├── .github └── FUNDING.yml ├── LICENSE ├── README.org └── fr.org /.github/FUNDING.yml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | liberapay: bzg 2 | github: bzg 3 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /LICENSE: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | Mozilla Public License Version 2.0 2 | ================================== 3 | 4 | 1. Definitions 5 | -------------- 6 | 7 | 1.1. "Contributor" 8 | means each individual or legal entity that creates, contributes to 9 | the creation of, or owns Covered Software. 10 | 11 | 1.2. "Contributor Version" 12 | means the combination of the Contributions of others (if any) used 13 | by a Contributor and that particular Contributor's Contribution. 14 | 15 | 1.3. "Contribution" 16 | means Covered Software of a particular Contributor. 17 | 18 | 1.4. "Covered Software" 19 | means Source Code Form to which the initial Contributor has attached 20 | the notice in Exhibit A, the Executable Form of such Source Code 21 | Form, and Modifications of such Source Code Form, in each case 22 | including portions thereof. 23 | 24 | 1.5. "Incompatible With Secondary Licenses" 25 | means 26 | 27 | (a) that the initial Contributor has attached the notice described 28 | in Exhibit B to the Covered Software; or 29 | 30 | (b) that the Covered Software was made available under the terms of 31 | version 1.1 or earlier of the License, but not also under the 32 | terms of a Secondary License. 33 | 34 | 1.6. "Executable Form" 35 | means any form of the work other than Source Code Form. 36 | 37 | 1.7. "Larger Work" 38 | means a work that combines Covered Software with other material, in 39 | a separate file or files, that is not Covered Software. 40 | 41 | 1.8. "License" 42 | means this document. 43 | 44 | 1.9. "Licensable" 45 | means having the right to grant, to the maximum extent possible, 46 | whether at the time of the initial grant or subsequently, any and 47 | all of the rights conveyed by this License. 48 | 49 | 1.10. "Modifications" 50 | means any of the following: 51 | 52 | (a) any file in Source Code Form that results from an addition to, 53 | deletion from, or modification of the contents of Covered 54 | Software; or 55 | 56 | (b) any new file in Source Code Form that contains any Covered 57 | Software. 58 | 59 | 1.11. "Patent Claims" of a Contributor 60 | means any patent claim(s), including without limitation, method, 61 | process, and apparatus claims, in any patent Licensable by such 62 | Contributor that would be infringed, but for the grant of the 63 | License, by the making, using, selling, offering for sale, having 64 | made, import, or transfer of either its Contributions or its 65 | Contributor Version. 66 | 67 | 1.12. "Secondary License" 68 | means either the GNU General Public License, Version 2.0, the GNU 69 | Lesser General Public License, Version 2.1, the GNU Affero General 70 | Public License, Version 3.0, or any later versions of those 71 | licenses. 72 | 73 | 1.13. "Source Code Form" 74 | means the form of the work preferred for making modifications. 75 | 76 | 1.14. "You" (or "Your") 77 | means an individual or a legal entity exercising rights under this 78 | License. For legal entities, "You" includes any entity that 79 | controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with You. For 80 | purposes of this definition, "control" means (a) the power, direct 81 | or indirect, to cause the direction or management of such entity, 82 | whether by contract or otherwise, or (b) ownership of more than 83 | fifty percent (50%) of the outstanding shares or beneficial 84 | ownership of such entity. 85 | 86 | 2. License Grants and Conditions 87 | -------------------------------- 88 | 89 | 2.1. Grants 90 | 91 | Each Contributor hereby grants You a world-wide, royalty-free, 92 | non-exclusive license: 93 | 94 | (a) under intellectual property rights (other than patent or trademark) 95 | Licensable by such Contributor to use, reproduce, make available, 96 | modify, display, perform, distribute, and otherwise exploit its 97 | Contributions, either on an unmodified basis, with Modifications, or 98 | as part of a Larger Work; and 99 | 100 | (b) under Patent Claims of such Contributor to make, use, sell, offer 101 | for sale, have made, import, and otherwise transfer either its 102 | Contributions or its Contributor Version. 103 | 104 | 2.2. Effective Date 105 | 106 | The licenses granted in Section 2.1 with respect to any Contribution 107 | become effective for each Contribution on the date the Contributor first 108 | distributes such Contribution. 109 | 110 | 2.3. Limitations on Grant Scope 111 | 112 | The licenses granted in this Section 2 are the only rights granted under 113 | this License. No additional rights or licenses will be implied from the 114 | distribution or licensing of Covered Software under this License. 115 | Notwithstanding Section 2.1(b) above, no patent license is granted by a 116 | Contributor: 117 | 118 | (a) for any code that a Contributor has removed from Covered Software; 119 | or 120 | 121 | (b) for infringements caused by: (i) Your and any other third party's 122 | modifications of Covered Software, or (ii) the combination of its 123 | Contributions with other software (except as part of its Contributor 124 | Version); or 125 | 126 | (c) under Patent Claims infringed by Covered Software in the absence of 127 | its Contributions. 128 | 129 | This License does not grant any rights in the trademarks, service marks, 130 | or logos of any Contributor (except as may be necessary to comply with 131 | the notice requirements in Section 3.4). 132 | 133 | 2.4. Subsequent Licenses 134 | 135 | No Contributor makes additional grants as a result of Your choice to 136 | distribute the Covered Software under a subsequent version of this 137 | License (see Section 10.2) or under the terms of a Secondary License (if 138 | permitted under the terms of Section 3.3). 139 | 140 | 2.5. Representation 141 | 142 | Each Contributor represents that the Contributor believes its 143 | Contributions are its original creation(s) or it has sufficient rights 144 | to grant the rights to its Contributions conveyed by this License. 145 | 146 | 2.6. Fair Use 147 | 148 | This License is not intended to limit any rights You have under 149 | applicable copyright doctrines of fair use, fair dealing, or other 150 | equivalents. 151 | 152 | 2.7. Conditions 153 | 154 | Sections 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, and 3.4 are conditions of the licenses granted 155 | in Section 2.1. 156 | 157 | 3. Responsibilities 158 | ------------------- 159 | 160 | 3.1. Distribution of Source Form 161 | 162 | All distribution of Covered Software in Source Code Form, including any 163 | Modifications that You create or to which You contribute, must be under 164 | the terms of this License. You must inform recipients that the Source 165 | Code Form of the Covered Software is governed by the terms of this 166 | License, and how they can obtain a copy of this License. You may not 167 | attempt to alter or restrict the recipients' rights in the Source Code 168 | Form. 169 | 170 | 3.2. Distribution of Executable Form 171 | 172 | If You distribute Covered Software in Executable Form then: 173 | 174 | (a) such Covered Software must also be made available in Source Code 175 | Form, as described in Section 3.1, and You must inform recipients of 176 | the Executable Form how they can obtain a copy of such Source Code 177 | Form by reasonable means in a timely manner, at a charge no more 178 | than the cost of distribution to the recipient; and 179 | 180 | (b) You may distribute such Executable Form under the terms of this 181 | License, or sublicense it under different terms, provided that the 182 | license for the Executable Form does not attempt to limit or alter 183 | the recipients' rights in the Source Code Form under this License. 184 | 185 | 3.3. Distribution of a Larger Work 186 | 187 | You may create and distribute a Larger Work under terms of Your choice, 188 | provided that You also comply with the requirements of this License for 189 | the Covered Software. If the Larger Work is a combination of Covered 190 | Software with a work governed by one or more Secondary Licenses, and the 191 | Covered Software is not Incompatible With Secondary Licenses, this 192 | License permits You to additionally distribute such Covered Software 193 | under the terms of such Secondary License(s), so that the recipient of 194 | the Larger Work may, at their option, further distribute the Covered 195 | Software under the terms of either this License or such Secondary 196 | License(s). 197 | 198 | 3.4. Notices 199 | 200 | You may not remove or alter the substance of any license notices 201 | (including copyright notices, patent notices, disclaimers of warranty, 202 | or limitations of liability) contained within the Source Code Form of 203 | the Covered Software, except that You may alter any license notices to 204 | the extent required to remedy known factual inaccuracies. 205 | 206 | 3.5. Application of Additional Terms 207 | 208 | You may choose to offer, and to charge a fee for, warranty, support, 209 | indemnity or liability obligations to one or more recipients of Covered 210 | Software. However, You may do so only on Your own behalf, and not on 211 | behalf of any Contributor. You must make it absolutely clear that any 212 | such warranty, support, indemnity, or liability obligation is offered by 213 | You alone, and You hereby agree to indemnify every Contributor for any 214 | liability incurred by such Contributor as a result of warranty, support, 215 | indemnity or liability terms You offer. You may include additional 216 | disclaimers of warranty and limitations of liability specific to any 217 | jurisdiction. 218 | 219 | 4. Inability to Comply Due to Statute or Regulation 220 | --------------------------------------------------- 221 | 222 | If it is impossible for You to comply with any of the terms of this 223 | License with respect to some or all of the Covered Software due to 224 | statute, judicial order, or regulation then You must: (a) comply with 225 | the terms of this License to the maximum extent possible; and (b) 226 | describe the limitations and the code they affect. Such description must 227 | be placed in a text file included with all distributions of the Covered 228 | Software under this License. Except to the extent prohibited by statute 229 | or regulation, such description must be sufficiently detailed for a 230 | recipient of ordinary skill to be able to understand it. 231 | 232 | 5. Termination 233 | -------------- 234 | 235 | 5.1. The rights granted under this License will terminate automatically 236 | if You fail to comply with any of its terms. However, if You become 237 | compliant, then the rights granted under this License from a particular 238 | Contributor are reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until such 239 | Contributor explicitly and finally terminates Your grants, and (b) on an 240 | ongoing basis, if such Contributor fails to notify You of the 241 | non-compliance by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after You have 242 | come back into compliance. Moreover, Your grants from a particular 243 | Contributor are reinstated on an ongoing basis if such Contributor 244 | notifies You of the non-compliance by some reasonable means, this is the 245 | first time You have received notice of non-compliance with this License 246 | from such Contributor, and You become compliant prior to 30 days after 247 | Your receipt of the notice. 248 | 249 | 5.2. If You initiate litigation against any entity by asserting a patent 250 | infringement claim (excluding declaratory judgment actions, 251 | counter-claims, and cross-claims) alleging that a Contributor Version 252 | directly or indirectly infringes any patent, then the rights granted to 253 | You by any and all Contributors for the Covered Software under Section 254 | 2.1 of this License shall terminate. 255 | 256 | 5.3. In the event of termination under Sections 5.1 or 5.2 above, all 257 | end user license agreements (excluding distributors and resellers) which 258 | have been validly granted by You or Your distributors under this License 259 | prior to termination shall survive termination. 260 | 261 | ************************************************************************ 262 | * * 263 | * 6. Disclaimer of Warranty * 264 | * ------------------------- * 265 | * * 266 | * Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is" * 267 | * basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or * 268 | * statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the * 269 | * Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a * 270 | * particular purpose or non-infringing. The entire risk as to the * 271 | * quality and performance of the Covered Software is with You. * 272 | * Should any Covered Software prove defective in any respect, You * 273 | * (not any Contributor) assume the cost of any necessary servicing, * 274 | * repair, or correction. This disclaimer of warranty constitutes an * 275 | * essential part of this License. No use of any Covered Software is * 276 | * authorized under this License except under this disclaimer. * 277 | * * 278 | ************************************************************************ 279 | 280 | ************************************************************************ 281 | * * 282 | * 7. Limitation of Liability * 283 | * -------------------------- * 284 | * * 285 | * Under no circumstances and under no legal theory, whether tort * 286 | * (including negligence), contract, or otherwise, shall any * 287 | * Contributor, or anyone who distributes Covered Software as * 288 | * permitted above, be liable to You for any direct, indirect, * 289 | * special, incidental, or consequential damages of any character * 290 | * including, without limitation, damages for lost profits, loss of * 291 | * goodwill, work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any * 292 | * and all other commercial damages or losses, even if such party * 293 | * shall have been informed of the possibility of such damages. This * 294 | * limitation of liability shall not apply to liability for death or * 295 | * personal injury resulting from such party's negligence to the * 296 | * extent applicable law prohibits such limitation. Some * 297 | * jurisdictions do not allow the exclusion or limitation of * 298 | * incidental or consequential damages, so this exclusion and * 299 | * limitation may not apply to You. * 300 | * * 301 | ************************************************************************ 302 | 303 | 8. Litigation 304 | ------------- 305 | 306 | Any litigation relating to this License may be brought only in the 307 | courts of a jurisdiction where the defendant maintains its principal 308 | place of business and such litigation shall be governed by laws of that 309 | jurisdiction, without reference to its conflict-of-law provisions. 310 | Nothing in this Section shall prevent a party's ability to bring 311 | cross-claims or counter-claims. 312 | 313 | 9. Miscellaneous 314 | ---------------- 315 | 316 | This License represents the complete agreement concerning the subject 317 | matter hereof. If any provision of this License is held to be 318 | unenforceable, such provision shall be reformed only to the extent 319 | necessary to make it enforceable. Any law or regulation which provides 320 | that the language of a contract shall be construed against the drafter 321 | shall not be used to construe this License against a Contributor. 322 | 323 | 10. Versions of the License 324 | --------------------------- 325 | 326 | 10.1. New Versions 327 | 328 | Mozilla Foundation is the license steward. Except as provided in Section 329 | 10.3, no one other than the license steward has the right to modify or 330 | publish new versions of this License. Each version will be given a 331 | distinguishing version number. 332 | 333 | 10.2. Effect of New Versions 334 | 335 | You may distribute the Covered Software under the terms of the version 336 | of the License under which You originally received the Covered Software, 337 | or under the terms of any subsequent version published by the license 338 | steward. 339 | 340 | 10.3. Modified Versions 341 | 342 | If you create software not governed by this License, and you want to 343 | create a new license for such software, you may create and use a 344 | modified version of this License if you rename the license and remove 345 | any references to the name of the license steward (except to note that 346 | such modified license differs from this License). 347 | 348 | 10.4. Distributing Source Code Form that is Incompatible With Secondary 349 | Licenses 350 | 351 | If You choose to distribute Source Code Form that is Incompatible With 352 | Secondary Licenses under the terms of this version of the License, the 353 | notice described in Exhibit B of this License must be attached. 354 | 355 | Exhibit A - Source Code Form License Notice 356 | ------------------------------------------- 357 | 358 | This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public 359 | License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this 360 | file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. 361 | 362 | If it is not possible or desirable to put the notice in a particular 363 | file, then You may include the notice in a location (such as a LICENSE 364 | file in a relevant directory) where a recipient would be likely to look 365 | for such a notice. 366 | 367 | You may add additional accurate notices of copyright ownership. 368 | 369 | Exhibit B - "Incompatible With Secondary Licenses" Notice 370 | --------------------------------------------------------- 371 | 372 | This Source Code Form is "Incompatible With Secondary Licenses", as 373 | defined by the Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0. 374 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /README.org: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #+title: Open source Challenges 2 | 3 | A list of resources to think about free software and open source 4 | current challenges. A work in progress. Contributions are welcome! 5 | 6 | * Burn out and/or quitting open source 7 | 8 | ** Talks 9 | 10 | - [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EqcuzSwySR4][Open Source & Feelings 2015 - What Part of "... for Life" Don't You Understand?]] by Jacob Kaplan-Moss (2015) 11 | - [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RbeHBnWfXUc][Avoiding Burnout, and other essentials of Open Source Self-Care]] by Kathleen Danielson (2015) 12 | - [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_4EX4dPppA][The Hard Parts of Open Source]] by Evan Czaplicki (and [[https://gist.github.com/evancz/b29d1ce4166a557d03474278b2b44514][citations]]) (2018) 13 | - [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eWfUaFNSPhM][Linus Torvalds addressing maintainer fatigue]] (2024) 14 | 15 | ** Blog posts, articles and tweets 16 | 17 | - [[https://podcast.sustainoss.org/252][Nolan Lawson of PouchDB on what it feels like to be a maintainer]] (sustainoss.org, Oct. 2024) 18 | - [[https://www.theverge.com/2022/1/9/22874949/developer-corrupts-open-source-libraries-projects-affected][Open source developer corrupts widely-used libraries, affecting tons of projects]] (theverge, Jan. 2022) 19 | - [[https://github.com/actix/actix-web][actix-web post mortem]] (and the [[https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=22073908][HN discussion]] and [[https://words.steveklabnik.com/a-sad-day-for-rust][this blog]]) 20 | - [[http://antirez.com/news/129][The struggles of an open source maintainer]] by http://antirez.com 21 | - [[https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=3736][The Linux Mint Blog - Monthly News – March 2019]] (and in [[https://betanews.com/2019/04/01/linux-mint-depressed/][betanews.com]]) 22 | - [[http://wgross.net/essays/give-away-your-code-but-never-your-time][Give Away Your Code, But Never Your Time]] by William Gross 23 | - [[https://www.techrepublic.com/article/why-open-source-developers-are-burning-out-no-respect/][Why open source developers are burning out: No respect]] 24 | - [[https://feaneron.com/2019/03/28/on-being-a-free-software-maintainer/][On Being a Free Software Maintainer]] by Georges Stavracas 25 | - [[https://opensource.com/business/16/5/5-rules-avoiding-burnout][5 rules for avoiding burnout]] by Jen Krieger 26 | - [[https://twitter.com/destroytoday/status/1180961725933338624][GitHub is really good at visualizing burnout]] 27 | 28 | * Business models 29 | 30 | - [[https://world.hey.com/dhh/automattic-is-doing-open-source-dirty-b95cf128][Automattic is doing open source dirty]] (October 2024) 31 | - [[https://techcrunch.com/2024/10/20/wordpress-vs-wp-engine-drama-explained/][The WordPress vs. WP Engine drama, explained]] (October 2024) 32 | - [[https://words.filippo.io/full-time-maintainer/][I’m Now a Full-Time Professional Open Source Maintainer]] (February 2023) 33 | - [[https://github.com/anhtho-lago/awesome-opensource-company][Awesome Open Source Company]] (GitHub repository, started in May 2022) 34 | - [[https://blog.tooljet.com/raising-vc-funding-for-open-source-project/][Why and how we raised VC funding for an open-source project]] (January 2022) 35 | - [[https://supabase.com/blog/should-i-open-source-my-company][Should I Open Source my Company?]] (March 2022) 36 | - [[https://daniel.haxx.se/blog/2022/01/17/enforcing-the-pyramid-of-open-source/][Enforcing the pyramid of Open Source]] (January 2022) 37 | - [[https://www.lunasec.io/docs/blog/how-to-build-an-open-source-business-in-2021-part-1/][How to build an Open Source Business in 2021 (Part 1)]] (November 2021) 38 | - [[https://stackoverflow.blog/2021/01/07/open-source-has-a-funding-problem/][Open source has a funding problem]] (January 2021) 39 | - [[https://corecursive.com/067-zig-with-andrew-kelley/][Full-Time Open Source With Andrew Kelley]] (August 2021) 40 | - [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YIL5fuAUPiA]["Should You Open Source Your Startup?" by Ben Awad]] (May 2021) 41 | - [[https://writing.kemitchell.com/2021/05/24/The-Luck-of-Open-Source.html][The Luck of Open Source]] by Kyle E. Mitchell (May 2021) 42 | - [[https://plausible.io/blog/open-source-funding][How to pay your rent with your open source project]] (June 2020) 43 | - [[https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=23218943][Ask HN: Dear open source devs how do you sustain yourself]] (May, 2020) 44 | - [[https://joemorrison.medium.com/death-of-an-open-source-business-model-62bc227a7e9b][Death of an Open Source Business Model]] (Dec. 2020) ([[https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=25359897][HN]]) 45 | - [[https://plausible.io/blog/open-source-licenses][Open source licensing and why we're changing Plausible to the AGPL license]] (Oct., 2020) ([[https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=24763734][HN]]) 46 | - [[https://techcrunch.com/2019/12/10/xscode-launches-subscription-platform-to-monetize-open-source-projects/][Xs:code launches subscription platform to monetize open-source projects]] (Dec. 2019) 47 | - [[https://dri.es/balancing-makers-and-takers-to-scale-and-sustain-open-source][Balancing Makers and Takers to scale and sustain Open Source]] (Nov., 2019) 48 | - [[https://blog.sentry.io/2019/11/06/relicensing-sentry][Re-Licensing Sentry]] (Nov. 2019) 49 | - [[https://techcrunch.com/2019/05/30/lack-of-leadership-in-open-source-results-in-source-available-licenses/][Lack of leadership in open source results in source-available licenses]] (May 2019) 50 | - [[https://lwn.net/Articles/783169/][Defining "sustainable" for an open-source project]] (Mar. 2019) 51 | - [[https://blog.ludovic.org/xwiki/bin/view/Blog/FOSDEM2019%20and%20the%20challenge%20to%20finance%20Open%20Source][FOSDEM 2019 and the challenge to finance Open Source]] (2019) 52 | - [[https://changelog.com/news/sustaining-foss-projects-by-democratizing-the-sponsorship-process-Zqr2][Sustaining FOSS projects by democratizing the sponsorship process]] by adamstac, (2019) 53 | - [[https://nadiaeghbal.com/licenses][Making money with licenses]] (Nadia Eghbal, March 2019) 54 | - [[https://stratechery.com/2019/aws-mongodb-and-the-economic-realities-of-open-source/][AWS, MongoDB, and the Economic Realities of Open Source]] (Ben Thompson, stratechery.com, January 2019) 55 | - [[https://sfosc.org/business-models/][FLOSS business models]] (Sustainable Free and Open Source Community, 2018) 56 | - [[http://dtrace.org/blogs/bmc/2018/12/14/open-source-confronts-its-midlife-crisis/][Open Source Confronts Its Midlife Crisis]] (Bryan Cantrill, December 2018) 57 | - [[https://medium.com/@nayafia/an-alternate-ending-to-the-tragedy-of-the-commons-446b4e960887][An alternate ending to the tragedy of the commons]] (Nadia Eghbal, May 2018) 58 | - [[http://dtrace.org/blogs/bmc/2018/12/16/a-eula-in-foss-clothing/][A EULA in FOSS clothing?]] (Bryan Cantrill, December 2018) 59 | - [[https://www.linuxfoundation.org/open-source-management/2017/06/building-a-business-on-open-source/][Building a Business on Open Source]] (www.linuxfoundation.org, July 2017) 60 | - [[https://www.slideshare.net/stephenrwalli/there-is-no-open-source-business-model-78575010][Open Source Business Models Redux]] (Stephen Walli, 2017) 61 | - [[https://blog.sentry.io/2016/10/24/building-an-open-source-service.html][Building an Open Source Service]] (David Cramer, blog.sentry.io, October 2016) 62 | - [[http://dtrace.org/blogs/bmc/2004/08/28/the-economics-of-software/][The Economics of Software]] (Bryan Cantrill, August 2004) 63 | - [[https://www.nber.org/papers/w7600][The Simple Economics of Open Source]] (www.nber.org, Josh Lerner, Jean Tirole, 2000) 64 | - [[https://www.pcworld.com/article/203923/microsoft_we_love_open_source.html][Microsoft: 'We Love Open Source']] (www.pcworld.com August 2010) 65 | 66 | * Sustainability 67 | 68 | ** Posts and articles 69 | 70 | - [[https://spectrum.ieee.org/open-source-crisis][Open-Source Software Is in Crisis]], ieee.org, 2024 71 | - [[https://openpath.quest/2024/the-open-source-sustainability-crisis/][The Open Source Sustainability Crisis]], Chad Whitacre, 2024 72 | - [[https://opensauced.pizza/blog/when-open-source-maintainers-leave][The Silent Crisis in Open Source: When Maintainers Walk Away]], BekahHW, 2024 73 | - [[https://blog.vaxry.net/articles/2023-maintainingFoss][Maintaining FOSS Projects Sucks]], Vaxry, 2023 74 | - [[https://speaking.unlockopen.com/rfBLQk/does-open-source-need-its-own-priority-of-constituencies][Does open source need its own Priority of Constituencies?]], Tobie Langel, 2021 75 | - [[https://github.com/readme/david-nolen][Scaling open source by creating potential]], by David Nolen, Oct. 2020 76 | - [[https://blog.domenic.me/hacktoberfest/][DigitalOcean's Hacktoberfest is Hurting Open Source]], by Domenic Denicola, Sept. 2020 77 | - [[https://www.techrepublic.com/article/open-source-can-thrive-in-a-recession-says-drupal-creator-dries-buytaert/][Open source can thrive in a recession says Drupal creator Dries Buytaert]], Itw of Dries Buytaert, creator of Drupal, May 2020 78 | - [[https://hackernoon.com/hows-that-open-source-governance-working-for-you-mphv32ng][How’s That Open Source Governance Working for You?]], Nathan Schneider, Apr. 2020 79 | - [[https://don.goodman-wilson.com/posts/open-source-is-broken/][Open Source is Broken]] by Don Goodman-Wilson, Sept. 2019 80 | - [[https://peekaboo-vision.blogspot.com/2020/01/dont-fund-software-that-doesnt-exist.html][Don't fund Software that doesn't exist]] by Andreas Mueller, Jan. 2020 81 | - [[https://anarc.at/blog/2019-10-16-bus-factor/][Theory: average bus factor = 1]] by anarcat, Nov. 2019 82 | - [[https://onezero.medium.com/the-internet-relies-on-people-working-for-free-a79104a68bcc][The Internet Relies on People Working for Free]] by Owen Williams, Sept. 2019 83 | - [[https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/43zak3/the-internet-was-built-on-the-free-labor-of-open-source-developers-is-that-sustainable][The Internet Was Built on the Free Labor of Open Source Developers. Is That Sustainable?]] by Daniel Oberhaus, 2019 84 | - [[https://lwn.net/Articles/783169/][Defining "sustainable" for an open-source project]] by Jake Edge, Mar. 2019 85 | - [[https://github.blog/2019-01-17-lets-talk-about-open-source-sustainability/][Let’s talk about open source sustainability]] by Devon Zuegel, 2019 86 | - https://dieworkwear.com/post/182126040434/how-we-lost-our-ability-to-mend 87 | - [[https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-02046-0][How to support open-source software and stay sane]] by Anna Nowogrodzki, 2019 88 | - [[http://esr.ibiblio.org/?p=8383][Load-Bearing Internet People]] by ESR, 2019 89 | - [[https://staltz.com/software-below-the-poverty-line.html][Software below the poverty line]] by André Staltz, 2019 90 | - [[https://www.wired.com/story/altruism-open-source-fuels-web-businesses-love-to-exploit-it/][Altruism Still Fuels the Web. Businesses Love to Exploit It]] by Zeynep Tufekci, 2019 91 | - [[https://medium.com/sustainable-free-and-open-source-communities/we-need-sustainable-free-and-open-source-communities-edf92723d619][We need Sustainable Free and Open Source Communities]] by Adam Jacob, Dec. 2018 92 | - [[https://nadiaeghbal.com/grant-programs][Decentralized funding? An analysis of three programs]] by Nadia Eghbal, 2018 93 | - [[https://blog.tidelift.com/1m-to-pay-open-source-maintainers-on-tidelift][$1m to pay open source maintainers on Tidelift]] by Donald Fischer, 2018 94 | - [[https://triplebyte.com/blog/creating-a-new-source-of-revenue-for-open-source-software][Creating a New Source of Revenue for Open Source Software]] by Guillaume Luccisano, 2018 95 | - [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_q6nVeD_K4&feature=youtu.be&list=PLhYmIiHOMWoEgJEvgkmUe8D0agxy_T2vR][Heart of Clojure 2019 - Daniel Compton - Building Stable Foundations]] 96 | - [[https://lars.ingebrigtsen.no/2016/07/28/the-end-of-gmane/][The End of Gmane?]] by Lars Ingebrigtsen, Jul. 2016 97 | 98 | ** Conferences, groups, initiatives 99 | 100 | - https://sustainoss.org 101 | - http://themaintainers.org 102 | - https://maintainerati.org 103 | - https://www.outreachy.org 104 | - https://www.legacycode.rocks 105 | - https://prototypefund.de 106 | - https://www.piratecare.net/posts/call-for-papers/ 107 | - [[https://fundthecode.org][fundthecode.org: events to finance FLOSS projects]] 108 | - https://github.com/sponsors (and the [[https://github.blog/2019-06-12-faq-with-the-github-sponsors-team][FAQ]]) 109 | - https://www.maintainersanonymous.com/ 110 | - https://nadiaeghbal.com/microgrants 111 | - [[https://www.coreinfrastructure.org/][Linux Foundation Core Infrastructure Project]] 112 | - [[https://www.linuxfoundation.org/press-release/2019/03/the-linux-foundation-launches-new-communitybridge-platform-to-help-sustain-open-source-communities/][Help Sustain Open Source Communities]] by the Linux Foundation 113 | 114 | ** Generalist websites 115 | 116 | - [[https://faiross.org][faiross.org]] 117 | - [[https://oss.fund][oss.fund: Open Source Software Funding Platforms Registry]] (discussed on [[https://discourse.sustainoss.org/t/open-source-software-funding-platforms-registry/106][discourse.sustainoss.org]]) 118 | - [[https://sfosc.org][Sustainable Free and Open Source Communities]] 119 | - [[http://unmaintained.tech][No Maintenance Intended]] 120 | 121 | * Infrastructure 122 | 123 | - Russell and Vinsel, "Making Maintainers: Engineering Education and the Ethics of Care" [[http://themaintainers.org/resources][preprint]]. 124 | - [[https://www.fordfoundation.org/about/library/reports-and-studies/roads-and-bridges-the-unseen-labor-behind-our-digital-infrastructure][Roads and Bridges: The Unseen Labor Behind Our Digital Infrastructure]] by Nadia Eghbal, 2016 125 | - [[https://medium.com/s/story/exploiting-developer-infrastructure-is-insanely-easy-9849937e81d4][Exploiting Developer Infrastructure Is Ridiculously Easy]] by Jarrod Overson, 2018 126 | - [[https://www.fordfoundation.org/ideas/equals-change-blog/posts/every-day-we-rely-on-digital-infrastructure-built-by-volunteers-what-happens-when-it-fails/][Every day, we rely on digital infrastructure built by volunteers. What happens when it fails?]] 127 | 128 | * Ethics and motivation 129 | 130 | - [[https://foundation.mozilla.org/en/blog/indigenous-wisdom-model-software-design-and-development/][Indigenous wisdom as a model for software design and development]], 2021 131 | - [[https://raccoon.onyxbits.de/blog/bugreport-free-support/]["Open Source" Does Not Mean "Includes Free Support"]], 2020 132 | - [[https://perens.com/2019/10/12/invasion-of-the-ethical-licenses/][Invasion of The Ethical Licenses]], 2020 133 | - [[https://www.theregister.co.uk/2019/10/16/gitlab_employees_gagged/][Blood money is fine with us, says GitLab]], 2019 134 | - [[https://hackernoon.com/6-myths-about-ethical-open-source-licenses-3bfbd042b1dc][6 myths about “ethical” open source licenses]], 2019 135 | - [[https://hackernoon.com/why-we-need-an-open-source-licence-that-considers-the-misuse-of-our-code-8d19b65d425][Why we need an Open Source Licence that considers the misuse of our code]], 2019 136 | - [[https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/8xbynx/major-open-source-project-revokes-access-to-companies-that-work-with-ice][Major Open Source Project Revokes Access to Companies That Work with ICE]] by Daniel Oberhaus, 2018 137 | - [[https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.05741][Why We Engage in FLOSS: Answers from Core Developers]] 138 | - [[http://veridicalsystems.com/blog/of-money-responsibility-and-pride/][Of Money, Responsibility, and Pride]] by Steve Marquess 139 | - [[https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.09954][Why Software Projects need Heroes (Lessons Learned from 1100+ Projects)]] 140 | - [[https://medium.com/open-collective/what-core-contributors-want-4e7327ac9180][What Core Contributors Want]] by Alanna Irving, 2019 141 | - [[https://github.com/gorhill/uBlock/wiki/Why-don't-you-accept-donations%3F][Why don't you accept donations?]] by Raymond Hill, 2015 142 | - https://github.com/tootsuite/mastodon/issues/11129 143 | - [[https://publiclab.org/notes/gauravano/03-29-2019/software-community-growth-through-first-timers-only-issues][Software Community Growth through "first-timers-only" issues]] by gauravano with warren, 2019 (also see [[https://www.firsttimersonly.com][firsttimersonly.com]]) 144 | - [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTdJgpxkrhU][Finding your tribe - choosing open source communities]] 145 | 146 | * Related essays 147 | 148 | - [[https://www.quirksmode.org/blog/archives/2020/08/the_cult_of_the.html][The cult of the free must die]] by Peter-Paul Koch, August 2020 ([[https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=24141683][HN]]) 149 | - [[https://sizovs.net/2019/02/15/the-principal-developer][The Principal Developer]] by Eduards Sizovs, 2019 ([[https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=19192737][HN]]) 150 | - https://logicmag.io/failure/freedom-isnt-free/ by Wendy Liu, August 2018 151 | - [[https://words.steveklabnik.com/the-culture-war-at-the-heart-of-open-source][The culture war at the heart of open source]] and [[https://words.steveklabnik.com/what-comes-after-open-source][What comes after open source?]], by Steve Klabnik, 2018 152 | - [[https://the-composition.com/the-origins-of-opera-and-the-future-of-programming-bcdaf8fbe960][The Origins of Opera and the Future of Programming]] by Jessica Kerr, 2018 153 | - [[https://ironholds.org/resources/papers/anarchist_hci.pdf]['Human-Computer Insurrection' (PDF)]] 154 | - [[http://www.matthewbcrawford.com/new-page-1-1-2][Shop Class as Soulcraft: An Inquiry Into the Value of Work (The Penguin Press, 2009)]] 155 | - https://media.libreplanet.org/u/libreplanet/m/right-to-repair-and-the-dmca/ 156 | 157 | * On maintenance in general 158 | 159 | I collected some resources from a discussion that happened on the 160 | mailing list of the [[https://themaintainers.org/][themaintainers.org]] project, Nov. 2017. 161 | 162 | - Chris Jones. /Routes of Power. Energy and Modern America/, 2016 ([[https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674970922&content=reviews][link]]) 163 | - Julie Cohn. /The Grid, Biography of an American Technology/, 2017 ([[https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/grid][link]]) 164 | - Jo Guldi. /Roads to Power, Britain Invents the Infrastructure State./ 2012 ([[https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674057593][link]]) 165 | - Chris Wells. /Fueling the Boom: Gasoline Taxes, Invisibility, and the Growth of the American Highway Infrastructure, 1919-1956/ from the 2012 JAH special issue on oil. ([[https://academic.oup.com/jah/article/99/1/72/854562][link]]) 166 | - Christopher W. Wells. /The Road to the Model T: Culture, Road Conditions, and Innovation at the Dawn of the American Motor Age/, Technology & Culture 48, no. 3 (July 2007), 497-523. 167 | - L. Freed, /Networks of (colonial) power: roads in French Central Africa after World War I/, History & Technology September 2010. 168 | - Christopher W. Wells. /The Changing Nature of Country Roads: Farmers, Reformers, and the Shifting Uses of Rural Space, 1880 – 1905/, Agricultural History 80, no. 2 (Spring 2006), 143-166. 169 | - Fernando Dominguez Rubio, /Preserving the unpreservable: docile and unruly objects at MoMA/ ([[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11186-014-9233-4][link]]) [Comment: "puts questions of care and maintenance at the center of sociological/philosophical concerns about cultural categories, social order, and ontology."] 170 | - Irani, Lilly. /Difference and Dependence among Digital Workers: The Case of Amazon Mechanical Turk/ ([[https://read.dukeupress.edu/south-atlantic-quarterly/article-abstract/114/1/225/3763/Difference-and-Dependence-among-Digital-Workers?redirectedFrom=fulltext][link]]) 171 | - Carse, Ashley. /Nature as infrastructure: Making and managing the Panama Canal watershed/, Social Studies of Science 42, no. 4 (2012): 539-563. 172 | - Barnes, J. E. (2017). /States of maintenance: Power, politics, and Egypts irrigation infrastructure. Environment and Planning/, Society and Space, 35(1), 146-164. 173 | - Edensor, T. (2011). /Entangled agencies, material networks and repair in a building assemblage: The mutable stone of St Ann’s church, Manchester/, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 36 (2), 238-252. 174 | - Gregson, N. (2011). /Performativity, corporeality and the politics of ship disposal/. Journal of Cultural Economy, 4(2), 137-156. 175 | - Rosner, D. K., & Ames, M. (2014). /Designing for repair?: Infrastructures and materialities of breakdown/. In Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on computer supported cooperative work & social computing (pp. 319-331). 176 | - Erik van der Vleuten et al., /Europe’s System Builders: The Contested Shaping of Transnational Road, Electricity and Rail Networks/, Contemporary European History 16, no. 3 (August 2007): 321–47, ([[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20081365][link]]) 177 | - Vincent Lagendijk and Frank Schipper, /Electrifying Europe/ and /Driving Europe/. 178 | - /Tensions of Europe/ network ([[https://www.tensionsofeurope.eu][link]]). 179 | - John May. /Infrastructuralism: The Pathology of Negative Externalities/ [Comment: argues that infrastructure’s solution to problems is always done by transferring them elsewhere] ([[https://quaderns.coac.net/en/2011/09/262-may/][link]]) 180 | - Paul Edwards. /How fast can we transition to a low-carbon energy system/, 2015. ([[https://theconversation.com/how-fast-can-we-transition-to-a-low-carbon-energy-system-51018?utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Latest+from+The+Conversation+for+November+23+2015+-+3863&utm_content=Latest+from+The+Conversation+for+November+23+2015+-+3863+CID_1959c4d454307098589b6275bcbc7f72&utm_source=campaign_monitor_us&utm_term=How%2520fast%2520can%2520we%2520transition%2520to%2520a%2520low-carbon%2520energy%2520system][link]]) 181 | - Hillary Brown. /Next Generation Infrastructures/ ([[https://islandpress.org/book/next-generation-infrastructure][link]]) 182 | - Timothy LeCains. /Mass Destruction: The Men and Giant Mines That Wired America and Scarred the Planet/ [Comment: "connects the early construction of electric grids in the US to the rise of large-scale, open pit copper mining"] ([[https://www.envirotechweb.org/2009/09/20/mass-destruction-book/][link]]) 183 | - Wallsten, Björn. /The Urk World: Hibernating Infrastructures and the Quest for Urban Mining/, 2015 ([[https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?aq2=%255B%255B%255D%255D&c=1&af=%255B%255D&searchType=SIMPLE&query=the+urk+world&language=en&pid=diva2%253A872787&aq=%255B%255B%255D%255D&sf=all&aqe=%255B%255D&sortOrder=author_sort_asc&onlyFullText=false&noOfRows=50&dswid=-5855][link]]) 184 | 185 | * Miscellaneous 186 | 187 | - https://maintainermonth.github.com (new in 2025?) 188 | - [[https://opensourcemaintenancefee.org][opensourcemaintenancefee.org]], 2025, with [[https://robmensching.com/blog/posts/2025/02/26/introducing-the-open-source-maintenance-fee/][this announcement]] 189 | - [[https://wiki.p2pfoundation.net/Category:Peerfunding][Peerfunding (p2pfoundation.net)]] 190 | - [[https://blog.opensource.org/the-osi-celebrates-maintainer-month/][The OSI celebrates maintainer month]], OSI, June 2021 191 | - [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T1t4zGJYUuY][(ninth RacketCon): Governing Rust]], by Aaron Turon, 2021 192 | - [[https://github.com/Marak/faker.js/issues/1046][No more free work from Marak - Pay Me or Fork This #1046]], Nov 2020 193 | - [[https://feross.org/funding-experiment-recap/][Recap of the `funding` experiment]] by Feross Aboukhadijeh, 2019 194 | - [[https://blog.licensezero.com/2019/08/26/but-you-said.html][But You Said I Could]] by licensezero, 2019 195 | - [[https://notesfrombelow.org/article/open-source-is-not-enough][Open Source is Not Enough]] by [[https://twitter.com/substack][James Halliday]], May 2018 196 | - [[https://medium.com/open-source-communities/maintainer-vs-community-97edc28387ad][Maintainer vs. Community]], by Mikeal Rogers, 2017 197 | - https://www.techrepublic.com/article/why-doesnt-anyone-weep-for-docker/ 198 | - https://www.linuxjournal.com/content/episode-24-chat-about-redis-labs-podcast-transcript 199 | - https://armin.dev/blog/2019/08/supporting-browser-extension-developers/ (and [[https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=20587440][HN]]) 200 | - https://discourse.sustainoss.org/t/next-steps-for-the-working-group/23 (see [[https://erlend-sh.github.io/ossgrants/][ossgrants]]) 201 | - https://twitter.com/pradyunsg/status/1146454278174756864 202 | - https://twitter.com/ceejbot/status/1135125056487485440 203 | - https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/11/magazine/letter-of-recommendation-bug-fixes-git.html 204 | - https://www.cockroachlabs.com/blog/oss-relicensing-cockroachdb/ (on [[https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=20097077][HN]] and [[https://www.theinformation.com/articles/cockroach-labs-stands-up-to-amazons-open-source-offensive?][theinformation.com]]) 205 | - https://increment.com/open-source/the-rise-of-few-maintainer-projects/ 206 | - https://utcc.utoronto.ca/~cks/space/blog/programming/GoIsGooglesLanguage 207 | - Python request episode : on [[https://twitter.com/dhh/status/1125184022311854085][Twitter]], [[https://vorpus.org/blog/why-im-not-collaborating-with-kenneth-reitz/][vorpus.org]] and [[http://journal.kennethreitz.org/entry/conspiracy][journal.kennethreitz.org]] 208 | - https://blog.ubuntu.com/2019/04/29/canonical-consolidates-open-infrastructure-support-and-security-offerings 209 | - https://changelog.com/podcast/233 about Webpack 210 | - https://www.legacycode.rocks/podcast-1/episode/1c0e0b87/hail-the-maintainers-with-andrew-russell 211 | - https://aws.amazon.com/fr/blogs/opensource/keeping-open-source-open-open-distro-for-elasticsearch/ 212 | - https://waypoint.vice.com/en_us/article/8xypb5/the-dwarf-fortress-creators-werent-in-it-for-money-but-now-they-need-it 213 | - [[https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/43zak3/the-internet-was-built-on-the-free-labor-of-open-source-developers-is-that-sustainable][Stepping stone history of FOSS assumptions, ethics, personalities & economics]] 214 | - [[https://www.digitalocean.com/currents/october-2018/][A Seasonal Report on Developer Trends in the Cloud: Open Source Edition]] 215 | - Strange Loop - A Stitch in Time - The future of OSS Sustainability September 12-14 in St. Louis, Missouri, USA 216 | 217 | * French articles 218 | 219 | See [[file:fr.org][this file]]. 220 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /fr.org: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #+title: Ressources (non triées) en français 2 | 3 | - https://www.01net.com/actualites/au-bout-du-rouleau-un-developpeur-sabote-ses-logiciels-open-source-2053434.html/amp/ 4 | - https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2022/01/MUSELLI_LAURE/64221 5 | - https://www.zdnet.fr/actualites/pourquoi-le-travail-acharne-et-la-faible-remuneration-stressent-les-mainteneurs-de-logiciels-libres-39924021.htm 6 | - https://nicolas.loeuillet.org/billets/service-wallabag-it 7 | - https://linuxfr.org/news/virevoltantes-valses-de-licences-libres-et-non-libres-dans-les-bases-de-donnees 8 | - https://startinblox.com/blog/index.php/fr/2021/03/09/cofinancement-dans-lopen-source-1/ 9 | - https://philippe.scoffoni.net/logiciel-libre-sont-ils-issus-de-travaux-speculatifs/ 10 | - https://www.zdnet.fr/actualites/libreoffice-aux-entreprises-sortez-de-notre-version-communautaire-vous-nuisez-au-developpement-39917533.htm 11 | - https://www.lemondeinformatique.fr/actualites/lire-open-source-et-defense-les-liaisons-dangereuses-sur-fond-d-ethique-76658.html 12 | - https://sgbd.developpez.com/actu/291300/Pourquoi-personne-ne-paie-pour-un-logiciel-de-base-de-donnees-open-source-Un-regard-sur-MongoDB-Redis-ElasticSearch-et-CockroachDB/ 13 | - https://www.macg.co/aapl/2019/09/apple-membre-dune-fondation-pour-la-promotion-de-lopen-source-hollywood-108249 14 | - https://www.journaldunet.com/solutions/cloud-computing/1422843-ces-editeurs-open-source-qui-entrent-en-resistance-face-a-amazon/ 15 | - https://www.zdnet.fr/actualites/la-bataille-entre-vrai-open-source-et-faux-open-source-s-intensifie-39881007.htm 16 | - https://inno3.frama.io/tutoriel-communs-numeriques/02-Tutoriel/ 17 | - https://www.lemagit.fr/actualites/252454152/LOpen-source-en-France-un-moteur-premier-pour-les-entreprises-mais-un-secteur-en-manque-de-resso 18 | - https://start.lesechos.fr/rejoindre-une-entreprise/actu-recrutement/open-source-un-ecosysteme-qui-recrutera-8-000-personnes-en-2019-13598.php 19 | - https://www.programmez.com/actualites/grande-enquete-2018-quelles-perspectives-pour-le-marche-du-travail-dans-lopen-source-28347?amp&__twitter_impression=true 20 | - https://www.techniques-ingenieur.fr/actualite/articles/lopen-source-une-alternative-economique-aux-editeurs-americains-61556/ 21 | - https://www.cigref.fr/publication-open-source-une-alternative-aux-grands-fournisseurs-du-numerique 22 | - https://www.silicon.fr/open-source-metiers-tension-entreprises-227759.html?inf_by=5af71031671db8e2488b4bcd 23 | - [[https://journals.openedition.org/traces/8443][Prendre soin des infrastructures. Introduction à la traduction de « L’ethnographie des infrastructures » de Susan Leigh Star]] 24 | - [[https://journals.openedition.org/traces/8455][L’ethnographie des infrastructures]], Susan Leigh Star 25 | - [[https://journals.openedition.org/traces/8499][Étudier les infrastructures pour ouvrir les boîtes noires politiques. Entretien avec Timothy Mitchell]] 26 | - [[https://journals.openedition.org/traces/8419][L’invisible qui façonne. Études d’infrastructure et gouvernance d’Internet]] 27 | - [[https://journals.openedition.org/traces/8171][Infrastructures, techniques et politiques]] 28 | - https://www.zdnet.fr/actualites/mark-shuttleworth-canonical-double-la-mise-sur-openstack-39884107.htm 29 | - https://www.zdnet.fr/actualites/github-se-voit-en-saint-patreon-de-l-open-source-39885077.htm 30 | - https://objectif-languedoc-roussillon.latribune.fr/innovation/innovation-technologique/2019-06-03/licensify-veut-endiguer-le-pillage-de-l-open-source-819193.html 31 | - https://www.zdnet.fr/blogs/l-esprit-libre/libre-et-open-source-express-chromium-linux-osimis-39885361.htm 32 | - https://open-source.developpez.com/actu/258078/L-open-source-souffre-t-il-d-un-probleme-du-travail-gratuit-Oui-selon-Havoc-Pennington/ 33 | - https://open-source.developpez.com/actu/266068/Open-source-les-developpeurs-sont-ils-sous-finances-et-exploites-Oui-d-apres-le-createur-du-reseau-social-Manyverse/ 34 | - https://objectif-languedoc-roussillon.latribune.fr/innovation/innovation-technologique/2019-06-03/licensify-veut-endiguer-le-pillage-de-l-open-source-819193.html 35 | - https://bzg.fr/lettre-a-la-free-software-foundation.html 36 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------