mixins/_image.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | // Image Mixins
2 | // - Responsive image
3 | // - Retina image
4 |
5 |
6 | // Responsive image
7 | //
8 | // Keep images from scaling beyond the width of their parents.
9 | @mixin img-responsive($display: block) {
10 | display: $display;
11 | max-width: 100%; // Part 1: Set a maximum relative to the parent
12 | height: auto; // Part 2: Scale the height according to the width, otherwise you get stretching
13 | }
14 |
15 |
16 | // Retina image
17 | //
18 | // Short retina mixin for setting background-image and -size. Note that the
19 | // spelling of `min--moz-device-pixel-ratio` is intentional.
20 | @mixin img-retina($file-1x, $file-2x, $width-1x, $height-1x) {
21 | background-image: url(if($bootstrap-sass-asset-helper, twbs-image-path("#{$file-1x}"), "#{$file-1x}"));
22 |
23 | @media
24 | only screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2),
25 | only screen and ( min--moz-device-pixel-ratio: 2),
26 | only screen and ( -o-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2/1),
27 | only screen and ( min-device-pixel-ratio: 2),
28 | only screen and ( min-resolution: 192dpi),
29 | only screen and ( min-resolution: 2dppx) {
30 | background-image: url(if($bootstrap-sass-asset-helper, twbs-image-path("#{$file-2x}"), "#{$file-2x}"));
31 | background-size: $width-1x $height-1x;
32 | }
33 | }
34 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/_sass/bootstrap/mixins/_labels.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | // Labels
2 |
3 | @mixin label-variant($color) {
4 | background-color: $color;
5 |
6 | &[href] {
7 | &:hover,
8 | &:focus {
9 | background-color: darken($color, 10%);
10 | }
11 | }
12 | }
13 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/_sass/bootstrap/mixins/_list-group.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | // List Groups
2 |
3 | @mixin list-group-item-variant($state, $background, $color) {
4 | .list-group-item-#{$state} {
5 | color: $color;
6 | background-color: $background;
7 |
8 | // [converter] extracted a&, button& to a.list-group-item-#{$state}, button.list-group-item-#{$state}
9 | }
10 |
11 | a.list-group-item-#{$state},
12 | button.list-group-item-#{$state} {
13 | color: $color;
14 |
15 | .list-group-item-heading {
16 | color: inherit;
17 | }
18 |
19 | &:hover,
20 | &:focus {
21 | color: $color;
22 | background-color: darken($background, 5%);
23 | }
24 | &.active,
25 | &.active:hover,
26 | &.active:focus {
27 | color: #fff;
28 | background-color: $color;
29 | border-color: $color;
30 | }
31 | }
32 | }
33 |
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/_sass/bootstrap/mixins/_nav-divider.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | // Horizontal dividers
2 | //
3 | // Dividers (basically an hr) within dropdowns and nav lists
4 |
5 | @mixin nav-divider($color: #e5e5e5) {
6 | height: 1px;
7 | margin: (($line-height-computed / 2) - 1) 0;
8 | overflow: hidden;
9 | background-color: $color;
10 | }
11 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/_sass/bootstrap/mixins/_nav-vertical-align.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | // Navbar vertical align
2 | //
3 | // Vertically center elements in the navbar.
4 | // Example: an element has a height of 30px, so write out `.navbar-vertical-align(30px);` to calculate the appropriate top margin.
5 |
6 | @mixin navbar-vertical-align($element-height) {
7 | margin-top: (($navbar-height - $element-height) / 2);
8 | margin-bottom: (($navbar-height - $element-height) / 2);
9 | }
10 |
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/_sass/bootstrap/mixins/_opacity.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | // Opacity
2 |
3 | @mixin opacity($opacity) {
4 | opacity: $opacity;
5 | // IE8 filter
6 | $opacity-ie: ($opacity * 100);
7 | filter: alpha(opacity=$opacity-ie);
8 | }
9 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/_sass/bootstrap/mixins/_pagination.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | // Pagination
2 |
3 | @mixin pagination-size($padding-vertical, $padding-horizontal, $font-size, $line-height, $border-radius) {
4 | > li {
5 | > a,
6 | > span {
7 | padding: $padding-vertical $padding-horizontal;
8 | font-size: $font-size;
9 | line-height: $line-height;
10 | }
11 | &:first-child {
12 | > a,
13 | > span {
14 | @include border-left-radius($border-radius);
15 | }
16 | }
17 | &:last-child {
18 | > a,
19 | > span {
20 | @include border-right-radius($border-radius);
21 | }
22 | }
23 | }
24 | }
25 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/_sass/bootstrap/mixins/_panels.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | // Panels
2 |
3 | @mixin panel-variant($border, $heading-text-color, $heading-bg-color, $heading-border) {
4 | border-color: $border;
5 |
6 | & > .panel-heading {
7 | color: $heading-text-color;
8 | background-color: $heading-bg-color;
9 | border-color: $heading-border;
10 |
11 | + .panel-collapse > .panel-body {
12 | border-top-color: $border;
13 | }
14 | .badge {
15 | color: $heading-bg-color;
16 | background-color: $heading-text-color;
17 | }
18 | }
19 | & > .panel-footer {
20 | + .panel-collapse > .panel-body {
21 | border-bottom-color: $border;
22 | }
23 | }
24 | }
25 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/_sass/bootstrap/mixins/_progress-bar.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | // Progress bars
2 |
3 | @mixin progress-bar-variant($color) {
4 | background-color: $color;
5 |
6 | // Deprecated parent class requirement as of v3.2.0
7 | .progress-striped & {
8 | @include gradient-striped;
9 | }
10 | }
11 |
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/_sass/bootstrap/mixins/_reset-filter.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | // Reset filters for IE
2 | //
3 | // When you need to remove a gradient background, do not forget to use this to reset
4 | // the IE filter for IE9 and below.
5 |
6 | @mixin reset-filter() {
7 | filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(enabled = false);
8 | }
9 |
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/_sass/bootstrap/mixins/_reset-text.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | @mixin reset-text() {
2 | font-family: $font-family-base;
3 | // We deliberately do NOT reset font-size.
4 | font-style: normal;
5 | font-weight: normal;
6 | letter-spacing: normal;
7 | line-break: auto;
8 | line-height: $line-height-base;
9 | text-align: left; // Fallback for where `start` is not supported
10 | text-align: start;
11 | text-decoration: none;
12 | text-shadow: none;
13 | text-transform: none;
14 | white-space: normal;
15 | word-break: normal;
16 | word-spacing: normal;
17 | word-wrap: normal;
18 | }
19 |
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/_sass/bootstrap/mixins/_resize.scss:
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1 | // Resize anything
2 |
3 | @mixin resizable($direction) {
4 | resize: $direction; // Options: horizontal, vertical, both
5 | overflow: auto; // Per CSS3 UI, `resize` only applies when `overflow` isn't `visible`
6 | }
7 |
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/_sass/bootstrap/mixins/_responsive-visibility.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | // Responsive utilities
2 |
3 | //
4 | // More easily include all the states for responsive-utilities.less.
5 | // [converter] $parent hack
6 | @mixin responsive-visibility($parent) {
7 | #{$parent} {
8 | display: block !important;
9 | }
10 | table#{$parent} { display: table !important; }
11 | tr#{$parent} { display: table-row !important; }
12 | th#{$parent},
13 | td#{$parent} { display: table-cell !important; }
14 | }
15 |
16 | // [converter] $parent hack
17 | @mixin responsive-invisibility($parent) {
18 | #{$parent} {
19 | display: none !important;
20 | }
21 | }
22 |
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/_sass/bootstrap/mixins/_size.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | // Sizing shortcuts
2 |
3 | @mixin size($width, $height) {
4 | width: $width;
5 | height: $height;
6 | }
7 |
8 | @mixin square($size) {
9 | @include size($size, $size);
10 | }
11 |
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/_sass/bootstrap/mixins/_tab-focus.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | // WebKit-style focus
2 |
3 | @mixin tab-focus() {
4 | // Default
5 | outline: thin dotted;
6 | // WebKit
7 | outline: 5px auto -webkit-focus-ring-color;
8 | outline-offset: -2px;
9 | }
10 |
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/_sass/bootstrap/mixins/_table-row.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | // Tables
2 |
3 | @mixin table-row-variant($state, $background) {
4 | // Exact selectors below required to override `.table-striped` and prevent
5 | // inheritance to nested tables.
6 | .table > thead > tr,
7 | .table > tbody > tr,
8 | .table > tfoot > tr {
9 | > td.#{$state},
10 | > th.#{$state},
11 | &.#{$state} > td,
12 | &.#{$state} > th {
13 | background-color: $background;
14 | }
15 | }
16 |
17 | // Hover states for `.table-hover`
18 | // Note: this is not available for cells or rows within `thead` or `tfoot`.
19 | .table-hover > tbody > tr {
20 | > td.#{$state}:hover,
21 | > th.#{$state}:hover,
22 | &.#{$state}:hover > td,
23 | &:hover > .#{$state},
24 | &.#{$state}:hover > th {
25 | background-color: darken($background, 5%);
26 | }
27 | }
28 | }
29 |
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/_sass/bootstrap/mixins/_text-emphasis.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | // Typography
2 |
3 | // [converter] $parent hack
4 | @mixin text-emphasis-variant($parent, $color) {
5 | #{$parent} {
6 | color: $color;
7 | }
8 | a#{$parent}:hover,
9 | a#{$parent}:focus {
10 | color: darken($color, 10%);
11 | }
12 | }
13 |
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/_sass/bootstrap/mixins/_text-overflow.scss:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | // Text overflow
2 | // Requires inline-block or block for proper styling
3 |
4 | @mixin text-overflow() {
5 | overflow: hidden;
6 | text-overflow: ellipsis;
7 | white-space: nowrap;
8 | }
9 |
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https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bayestour/blog/c3a810d17837a359754a8f115f2f53f3139c7837/bayes.svg.png
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1 | Version: 1.0
2 |
3 | RestoreWorkspace: Default
4 | SaveWorkspace: Default
5 | AlwaysSaveHistory: Default
6 |
7 | EnableCodeIndexing: Yes
8 | UseSpacesForTab: Yes
9 | NumSpacesForTab: 2
10 | Encoding: UTF-8
11 |
12 | RnwWeave: Sweave
13 | LaTeX: pdfLaTeX
14 |
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/code/density.r:
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1 |
2 | library(ggplot2)
3 |
4 | n_data = 10000
5 |
6 | # xdata1 = rnorm(n=(n_data/2), mean=10, sd=3)
7 | # xdata2 = rnorm(n=(n_data/2), mean=20, sd=3)
8 | # xdata = c(xdata1, xdata2)
9 | #
10 | # ydata1 = xdata1 * 1 + rnorm(n=(n_data/2), mean=0, sd=3)
11 | # ydata2 = xdata2 * (-0.5) + rnorm(n=(n_data/2), mean=0, sd=2)
12 | # ydata = c(ydata1, ydata2)
13 | #
14 | # data = data.frame(x=xdata, y=ydata)
15 | # ggplot(data=data, aes(x,y)) + geom_point(colour='blue', size=0.5)
16 | #
17 | # model = glm(data$y ~ data$x)
18 |
19 | sd_jitter = 0.3
20 |
21 | cutter = function(x) {
22 | x <- x + rnorm(1, 0, sd_jitter)
23 | x <- min(max(x ,0), 10)
24 | return(x)
25 | }
26 |
27 | customer = function(t) {
28 | if (t==1) {
29 | return(cutter(rbinom(1, 10, 0.1)))
30 | }
31 | if (t==2) {
32 | return(cutter(rbinom(1, 10, 0.5)))
33 | }
34 | if (t==3) {
35 | if (runif(1,0,1) > 0.5) {
36 | return(cutter(rbinom(1, 10, 0.99)))
37 | }
38 | else {
39 | return(cutter(rbinom(1, 10, 0.7)))
40 | }
41 | }
42 | if (t==4) {
43 | return(cutter(rbinom(1, 10, 0.7)))
44 | }
45 | if (t==5) {
46 | return(cutter(rbinom(1, 10, 0.3)))
47 | }
48 | }
49 |
50 | time = round(runif(n=n_data, min=1, max=5))
51 | vistor = sapply(time, customer)
52 | fisher_ = data.frame(customers=vistor, time=time)
53 |
54 | ggplot(data=fisher_,
55 | aes(x=time, y=customers)) +
56 | geom_boxplot(
57 | data=fisher_,
58 | aes(x=time, y=customers, group=time, fill=customers)
59 | )
60 |
61 |
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/code/dirichlet_process.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | import numpy as np
2 | import scipy as sp
3 | import pandas as pd
4 | import pymc3 as pm
5 | import seaborn
6 | import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
7 |
8 | blue, *_ = seaborn.color_palette()
9 |
10 | N = 20 # number of data points
11 | K = 30 # number of clusters
12 | alpha = 2.0
13 | P0 = sp.stats.norm
14 | beta = sp.stats.beta.rvs(1, alpha, size=(N,K))
15 | w = np.empty_like(beta)
16 | w[:, 0] = beta[:, 0]
17 | w[:, 1:] = beta[:, 1:] * (1-beta[:, :-1]).cumprod(axis=1) # w[i,j] = beta[i,j] * \prod_{l=0}^{j-1} (1-beta[i,l])
18 |
19 | omega = P0.rvs(size=(N,K))
20 |
21 | x_plot = np.linspace(-3, 3, 300)
22 |
23 | sample_cdfs = (w[...,np.newaxis]) * np.less
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/docs/abs/0.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Applied Bayesian Statistics"
4 | title: "Preface"
5 | ---
6 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/abs/0201.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Clustering and the Dirichlet Process"
4 | title: "2. Basic Measure Theory"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | - 기본적인 측도론(Measure theory)을 소개하고 이에 기반한 확률론을 전개한다
8 | -
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 | ---
13 | ## Measure Theory and Integration
14 |
15 | - [Kolmogorov Probability Axiom](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpt/2) 을 통해 확률을 정의하기 위한 기본적인 공리들을 소개하였다
16 | - 이번 장에서는 확률공간(Probability space) \\( (\Omega,\mathcal{F},\mathbb{P}) \\) 이 주어져 있다는 전제 하에 이론을 전개한다
17 | - 표본공간 \\( \Omega \\) 에서 실수(real-value) 로 사상(mapping)되는 함수 \\( \mathbb{R} \\) \\( X : \Omega\to\mathbb{R}\\) 가 있다고 하자. 이 함수가 다음 성질을 만족하면 **확률변수(Random variable)** 라 부른다:
18 |
19 | $$
20 | \{\omega\in\Omega :X(\omega)\in(a,b)\}\in\mathcal{F},\quad \forall a,b\in\mathbb{R}
21 | $$
22 |
23 | - 동전 던지기를 예를 들어보자. 동전을 던졌을 때 앞(\\( H \\))이 나오면 1, 뒤(\\( T \\))가 나오면 0 이 나오는 함수 \\( X \\) 가 있다고 하자
24 | - 이 때 \\( a, b \\) 의 범위에 따라 아래와 같이 구분할 수 있다
25 |
26 | $$
27 | \{\omega \in \Omega : X(\omega) \in (a,b)\} = \begin{cases}\Omega & : a < 0 < 1 < b \\ \{H\} & : 0 \leq a < 1 < b \\ \{T\} & : a < 0 < b \leq 1 \\ \emptyset & : \text{otherwise} \end{cases}
28 | $$
29 |
30 | {:class="center-block" height="200px"}
31 |
32 |
33 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/abs/0203.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Clustering and the Dirichlet Process"
4 | title: "2. Basic Measure Theory"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | - 기본적인 측도론(Measure theory)을 소개하고 이에 기반한 확률론을 전개한다
8 | -
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 | ---
13 | ## Measure Theory and Integration
14 |
15 | - [Kolmogorov Probability Axiom](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpt/2) 을 통해 확률을 정의하기 위한 기본적인 공리들을 소개하였다
16 | - 이번 장에서는 확률공간(Probability space) \\( (\Omega,\mathcal{F},\mathbb{P}) \\) 이 주어져 있다는 전제 하에 이론을 전개한다
17 | - 표본공간 \\( \Omega \\) 에서 실수(real-value) 로 사상(mapping)되는 함수 \\( \mathbb{R} \\) \\( X : \Omega\to\mathbb{R}\\) 가 있다고 하자. 이 함수가 다음 성질을 만족하면 **확률변수(Random variable)** 라 부른다:
18 |
19 | $$
20 | \{\omega\in\Omega :X(\omega)\in(a,b)\}\in\mathcal{F},\quad \forall a,b\in\mathbb{R}
21 | $$
22 |
23 | - 동전 던지기를 예를 들어보자. 동전을 던졌을 때 앞(\\( H \\))이 나오면 1, 뒤(\\( T \\))가 나오면 0 이 나오는 함수 \\( X \\) 가 있다고 하자
24 | - 이 때 \\( a, b \\) 의 범위에 따라 아래와 같이 구분할 수 있다
25 |
26 | $$
27 | \{\omega \in \Omega : X(\omega) \in (a,b)\} = \begin{cases}\Omega & : a < 0 < 1 < b \\ \{H\} & : 0 \leq a < 1 < b \\ \{T\} & : a < 0 < b \leq 1 \\ \emptyset & : \text{otherwise} \end{cases}
28 | $$
29 |
30 | {:class="center-block" height="200px"}
31 |
32 |
33 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/bc/0.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Causal Inference & Learning"
4 | title: "Preface"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | 이 페이지에선 Causal Inference 에 대한 내용과 머신러닝을 활용한 방법론에 대해서 소개할 것입니다. 기회가 된다면 Bayesian Causal Inference 방법론도 소개할 예정입니다.
8 |
9 | 이 페이지는 아래의 참고문헌을 토대로 작성되었습니다.
10 |
11 | - *Elements of Causal Inference*, Jonas Peters, Dominik Janzig, and Bernhard Schölkopf, 2017
12 | - *Causality*, Judea Pearl, 2009
13 | - *Causal Inference in Statistics: Primer*, Judea Pearl, Madelyn Glymour, Nicholas P. Jewell, 2016
14 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/bc/0100.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "bc"
4 | title: "1. Causal Modeling"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | - 이 chapter 에서는 causal modeling 에 대한 기초적인 철학을 설명합니다.
8 |
9 | ## List
10 | 1. [Causal Modeling and Learning](https://bayestour.github.io/blog/docs/bc/0101)
11 | 2. [두 모델의 차이점 살펴보기](https://bayestour.github.io/blog/docs/bc/0102)
12 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/bc/0101.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "bc-1"
4 | title: "1. Causal Modeling and Learning"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | Machine Learning (ML) 과 Causal Learning 의 차이점은
8 |
9 | - Causal 모델은 기본적으로 확률론적(probabilistic) 모델보다 더 많은 정보를 담게 된다. 왜냐하면 Causal 모델은 조정(intervention)에 의한 효과 또는 분포의 변화를 분석할 수 있어야 하기 때문이다.
10 |
11 | -
12 |
13 | {:class="center-block" height="300px"}
14 | **Causal Inference 는 Statistical Inference 에서 다루는 대상들을 포함한다 (출처: J. Peters et al., 2017)**
15 |
16 |
17 |
18 |
19 | - *Elements of Causal Inference: Foundations and Learning Algorithms*, J. Peters et al., 2017
20 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/bc/0102.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "bc-1"
4 | title: "2. 두 모델의 차이점 살펴보기"
5 | ---
6 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/bc/0104.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Probability Theory"
4 | title: "4. Basic Measure Theory"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | - 기본적인 측도론(Measure theory)을 소개하고 이에 기반한 확률론을 전개한다
8 | -
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 | ---
13 | ## Measure Theory and Integration
14 |
15 | - [Kolmogorov Probability Axiom](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpt/2) 을 통해 확률을 정의하기 위한 기본적인 공리들을 소개하였다
16 | - 이번 장에서는 확률공간(Probability space) \\( (\Omega,\mathcal{F},\mathbb{P}) \\) 이 주어져 있다는 전제 하에 이론을 전개한다
17 | - 표본공간 \\( \Omega \\) 에서 실수(real-value) 로 사상(mapping)되는 함수 \\( \mathbb{R} \\) \\( X : \Omega\to\mathbb{R}\\) 가 있다고 하자. 이 함수가 다음 성질을 만족하면 **확률변수(Random variable)** 라 부른다:
18 |
19 | $$
20 | \{\omega\in\Omega :X(\omega)\in(a,b)\}\in\mathcal{F},\quad \forall a,b\in\mathbb{R}
21 | $$
22 |
23 | - 동전 던지기를 예를 들어보자. 동전을 던졌을 때 앞(\\( H \\))이 나오면 1, 뒤(\\( T \\))가 나오면 0 이 나오는 함수 \\( X \\) 가 있다고 하자
24 | - 이 때 \\( a, b \\) 의 범위에 따라 아래와 같이 구분할 수 있다
25 |
26 | $$
27 | \{\omega \in \Omega : X(\omega) \in (a,b)\} = \begin{cases}\Omega & : a < 0 < 1 < b \\ \{H\} & : 0 \leq a < 1 < b \\ \{T\} & : a < 0 < b \leq 1 \\ \emptyset & : \text{otherwise} \end{cases}
28 | $$
29 |
30 | {:class="center-block" height="200px"}
31 |
32 |
33 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/bc/0200.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "bc"
4 | title: "2. Assumptions for Causal Inference"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | - 이 chapter 에서는 Causal Inference 에서 사용되는 가정들을 살펴본다
8 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/bc/0201.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "bc-2"
4 | title: "1. The Principle of Independent Mechanisms"
5 | ---
6 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/bc/0202.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "bc-2"
4 | title: "2."
5 | ---
6 |
7 | - Hilbert 공간의 성질과 Fourier Transform 의 관계를 이해한다
8 | -
9 |
10 | ---
11 |
12 | ## 2.1 Hilbert spaces and Fourier Transforms
13 |
14 | - **힐베르트 공간(Hilbert space)** \\( \mathcal{H} \\) 는 **내적(inner product)** \\( \langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle \\)으로 Norm \\( \\| \cdot \\| \\)이 정의된 **완비공간(Complete space)** 이다
15 |
16 | $$
17 | \|f\|_{\mathcal{H}}=\sqrt{\langle f,f \rangle},\quad f\in\mathcal{H}
18 | $$
19 |
20 | - 대표적인 힐베르트 공간은 \\( L_{2} \\) 공간과 Sobolev 공간 \\( W_{2}^{k} \\) 이 있다
21 |
22 | - 힐베르트 공간이 [분해가능(Separable)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separable_space) 인 경우 [가산개의(Countable)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countable_set) [직교기저(Orthogonal basis)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthonormal_basis) \\( (\varphi_{n})_{n\in\mathbb{N}} \\) 이 존재한다:
23 |
24 | $$
25 | f = \sum_{n}\langle f,\varphi_{n} \rangle\varphi_{n},\quad f\in\mathcal{H}
26 | $$
27 |
28 | - 참고로 위 식은 아래와 같은 \\( \\| \cdot \\|_{\mathcal{H}} \\) -sense 하에서 수렴한다:
29 |
30 | $$
31 | \lim_{N\to\infty}\left\|f-\sum_{n=1}^{N}\langle f,\varphi_{n}\rangle \varphi_{n}\right\|_{\mathcal{H}}=0
32 | $$
33 |
34 | - \\( (\varphi_{n})_{n\in\mathbb{N}} \\) 는 [Gram-Schmidt procedure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%E2%80%93Schmidt_process) 를 통해 구축할 수 있다
35 |
36 |
37 | {:class="center-block" height="200px"}
38 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/bc/0300.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Statistical Learning"
4 | title: "3. SVM and Kernel Methods"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | ## Preface
8 |
9 | - SVM
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 | ---
14 |
15 | ## List
16 |
17 | [1. Mercer Kernels and RKHS](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpsl/0301)
18 |
19 | [2. Hard SVM](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpsl/0302)
20 |
21 | [3. Soft SVM](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpsl/0303)
22 |
23 | [4. Duality and Optimality](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpsl/0304)
24 |
25 | [5. Kernel Trick](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpsl/0305)
26 |
27 | [6. Multi-class Problem](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpsl/0306)
28 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/bc/0301.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "SVM and Kernel Methods"
4 | title: "1. Mercer Kernels and RKHS"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | -
8 |
9 |
10 | - 위 표현을 기호로 나타내면
11 |
12 |
13 | {:class="center-block" height="400px"}
14 |
15 | - 거리함수의 종류는 매우 다양하다. 맨허튼 거리(Manhattan distance) 역시 유클리드 공간에서의 거리함수이다
16 |
17 | ---
18 |
19 | `Definition 2`. 벡터공간 $$ \mathcal{X} $$ 에서 정의된 함수 $$ \Vert \cdot \Vert : \mathcal{X} \to [0,\infty) $$ 이 다음 세 조건을 만족하면 **노름(Norm)** 이라 부르고, $$ (\mathcal{X},\Vert\cdot\Vert) $$ 를 **노름공간(Normed space)** 라 부른다
20 |
21 | 1. 벡터 $$ x $$ 가 영벡터($$ \mathbf{0} $$) 이기 위한 필요충분조건은 $$ \Vert x \Vert = 0 $$ 이다
22 |
23 |
24 |
25 |
26 |
27 |
28 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/bc/0302.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "SVM and Kernel Methods"
4 | title: "2. Hard SVM"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | - Hilbert 공간의 성질과 Fourier Transform 의 관계를 이해한다
8 | -
9 |
10 | ---
11 |
12 | ## 2.1 Hilbert spaces and Fourier Transforms
13 |
14 | - **힐베르트 공간(Hilbert space)** \\( \mathcal{H} \\) 는 **내적(inner product)** \\( \langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle \\)으로 Norm \\( \\| \cdot \\| \\)이 정의된 **완비공간(Complete space)** 이다
15 |
16 | $$
17 | \|f\|_{\mathcal{H}}=\sqrt{\langle f,f \rangle},\quad f\in\mathcal{H}
18 | $$
19 |
20 | - 대표적인 힐베르트 공간은 \\( L_{2} \\) 공간과 Sobolev 공간 \\( W_{2}^{k} \\) 이 있다
21 |
22 | - 힐베르트 공간이 [분해가능(Separable)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separable_space) 인 경우 [가산개의(Countable)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countable_set) [직교기저(Orthogonal basis)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthonormal_basis) \\( (\varphi_{n})_{n\in\mathbb{N}} \\) 이 존재한다:
23 |
24 | $$
25 | f = \sum_{n}\langle f,\varphi_{n} \rangle\varphi_{n},\quad f\in\mathcal{H}
26 | $$
27 |
28 | - 참고로 위 식은 아래와 같은 \\( \\| \cdot \\|_{\mathcal{H}} \\) -sense 하에서 수렴한다:
29 |
30 | $$
31 | \lim_{N\to\infty}\left\|f-\sum_{n=1}^{N}\langle f,\varphi_{n}\rangle \varphi_{n}\right\|_{\mathcal{H}}=0
32 | $$
33 |
34 | - \\( (\varphi_{n})_{n\in\mathbb{N}} \\) 는 [Gram-Schmidt procedure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%E2%80%93Schmidt_process) 를 통해 구축할 수 있다
35 |
36 |
37 | {:class="center-block" height="200px"}
38 |
39 |
40 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/bc/0303.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "SVM and Kernel Methods"
4 | title: "3. Soft SVM"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | - Hilbert 공간의 성질과 Fourier Transform 의 관계를 이해한다
8 | -
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/bc/0400.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Statistical Learning"
4 | title: "4. Regularization"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | ## Preface
8 |
9 | - SVM
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 | ---
14 |
15 | ## List
16 |
17 | [1. Regularized Loss Minimization](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpsl/0401)
18 |
19 | [2. Ridge regression](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpsl/0402)
20 |
21 |
22 | [3. Lasso regression](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpsl/0403)
23 |
24 |
25 | [4. Tikhonov Regularization](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpsl/0404)
26 |
27 | [5. Controlling the Fitting-Stability Tradeoff](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpsl/0405)
28 |
29 | [6. Regularization and RKHS](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpsl/0406)
30 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/preposts/2019-06-30-crp.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: post-sidenav
3 | title: "Chinese Restaurant Process"
4 | group: "Bayesian Statistics"
5 | author: 임성빈
6 | ---
7 |
8 | Dirichlet Process 에서 prior 를 변형시킨 [Chinese Restaurant Process(CRP)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_restaurant_process)에 대해 소개합니다
9 |
10 | ### Chinese Restaurant Process
11 |
12 | 예전에 소개한 [Dirichlet Process(DP)](https://bayestour.github.io/blog/2019/06/26/dirichlet_process.html) 는 수학자 Dirichlet 의 이름을 땄습니다만 CRP 는 다음과 같은 상황을 상정해서 만들어진 모델입니다.
13 |
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/docs/preposts/2019-07-07-dp_application.md:
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1 | ---
2 | layout: post-sidenav
3 | title: "Dirichlet Process 의 다른 활용법"
4 | group: "Bayesian Statistics"
5 | author: 임성빈
6 | ---
7 |
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/docs/previous/PRML/chapter01/0.md:
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1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Breaking Papers"
4 | title: "Generative Adversarial Nets"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | - GAN (Goodfellow *et al*, 2014) 논문 핵심 요약
8 | - Discriminator 와 Generator 간의 adversarial training 의 메카니즘을 이해한다
9 |
10 | $$
11 | \mathbb{E}[\mathcal{D}(x)]+\mathbb{E}[1-\mathcal{D}(\mathcal{G}(z))]
12 | $$
13 |
14 | ## Adversarial training 에서 주의할 점
15 | - Saddle point 가 나올 때 주의해야 한다
16 |
17 | ## Variational Auto-Encoder 와의 비교
18 | - GAN은 Likelihood-free model 이다
19 | - 분포에 대해 mean-field family 를 가정하지 않는다
20 |
21 |
22 |
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/docs/previous/PRML/chapter02/0.md:
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1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Understanding Machine Learning"
4 | title: "Part 1. Foundations"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | - 1장에서는 기초 확률 이론을 이용하여 패턴 인식의 여러 문제들을 간단하게 살펴보았다.
8 | - 이번 장에서는 다양한 확률 분포를 먼저 살펴보는 시간을 가진다.
9 | - 좀 재미 없는 영역이지만 이후에 빈번하게 사용되는 기초 내용이 수록되어 있으니 꼼꼼하게 읽어야 한다.
10 | - 여기서는 랜덤 변수 \\( x \\) 에 대해 확률 함수 \\( p(x) \\) 를 모델링하는 것을 배운다.
11 | - 이것을 밀도 추정(density estimation)이라고 한다.
12 | - 우선 가장 먼저 고려해야 할 것은 모든 샘플 데이터는 독립적으로 생성되었다고 가정하는 것이다.
13 | - 사실 관찰된 데이터로 부터 추측해볼 수 있는 확률 분포는 정말 끝도없이 많을 것이다.
14 | - 물론 어떤 모델을 선택하여야 할 것인가의 문제는 1장의 커브 피팅 문제에서도 살짝 다루긴 했다.
15 | - 우리는 먼저 파라미터를 가지고 있는 분포들(parametric distribution)을 살펴볼 예정이다.
16 | - 이건 거의 정형화되어 있는 분포들이다.
17 | - 가우시안 분포도 이러한 분포 중 하나이며, 이번 장에서도 자세히 다룰 예정이다.
18 | - 또한 우리는 공액 사전 분포(conjugate prior distribution)라는 것도 잠시 다루어볼 예정이다.
19 | - 이 분포는 사후 분포(posterior distibution)를 수학적으로 계산하기 쉽도록 도움을 준다.
20 | - 예를 들어 베타(Beta) 분포나 디리슈레(Dirichlet) 분포 등이 있다.
21 | - 이런 분포들을 살펴보면서 지수 분포족(exponetial family of distrivution)도 살펴볼 것이다.
22 | - 파라미터를 가지는 분포의 한계점은 함수 자체가 이미 특별한 형태의 구조를 포함하고 있다는 것이다
23 | - 따라서 실제 샘플과 다른 양상의 분포를 선택하게 되는 경우 원하는 결과를 얻지 못할 때가 많다.
24 | - 마지막에는 파라미터를 사용하지 않는 분포에 대한 모델링도 살펴볼 것이다.
25 |
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/docs/previous/PRML/chapter03/0.md:
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1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Chapter. 3"
4 | title: "0. Linear Models for Regression"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | - 이번 장은 Supervised Learning 의 일종인 회귀분석(Regression)에 관한 이야기를 진행할 것이다.
8 | - 사실 회귀분석은 전통적인 통계학에서 많이 다루는 학문인데, 여기서는 확률론에 입각하여 기존의 회귀 분석을 해석해 보도록 한다.
9 | - 사실 1장에서 다항식을 이용한 커브 피팅 문제를 다루면서 어느 정도 다루어보기는 했다.
10 | - 이번 장에서는 이를 좀 더 구체적으로 다루어본다.
11 |
12 |
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/docs/previous/PRML/chapter03/6.md:
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1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Chapter. 3"
4 | title: "6. Limit. of Fixed Basis Functions"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | - 이번 장을 통해 우리는 고정된 크기를 가지며 비선형 기저 함수를 가지는 선형 결합 모델들을 비교해 보았다.
8 | - 우리는 또한 파라미터의 선형식을 적용하는 것이 `closed-form` 형태의 솔루션인 최소 제곱법에 아주 적합한 방식임을 살펴보았다.
9 | - 그리고 이를 활용하여 다루기 쉬운 베이지안 기법들을 살펴보았다.
10 | - 또한 다양한 기저 함수를 선택하여 입력과 출력을 매핑하는 복잡한 형태의 비선형 모델도 사용해 보았다.
11 | - 이 다음 장에서는 우리는 분류(classification)를 위한 모델을 살펴볼 예정이다.
12 |
13 | -----
14 |
15 | - 지금까지 살펴본 선형 모델들은 패턴 인식 문제를 풀기위한 일반적인 목적의 솔루션들이다.
16 | - 하지만 안타깝게도 이러한 선형 모델에는 일부 단점들이 존재한다.
17 | - 우리는 신경망이나 SVM 을 통해 이러한 문제점들을 보안하는 방법을 살펴볼 예정이다.
18 | - 가장 문제가 되는 가정은 기저 함수 \\( \phi_j(x) \\) 가 고정되어 있다는 것이다.
19 | - 따라서 관찰된 학습 데이터의 차원이 증가하는 경우 1.4절에서 언급한 차원의 저주 문제가 그대로 나타나게 된다.
20 | - 이 결과로 차원이 증가할 수록 기저 함수의 크기가 보통 입력 공간 $D$ 에 대해 지수로 증가하게 된다.
21 |
22 | -----
23 |
24 | - 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위한 기법으로 두가지 정도를 제시할 것이다.
25 | - 가장 먼저 알아야 할 것은 우선 데이터 \\( \{x_n\} \\) 가 입력 공간보다 작은 내부 차원을 가진 비선형 매니폴드 공간에 놓여있다는 사실이다.
26 | - 그 결과로 입력 데이터 사이에는 강한 상관관계가 존재한다.
27 | - 이 말이 무슨 말인지 모르겠으나 뒤로 가다보면 알겠지.
28 | - 12장에서 손글씨(mnist)를 처리하는 예제를 통해 이를 살펴볼 예정이다.
29 | - 만약 우리가 국소화된 기저 함수(localized basis function)를 사용한다면 입력 공간 내에 흩어진 데이터를 재배열할 수 있다.
30 | - 이러한 접근 방식을 방사 기저 함수 (radial basis function) 네트워크라고 한다.
31 | - 시그모이드(sigmoid)를 사용하는 비선형 기법의 신경망을 도입할 수도 있다.
32 |
33 |
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1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Chapter. 5"
4 | title: "0. Introduction"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | - 지금까지 우리는 3장과 4장을 통해 회귀(regression) 모형과 분류(classification) 모형을 다루어 보았다.
8 | - 이를 처리하기 위해 고정된 기저 함수를 이용하여 선형 결합을 만들어내는 모델들을 학습했다.
9 | - 이런 방식은 꽤나 유용하게 사용될 수 있는 기법들이지만, 차원이 증가하는 경우 차원의 저주를 막을 수 없다.
10 | - 선형 모델에서 차원의 저주 문제는 '고정된 기저 함수'라는 가정에 기인하므로,
11 | - 이를 해결하기 위한 방안으로 "입력 데이터에 맞게 적응하는 기저 함수"의 도입이 필수적이다.
12 |
13 | ----
14 |
15 | - **SVM**
16 | - 앞으로 나올 7장에서는 SVM 기법을 다루고 있다.
17 | - 이 기법은 학습 데이터로부터 모델을 학습 과정 중에 학습 데이터의 일부 데이터 집합에만 집중하여 학습을 하게 된다.
18 | - SVM이 가지는 장점 중 하나는 목적 함수가 convex 하기만 하면 비선형적인 함수를 통한 최적화 과정을 통해서도 결과를 도출해 낼 수 있다는 것이다.
19 | - 이런 경우 실제 사용되는 학습 데이터 수에 비해 기저 함수의 개수가 현격히 줄어들 수 있다.
20 | - 이와 관련된 내용은 7장에서 좀 더 자세히 보도록 하자.
21 |
22 | ----
23 |
24 | - **Nueral Network (or Perceptrons)**
25 | - SVM 방식과는 다른 방식으로, 비록 기저 함수의 개수는 고정시키지만 좀 더 적합한 모델을 구성하는 방법도 있다.
26 | - 여기서는 이를 위해 "다중 레이어를 가진 신경망" (*multilayer perceptron*) 을 이용한다.
27 | - 이름이 너무 길다. 그냥 MLP 라고 부른다.
28 |
29 | - 신경망은 생물학적 시스템을 모방한 시도로 피트, 로젠블렛, 럼멜하트 등 초기 많은 학자들의 노력으로 발전하였다.
30 | - 하지만 신경망의 역사에 대한 내용은 생략하도록 한다.
31 |
32 | ----
33 |
34 | - 우리는 어쨌거나 기저 함수의 파라미터를 결정하는 함수적 형태로 신경망 공부를 시작할 예정이다.
35 | - 역시나 *MLE* 등을 이용하여 문제를 해결하겠지만, 여기서는 비선형 함수를 다룬다는 특징이 있다.
36 | - 파라미터 학습을 위해 *error backpropagation* 이라는 기법을 사용한다. 뒤에서 자세히 나온다.
37 | - 후반부에서는 정칙화(regularization) 기법이나 혼합 모델(mixture density networks)에 관련된 내용도 다룰 것이다.
38 | - 당연히 베이지안 방식의 신경망도 안 다룰수 없는 법.
39 |
40 |
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/docs/previous/PRML/chapter05/5.md:
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1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Chapter. 5"
4 | title: "5. Regularization in NN."
5 | ---
6 |
7 | - 신경망에서 입력 데이터와 출력 데이터의 차원은 데이터집합에 의해 결정된다.
8 | - 따라서 실제 제어 가능한 파라미터는 hidden 레이어의 크기 \\(M\\) 의 값이다.
9 |
10 | (작성중)
11 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
15 |
16 |
17 |
18 |
19 |
20 |
21 |
22 |
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/docs/previous/agm/0205.md:
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1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "VAE"
4 | title: "5. Algorithm"
5 | ---
6 |
7 |
8 | {:class="center-block" height="300px"}
9 |
10 |
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/docs/previous/aons/0.md:
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1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "All of Nonparametric Statistics"
4 | title: "Preface"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | 이 페이지에서는 Larry Wasserman 의 All of Nonparametric Statistics 의 내용들을 요약 설명합니다.
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/docs/previous/aons/0100.md:
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1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "All of Nonparametric Statistics"
4 | title: "1. Introduction"
5 | ---
6 |
7 |
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/docs/previous/aos2/0.md:
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1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Statistical Inference"
4 | title: "Preface"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | - 이 페이지에서는 Larry Wasserman 의 All of Statistics 중 Part 2 : Statistical Inference 내용을 소개합니다
8 | - Models, Statistical Inference and Learning
9 | - Estimating the CDF and Statistical Functionals
10 | - The Bootstrap
11 | - Parametric Inference
12 | - Hypothesis Testing and p-values
13 | - Bayesian Inference
14 | - Statistical Decision Theory
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/docs/previous/aos2/0100.md:
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1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Statistical Inference"
4 | title: "1. Models, Statistical Inference and Learning"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | ## Preface
8 |
9 | - 이 Chapter 에서는 통계적 학습(Statistical Learning)에 관한 개념을 소개한다
10 | - Parametric 와 Nonparametric 모형의 차이를 이해한다
11 | - Point estimation, Confidence interval, Hypothesis test 의 개념을 이해한다
12 |
13 | ---
14 |
15 | ## List
16 |
17 | [1. Introduction](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0101)
18 |
19 | [2. Parametric and Nonparametric Models](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0102)
20 |
21 | [3. Fundamental Concepts in Inference](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0103)
22 |
23 |
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/docs/previous/aos2/0101.md:
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1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Models, Statistical Inference and Learning"
4 | title: "1. Introduction"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | - 통계적 **추론(Inference)**, 또는 **학습(Learning)** 은 주어진 데이터를 기반으로 데이터를 생성하는 분포(Distribution)을 추론하는 프로세스를 말한다
8 | - 어떤 경우엔 분포 자체가 아니라 분포의 특성(예: 평균, 모멘트)만 계산하고 싶을 수 있다
9 | - 전형적인 통계적 추론 문제는 다음과 같다
10 |
11 | ---
12 |
13 | `Question` 분포함수 \\( F \\) 에서 추출한 표본 \\( X_{1}, X_{2},\ldots, X_{n} \\) 이 있다. 이 때 \\( F \\) 를 어떻게 추론할 수 있을까?
14 |
15 | ---
16 |
17 |
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/docs/previous/aos2/0200.md:
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1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Statistical Inference"
4 | title: "2. Estimating the CDF and Statistical Functionals"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | ## Preface
8 |
9 | - 이 Chapter 에서는 누적분포함수(CDF) \\( F \\) 를 추정하는 방법론을 이해한다
10 | - 통계적 범함수(Statistical functional) 를 이해한다
11 |
12 | ---
13 |
14 | ## List
15 |
16 | [1. The Empirical Distribution Function](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0201)
17 |
18 | [2. Statistical Functionals](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0202)
19 |
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/docs/previous/aos2/0202.md:
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1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Estimating the CDF and Statistical Functionals"
4 | title: "Statistical Functionals"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | - 통계적 범함수(statistical functional) $$ T(\cdot) $$ 는 분포함수 $$ F \in \mathfrak{F} $$ 에 정의된 함수로 $$ T : \mathfrak{F} \to \mathbb{R} $$ 이다. 평균(mean), 분산(variance), 중앙값(median) 등이 대표적인 통계적 범함수이다 :
8 |
9 | $$
10 | \mu = \int x dF(x),\quad \sigma^{2} = \int(x-\mu)^{2}dF(x),\quad m=F^{-1}(1/2)
11 | $$
12 |
13 | ---
14 |
15 | `Definition 1`. 통계적 범함수 $$ \theta = T(F) $$ 의 **plug-in estimator** 는 $$ T(\cdot) $$ 안에 ECDF $$ \hat{F}_{n} $$ 를 대입한 범함수로 정의한다 :
16 |
17 | $$
18 | \hat{\theta}_{n}=T(\hat{F}_{n})
19 | $$
20 |
21 | ---
22 |
23 | `Definition 2`. 주어진 통계적 범함수가 어떤 함수 $$ r(x) $$ 에 의해 $$ T(F) = \int r(x) dF(x) $$ 형태로 표현된다면, $$ T $$ 는 **선형 범함수(linear functional)** 이라 부른다
24 |
25 | ---
26 |
27 | - `Comment` 선형대수를 공부한 독자라면 위 정의는 선형 범함수의 원래 정의와 다르다는 걸 알 것이다. 사실 위 정의는 원래의 정의와 동치이다! Riesz representation theorem 에 의한 결과이다
28 |
29 | - 연속확률분포나 이산확률분포일 경우 $$ \int r(x)dF(x) $$ 는 각각 $$ \int r(x)f(x)dx $$ 와 $$ \sum_{i} r(x_{i})f(x_{i}) $$ 로 표현된다
30 |
31 | - ECDF 는 각 $$ X_{i} $$ 에 $$ 1/n $$ 씩 mass 가 부여된 이산확률분포의 CDF 이므로, $$ T $$ 가 선형 범함수일 경우 plug-in estimator 는 아래와 같이 표현된다 :
32 |
33 | $$
34 | T(\hat{F}_{n}) = \frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^{n} r(X_{i})
35 | $$
36 |
37 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/previous/aos2/0300.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Statistical Inference"
4 | title: "3. The Bootstrap"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | ## Preface
8 |
9 | - 이 Chapter 에서는 Bootstrap 방법론을 이해한다
10 |
11 | ---
12 |
13 | ## List
14 |
15 | [1. Simulation](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0301)
16 |
17 | [2. Bootstrap Variance Estimation](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0302)
18 |
19 | [3. Bootstrap Confidence Intervals](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0303)
20 |
21 | [4. Appendix](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0304)
22 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/previous/aos2/0400.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Statistical Inference"
4 | title: "4. Parametric Inference"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | ## Preface
8 |
9 | - 이 Chapter 에서는 Parametric Model 를 다룬다
10 | - Parametric Model 은 다음과 같이 parameter \\( \theta=(\theta_{1},\ldots,\theta_{k}) \\) 가 finite dimension 인 모형을 고려한다
11 |
12 | $$
13 | \mathfrak{F}=\left\{ f(x;\theta):\theta\in\Theta \right\},\quad \theta\subset\mathbb{R}^{k}
14 | $$
15 |
16 | - Parameter 를 추정하는 방법론으로 method of moments 와 method of maximum likelihood 를 소개한다
17 |
18 |
19 | ---
20 |
21 | ## List
22 |
23 | [1. Parameter of Interest](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0401)
24 |
25 | [2. The Method of Moments](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0402)
26 |
27 | [3. Maximum Likelihood](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0403)
28 |
29 | [4. Properties of Maximum Likelihood Estimators](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0404)
30 |
31 | [5. Consistency of Maximum Likelihood Estimators](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0405)
32 |
33 | [6. Equivariance of the MLE](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0406)
34 |
35 | [7. Asymptotic Normality](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0407)
36 |
37 | [8. Optimality](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0408)
38 |
39 | [9. The Delta Method](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0409)
40 |
41 | [10. Multiparameter Models](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0410)
42 |
43 | [11. The Parametric Bootstrap](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0411)
44 |
45 | [12. Checking Assumptions](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0412)
46 |
47 | [13. Appendix](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0413)
48 |
49 |
50 |
51 |
52 |
53 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/previous/aos2/0500.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Statistical Inference"
4 | title: "5. Hypothesis Testing and p-values"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | ## Preface
8 |
9 | - 이 Chapter 에서는 **가설검정(Hypothesis test)** 에 대해 다룰 것이다
10 | - 확률변수 \\( X \\) 가 공간 \\( \mathcal{X} \\) 에서 치역(range)을 가진다고 가정하자. 우리는 적절한 **기각역(rejection region)** \\( R \subset \mathcal{X} \\) 을 찾아서 아래 Procedure 을 통해 가설을 검정한다:
11 |
12 | $$
13 | X \in R\quad \Longrightarrow\quad \text{reject }H_{0}
14 | $$
15 |
16 | $$
17 | X \notin R\quad \Longrightarrow\quad \text{retain }H_{0}
18 | $$
19 |
20 | - 보통 \\( R \\) 은 **검정통계량(test statistic)** \\( T \\) 와 **임계값(critical value)** \\( c \\) 에 대해 다음의 형태를 가진다:
21 |
22 | $$
23 | R=\{x: T(x) > c\}
24 | $$
25 |
26 | - 가설검정의 핵심은 기각역을 결정하는 적절한 \\( T \\) 와 \\( c \\) 를 찾는 것이다
27 |
28 | ---
29 |
30 | ## List
31 |
32 | [1. The Wald Test](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0501)
33 |
34 | [2. p-values](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0502)
35 |
36 | [3. The \\( \chi^{2} \\) Distribution](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0503)
37 |
38 | [4. Pearson’s \\( \chi^{2} \\) Test For Multinomial Data](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0504)
39 |
40 | [5. The Permutation Test](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0505)
41 |
42 | [6. Multiple Testing](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0506)
43 |
44 | [7. Goodness-of-fit Tests](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0507)
45 |
46 | [8. Appendix](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0508)
47 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/previous/aos2/0600.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Statistical Inference"
4 | title: "6. Bayesian Inference"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | ## Preface
8 |
9 | - 이 Chapter 에서는 베이지안 추론(Bayesian inference) 에 대해 다룰 것이다
10 |
11 |
12 | ---
13 |
14 | ## List
15 |
16 | [1. The Bayesian Philosophy](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0601)
17 |
18 | [2. The Bayesian Method](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0602)
19 |
20 | [3. Functions of Parameters](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0603)
21 |
22 | [4. Simulation](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0604)
23 |
24 | [5. Large Sample Properties of Bayes’ Procedures](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0605)
25 |
26 | [6. Flat Priors, Improper Priors, and Noninformative Priors](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0606)
27 |
28 | [7. Multiparameter Problems](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0607)
29 |
30 | [8. Bayesian Testing](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0608)
31 |
32 | [9. Strengths and Weaknesses of Bayesian Inference](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0609)
33 |
34 |
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/docs/previous/aos2/0700.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Statistical Inference"
4 | title: "7. Statistical Decision Theory"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | ## Preface
8 |
9 | - 이 Chapter 에서는 통계적 결정이론(Statistical Decision Theory) 에 대해 다룰 것이다
10 |
11 |
12 | ---
13 |
14 | ## List
15 |
16 | [1. Preliminaries](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0701)
17 |
18 | [2. Comparing Risk Functions](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0702)
19 |
20 | [3. Bayes Estimators](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0703)
21 |
22 | [4. Minimax Rules](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0704)
23 |
24 | [5. Maximum Likelihood, Minimax, and Bayes](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0705)
25 |
26 | [6. Admissibility](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0706)
27 |
28 | [7. Stein’s Paradox](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos2/0707)
29 |
30 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/previous/aos3/0.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Statistical Models and Methods"
4 | title: "Preface"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | - 이 페이지에서는 Larry Wasserman 의 All of Statistics 중 Part 3 : Statistical Models and Methods 내용을 소개합니다
8 | - Linear and Logistic Regression
9 | - Multivariate Models
10 | - Inference About Independence
11 | - Causal Inference
12 | - Directed Graphs and Conditional Independence
13 | - Undirected Graphs
14 | - Log-Linear Models
15 | - Nonparametric Curve Estimation
16 | - Smoothing Using Orthogonal Functions
17 | - Classification
18 | - Probability Redux: Stochastic Processes
19 | - Simulation Methods
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/previous/aos3/0100.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Statistical Models and Methods"
4 | title: "1. Linear and Logistic Regression"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | ## Preface
8 |
9 | - 이 Chapter 에서는 Parametric regression 에 대해 다룬다
10 | - 여기서는 Regression function 이 선형(linear) 인 경우만 다룬다
11 |
12 | ---
13 |
14 | ## List
15 |
16 | [1. Simples Linear Regression](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0101)
17 |
18 | [2. Least Squares and Maximum Likelihood](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0102)
19 |
20 | [3. Properties of the Least Squares Estimators](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0103)
21 |
22 | [4. Prediction](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0104)
23 |
24 | [5. Model Selection](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0105)
25 |
26 | [6. Logistic Regression](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0106)
27 |
28 | [7. Appendix](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0107)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/previous/aos3/0200.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Statistical Models and Methods"
4 | title: "2. Multivariate Models"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | ## Preface
8 |
9 | - 이 Chapter 에서는 다변수(Multivariate) 모형에 대해 다룬다
10 |
11 | ---
12 |
13 | ## List
14 |
15 | [1. Random Vectors](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0201)
16 |
17 | [2. Estimating the Correlation](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0202)
18 |
19 | [3. Multivariate Normal](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0203)
20 |
21 | [4. Multinomial](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0204)
22 |
23 | [5. Appendix](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0205)
24 |
25 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/previous/aos3/0300.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Statistical Models and Methods"
4 | title: "3. Inference About Independence"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | ## Preface
8 |
9 | - 이 Chapter 에서는 독립성(Independence) 에 대한 추론을 다룬다
10 |
11 |
12 | ---
13 |
14 | ## List
15 |
16 | [1. Two Binary Variables](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0301)
17 |
18 | [2. Two Discrete Variables](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0302)
19 |
20 | [3. Two Continuous Variables](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0303)
21 |
22 | [4. One Continuous Variable and One Discrete](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0304)
23 |
24 | [5. Appendix](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0305)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/previous/aos3/0400.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Statistical Models and Methods"
4 | title: "4. Causal Inference"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | ## Preface
8 |
9 | - 이 Chapter 에서는 인과관계(Causal) 에 대한 추론을 다룬다
10 |
11 |
12 | ---
13 |
14 | ## List
15 |
16 | [1. The Counterfactual Model](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0401)
17 |
18 | [2. Beyond Binary Treatments](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0402)
19 |
20 | [3. Observational Studies and Confounding](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0403)
21 |
22 | [4. Simpson’s Paradox](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0404)
23 |
24 |
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/docs/previous/aos3/0500.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Statistical Models and Methods"
4 | title: "5. Directed Graphs and Conditional Independence"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | ## Preface
8 |
9 | - 이 Chapter 에서는 Directed Graph 모형을 다룬다
10 |
11 |
12 | ---
13 |
14 | ## List
15 |
16 | [1. Introduction](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0501)
17 |
18 | [2. Conditional Independence](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0502)
19 |
20 | [3. DAGs](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0503)
21 |
22 | [4. Probability and DAGs](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0504)
23 |
24 | [5. More Independence Relations](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0505)
25 |
26 | [6. Estimation for DAGs](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0506)
27 |
28 | [7. Appendix](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0507)
29 |
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/docs/previous/aos3/0600.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Statistical Models and Methods"
4 | title: "6. Undirected Graphs"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | ## Preface
8 |
9 | - 이 Chapter 에서는 Undirected Graph 모형을 다룬다
10 |
11 |
12 | ---
13 |
14 | ## List
15 |
16 | [1. Undirected Graphs](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0601)
17 |
18 | [2. Probability and Graphs](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0602)
19 |
20 | [3. Cliques and Potentials](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0603)
21 |
22 | [4. Fitting Graphs to Data](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0604)
23 |
24 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/previous/aos3/0700.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Statistical Models and Methods"
4 | title: "7. Log-Linear Models"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | ## Preface
8 |
9 | - 이 Chapter 에서는 Log-Linear 모형을 다룬다
10 |
11 |
12 | ---
13 |
14 | ## List
15 |
16 | [1. The Log-Linear Model](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0701)
17 |
18 | [2. Graphical Log-Linear Models](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0702)
19 |
20 | [3. Hierarchical Log-Linear Models](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0703)
21 |
22 | [4. Model Generators](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0704)
23 |
24 | [5. Fitting Log-Linear Models to Data](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0705)
25 |
26 |
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/docs/previous/aos3/0800.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Statistical Models and Methods"
4 | title: "8. Nonparametric Curve Estimation"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | ## Preface
8 |
9 | - 이 Chapter 에서는 Nonparametric Curve Estimation 을 다룬다
10 |
11 |
12 | ---
13 |
14 | ## List
15 |
16 | [1. The Bias-Variance Tradeoff](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0801)
17 |
18 | [2. Histograms](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0802)
19 |
20 | [3. Kernel Density Estimation](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0803)
21 |
22 | [4. Nonparametric Regression](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0804)
23 |
24 | [5. Appendix](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0805)
25 |
26 |
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/docs/previous/aos3/0900.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Statistical Models and Methods"
4 | title: "9. Smoothing Using Orthogonal Functions"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | ## Preface
8 |
9 | - 이 Chapter 에서는 Orthogonal function 을 이용한 방법론을 다룬다
10 |
11 |
12 | ---
13 |
14 | ## List
15 |
16 | [1. Orthogonal Functions and \\( L_{2} \\) Spaces](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0901)
17 |
18 | [2. Density Estimation](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0902)
19 |
20 | [3. Regression](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0903)
21 |
22 | [4. Wavelets](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0904)
23 |
24 | [5. Appendix](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/0905)
25 |
26 |
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/docs/previous/aos3/1000.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Statistical Models and Methods"
4 | title: "10. Classification"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | ## Preface
8 |
9 | - 이 Chapter 에서는 Classification 방법론을 다룬다
10 |
11 |
12 | ---
13 |
14 | ## List
15 |
16 | [1. Introduction](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/1001)
17 |
18 | [2. Error Rates and the Bayes Classifier](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/1002)
19 |
20 | [3. Gaussian and Linear Classifiers](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/1003)
21 |
22 | [4. Linear Regression and Logistic Regression](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/1004)
23 |
24 | [5. Relationship Between Logistic Regression and LDA](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/1005)
25 |
26 | [6. Density Estimation and Naive Bayes](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/1006)
27 |
28 | [7. Trees](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/1007)
29 |
30 | [8. Assessing Error Rates and Choosing a Good Classifier](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/1008)
31 |
32 | [9. Support Vector Machines](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/1009)
33 |
34 | [10. Kernelization](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/1010)
35 |
36 | [11. Other Classifiers](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/1011)
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/docs/previous/aos3/1100.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Statistical Models and Methods"
4 | title: "11. Probability Redux: Stochastic Processes"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | ## Preface
8 |
9 | - 이 Chapter 에서는 Stochastic Process 에 대해 다룬다
10 |
11 |
12 | ---
13 |
14 | ## List
15 |
16 | [1. Introduction](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/1101)
17 |
18 | [2. Markov Chains](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/1102)
19 |
20 | [3. Poisson Processes](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/1103)
21 |
22 |
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/docs/previous/aos3/1200.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Statistical Models and Methods"
4 | title: "12. Simulation Methods"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | ## Preface
8 |
9 | - 이 Chapter 에서는 Stochastic simulation 에 대해 다룬다
10 |
11 |
12 | ---
13 |
14 | ## List
15 |
16 | [1. Bayesian Inference Revisited](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/1201)
17 |
18 | [2. Basic Monte Carlo Integration](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/1202)
19 |
20 | [3. Importance Sampling](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/1203)
21 |
22 | [4. MCMC Part I: The Metropolis–Hastings Algorithm](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/1204)
23 |
24 | [5. MCMC Part II: Different Flavors](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/aos3/1205)
25 |
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/docs/previous/mpsl/0.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Statistical Learning"
4 | title: "Preface"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | 이 페이지에선 Statistical Learning Theory 에서 사용되는 방법론의 수학적 원리들을 소개할 것입니다
8 |
9 | - Hilbert Spaces and Functional Analysis
10 | - Fourier Analysis
11 | - Wavelet Analysis
12 | - Advanced Statistical Models
13 |
14 | - Reference
15 | 1. Gabriel Peyré 의 Mathematical Foundations of Data Sciences
16 | 2. Shai Shalev-Shwartz & Shai Ben-David 의 Understanding Machine Learning: From Theory to Algorithms
17 | 3. Stéhane Mallat 의 a Wavelet Tours of Signal Processing
18 | 4. James, Witten, Hastie, Tibshirani 의 An Introduction to Statistical Learning
19 | 2. Hastie, Tibshirani, Friedman 의 The Elements of Statistical Learning
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/docs/previous/mpsl/0100.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Statistical Learning"
4 | title: "1. Elementary Probability Theory"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | - 이 Chapter 에서는 확률론에서 사용되는 기본적인 내용과 Kolmogorov 의 Probability Axiom 을 다룹니다
8 |
9 |
10 | [1. Basic Set Theroy](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpsl/0101)
11 |
12 | [2. Metric Topology $$ \& $$ Analysis](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpsl/0102)
13 |
14 | [3. Kolmogorov Probability Axiom](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpsl/0103)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/previous/mpsl/0104.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Probability Theory"
4 | title: "4. Basic Measure Theory"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | - 기본적인 측도론(Measure theory)을 소개하고 이에 기반한 확률론을 전개한다
8 | -
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 | ---
13 | ## Measure Theory and Integration
14 |
15 | - [Kolmogorov Probability Axiom](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpt/2) 을 통해 확률을 정의하기 위한 기본적인 공리들을 소개하였다
16 | - 이번 장에서는 확률공간(Probability space) \\( (\Omega,\mathcal{F},\mathbb{P}) \\) 이 주어져 있다는 전제 하에 이론을 전개한다
17 | - 표본공간 \\( \Omega \\) 에서 실수(real-value) 로 사상(mapping)되는 함수 \\( \mathbb{R} \\) \\( X : \Omega\to\mathbb{R}\\) 가 있다고 하자. 이 함수가 다음 성질을 만족하면 **확률변수(Random variable)** 라 부른다:
18 |
19 | $$
20 | \{\omega\in\Omega :X(\omega)\in(a,b)\}\in\mathcal{F},\quad \forall a,b\in\mathbb{R}
21 | $$
22 |
23 | - 동전 던지기를 예를 들어보자. 동전을 던졌을 때 앞(\\( H \\))이 나오면 1, 뒤(\\( T \\))가 나오면 0 이 나오는 함수 \\( X \\) 가 있다고 하자
24 | - 이 때 \\( a, b \\) 의 범위에 따라 아래와 같이 구분할 수 있다
25 |
26 | $$
27 | \{\omega \in \Omega : X(\omega) \in (a,b)\} = \begin{cases}\Omega & : a < 0 < 1 < b \\ \{H\} & : 0 \leq a < 1 < b \\ \{T\} & : a < 0 < b \leq 1 \\ \emptyset & : \text{otherwise} \end{cases}
28 | $$
29 |
30 | {:class="center-block" height="200px"}
31 |
32 |
33 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/previous/mpsl/0200.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Statistical Learning"
4 | title: "2. Norm and Hilbert spaces"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | ## Preface
8 |
9 | - Statistical Learning 은 확률론(Probability Theory) 과 함수해석학(Functional Analysis) 지식을 바탕으로 전개된다. 지금까지 확률론의 기초 지식들을 배웠다면 이번에는 함수해석학의 기본 내용들을 소개한다
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 | ---
14 |
15 | ## List
16 |
17 | [1. Hilbert Spaces](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpsl/0201)
18 |
19 | [2. Function Spaces](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpsl/0202)
20 |
21 | [3. Elements of Functional Analysis](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpsl/0203)
22 |
23 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/previous/mpsl/0202.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Norm and Hilbert Spaces"
4 | title: "2. Function Spaces"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | - Hilbert 공간의 성질과 Fourier Transform 의 관계를 이해한다
8 | -
9 |
10 | ---
11 |
12 | ## 2.1 Hilbert spaces and Fourier Transforms
13 |
14 | - **힐베르트 공간(Hilbert space)** \\( \mathcal{H} \\) 는 **내적(inner product)** \\( \langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle \\)으로 Norm \\( \\| \cdot \\| \\)이 정의된 **완비공간(Complete space)** 이다
15 |
16 | $$
17 | \|f\|_{\mathcal{H}}=\sqrt{\langle f,f \rangle},\quad f\in\mathcal{H}
18 | $$
19 |
20 | - 대표적인 힐베르트 공간은 \\( L_{2} \\) 공간과 Sobolev 공간 \\( W_{2}^{k} \\) 이 있다
21 |
22 | - 힐베르트 공간이 [분해가능(Separable)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separable_space) 인 경우 [가산개의(Countable)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countable_set) [직교기저(Orthogonal basis)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthonormal_basis) \\( (\varphi_{n})_{n\in\mathbb{N}} \\) 이 존재한다:
23 |
24 | $$
25 | f = \sum_{n}\langle f,\varphi_{n} \rangle\varphi_{n},\quad f\in\mathcal{H}
26 | $$
27 |
28 | - 참고로 위 식은 아래와 같은 \\( \\| \cdot \\|_{\mathcal{H}} \\) -sense 하에서 수렴한다:
29 |
30 | $$
31 | \lim_{N\to\infty}\left\|f-\sum_{n=1}^{N}\langle f,\varphi_{n}\rangle \varphi_{n}\right\|_{\mathcal{H}}=0
32 | $$
33 |
34 | - \\( (\varphi_{n})_{n\in\mathbb{N}} \\) 는 [Gram-Schmidt procedure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%E2%80%93Schmidt_process) 를 통해 구축할 수 있다
35 |
36 |
37 | {:class="center-block" height="200px"}
38 |
39 |
40 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/previous/mpsl/0203.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Norm and Hilbert Spaces"
4 | title: "3. Elements of Functional Analysis"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | - Hilbert 공간의 성질과 Fourier Transform 의 관계를 이해한다
8 | -
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/previous/mpsl/0300.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Statistical Learning"
4 | title: "3. SVM and Kernel Methods"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | ## Preface
8 |
9 | - SVM
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 | ---
14 |
15 | ## List
16 |
17 | [1. Mercer Kernels and RKHS](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpsl/0301)
18 |
19 | [2. Hard SVM](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpsl/0302)
20 |
21 | [3. Soft SVM](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpsl/0303)
22 |
23 | [4. Duality and Optimality](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpsl/0304)
24 |
25 | [5. Kernel Trick](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpsl/0305)
26 |
27 | [6. Multi-class Problem](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpsl/0306)
28 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/previous/mpsl/0301.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "SVM and Kernel Methods"
4 | title: "1. Mercer Kernels and RKHS"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | -
8 |
9 |
10 | - 위 표현을 기호로 나타내면
11 |
12 |
13 | {:class="center-block" height="400px"}
14 |
15 | - 거리함수의 종류는 매우 다양하다. 맨허튼 거리(Manhattan distance) 역시 유클리드 공간에서의 거리함수이다
16 |
17 | ---
18 |
19 | `Definition 2`. 벡터공간 $$ \mathcal{X} $$ 에서 정의된 함수 $$ \Vert \cdot \Vert : \mathcal{X} \to [0,\infty) $$ 이 다음 세 조건을 만족하면 **노름(Norm)** 이라 부르고, $$ (\mathcal{X},\Vert\cdot\Vert) $$ 를 **노름공간(Normed space)** 라 부른다
20 |
21 | 1. 벡터 $$ x $$ 가 영벡터($$ \mathbf{0} $$) 이기 위한 필요충분조건은 $$ \Vert x \Vert = 0 $$ 이다
22 |
23 |
24 |
25 |
26 |
27 |
28 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/previous/mpsl/0302.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "SVM and Kernel Methods"
4 | title: "2. Hard SVM"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | - Hilbert 공간의 성질과 Fourier Transform 의 관계를 이해한다
8 | -
9 |
10 | ---
11 |
12 | ## 2.1 Hilbert spaces and Fourier Transforms
13 |
14 | - **힐베르트 공간(Hilbert space)** \\( \mathcal{H} \\) 는 **내적(inner product)** \\( \langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle \\)으로 Norm \\( \\| \cdot \\| \\)이 정의된 **완비공간(Complete space)** 이다
15 |
16 | $$
17 | \|f\|_{\mathcal{H}}=\sqrt{\langle f,f \rangle},\quad f\in\mathcal{H}
18 | $$
19 |
20 | - 대표적인 힐베르트 공간은 \\( L_{2} \\) 공간과 Sobolev 공간 \\( W_{2}^{k} \\) 이 있다
21 |
22 | - 힐베르트 공간이 [분해가능(Separable)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separable_space) 인 경우 [가산개의(Countable)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countable_set) [직교기저(Orthogonal basis)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthonormal_basis) \\( (\varphi_{n})_{n\in\mathbb{N}} \\) 이 존재한다:
23 |
24 | $$
25 | f = \sum_{n}\langle f,\varphi_{n} \rangle\varphi_{n},\quad f\in\mathcal{H}
26 | $$
27 |
28 | - 참고로 위 식은 아래와 같은 \\( \\| \cdot \\|_{\mathcal{H}} \\) -sense 하에서 수렴한다:
29 |
30 | $$
31 | \lim_{N\to\infty}\left\|f-\sum_{n=1}^{N}\langle f,\varphi_{n}\rangle \varphi_{n}\right\|_{\mathcal{H}}=0
32 | $$
33 |
34 | - \\( (\varphi_{n})_{n\in\mathbb{N}} \\) 는 [Gram-Schmidt procedure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%E2%80%93Schmidt_process) 를 통해 구축할 수 있다
35 |
36 |
37 | {:class="center-block" height="200px"}
38 |
39 |
40 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/previous/mpsl/0303.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "SVM and Kernel Methods"
4 | title: "3. Soft SVM"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | - Hilbert 공간의 성질과 Fourier Transform 의 관계를 이해한다
8 | -
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/previous/mpsl/0400.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Statistical Learning"
4 | title: "4. Regularization"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | ## Preface
8 |
9 | - SVM
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 | ---
14 |
15 | ## List
16 |
17 | [1. Regularized Loss Minimization](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpsl/0401)
18 |
19 | [2. Ridge regression](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpsl/0402)
20 |
21 |
22 | [3. Lasso regression](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpsl/0403)
23 |
24 |
25 | [4. Tikhonov Regularization](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpsl/0404)
26 |
27 | [5. Controlling the Fitting-Stability Tradeoff](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpsl/0405)
28 |
29 | [6. Regularization and RKHS](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpsl/0406)
30 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/previous/mpt/0.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Modern Probability Theory"
4 | title: "Preface"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | - 이 페이지에선 측도론 기반의 확률론을 수학적으로 심도있게 다룰 것입니다.
8 | - Preliminaries
9 | - Kolmogorov Probability Axiom
10 | - Measure Theory
11 | - Convergence of Random Variables
12 | - Stochastic Processes
13 | - Gaussian Processes
14 | - Markov Theory
15 | - Stochastic calculus
16 |
17 | - All of Statistics 의 Part 1. Probability 을 이 페이지로 대체합니다
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/previous/mpt/0000.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Modern Probability Theory"
4 | title: "0. Preliminaries"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | - 이 Chapter 에서는 확률론에서 사용되는 기본적인 수학을 다룹니다
8 | [1. Basic Set Theroy](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpt/0001)
9 | [2. Metric Topology $$ \& $$ Analysis](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpt/0002)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/previous/mpt/0201.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Modern Probability Theory"
4 | title: "2. Basic Measure Theory"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | - 기본적인 측도론(Measure theory)을 소개하고 이에 기반한 확률론을 전개한다
8 | -
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 | ---
13 | ## Measure Theory and Integration
14 |
15 | - [Kolmogorov Probability Axiom](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpt/2) 을 통해 확률을 정의하기 위한 기본적인 공리들을 소개하였다
16 | - 이번 장에서는 확률공간(Probability space) \\( (\Omega,\mathcal{F},\mathbb{P}) \\) 이 주어져 있다는 전제 하에 이론을 전개한다
17 | - 표본공간 \\( \Omega \\) 에서 실수(real-value) 로 사상(mapping)되는 함수 \\( \mathbb{R} \\) \\( X : \Omega\to\mathbb{R}\\) 가 있다고 하자. 이 함수가 다음 성질을 만족하면 **확률변수(Random variable)** 라 부른다:
18 |
19 | $$
20 | \{\omega\in\Omega :X(\omega)\in(a,b)\}\in\mathcal{F},\quad \forall a,b\in\mathbb{R}
21 | $$
22 |
23 | - 동전 던지기를 예를 들어보자. 동전을 던졌을 때 앞(\\( H \\))이 나오면 1, 뒤(\\( T \\))가 나오면 0 이 나오는 함수 \\( X \\) 가 있다고 하자
24 | - 이 때 \\( a, b \\) 의 범위에 따라 아래와 같이 구분할 수 있다
25 |
26 | $$
27 | \{\omega \in \Omega : X(\omega) \in (a,b)\} = \begin{cases}\Omega & : a < 0 < 1 < b \\ \{H\} & : 0 \leq a < 1 < b \\ \{T\} & : a < 0 < b \leq 1 \\ \emptyset & : \text{otherwise} \end{cases}
28 | $$
29 |
30 | {:class="center-block" height="200px"}
31 |
32 |
33 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/docs/previous/mpt/0203.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | ---
2 | layout: page-sidenav
3 | group: "Modern Probability Theory"
4 | title: "2. Basic Measure Theory"
5 | ---
6 |
7 | - 기본적인 측도론(Measure theory)을 소개하고 이에 기반한 확률론을 전개한다
8 | -
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 | ---
13 | ## Measure Theory and Integration
14 |
15 | - [Kolmogorov Probability Axiom](https://sungbinlim.github.io/sl/docs/mpt/2) 을 통해 확률을 정의하기 위한 기본적인 공리들을 소개하였다
16 | - 이번 장에서는 확률공간(Probability space) \\( (\Omega,\mathcal{F},\mathbb{P}) \\) 이 주어져 있다는 전제 하에 이론을 전개한다
17 | - 표본공간 \\( \Omega \\) 에서 실수(real-value) 로 사상(mapping)되는 함수 \\( \mathbb{R} \\) \\( X : \Omega\to\mathbb{R}\\) 가 있다고 하자. 이 함수가 다음 성질을 만족하면 **확률변수(Random variable)** 라 부른다:
18 |
19 | $$
20 | \{\omega\in\Omega :X(\omega)\in(a,b)\}\in\mathcal{F},\quad \forall a,b\in\mathbb{R}
21 | $$
22 |
23 | - 동전 던지기를 예를 들어보자. 동전을 던졌을 때 앞(\\( H \\))이 나오면 1, 뒤(\\( T \\))가 나오면 0 이 나오는 함수 \\( X \\) 가 있다고 하자
24 | - 이 때 \\( a, b \\) 의 범위에 따라 아래와 같이 구분할 수 있다
25 |
26 | $$
27 | \{\omega \in \Omega : X(\omega) \in (a,b)\} = \begin{cases}\Omega & : a < 0 < 1 < b \\ \{H\} & : 0 \leq a < 1 < b \\ \{T\} & : a < 0 < b \leq 1 \\ \emptyset & : \text{otherwise} \end{cases}
28 | $$
29 |
30 | {:class="center-block" height="200px"}
31 |
32 |
33 |
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3 | jekyll serve -w -P 10000 --incremental
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