├── _config.yml ├── references.html ├── LICENSE ├── README.md ├── table3.html ├── table2.html ├── table1.html └── references.bib /_config.yml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | theme: jekyll-theme-slate 2 | title: "Analysis Methods in Neural NLP" 3 | description: "Accompanying appendix for the paper “Analysis Methods in Neural Language Processing: A Survey”, TACL 2019L." 4 | show_downloads: false 5 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /references.html: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |

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25 | 26 | 27 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /LICENSE: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | MIT License 2 | 3 | Copyright (c) 2018 4 | 5 | Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy 6 | of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal 7 | in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights 8 | to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell 9 | copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is 10 | furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: 11 | 12 | The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all 13 | copies or substantial portions of the Software. 14 | 15 | THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR 16 | IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 17 | FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 18 | AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 19 | LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 20 | OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 21 | SOFTWARE. 22 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Analysis Methods in Neural NLP 2 | This site contains the accompanying supplementary materials for the paper "Analysis Methods in Neural Language Processing: A Survey", TACL 2019, available [here](https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/full/10.1162/tacl_a_00254). 3 | 4 | ## Tables 5 | * [Table SM1](table1.html): A categorization of work trying to find linguistic information in neural networks according to the neural network component investigated, the linguistic property sought, and the analysis method. See Section 2 in the paper. 6 | * [Table SM2](table2.html): A categorization of challenge sets for evaluating neural networks according to the NLP task, the linguistic phenomena, the represented languages, the dataset size, and the construction method. See Section 4 in the paper. 7 | * [Table SM3](table3.html): A categorization of methods for adversarial examples in NLP according to adversary's knowledge (white-box vs. black-box), attack specificity (targeted vs. non-targeted), the modified linguistic unit (words, characters, etc.), and the attacked task. See Section 5 in the paper. 8 | 9 | ## References 10 | The list of references is available [here](references.html). 11 | 12 | ## Contributions 13 | Miss your favorite neural analysis method? Great! Contributions to this site are welcome. Please open a pull request. 14 | 15 | ## Citation 16 | If you find this resource useful, please cite our paper: 17 | 18 | ``` 19 | @Article{belinkov:2019:tacl, 20 | author = {Belinkov, Yonatan and Glass, James}, 21 | title = {Analysis Methods in Neural Language Processing: A Survey}, 22 | journal = {Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics (TACL)}, 23 | year = {2019}, 24 | volume = {7}, 25 | pages = {49--72}, 26 | doi = {10.1162/tacl\_a\_00254} 27 | } 28 | ``` 29 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /table3.html: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |

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Knowledge	Targeted	Unit	Task
Black	✗	Character	MT
Black	✗	Character	MT, morphology
Black	✗	Character	Spelling correction
Black	✓, ✗	Word	MT, NLI
Black	✗	Character	Text classification, sentiment
Black	✗	Sentence	Reading comprehension
Black	✗	Syntax	Sentiment, entailment
Black	✗	Word	Image captioning
Black	✗	Word	NLI, sentiment
Black	✗	Word	Text classification, sentiment
Black	✗	Word	Reading comprehension, visual QA, sentiment
Black	✗	Word	Dialogue
White	✓	Pixels	Image captioning
White	✓	Word	MT
White	✓	Word	MT, summarization
White	✗	Word	Reading comprehension, visual and table QA
White	✗	Word	Sentiment
White	✗	Word	Sentiment, gender detection
White	✗	Word	Text classification, sentiment, grammatical error detection
White	✓	Word/Character	Text classification
White	✗	Word/Character	Text classification
White	✗	Word/Character	Text classification
Black	✗	Character	MT
Black/White	✗	Sentence/Word	Reading comprehension

197 | 206 | 207 | 208 | 209 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /table2.html: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |

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17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 49 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 56 | 57 | 58 | 59 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 64 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 68 | 69 | 70 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 74 | 75 | 76 | 77 | 78 | 79 | 80 | 81 | 82 | 83 | 84 | 85 | 86 | 87 | 88 | 89 | 90 | 91 | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 100 | 101 | 102 | 103 | 104 | 105 | 106 | 107 | 108 | 109 | 110 | 111 | 112 | 113 | 114 | 115 | 116 | 117 | 118 | 119 | 120 | 121 | 122 | 123 | 124 | 125 | 126 | 127 | 128 | 129 | 130 | 131 | 132 | 133 | 134 | 135 | 136 | 137 | 138 | 139 | 140 | 141 | 142 | 143 | 144 | 145 | 146 | 147 | 148 | 149 | 150 | 151 | 152 | 153 | 154 | 155 | 156 | 157 | 158 | 159 | 160 | 161 | 162 | 163 | 164 | 165 | 166 | 167 | 168 | 169 | 170 | 171 | 172 | 173 | 174 | 175 | 176 | 177 | 178 | 179 | 180 | 181 | 182 | 183 | 184 | 185 | 186 | 187 | 188 | 189 | 190 | 191 | 192 | 193 | 194 | 195 | 196 | 197 | 198 | 199 | 200 | 201 | 202 | 203 | 204 | 205 | 206 | 207 | 208 | 209 | 210 | 211 | 212 | 213 | 214 | 215 | 216 | 217 | 218 | 219 | 220 | 221 | 222 | 223 | 224 | 225 | 226 | 227 | 228 |

Task	Phenomena	Language	Size	Construction	Comments
NLI	Antonyms, quantities, spelling, word overlap, negation, length	English	7596	Automatic
NLI	Compositionality	English	44010	Automatic
NLI	Antonyms, hyper/hyponyms	English	6279	Semi-automatic
NLI	Diverse semantics	English	550	Manual
NLI	Lexical inference	English	8193	Semi-automatic
NLI	Diverse	English	570K	Manual, semi-automatic, automatic
MT	Word sense disambiguation	German→English/French	13900	Semi-automatic
MT	Morphology	English→Czech/Latvian	18500	Automatic
MT	Polarity, verb-particle constructions, agreement, transliteration	English→German	97000	Automatic
MT	Discourse	English→French	400	Manual
MT	Morpho-syntax, syntax, lexicon	English↔French	108+506	Manual
MT	Diverse	English↔German	10000	Manual
MT	Discourse	English→German	4627	Automatic	Test sets created using oracles, an alternative to challenge sets. The method can be applied to different language pairs and datasets.
MT	Coreference, pronouns	English→German	12000	Automatic
LM	Subject-verb agreement	English	∼1.35M	Automatic
LM	Number agreement	English, Russian, Hebrew, Italian	∼10K	Automatic
Coreference	Gender bias	English	720	Semi-automatic
Coreference	Gender bias	English	3160	Semi-automatic
Seq2Seq	Compositionality	English	20910	Automatic
POS tagging	Noun-verb ambiguity	English	32654	Semi-automatic
NLI	Psychometric assessment	English	180	Manual
Sentiment	Psychometric assessment	English	134	Manual

229 | 238 | 239 | 240 | 241 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /table1.html: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |

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Component	Property	Method
Word embeddings	POS, head POS, dependency relation, gender, case, number, tense	Classification
Word embeddings	POS, dependency relations, morphological features, emotions	Classification
Word embeddings	Referential attributes	Classification
RNN states/gates	POS, syntactic role, gender, case, definiteness, verb form, mood	Classification, correlation
RNN states	POS, top syntactic sequence, smallest constituent, tense, voice	Classification
RNN states/gates	Acoustic features	Correlation
RNN gates	Phoneme boundaries	Change in activation signal
RNN states	POS, ancestor label prediction, dependency relation prediction	Classification
Sentence embeddings	Sentence length, word presence, word order	Classification
Sentence embeddings	Sentence length, word presence, word order; orthography; social tasks	Classification
Sentence embeddings	Semantic role, word presence	Classification
Sentence embeddings	Synthetic syntactic patterns	Clustering
Sentence embeddings	Sentence length, word presence, word order; tree depth, top constituent; main tense, subject/object number, semantic odd man out, coordinate inversion	Classification
Sentence embeddings	Sentence length, word presence, word order; POS, word sense disambiguation; sentence order	Classification
Attention weights	POS, word alignment	Distribution measures, match with alignments
Attention weights	Anaphora	Attention score
Attention weights	Word sense disambiguation	Distribution measures
Hidden activations in feed-forward acoustic model	Phonemes, phonetic features, gender	Clustering, average activations by group/label
Hidden activations in feed-forward acoustic model	Phonemes, phonetic features	Classification, clustering measures
CNN/RNN activations	Phonetic units	Classification
Speaker embeddings	Speaker, speech content, word order, utterance length, channel, gender, speaking rate	Classification
CNN activations	Style, accent, broadcast program	Classification
Audio-visual RNN activations	Utterance length, word presence, homonym disambiguation	Classification, regression, similarity measures
Audio-visual CNN embeddings	Word classes	Clustering
RNN states in audio-visual model	Phonemes, synonyms	Classification, clustering, discrimination
Audio-visual CNN activations	Phonemes, speakers, word identity	Clustering, discrimination
Word embeddings, vision CNN	Concepts	Similarity measures
RNN states	Word presence	Direct classification
NMT encoder neurons	Sentence length	Regression
NMT word embeddings	synonyms, morphological features	Nearest neighbors
NMT states	POS, morphology	Classification
NMT states	POS, lexical semantics	Classification
NMT states	Morphology	Classification
NMT and LM neurons	POS, morphology, lexical semantics	Classification
RNN states	Subject-verb agreement	Likelihood comparison, direct classification
RNN / self-attention states	Subject-verb agreement	Likelihood comparison, direct classification
RNN states	Number agreement	Likelihood comparison
Parser word embeddings	Word features (shape, etc.)	Classification; also other methods
RNN sentence embedding	Hierarchical structure	Classification
biLM representations (RNN, Transformer, gated CNN)	POS, constituency parsing, coreference	Classification; similarity scores
RNN states in language-vision model	Word boundary, word similarity	Classification
Hidden activations in feed-forward audio-visual model	Phonetic features	Discrimination

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Learning}, 989 | pages = {3319--3328}, 990 | year = {2017}, 991 | editor = {Doina Precup and Yee Whye Teh}, 992 | volume = {70}, 993 | series = {Proceedings of Machine Learning Research}, 994 | address = {International Convention Centre, Sydney, Australia}, 995 | month = {06--11 Aug}, 996 | publisher = {PMLR}, 997 | pdf = {http://proceedings.mlr.press/v70/sundararajan17a/sundararajan17a.pdf}, 998 | url = {http://proceedings.mlr.press/v70/sundararajan17a.html} 999 | } 1000 | 1001 | @InProceedings{ Drexler2017AnalysisOA, 1002 | title = {{Analysis of Audio-Visual Features for Unsupervised Speech 1003 | Recognition}}, 1004 | author = {Jennifer Drexler and James Glass}, 1005 | year = {2017}, 1006 | booktitle = {International Workshop on Grounding Language 1007 | Understanding}, 1008 | location = {Stockholm, Sweden} 1009 | } 1010 | 1011 | @InProceedings{ mccoy2018revisiting, 1012 | title = {{Revisiting the poverty of the stimulus: Hierarchical 1013 | generalization without a hierarchical bias in recurrent 1014 | neural networks}}, 1015 | author = {McCoy, R. Thomas and Frank, Robert and Linzen, Tal}, 1016 | booktitle = {Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference of the Cognitive 1017 | Science Society}, 1018 | year = {2018} 1019 | } 1020 | 1021 | @InProceedings{ N18-1170, 1022 | author = "Iyyer, Mohit and Wieting, John and Gimpel, Kevin and 1023 | Zettlemoyer, Luke", 1024 | title = {{Adversarial Example Generation with Syntactically 1025 | Controlled Paraphrase Networks}}, 1026 | booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American 1027 | Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: 1028 | Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)", 1029 | year = "2018", 1030 | publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", 1031 | pages = "1875--1885", 1032 | location = "New Orleans, Louisiana", 1033 | url = "http://aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1170" 1034 | } 1035 | 1036 | @InProceedings{ N18-2122, 1037 | author = "Dharmaretnam, Dhanush and Fyshe, Alona", 1038 | title = {{The Emergence of Semantics in Neural Network 1039 | Representations of Visual Information}}, 1040 | booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American 1041 | Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: 1042 | Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)", 1043 | year = "2018", 1044 | publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", 1045 | pages = "776--780", 1046 | location = "New Orleans, Louisiana", 1047 | url = "http://aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2122" 1048 | } 1049 | 1050 | @InProceedings{ W18-3024, 1051 | author = "Liu, Nelson F. and Levy, Omer and Schwartz, Roy and Tan, 1052 | Chenhao and Smith, Noah A.", 1053 | title = {{LSTMs Exploit Linguistic Attributes of Data}}, 1054 | booktitle = "Proceedings of The Third Workshop on Representation 1055 | Learning for NLP", 1056 | year = "2018", 1057 | publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", 1058 | pages = "180--186", 1059 | location = "Melbourne, Australia", 1060 | url = "http://aclweb.org/anthology/W18-3024" 1061 | } 1062 | 1063 | @InProceedings{ D16-1248, 1064 | author = "Shi, Xing and Knight, Kevin and Yuret, Deniz", 1065 | title = {{Why Neural Translations are the Right Length}}, 1066 | booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in 1067 | Natural Language Processing ", 1068 | year = "2016", 1069 | publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", 1070 | pages = "2278--2282", 1071 | location = "Austin, Texas", 1072 | doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1248", 1073 | url = "http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D16-1248" 1074 | } 1075 | 1076 | @InProceedings{ naik2018stress, 1077 | author = "Naik, Aakanksha and Ravichander, Abhilasha and Sadeh, 1078 | Norman and Rose, Carolyn and Neubig, Graham", 1079 | title = {{Stress Test Evaluation for Natural Language Inference}}, 1080 | booktitle = "Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on 1081 | Computational Linguistics", 1082 | year = "2018", 1083 | publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", 1084 | pages = "2340--2353", 1085 | location = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA", 1086 | url = "http://aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1198" 1087 | } 1088 | 1089 | @Article{ singh2018hierarchical, 1090 | title = {{Hierarchical interpretations for neural network 1091 | predictions}}, 1092 | author = {Singh, Chandan and Murdoch, W. James and Yu, Bin}, 1093 | journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1806.05337v1}, 1094 | year = {2018} 1095 | } 1096 | 1097 | @InProceedings{ N18-1091, 1098 | author = "Gaddy, David and Stern, Mitchell and Klein, Dan", 1099 | title = {{What's Going On in Neural Constituency Parsers? An 1100 | Analysis}}, 1101 | booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American 1102 | Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: 1103 | Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)", 1104 | year = "2018", 1105 | publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", 1106 | pages = "999--1010", 1107 | location = "New Orleans, Louisiana", 1108 | url = "http://aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1091" 1109 | } 1110 | 1111 | @InProceedings{ P18-1079, 1112 | author = "Ribeiro, Marco Tulio and Singh, Sameer and Guestrin, 1113 | Carlos", 1114 | title = {{Semantically Equivalent Adversarial Rules for Debugging 1115 | NLP models}}, 1116 | booktitle = "Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association 1117 | for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)", 1118 | year = "2018", 1119 | publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", 1120 | pages = "856--865", 1121 | location = "Melbourne, Australia", 1122 | url = 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"2018", 1147 | publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", 1148 | pages = "3715--3727", 1149 | location = "Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA", 1150 | url = "http://aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1315" 1151 | } 1152 | 1153 | @Article{ isabelle2018challenge, 1154 | title = {{A Challenge Set for French--> English Machine 1155 | Translation}}, 1156 | author = {Isabelle, Pierre and Kuhn, Roland}, 1157 | journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1806.02725v2}, 1158 | year = {2018} 1159 | } 1160 | 1161 | @InProceedings{ W18-2903, 1162 | author = "Maillard, Jean and Clark, Stephen", 1163 | title = {{Latent Tree Learning with Differentiable Parsers: 1164 | Shift-Reduce Parsing and Chart Parsing}}, 1165 | booktitle = "Proceedings of the Workshop on the Relevance of Linguistic 1166 | Structure in Neural Architectures for NLP", 1167 | year = "2018", 1168 | publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", 1169 | pages = "13--18", 1170 | location = "Melbourne, Australia", 1171 | url = 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Resolution}}, 1197 | booktitle = "Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association 1198 | for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)", 1199 | year = "2018", 1200 | publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", 1201 | pages = "1264--1274", 1202 | location = "Melbourne, Australia", 1203 | url = "http://aclweb.org/anthology/P18-1117" 1204 | } 1205 | 1206 | @InProceedings{ P18-1126, 1207 | author = "C{\'i}fka, Ond{\v{r}}ej and Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej", 1208 | title = {{Are BLEU and Meaning Representation in Opposition?}}, 1209 | booktitle = "Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association 1210 | for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)", 1211 | year = "2018", 1212 | publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", 1213 | pages = "1362--1371", 1214 | location = "Melbourne, Australia", 1215 | url = "http://aclweb.org/anthology/P18-1126" 1216 | } 1217 | 1218 | @InProceedings{ P18-1176, 1219 | author = "Mudrakarta, Pramod Kaushik and 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Computational Linguistics: 1264 | Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)", 1265 | year = "2018", 1266 | publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", 1267 | pages = "1975--1985", 1268 | location = "New Orleans, Louisiana", 1269 | url = "http://aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1179" 1270 | } 1271 | 1272 | @InProceedings{ P18-2003, 1273 | author = "Blevins, Terra and Levy, Omer and Zettlemoyer, Luke", 1274 | title = {{Deep RNNs Encode Soft Hierarchical Syntax}}, 1275 | booktitle = "Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association 1276 | for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)", 1277 | year = "2018", 1278 | publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", 1279 | pages = "14--19", 1280 | location = "Melbourne, Australia", 1281 | url = "http://aclweb.org/anthology/P18-2003" 1282 | } 1283 | 1284 | @InProceedings{ ijcai2018-601, 1285 | title = {{Interpretable Adversarial Perturbation in Input Embedding 1286 | Space for Text}}, 1287 | author = 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1556 | journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1808.02733v1}, 1557 | url = {http://attention.lielakeda.lv}, 1558 | year = {2018} 1559 | } 1560 | 1561 | @InProceedings{ rocktaschel2016reasoning, 1562 | title = {{Reasoning about Entailment with Neural Attention}}, 1563 | author = {Rockt{\"a}schel, Tim and Grefenstette, Edward and Hermann, 1564 | Karl Moritz and Ko{\v{c}}isk{\`y}, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}} and 1565 | Blunsom, Phil}, 1566 | booktitle = {International Conference on Learning Representations 1567 | (ICLR)}, 1568 | year = {2016} 1569 | } 1570 | 1571 | @Article{ Q16-1019, 1572 | author = "Yin, Wenpeng and Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich and Xiang, Bing and 1573 | Zhou, Bowen", 1574 | title = {{ABCNN: Attention-Based Convolutional Neural Network for 1575 | Modeling Sentence Pairs}}, 1576 | journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational 1577 | Linguistics", 1578 | year = "2016", 1579 | volume = "4", 1580 | pages = "259--272", 1581 | url = "http://aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1019" 1582 | } 1583 | 1584 | @InProceedings{ D15-1044, 1585 | author = "Rush, Alexander M. and Chopra, Sumit and Weston, Jason", 1586 | title = {{A Neural Attention Model for Abstractive Sentence 1587 | Summarization}}, 1588 | booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in 1589 | Natural Language Processing ", 1590 | year = "2015", 1591 | publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", 1592 | pages = "379--389", 1593 | location = "Lisbon, Portugal", 1594 | doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1044", 1595 | url = "http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1044" 1596 | } 1597 | 1598 | @InProceedings{ P17-1183, 1599 | author = "Aharoni, Roee and Goldberg, Yoav", 1600 | title = {{Morphological Inflection Generation with Hard Monotonic 1601 | Attention}}, 1602 | booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association 1603 | for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) ", 1604 | year = "2017", 1605 | publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", 1606 | pages = "2004--2015", 1607 | location = "Vancouver, Canada", 1608 | doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1183", 1609 | url = "http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1183" 1610 | } 1611 | 1612 | @InProceedings{ ghaeini2018interpreting, 1613 | author = "Ghaeini, Reza and Fern, Xiaoli and Tadepalli, Prasad", 1614 | title = {{Interpreting Recurrent and Attention-Based Neural Models: 1615 | A Case Study on Natural Language Inference}}, 1616 | booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in 1617 | Natural Language Processing", 1618 | year = "2018", 1619 | publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", 1620 | pages = "4952--4957", 1621 | location = "Brussels, Belgium", 1622 | url = "http://aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1537" 1623 | } 1624 | 1625 | @InProceedings{ N18-2017, 1626 | author = "Gururangan, Suchin and Swayamdipta, Swabha and Levy, Omer 1627 | and Schwartz, Roy and Bowman, Samuel and Smith, Noah A.", 1628 | title = {{Annotation Artifacts in Natural Language Inference 1629 | Data}}, 1630 | booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American 1631 | Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: 1632 | Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers)", 1633 | year = "2018", 1634 | publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", 1635 | pages = "107--112", 1636 | location = "New Orleans, Louisiana", 1637 | url = "http://aclweb.org/anthology/N18-2017" 1638 | } 1639 | 1640 | @InProceedings{ S18-2023, 1641 | author = "Poliak, Adam and Naradowsky, Jason and Haldar, Aparajita 1642 | and Rudinger, Rachel and Van Durme, Benjamin", 1643 | title = {{Hypothesis Only Baselines in Natural Language 1644 | Inference}}, 1645 | booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Lexical and 1646 | Computational Semantics", 1647 | year = "2018", 1648 | publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", 1649 | pages = "180--191", 1650 | location = "New Orleans, Louisiana", 1651 | url = "http://aclweb.org/anthology/S18-2023" 1652 | } 1653 | 1654 | @Article{ yuan2017adversarial, 1655 | title = {{Adversarial Examples: Attacks and Defenses for Deep 1656 | Learning}}, 1657 | author = {Xiaoyong Yuan and Pan He and Qile Zhu and Xiaolin Li}, 1658 | journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1712.07107v3}, 1659 | year = {2017} 1660 | } 1661 | 1662 | @InProceedings{ lipton2016mythos, 1663 | title = {{The Mythos of Model Interpretability}}, 1664 | author = {Lipton, Zachary C.}, 1665 | booktitle = {ICML Workshop on Human Interpretability of Machine 1666 | Learning}, 1667 | year = {2016} 1668 | } 1669 | 1670 | @InProceedings{ ming2017understanding, 1671 | title = {{Understanding Hidden Memories of Recurrent Neural 1672 | Networks}}, 1673 | author = {Ming, Yao and Cao, Shaozu and Zhang, Ruixiang and Li, Zhen 1674 | and Chen, Yuanzhe and Song, Yangqiu and Qu, Huamin}, 1675 | booktitle = {IEEE Conference on Visual Analytics Science and Technology 1676 | (IEEE VAST 2017)}, 1677 | url = {http://www.myaooo.com/projects/rnnvis/}, 1678 | year = {2017} 1679 | } 1680 | 1681 | @InProceedings{ gupta2018lisa, 1682 | author = "Gupta, Pankaj and Sch{\"u}tze, Hinrich", 1683 | title = {{LISA: Explaining Recurrent Neural Network Judgments via 1684 | Layer-wIse Semantic Accumulation and Example to Pattern 1685 | Transformation}}, 1686 | booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 EMNLP Workshop BlackboxNLP: 1687 | Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP", 1688 | year = "2018", 1689 | publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", 1690 | pages = "154--164", 1691 | location = "Brussels, Belgium", 1692 | url = "http://aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5418" 1693 | } 1694 | 1695 | @InProceedings{ wang18emnlptrdec, 1696 | title = {{A Tree-based Decoder for Neural Machine Translation}}, 1697 | author = {Xinyi Wang and Hieu Pham and Pengcheng Yin and Graham 1698 | Neubig}, 1699 | booktitle = {Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language 1700 | Processing (EMNLP)}, 1701 | address = {Brussels, Belgium}, 1702 | month = {November}, 1703 | url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.09374}, 1704 | year = {2018} 1705 | } 1706 | 1707 | @InProceedings{ D15-1092, 1708 | author = "Chen, Xinchi and Qiu, Xipeng and Zhu, Chenxi and Wu, Shiyu 1709 | and Huang, Xuanjing", 1710 | title = {{Sentence Modeling with Gated Recursive Neural Network}}, 1711 | booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in 1712 | Natural Language Processing ", 1713 | year = "2015", 1714 | publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", 1715 | pages = "793--798", 1716 | location = "Lisbon, Portugal", 1717 | doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1092", 1718 | url = "http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1092" 1719 | } 1720 | 1721 | @InProceedings{ giulianelli2018under, 1722 | author = "Giulianelli, Mario and Harding, Jack and Mohnert, Florian 1723 | and Hupkes, Dieuwke and Zuidema, Willem", 1724 | title = {{Under the Hood: Using Diagnostic Classifiers to 1725 | Investigate and Improve how Language Models Track Agreement 1726 | Information}}, 1727 | booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 EMNLP Workshop BlackboxNLP: 1728 | Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP", 1729 | year = "2018", 1730 | publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", 1731 | pages = "240--248", 1732 | location = "Brussels, Belgium", 1733 | url = "http://aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5426" 1734 | } 1735 | 1736 | @InProceedings{ elloumi2018analyzing, 1737 | author = "Elloumi, Zied and Besacier, Laurent and Galibert, Olivier 1738 | and Lecouteux, Benjamin", 1739 | title = {{Analyzing Learned Representations of a Deep ASR 1740 | Performance Prediction Model}}, 1741 | booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 EMNLP Workshop BlackboxNLP: 1742 | Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP", 1743 | year = "2018", 1744 | publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", 1745 | pages = "9--15", 1746 | location = "Brussels, Belgium", 1747 | url = "http://aclweb.org/anthology/W18-5402" 1748 | } 1749 | 1750 | @InCollection{ belinkov:2017:nips, 1751 | title = {{Analyzing Hidden Representations in End-to-End Automatic 1752 | Speech Recognition Systems}}, 1753 | author = {Belinkov, Yonatan and Glass, James}, 1754 | booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30}, 1755 | editor = {I. Guyon and U. V. Luxburg and S. Bengio and H. Wallach 1756 | and R. Fergus and S. Vishwanathan and R. Garnett}, 1757 | pages = {2441--2451}, 1758 | year = {2017}, 1759 | publisher = {Curran Associates, Inc.}, 1760 | url = {http://papers.nips.cc/paper/6838-analyzing-hidden-representations-in-end-to-end-automatic-speech-recognition-systems.pdf} 1761 | } 1762 | 1763 | @PhDThesis{ belinkov:2018:phdthesis, 1764 | title = {On Internal Language Representations in Deep Learning: An 1765 | Analysis of Machine Translation and Speech Recognition}, 1766 | author = {Yonatan Belinkov}, 1767 | school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology}, 1768 | year = {2018}, 1769 | month = {May}, 1770 | pdf = {thesis2018.pdf} 1771 | } 1772 | 1773 | @InProceedings{ FengRAWR2018, 1774 | author = "Feng, Shi and Wallace, Eric and Grissom II, Alvin and 1775 | Iyyer, Mohit and Rodriguez, Pedro and Boyd-Graber, Jordan", 1776 | title = {{Pathologies of Neural Models Make Interpretations 1777 | Difficult}}, 1778 | booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in 1779 | Natural Language Processing", 1780 | year = "2018", 1781 | publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", 1782 | pages = "3719--3728", 1783 | location = "Brussels, Belgium", 1784 | url = "http://aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1407" 1785 | } 1786 | 1787 | @InProceedings{ P15-1144, 1788 | author = "Faruqui, Manaal and Tsvetkov, Yulia and Yogatama, Dani and 1789 | Dyer, Chris and Smith, Noah A.", 1790 | title = {{Sparse Overcomplete Word Vector Representations}}, 1791 | booktitle = "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association 1792 | for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International 1793 | Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: 1794 | Long Papers)", 1795 | year = "2015", 1796 | publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", 1797 | pages = "1491--1500", 1798 | location = "Beijing, China", 1799 | doi = "10.3115/v1/P15-1144", 1800 | url = "http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P15-1144" 1801 | } 1802 | 1803 | @InProceedings{ D17-1041, 1804 | author = "Park, Sungjoon and Bak, JinYeong and Oh, Alice", 1805 | title = {{Rotated Word Vector Representations and their 1806 | Interpretability}}, 1807 | booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in 1808 | Natural Language Processing", 1809 | year = "2017", 1810 | publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", 1811 | pages = "401--411", 1812 | location = "Copenhagen, Denmark", 1813 | url = "http://aclweb.org/anthology/D17-1041" 1814 | } 1815 | 1816 | @InProceedings{ godin2018explaining, 1817 | author = "Godin, Fr{\'e}deric and Demuynck, Kris and Dambre, Joni 1818 | and De Neve, Wesley and Demeester, Thomas", 1819 | title = {{Explaining Character-Aware Neural Networks for Word-Level 1820 | Prediction: Do They Discover Linguistic Rules?}}, 1821 | booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in 1822 | Natural Language Processing", 1823 | year = "2018", 1824 | publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", 1825 | pages = "3275--3284", 1826 | location = "Brussels, Belgium", 1827 | url = "http://aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1365" 1828 | } 1829 | 1830 | @InProceedings{ rozsa2016adversarial, 1831 | title = {{Adversarial Diversity and Hard Positive Generation}}, 1832 | author = {Rozsa, Andras and Rudd, Ethan M. and Boult, Terrance E.}, 1833 | booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and 1834 | Pattern Recognition Workshops}, 1835 | pages = {25--32}, 1836 | year = {2016} 1837 | } 1838 | 1839 | @InProceedings{ pmlr-v80-zhao18b, 1840 | title = {{Adversarially Regularized Autoencoders}}, 1841 | author = {Zhao, Junbo and Kim, Yoon and Zhang, Kelly and Rush, 1842 | Alexander and LeCun, Yann}, 1843 | booktitle = {Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on 1844 | Machine Learning}, 1845 | pages = {5902--5911}, 1846 | year = {2018}, 1847 | editor = {Dy, Jennifer and Krause, Andreas}, 1848 | volume = {80}, 1849 | series = {Proceedings of Machine Learning Research}, 1850 | address = {Stockholmsm{\"a}ssan, Stockholm, Sweden}, 1851 | month = {10--15 Jul}, 1852 | publisher = {PMLR}, 1853 | pdf = {http://proceedings.mlr.press/v80/zhao18b/zhao18b.pdf}, 1854 | url = {http://proceedings.mlr.press/v80/zhao18b.html}, 1855 | abstract = {Deep latent variable models, trained using variational 1856 | autoencoders or generative adversarial networks, are now a 1857 | key technique for representation learning of continuous 1858 | structures. However, applying similar methods to discrete 1859 | structures, such as text sequences or discretized images, 1860 | has proven to be more challenging. In this work, we propose 1861 | a more flexible method for training deep latent variable 1862 | models of discrete structures. Our approach is based on the 1863 | recently proposed Wasserstein Autoencoder (WAE) which 1864 | formalizes adversarial autoencoders as an optimal transport 1865 | problem. We first extend this framework to model discrete 1866 | sequences, and then further explore different learned 1867 | priors targeting a controllable representation. Unlike many 1868 | other latent variable generative models for text, this 1869 | adversarially regularized autoencoder (ARAE) allows us to 1870 | generate fluent textual outputs as well as perform 1871 | manipulations in the latent space to induce change in the 1872 | output space. Finally we show that the latent 1873 | representation can be trained to perform unaligned textual 1874 | style transfer, giving improvements both in automatic 1875 | measures and human evaluation.} 1876 | } 1877 | 1878 | @InProceedings{ goodfellow2014generative, 1879 | title = {{Generative Adversarial Nets}}, 1880 | author = {Goodfellow, Ian and Pouget-Abadie, Jean and Mirza, Mehdi 1881 | and Xu, Bing and Warde-Farley, David and Ozair, Sherjil and 1882 | Courville, Aaron and Bengio, Yoshua}, 1883 | booktitle = {Advances in neural information processing systems}, 1884 | pages = {2672--2680}, 1885 | year = {2014} 1886 | } 1887 | 1888 | @InCollection{ Rumelhart:1986:LPT:21935.42475, 1889 | author = {Rumelhart, D. E. and McClelland, J. L.}, 1890 | chapter = {{On Learning the Past Tenses of English Verbs}}, 1891 | title = {{Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the 1892 | Microstructure of Cognition}}, 1893 | volume = {2}, 1894 | editor = {Rumelhart, David E. and McClelland, James L. and PDP 1895 | Research Group, CORPORATE}, 1896 | year = {1986}, 1897 | isbn = {0-262-13218-4}, 1898 | pages = {216--271}, 1899 | numpages = {56}, 1900 | url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=21935.42475}, 1901 | acmid = {42475}, 1902 | publisher = {MIT Press}, 1903 | address = {Cambridge, MA, USA} 1904 | } 1905 | 1906 | @InProceedings{ Niu:2018, 1907 | author = "Niu, Tong and Bansal, Mohit", 1908 | title = {{Adversarial Over-Sensitivity and Over-Stability 1909 | Strategies for Dialogue Models}}, 1910 | booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computational 1911 | Natural Language Learning", 1912 | year = "2018", 1913 | publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", 1914 | pages = "486--496", 1915 | location = "Brussels, Belgium", 1916 | url = "http://aclweb.org/anthology/K18-1047" 1917 | } 1918 | 1919 | @Article{ doi:10.1080/09540099008915660, 1920 | author = { Catherine L. Harris }, 1921 | title = {{Connectionism and Cognitive Linguistics}}, 1922 | journal = {Connection Science}, 1923 | volume = {2}, 1924 | number = {1-2}, 1925 | pages = {7-33}, 1926 | year = {1990}, 1927 | publisher = {Taylor & Francis}, 1928 | doi = {10.1080/09540099008915660} 1929 | } 1930 | 1931 | @Article{ doi:10.1080/09540090010014070, 1932 | author = { Lars Niklasson and Fredrik Lin\r{a}ker }, 1933 | title = {Distributed representations for extended syntactic 1934 | transformation}, 1935 | journal = {Connection Science}, 1936 | volume = {12}, 1937 | number = {3-4}, 1938 | pages = {299-314}, 1939 | year = {2000}, 1940 | publisher = {Taylor & Francis}, 1941 | doi = {10.1080/09540090010014070}, 1942 | url = { https://doi.org/10.1080/09540090010014070 1943 | 1944 | }, 1945 | eprint = { https://doi.org/10.1080/09540090010014070 } 1946 | } 1947 | 1948 | @Article{ POLLACK199077, 1949 | title = "Recursive distributed representations", 1950 | journal = "Artificial Intelligence", 1951 | volume = "46", 1952 | number = "1", 1953 | pages = "77 - 105", 1954 | year = "1990", 1955 | issn = "0004-3702", 1956 | doi = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(90)90005-K", 1957 | url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/000437029090005K", 1958 | author = "Jordan B. Pollack" 1959 | } 1960 | 1961 | @Article{ Miikkulainen:1991, 1962 | author = {Miikkulainen, Risto and Dyer, Michael G.}, 1963 | title = {{Natural Language Processing With Modular Pdp Networks and 1964 | Distributed Lexicon}}, 1965 | journal = {Cognitive Science}, 1966 | volume = {15}, 1967 | number = {3}, 1968 | pages = {343-399}, 1969 | doi = {10.1207/s15516709cog1503\_2}, 1970 | url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15516709cog1503_2}, 1971 | eprint = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1207/s15516709cog1503_2}, 1972 | year = {1991} 1973 | } 1974 | 1975 | @Book{ Goodfellow-et-al-2016, 1976 | title = {Deep Learning}, 1977 | author = {Ian Goodfellow and Yoshua Bengio and Aaron Courville}, 1978 | publisher = {MIT Press}, 1979 | note = {\url{http://www.deeplearningbook.org}}, 1980 | year = {2016} 1981 | } 1982 | 1983 | @InProceedings{ sutskever2014sequence, 1984 | title = {{Sequence to Sequence Learning with Neural Networks}}, 1985 | author = {Sutskever, Ilya and Vinyals, Oriol and Le, Quoc V.}, 1986 | booktitle = {Advances in neural information processing systems}, 1987 | pages = {3104--3112}, 1988 | year = {2014} 1989 | } 1990 | 1991 | @InProceedings{ mikolov2010recurrent, 1992 | title = {Recurrent neural network based language model}, 1993 | author = {Mikolov, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}} and Karafi{\'a}t, Martin and 1994 | Burget, Luk{\'a}{\v{s}} and {\v{C}}ernock{\`y}, Jan and 1995 | Khudanpur, Sanjeev}, 1996 | booktitle = {Eleventh Annual Conference of the International Speech 1997 | Communication Association}, 1998 | year = {2010} 1999 | } 2000 | 2001 | @Article{ jozefowicz2016exploring, 2002 | title = {{Exploring the Limits of Language Modeling}}, 2003 | author = {Jozefowicz, Rafal and Vinyals, Oriol and Schuster, Mike 2004 | and Shazeer, Noam and Wu, Yonghui}, 2005 | journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:1602.02410v2}, 2006 | year = {2016} 2007 | } 2008 | 2009 | @Article{ Q16-1023, 2010 | author = "Kiperwasser, Eliyahu and Goldberg, Yoav", 2011 | title = {{Simple and Accurate Dependency Parsing Using 2012 | Bidirectional LSTM Feature Representations}}, 2013 | journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational 2014 | Linguistics", 2015 | year = "2016", 2016 | volume = "4", 2017 | pages = "313--327", 2018 | url = "http://aclweb.org/anthology/Q16-1023" 2019 | } 2020 | 2021 | @Book{ goldberg2017neural, 2022 | title = {{Neural Network methods for Natural Language Processing}}, 2023 | author = {Goldberg, Yoav}, 2024 | series = {Synthesis Lectures on Human Language Technologies}, 2025 | volume = {10}, 2026 | number = {1}, 2027 | pages = {1--309}, 2028 | year = {2017}, 2029 | publisher = {Morgan \& Claypool Publishers} 2030 | } 2031 | 2032 | @Article{ doi:10.1080/10489223.2013.796950, 2033 | author = { Robert Frank and Donald Mathis and William Badecker }, 2034 | title = {{The Acquisition of Anaphora by Simple Recurrent 2035 | Networks}}, 2036 | journal = {Language Acquisition}, 2037 | volume = {20}, 2038 | number = {3}, 2039 | pages = {181-227}, 2040 | year = {2013}, 2041 | publisher = {Routledge}, 2042 | doi = {10.1080/10489223.2013.796950}, 2043 | url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10489223.2013.796950 } 2044 | } 2045 | 2046 | @InProceedings{ N18-1205, 2047 | author = "Chen, Yining and Gilroy, Sorcha and Maletti, Andreas and 2048 | May, Jonathan and Knight, Kevin", 2049 | title = {{Recurrent Neural Networks as Weighted Language 2050 | Recognizers}}, 2051 | booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American 2052 | Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: 2053 | Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)", 2054 | year = "2018", 2055 | publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", 2056 | pages = "2261--2271", 2057 | location = "New Orleans, Louisiana", 2058 | url = "http://aclweb.org/anthology/N18-1205" 2059 | } 2060 | 2061 | @Article{ gers2001lstm, 2062 | title = {{LSTM Recurrent Networks Learn Simple Context-Free and 2063 | Context-Sensitive Languages}}, 2064 | author = {Gers, Felix A. and Schmidhuber, J{\"u}rgen}, 2065 | journal = {IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks}, 2066 | volume = {12}, 2067 | number = {6}, 2068 | pages = {1333--1340}, 2069 | year = {2001}, 2070 | doi = {10.1109/72.963769}, 2071 | publisher = {IEEE} 2072 | } 2073 | 2074 | @InProceedings{ das1992learning, 2075 | title = {{Learning Context-free Grammars: Capabilities and 2076 | Limitations of a Recurrent Neural Network with an External 2077 | Stack Memory}}, 2078 | author = {Das, Sreerupa and Giles, C. Lee and Sun, Guo-Zheng}, 2079 | booktitle = {Proceedings of The Fourteenth Annual Conference of 2080 | Cognitive Science Society. Indiana University}, 2081 | pages = {14}, 2082 | year = {1992} 2083 | } 2084 | 2085 | @Article{ casey1996dynamics, 2086 | title = {{The Dynamics of Discrete-Time Computation, with 2087 | Application to Recurrent Neural Networks and Finite State 2088 | Machine Extraction}}, 2089 | author = {Casey, Mike}, 2090 | journal = {Neural computation}, 2091 | volume = {8}, 2092 | number = {6}, 2093 | pages = {1135--1178}, 2094 | year = {1996}, 2095 | doi = {10.1162/neco.1996.8.6.1135}, 2096 | publisher = {MIT Press} 2097 | } 2098 | 2099 | @Article{ bernardy2018can, 2100 | title = {{Can Recurrent Neural Networks Learn Nested Recursion?}}, 2101 | author = {Bernardy, Jean-Philippe}, 2102 | journal = {LiLT (Linguistic Issues in Language Technology)}, 2103 | volume = {16}, 2104 | number = {1}, 2105 | year = {2018} 2106 | } 2107 | 2108 | @Article{ boden2002learning, 2109 | title = {On learning context-free and context-sensitive languages}, 2110 | author = {Bod{\'e}n, Mikael and Wiles, Janet}, 2111 | journal = {IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks}, 2112 | volume = {13}, 2113 | number = {2}, 2114 | pages = {491--493}, 2115 | year = {2002}, 2116 | publisher = {IEEE} 2117 | } 2118 | 2119 | @Article{ chalup2003incremental, 2120 | title = {{Incremental Training of First Order Recurrent Neural 2121 | Networks to Predict a Context-sensitive Language}}, 2122 | author = {Chalup, Stephan K. and Blair, Alan D.}, 2123 | journal = {Neural Networks}, 2124 | volume = {16}, 2125 | number = {7}, 2126 | pages = {955--972}, 2127 | year = {2003}, 2128 | doi = {10.1016/S0893-6080(03)00054-6}, 2129 | publisher = {Elsevier} 2130 | } 2131 | 2132 | @InProceedings{ peters2018dissecting, 2133 | author = "Peters, Matthew and Neumann, Mark and Zettlemoyer, Luke 2134 | and Yih, Wen-tau", 2135 | title = {{Dissecting Contextual Word Embeddings: Architecture and 2136 | Representation}}, 2137 | booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in 2138 | Natural Language Processing", 2139 | year = "2018", 2140 | publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", 2141 | pages = "1499--1509", 2142 | location = "Brussels, Belgium", 2143 | url = "http://aclweb.org/anthology/D18-1179" 2144 | } 2145 | 2146 | @InProceedings{ D15-1075, 2147 | author = "Bowman, Samuel R. and Angeli, Gabor and Potts, Christopher 2148 | and Manning, Christopher D.", 2149 | title = "A large annotated corpus for learning natural language 2150 | inference", 2151 | booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in 2152 | Natural Language Processing ", 2153 | year = "2015", 2154 | publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", 2155 | pages = "632--642", 2156 | location = "Lisbon, Portugal", 2157 | doi = "10.18653/v1/D15-1075", 2158 | url = "http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D15-1075" 2159 | } 2160 | 2161 | @InProceedings{ belinkov:2017:acl, 2162 | author = "Belinkov, Yonatan and Durrani, Nadir and Dalvi, Fahim and 2163 | Sajjad, Hassan and Glass, James", 2164 | title = {{What do Neural Machine Translation Models Learn about 2165 | Morphology?}}, 2166 | booktitle = "Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association 2167 | for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) ", 2168 | year = "2017", 2169 | publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", 2170 | pages = "861--872", 2171 | location = "Vancouver, Canada", 2172 | doi = "10.18653/v1/P17-1080", 2173 | url = "http://aclweb.org/anthology/P17-1080" 2174 | } 2175 | 2176 | @InProceedings{ belinkov:2017:ijcnlp, 2177 | author = "Belinkov, Yonatan and M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'i}s and Sajjad, 2178 | Hassan and Durrani, Nadir and Dalvi, Fahim and Glass, 2179 | James", 2180 | title = {{Evaluating Layers of Representation in Neural Machine 2181 | Translation on Part-of-Speech and Semantic Tagging Tasks}}, 2182 | booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference 2183 | on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)", 2184 | year = "2017", 2185 | publisher = "Asian 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