├── en.subject.pdf ├── README.md ├── Born2beRoot ├── monitoring.sh └── README.md ├── Evaluation └── README.md └── LICENSE /en.subject.pdf: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/benmaia/42_Born2beRoot_Guide/HEAD/en.subject.pdf -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # 42_Born2beRoot_Guide 2 | 3 |

4 | https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/76601369/110706242-77158d00-81ef-11eb-8085-5da6f0988553.jpg 5 |
6 | 7 | > *This project aims to introduce you to the wonderful world of virtualization* 8 | 9 |

You will create your first machine in VirtualBox (or UTM if you can’t use VirtualBox) under specific instructions. Then, at the end of this project, you will be able to set up your own operating system while implementing strict rules. 10 | 11 |

You can do anything you want to do ... VIRTUAL MACHINE!!!! This is your WORLD!

12 | 13 |

Born2beRoot OK ✅

14 | 15 |

Grade: 100%

16 |

17 | 18 |
19 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /Born2beRoot/monitoring.sh: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #!/bin/bash 2 | 3 | arch=$(uname -a) 4 | phyproc=$(grep "physical id" /proc/cpuinfo | sort | uniq | wc -l) 5 | virtproc=$(grep "^processor" /proc/cpuinfo | wc -l) 6 | ram_free=$(free -m | grep Mem | awk '{print $4}') 7 | ram_total=$(free -m | grep Mem | awk '{print $2}') 8 | ram_usage_percent=$(free -m | grep Mem | awk '{printf("%.2f"), $3/$2*100}') 9 | free_disk=$(df -Bm | grep '^/dev/' | grep -v '/boot$' | awk '{fdisk += $4} END {print fdisk}') 10 | total_disk=$(df -Bg | grep '^/dev/' | grep -v '/boot$' | awk '{tdisk += $2} END {print tdisk}') 11 | disk_usage_percent=$(df -Bm | grep '^/dev/' | grep -v '/boot$' | awk '{fdisk += $3} {tdisk += $2} END {printf("%.2f"), fdisk/tdisk*100}') 12 | proc_usage_percent=$(top -bn1 | grep '^%Cpu' | awk '{printf("%.1f%%"), $2}') 13 | last_boot=$(who -b | awk '{print $3 " " $4}') 14 | lvm_active=$(lsblk | grep 'lvm' | awk '{if ($1) {printf "\033[0;32mYes\033[0m";exit} else {print "\033[0;031mNo\033[0m";exit;}}') 15 | n_active_connect=$(ss -t | grep ESTAB | wc -l) 16 | n_users_server=$(who | cut -d " " -f 1 | sort -u | wc -l) 17 | ipv4=$(hostname -I) 18 | mac=$(ip link show | grep ether | awk '{print $2}') 19 | n_commands_sudo=$(journalctl _COMM=sudo | grep COMMAND | wc -l) 20 | 21 | wall " #Architecture: $arch 22 | #CPU physical: $phyproc 23 | #vCPU: $virtproc 24 | #Memory Free: ${ram_free}MB/${ram_total}MB ($ram_usage_percent%) 25 | #Disk Free: ${free_disk}MB/${total_disk}GB ($disk_usage_percent%) 26 | #CPU load: $proc_usage_percent 27 | #Last boot: $last_boot 28 | #LVM use: $lvm_active 29 | #Connections TCP: $n_active_connect ESTABLISHED 30 | #User log: $n_users_server 31 | #Network: IP $ipv4 ($mac) 32 | #Sudo: $n_commands_sudo cmd" 33 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /Evaluation/README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 |

Evaluation Born2beRoot

2 | 3 |

Index

4 |

5 | Evaluation Answers 6 |

7 |

8 | Evaluation Guide 9 |

10 | 11 |

Evaluation Answers

12 |
13 |

Please check if you submited the signature, and the first thing you should do is clone it from the intra repo and compare them!

14 |

What is a virutal Machine

15 |

A virtual machine is a program on a computer that works like it is a separate computer inside the main computer. ... It is a simple way to run more than one operating system on the same computer. A very powerful server can be split into several smaller virtual machines to use its resources better.

16 |

Why you choose Debian/CentOs

17 |

This is on you!

18 |

Debian VS CentOS

19 |

20 |

The purpose of virtual machines

21 |

The main purpose of VMs is to operate multiple operating systems at the same time, from the same piece of hardware. Without virtualization, operating multiple systems — like Windows and Linux — would require two separate physical units.

22 |

The difference between aptitude and apt

23 |

Apt-get being a lower level package manager is restricted only to command line, while Aptitude being a higher-level tool has a default text-only interactive interface along with option of command-line operation by entering required commands.

24 |

What APPArmor is

25 |

is a Linux kernel security module that allows the system administrator to restrict programs' capabilities with per-program profiles. Profiles can allow capabilities like network access, raw socket access, and the permission to read, write, or execute files on matching paths.

26 |

What SSH is and the value of using it

27 |

SSH provides password or public-key based authentication and encrypts connections between two network endpoints. ... In addition to providing strong encryption, SSH is widely used by network administrators to manage systems and applications remotely, deliver software patches, or execute commands and move files.

28 |

What is cron

29 |

Cron is a standard Unix utility that is used to schedule commands for automatic execution at specific intervals. For instance, you might have a script that produces web statistics that you want to run once a day automatically at 5:00 AM.

30 |

The commands you have to know

31 |

If you've done the project, and read the guide and did'nt copy paste, you will know the commands for sure, just check the guide below what the evaluation will be! This is all for me, I wish you good luck!!!! 32 | 33 | 34 |

Evaluation Guide

35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /Born2beRoot/README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 |

Born2beRoot

2 | 3 | **I have a script that makes Born2beRoot AUTOMATICLLY, if you are interested, find it HERE** 4 | 5 |

Index

6 |

7 | 00 - VM Assemble 8 |

9 |

10 | 01 - Installation 11 |

12 |

13 | 02 - Set the basic up 14 |

15 |

16 | 03 - Assemble remote SSH 17 |

18 |

19 | 03 - Password Policy 20 |

21 |

22 | 04 - Sudo Policy 23 |

24 |

25 | 05 - Script 26 |

27 |

28 | 06 - Digital Signature 29 |

30 |

31 | 07 - Study for Evaluation 32 |

33 |

Set the basic up

34 |

Login as root: su

35 |

Update & Upgrade: apt update and apt upgrade

36 |

Install sudo: apt install sudo

37 |

Add user to sudo group: sudo usermod -aG sudo bmiguel-

38 |

-a is a shortcut for --append: It means append the group to the list of groups the user belongs to!

39 |

-G is a shortcut for --groups: It tells usermod that the next argument is a group. Note that you need to use a capital -G here because we don’t want to modify the user’s primary group but the list of supplemental groups the user belongs to.

40 |

To check if your user is in the sudo group getent group sudo

41 |

Leave root to your user now su - bmiguel-

42 |

Why You Shouldn’t Log Into Your Linux System As Root

43 |

Add group user42: sudo groupadd user42

44 |

Add our user to that group: sudo usermod -aG user42 bmiguel- 45 |

Install VIM: sudo apt install vim

46 | 47 |

Assemble remote SSH

48 |

Install OpenSSH: sudo apt install openssh-server

49 |

Verify ssh service: sudo systemctl status ssh

50 |

Get your ip: ip a

51 |

Add port 4242: go to /etc/ssh, run sudo vim sshd_config and edit the #Port22 to Port 4242

52 |

Install UFW Firewall: sudo apt install ufw

53 |

Activate UFW: sudo ufw enable

54 |

To check if its enable sudo ufw status

55 | 56 |

MacOs

57 | 58 |

Go to VirutalBox -> Choose the VM -> Select "Settings" -> Choose "Network" -> "Adapter 1" -> "Advance" -> "Port Forwarding"

59 | 60 |

Insert 4242 in Host Port and Guest Port

61 |
62 | 63 |
64 |

Reboot the machine: sudo reboot

65 |

Allow the port 4242 on the Firewall: sudo ufw allow 4242/tcp

66 |

To get remote access trough ssh port 4242, run this in your VM: sudo ssh -p 4242 username@10.0.2.15 in my case sudo ssh -p 4242 bmiguel-@10.0.2.15

67 |

Now outside your VM, in your pc (42 iMac, in your own terminal) run: ssh -p 4242 username@127.0.0.1 in my case ssh -p 4242 bmiguel-@127.0.0.1, don't forget you don't use sudo, you don't have sudo permissions in the 42 iMac :)

68 | 69 |

Linux

70 | 71 |

Go to VirutalBox -> Choose the VM -> Select "Settings" -> Choose "Network" -> "Adapter 1" -> " in Attached to: change to "Bridged Adapter"

72 | 73 | 74 |

Reboot the machine: sudo reboot

75 |

Allow the port 4242 on the Firewall: sudo ufw allow 4242/tcp

76 |

Get the ip address:

77 | 78 | ip a | grep inet | grep 'global dynamic' | cut -d'/' -f1 | awk '{ print $2 }' 79 |

To get remote access trough ssh port 4242, run this in your VM: 80 | 81 | sudo ssh -p 4242 username@your_ip in my case sudo ssh -p 4242 bmiguel-@10.12.178.197

82 |

Now outside your VM, in your pc (42 Linux, in your own terminal) run: ssh -p 4242 username@your_ip in my case ssh -p 4242 bmiguel-@10.12.178.197, don't forget you don't use sudo, you don't have sudo permissions in the 42 Linux :)

83 | 84 | 85 |
86 |
87 | 88 | Open SSH 89 |
90 | An Introduction to Uncomplicated Firewall (UFW) 91 |
92 | 93 |

Password Policy

94 |

To enforce password complexity I will use pwquality.conf sudo apt install libpam-pwquality

95 |

Go to /etc and run sudo vim login.defs

96 |

Search for:

97 |

PASS_MAX_DAYS 9999

98 |

PASS_MIN_DAYS 0

99 |

PASS_WARN_AGE 7

100 |

and change to

101 |

PASS_MAX_DAYS 30

102 |

PASS_MIN_DAYS 2

103 |

PASS_WARN_AGE 7

104 |

Go to /etc/pam.d, run sudo vim common-password and find password requisite pam_pwquality.so retry=3

105 |

To set at least one upper-case letter in the pw add ucredit=-1

106 |

To set at least one lower-case letter in the pw add lcredit=-1

107 |

To set at least one digit in the pw add dcredit=-1

108 |

To set the minimum length in the pw add minlen=10

109 |

To set at max consecutive identical chars in the pw add maxrepeat=3

110 |

To check if the password contains the username in some form add usercheck=0

111 |

To set a minimum number of chars that must be different from the old pw add difok=7

112 |

To the root pw comply to this policy add enforce_for_root

113 |

Reboot your VM sudo reboot

114 | 115 | 116 | Pam_pwquality 117 |
118 | 119 |

Sudo Policy

120 |

Go to /etc/sudoers.d and run sudo visudo

121 |

NEVER EDIT THE SUDOERS FILE WITH A NORMAL TEXT EDITOR, ALWAYS USE sudo visudo

122 |

Find the Defaults section and add:

123 |

To enable TTY Defaults requiretty

124 |

To select the right folder for your log files Defaults logfile="/var/log/sudo/sudo.log"

125 |

To archive your log inputs and outputs Defaults log_input, log_output

126 |

To set your password retries (It usually comes 3 times as default, but still...) Defaults passwd_tries=3

127 |

To enable TTY Defaults badpass_message="Your message"

128 |

The security pass probably is already there, but in case it isn't Defaults secure_path="/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"

129 | 130 | 131 | 132 | Linux 101: Introduction to sudo 133 |
134 | 135 |

Script

136 |

Create script

137 |

Run: sudo vim /usr/local/bin/monitoring.sh

138 |

Every bash script start with #!/bin/bash

139 |

wall is a command-line utility that displays a message on the terminals of all logged-in users. The messages can be either typed on the terminal or the contents of a file.

140 |

Architecture

141 |

The command uname -a is use to get the architecture, uname is used to to print certain system information including kernel name, and the -a or all print all information

142 |

Physical CPU

143 |

To list the number of physical CPU's you can use grep "physical id" /proc/cpuinfo | sort | uniq | wc -l

144 |

The last you can find the full command if you just google the subject line

145 |

Virtual CPU

146 |

To list how many virtual processors you have you can use grep "^processor" /proc/cpuinfo | wc -l

147 |

Free RAM and usage %

148 |

Now, lets set the free RAM and it's percentage, to see the free RAM we have lets run free -m the -m flag makes the output in MB as we want.

149 |

We only want the Mem row,to do that we can grep Mem, the available memory is in the 4th column, to represent that we use $4, and to show just that value we will use awk '{print $4}', if you don't know what awk is, got study please!

150 |

So overall the command is free -m | grep Mem | awk '{print $4}'

151 |

To get the total RAM memory we will do the same but instead of the column $4 the total memory is in the column $2

152 |

So it will be free -m | grep Mem | awk '{print $2}'

153 |

To get the percentage of usage, we have to get the usage that is in the column$3 and we will have to divide $3/$2 and multiply by 100, free -m | grep Mem | awk '{printf("%.2f"), $3/$2*100}'

154 |

Free server space and usage %

155 |

To see the server space you can run df that it will show you your disk space, to show it in MB we will use the flag -m and in GB we have to use 2 flags, -B to show the block size of the size we will ask, and -g that makes the size in GB. Our server it's the lines that start with /dev/ so to get oly those lines we can grep '^/dev/', the ^ means the beggining of the line so, every line that starts with ... . Those partitions(lines) are our home, our boot system and our dev, but actually you don't have acess to th boot partition because you can add or delete anything of that, so to take of only the line with boot we can use grep -v '/boot$', the -v, is a flag to deselect the line, and the $ is to select the end of the line, so it we are saying to take out the line that ends with ... . this time the print is a sum of the 3 lines so I created a variable (fdisk) and add the lines of the same column awk '{fdisk += $4}, to print the end result we have to add to the awk the following END {print fdisk}. So in the end we get df -Bm | grep '^/dev/' | grep -v '/boot$' | awk '{fdisk += $4} END {print fdisk}'

156 |

To get the total disk space lets do the same but change the variable name to tdisk, the -m for -Bg and the column $4 to $2 so df -Bg | grep '^/dev/' | grep -v '/boot$' | awk '{tdisk += $2} END {print tdisk}'

157 |

For the usage percent of the server is putting together what we did in the RAM but with the disk commands we did earlier, so df -Bm | grep '^/dev/' | grep -v '/boot$' | awk '{fdisk += $3} {tdisk += $2} END {printf("%.2f"), fdisk/tdisk*100}'

158 |

CPU usage %

159 |

Now lets get the Cpu usage in percent, fortunately the command top already give us the cpu %, I'll use the flag -b to start in batch mode, that is usefull for sending output from top to toher programs or to a file, and I'll use the flag -n numberx that specify the max number of iterations or frames, top should produce before ending.

160 |

Because there is so many lines, lets grabe the one that matter grep '^%Cpu'

161 |

To values we want are in the column $2 so lets grab him in percentage with 1 decimal number awk '{printf("%.1"), $2}'

162 |

In the end top -bn1 | grep '^%Cpu' | awk '{printf("%.1f%%"), $2}'

163 |

Last reboot

164 |

For the the date and time of the last reboot, the command who it's the one, it prints out information about users who are currently loggend in, and with the flag -b shows the time of last system boot.

165 |

To get only the information we want we just selecting the columns that we need $3 $4, but to print both columns we need to add a " " between, so awk '{print $3 " " $4}', so the final command will be who -b | awk '{print $3 " " $4}'

166 |

LVM active

167 |

So, theres no command to run that says if the LVM is active or not so the way I did is, I run the command lsblk that will show the partitions, and I'm grabing just the lvm part grep lvm to check I'll do an if, so if I the column $1 is different from NULL print an yes and exit, otherwise print a no awk '{if ($1) {print "yes";exit;} else {print "no"}}'

168 |

if you are excentric and want to add a little bit of life to your progrm you can use colors by adding \033[0;32m"Your string"\033[0m defining the string with \033[0;32m will make your string green you can check out other colours here, when ending the string you must return to the original colour, the command to do so is \033[0m, by doing this, only your string will be coloured, leaving the rest with the original colour

169 |

The final command will be lsblk | grep 'lvm' | awk '{if ($1) {printf "\033[0;32mYes\033[0m";exit} else {print "\033[0;031mNo\033[0m";exit;}}'

170 |

Number of connections

171 |

To get the number of connections you can use ss, ss is a tool that displays network socket related information, and we're going to use -t that lists only the tcp connections. To get the active ones, we going to use grep ESTAB and to print the number os lines we will use wc that prints a newline, word and byte counts for files, and if we use the flag -l just print the newline counts.

172 |

The final command is ss -t | grep ESTAB | wc -l

173 |

Number of users

174 |

To see the number os users, we are going to run who again, and lets cut until the first space cut -d " ", the -d flag use delimiter instead of TAB for field delimite, and after lets use the flag -f to select only these fields and add 1, so its like .

175 |

Now lets use the command sort with the flag -u to output only the first of an equal run so it doesn't repeat, and that count the number of lines wc -l, so the command is who | cut -d " " -f 1 | sort -u | wc -l

176 |

IPv4 Adress & MAC (Media Access Control)

177 |

Setting the IP of our server we will search the IP of the host, if you run hostname it displays the system's DNS name, and if you had the flag -I it display all network addresses of the host, so just use hostname -I

178 |

To find the MAC (Media Access Control) we can use the ip that shows / manipulate routing, network devices, interfaces and tunnels, and with the object link show shows the network device. The lines we want are the ones that have ether, so just grep ether and to get the MAC we just need to print the column $2, in the end is just ip link show | grep ether | awk '{print $2}'

179 |

Numbers of sudo commands

180 |

I tried so hard to do this with install netstat, but couldn't get to the right number, so just sudo apt install net-tools

181 |

Now we have access to the command journalctl may be used to query the contents of the systemd(1) journal as 182 | written by systemd-journald.service(8), lets add _COMM to match for the script name (sudo)is added to the query. Lets grab just the commands thats what we want grep COMMAND, and lets cound the number of lines wc -l

183 |

The final command journalctl _COMM=sudo | grep COMMAND | wc -l

184 |

Now lets use wall to print all the variables with the right text to it looks pretty.

185 |

In the final my script (here) looks like this:

186 |
187 | 188 |
189 |

When the script is done don't forget to give him permissions to run chmod 777 monitoring.sh . Now lets add the rule for the script execute with sudo permissions with out the sudo password. Run the sudo visudo and add bmiguel- ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: /usr/local/bin/monitoring.sh in the "Allow members of group sudo to execute any command"

190 |

Now to make the script run every 10 mins, you need to sudo crontab -e and at the end of the file put */10 * * * * /usr/local/bin/monitoring.sh to make it running after reboot add @reboot /usr/local/bin/monitoring.sh under the 10 min macro. I'm adding the sleep macro, because when you boot your machine the script will run but you ain't logged in so you won't even see it sleep 10 so the end code is @reboot sleep 10; sh /usr/local/bin/monitoring.sh

191 | 192 | 193 |

Digital Signature

194 |

After checking if everything is working, close your virtual machine and don't touch it anymore!!!!! Or the signature will chage and you get 0.

195 |

To submit the digital signature now, you will have to go to your goinfre or sgoinfree (if your doing in your laptop, in the place you have your .dvi, usually /VirtualBox\ VMs/) and run shasum "yourfile.dvi"

196 |

After that, copy the key to a file with the name signature.txt and submit it to intra

197 | 198 |

Study for Evaluation

199 |

After you done the project, it's time to study!

200 |

Here is a guide to the evaluation you can use to study and prepare!

201 |

I wish you the best luck!!!!

202 | 203 |

VM Assemble

204 |

Get the Debian ISO from here

205 |

ISO the netinst CD is a small CD image that contains just the core Debian installer code and a small core set of text-mode programs(known as "standart" in Debian).

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Installation

233 |

Get the Debian ISO from here

234 |

ISO the netinst CD is a small CD image that contains just the core Debian installer code and a small core set of text-mode programs(known as "standart" in Debian).

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333 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /LICENSE: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE 2 | Version 3, 29 June 2007 3 | 4 | Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 5 | Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies 6 | of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 7 | 8 | Preamble 9 | 10 | The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for 11 | software and other kinds of works. 12 | 13 | The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed 14 | to take away your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast, 15 | the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to 16 | share and change all versions of a program--to make sure it remains free 17 | software for all its users. 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Such new versions will 567 | be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to 568 | address new problems or concerns. 569 | 570 | Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the 571 | Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General 572 | Public License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the 573 | option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered 574 | version or of any later version published by the Free Software 575 | Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the 576 | GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published 577 | by the Free Software Foundation. 578 | 579 | If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future 580 | versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's 581 | public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you 582 | to choose that version for the Program. 583 | 584 | Later license versions may give you additional or different 585 | permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any 586 | author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a 587 | later version. 588 | 589 | 15. Disclaimer of Warranty. 590 | 591 | THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY 592 | APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT 593 | HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY 594 | OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, 595 | THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR 596 | PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM 597 | IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF 598 | ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. 599 | 600 | 16. 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Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16. 613 | 614 | If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided 615 | above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, 616 | reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates 617 | an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the 618 | Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a 619 | copy of the Program in return for a fee. 620 | 621 | END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS 622 | 623 | How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs 624 | 625 | If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest 626 | possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it 627 | free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. 628 | 629 | To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest 630 | to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively 631 | state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least 632 | the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. 633 | 634 | 635 | Copyright (C) 636 | 637 | This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify 638 | it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by 639 | the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or 640 | (at your option) any later version. 641 | 642 | This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 643 | but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 644 | MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 645 | GNU General Public License for more details. 646 | 647 | You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 648 | along with this program. If not, see . 649 | 650 | Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. 651 | 652 | If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short 653 | notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: 654 | 655 | Copyright (C) 656 | This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. 657 | This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it 658 | under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. 659 | 660 | The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate 661 | parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands 662 | might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box". 663 | 664 | You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, 665 | if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. 666 | For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see 667 | . 668 | 669 | The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program 670 | into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you 671 | may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with 672 | the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General 673 | Public License instead of this License. But first, please read 674 | . 675 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------