47 |
48 | <% content %>
49 |
50 |
51 |
52 |
53 |
54 |
55 |
56 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/code/dancer2/BookWeb/lib/BookWeb/Schema/Result/Book.pm:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | use utf8;
2 | package BookWeb::Schema::Result::Book;
3 |
4 | # Created by DBIx::Class::Schema::Loader
5 | # DO NOT MODIFY THE FIRST PART OF THIS FILE
6 |
7 | =head1 NAME
8 |
9 | BookWeb::Schema::Result::Book
10 |
11 | =cut
12 |
13 | use strict;
14 | use warnings;
15 |
16 | use base 'DBIx::Class::Core';
17 |
18 | =head1 COMPONENTS LOADED
19 |
20 | =over 4
21 |
22 | =item * L
23 |
24 | =back
25 |
26 | =cut
27 |
28 | __PACKAGE__->load_components("InflateColumn::DateTime");
29 |
30 | =head1 TABLE: C
31 |
32 | =cut
33 |
34 | __PACKAGE__->table("book");
35 |
36 | =head1 ACCESSORS
37 |
38 | =head2 id
39 |
40 | data_type: 'integer'
41 | is_auto_increment: 1
42 | is_nullable: 0
43 |
44 | =head2 isbn
45 |
46 | data_type: 'char'
47 | is_nullable: 1
48 | size: 10
49 |
50 | =head2 author
51 |
52 | data_type: 'integer'
53 | is_foreign_key: 1
54 | is_nullable: 1
55 |
56 | =head2 title
57 |
58 | data_type: 'varchar'
59 | is_nullable: 1
60 | size: 250
61 |
62 | =head2 started
63 |
64 | data_type: 'datetime'
65 | datetime_undef_if_invalid: 1
66 | is_nullable: 1
67 |
68 | =head2 ended
69 |
70 | data_type: 'datetime'
71 | datetime_undef_if_invalid: 1
72 | is_nullable: 1
73 |
74 | =head2 image_url
75 |
76 | data_type: 'varchar'
77 | is_nullable: 1
78 | size: 250
79 |
80 | =cut
81 |
82 | __PACKAGE__->add_columns(
83 | "id",
84 | { data_type => "integer", is_auto_increment => 1, is_nullable => 0 },
85 | "isbn",
86 | { data_type => "char", is_nullable => 1, size => 10 },
87 | "author",
88 | { data_type => "integer", is_foreign_key => 1, is_nullable => 1 },
89 | "title",
90 | { data_type => "varchar", is_nullable => 1, size => 250 },
91 | "started",
92 | {
93 | data_type => "datetime",
94 | datetime_undef_if_invalid => 1,
95 | is_nullable => 1,
96 | },
97 | "ended",
98 | {
99 | data_type => "datetime",
100 | datetime_undef_if_invalid => 1,
101 | is_nullable => 1,
102 | },
103 | "image_url",
104 | { data_type => "varchar", is_nullable => 1, size => 250 },
105 | );
106 |
107 | =head1 PRIMARY KEY
108 |
109 | =over 4
110 |
111 | =item * L
112 |
113 | =back
114 |
115 | =cut
116 |
117 | __PACKAGE__->set_primary_key("id");
118 |
119 | =head1 RELATIONS
120 |
121 | =head2 author
122 |
123 | Type: belongs_to
124 |
125 | Related object: L
126 |
127 | =cut
128 |
129 | __PACKAGE__->belongs_to(
130 | "author",
131 | "BookWeb::Schema::Result::Author",
132 | { id => "author" },
133 | {
134 | is_deferrable => 1,
135 | join_type => "LEFT",
136 | on_delete => "RESTRICT",
137 | on_update => "RESTRICT",
138 | },
139 | );
140 |
141 |
142 | # Created by DBIx::Class::Schema::Loader v0.07042 @ 2015-03-29 16:32:33
143 | # DO NOT MODIFY THIS OR ANYTHING ABOVE! md5sum:LaMx4W9VYwOD9klNmXroRQ
144 |
145 |
146 | # You can replace this text with custom code or comments, and it will be preserved on regeneration
147 | 1;
148 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/code/dancer2/BookWeb/lib/BookWeb.pm:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | package BookWeb;
2 | use Dancer2;
3 | #use Dancer2::Session;
4 | use Dancer2::Plugin::DBIC;
5 | use Net::Amazon;
6 | use DateTime;
7 |
8 | our $VERSION = '0.1';
9 |
10 | sub get_amazon {
11 | return Net::Amazon->new(
12 | token => $ENV{AMAZON_KEY},
13 | secret_key => $ENV{AMAZON_SECRET},
14 | associate_tag => $ENV{AMAZON_ASSTAG},
15 | locale => 'uk',
16 | ) or die "Cannot connect to Amazon\n";
17 | }
18 |
19 | my %public_path = map { $_ => 1 } ('/', '/login', '/search');
20 |
21 | hook before => sub {
22 | if (! session('logged_in') and
23 | ! $public_path{request->path_info}) {
24 | var requested_path => request->path_info;
25 | forward '/login';
26 | }
27 | };
28 |
29 | get '/' => sub {
30 | my $books_rs = schema->resultset('Book');
31 |
32 | my @reading = $books_rs->search({
33 | started => { '!=', undef },
34 | ended => undef,
35 | });
36 |
37 | my @read = $books_rs->search({
38 | ended => { '!=', undef },
39 | });
40 |
41 | my @to_read = $books_rs->search({
42 | started => undef,
43 | });
44 |
45 | template 'index', {
46 | reading => \@reading,
47 | read => \@read,
48 | to_read => \@to_read,
49 | };
50 | };
51 |
52 | get '/start/:isbn' => sub {
53 |
54 | my $books_rs = schema->resultset('Book');
55 | my $book = $books_rs->find({ isbn => param('isbn')});
56 |
57 | if ($book) {
58 | $book->update({started => DateTime->now});
59 | }
60 |
61 | return redirect '/';
62 | };
63 |
64 | get '/end/:isbn' => sub {
65 |
66 | my $books_rs = schema->resultset('Book');
67 | my $book = $books_rs->find({ isbn => param('isbn')});
68 |
69 | if ($book) {
70 | $book->update({ended => DateTime->now});
71 | }
72 |
73 | return redirect '/';
74 | };
75 |
76 | get '/add/:isbn' => sub {
77 | my $author_rs = schema->resultset('Author');
78 |
79 | my $amz = get_amazon();
80 |
81 | # Search for the book at Amazon
82 | my $resp = $amz->search(asin => param('isbn'));
83 |
84 | unless ($resp->is_success) {
85 | die 'Error: ', $resp->message;
86 | }
87 |
88 | my $book = $resp->properties;
89 | my $title = $book->ProductName;
90 | my $author_name = ($book->authors)[0];
91 | my $imgurl = $book->ImageUrlMedium;
92 |
93 | # Find or create the author
94 | my $author = $author_rs->find_or_create({
95 | name => $author_name,
96 | });
97 |
98 | # Add the book to the author
99 | $author->add_to_books({
100 | isbn => param('isbn'),
101 | title => $title,
102 | image_url => $imgurl,
103 | });
104 |
105 | return redirect '/';
106 | };
107 |
108 | post '/search' => sub {
109 | my $amz = get_amazon();
110 |
111 | my $resp = $amz->search(
112 | keyword => param('search'),
113 | mode => 'books',
114 | );
115 |
116 | my %data;
117 | $data{search} = param('search');
118 | if ($resp->is_success) {
119 | $data{books} = [ $resp->properties ];
120 | } else {
121 | $data{error} = $resp->message;
122 | }
123 |
124 | template 'results', \%data;
125 | };
126 |
127 | get '/login' => sub {
128 | template 'login', { path => vars->{requested_path } };
129 | };
130 |
131 | post '/login' => sub {
132 | if (params->{user} eq 'reader' && params->{pass} eq 'letmein') {
133 | session 'logged_in' => 1;
134 | }
135 |
136 | redirect params->{path} || '/';
137 | };
138 |
139 | true;
140 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/chapters/how_the_web_works.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | # How the web works
2 |
3 | TODO: Put some sort of quote in about documents which are linked
4 | together.
5 |
6 | The world wide web works on a "client-server" architecture. The client is usually
7 | a browser (but there are plenty of other types of web client). The server is some
8 | specialised software running somewhere on a machine that you have access to (either
9 | through your local network or the internet).
10 |
11 | Your web client sends a request to the server using a protocol called HTTP (the
12 | HyperText Transfer Protocol). The web server processes that request and returns
13 | an appropriate response. Your web client processes that response and takes the
14 | appropriate action. In many cases, the response will consist of a web page. In these
15 | cases, your web clinet (probably a browser) will parse the response and display
16 | the web page to you.
17 |
18 | Web pages are created using three technologies.
19 |
20 | * HTML is the mark-up language that describes the content of your page.
21 | * CSS sits on top of HTML and describes how your content should be displayed.
22 | * Javascript is a programming language that adds interactice functionality to your
23 | web page.
24 |
25 | We will look at all of these technologies in more detail below.
26 |
27 | ## HTTP
28 |
29 | Under the hood, the web is all about the HyperText
30 | Transfer Protocol. HTTP is the means by which a client (such as
31 | a web browser, or a search engine bot) can ask a server for
32 | something and get a response which either includes whatever was
33 | requested or a message that says something was wrong with the
34 | request.
35 |
36 | ### Anatomy of a request
37 |
38 | Let's take a look at an HTTP request.
39 |
40 | GET / HTTP/1.1␍
41 | Host: example.com␍
42 | ␍
43 |
44 | #### The Request-Line
45 |
46 | The first line is the *Request-Line*. This has three parts.
47 |
48 | The request method (`GET`) describes what you want to do to the resource.
49 |
50 | The request URI (`/`) identifies which resource the request is for.
51 |
52 | The protocol version (`HTTP/1.1`) states the version of HTTP in use.
53 | 1.1 has been around since the 90s. Version 2 is under development
54 | but it will be a long time before we see it in production.
55 |
56 | The line then ends with a carriage return **and** a line feed
57 | (`CRLF`).
58 |
59 | After the request line we have the HTTP request headers.
60 |
61 | #### HTTP Headers
62 |
63 | Both requests and responses come in two parts. A set of headers and then, sometimes, some content.
64 |
65 | The format of a header is very simple:
66 |
67 | 1. A name
68 | 2. A colon (`:`)
69 | 3. A value
70 |
71 | There are lots of different headers in HTTP, and more from
72 | extensions, and we'll cover the more important ones throughout the
73 | book.
74 |
75 | ##### The Host header
76 |
77 | If this was HTTP 1.0 then we wouldn't need to send any headers, but IPv4 addresses are a
78 | precious commodity and we often have multiple websites hosted on a
79 | single computer with a single network interface, all with their own
80 | hostname.
81 |
82 | HTTP 1.1 makes it mandatory to state which website the request is for
83 | using a header.
84 |
85 | Host = "Host" ":" host [ ":" port ] ;
86 |
87 | TODO: http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-5.2 - Read this
88 | properly. Can the host header be omitted if an absolute URI is in
89 | the header? Rephrase the bits about the Host header if that is an
90 | option.
91 |
92 | #### Ending the header
93 |
94 | Finally, the request header is ended by two `CRLF` in a row.
95 |
96 | ## HTML, CSS & Javascript
97 |
98 | ## Web Servers
99 |
100 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/code/todo/ToDo/public/css/style.css:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 |
2 | body {
3 | margin: 0;
4 | margin-bottom: 25px;
5 | padding: 0;
6 | background-color: #ddd;
7 | background-image: url("/images/perldancer-bg.jpg");
8 | background-repeat: no-repeat;
9 | background-position: top left;
10 |
11 | font-family: "Lucida Grande", "Bitstream Vera Sans", "Verdana";
12 | font-size: 13px;
13 | color: #333;
14 | }
15 |
16 | h1 {
17 | font-size: 28px;
18 | color: #000;
19 | }
20 |
21 | a {color: #03c}
22 | a:hover {
23 | background-color: #03c;
24 | color: white;
25 | text-decoration: none;
26 | }
27 |
28 | #page {
29 | background-color: #ddd;
30 | width: 750px;
31 | margin: auto;
32 | margin-left: auto;
33 | padding-left: 0px;
34 | margin-right: auto;
35 | }
36 |
37 | #content {
38 | background-color: white;
39 | border: 3px solid #aaa;
40 | border-top: none;
41 | padding: 25px;
42 | width: 500px;
43 | }
44 |
45 | #sidebar {
46 | float: right;
47 | width: 175px;
48 | }
49 |
50 | #header, #about, #getting-started {
51 | padding-left: 75px;
52 | padding-right: 30px;
53 | }
54 |
55 |
56 | #header {
57 | background-image: url("/images/perldancer.jpg");
58 | background-repeat: no-repeat;
59 | background-position: top left;
60 | height: 64px;
61 | }
62 | #header h1, #header h2 {margin: 0}
63 | #header h2 {
64 | color: #888;
65 | font-weight: normal;
66 | font-size: 16px;
67 | }
68 |
69 | #about h3 {
70 | margin: 0;
71 | margin-bottom: 10px;
72 | font-size: 14px;
73 | }
74 |
75 | #about-content {
76 | background-color: #ffd;
77 | border: 1px solid #fc0;
78 | margin-left: -11px;
79 | }
80 | #about-content table {
81 | margin-top: 10px;
82 | margin-bottom: 10px;
83 | font-size: 11px;
84 | border-collapse: collapse;
85 | }
86 | #about-content td {
87 | padding: 10px;
88 | padding-top: 3px;
89 | padding-bottom: 3px;
90 | }
91 | #about-content td.name {color: #555}
92 | #about-content td.value {color: #000}
93 |
94 | #about-content.failure {
95 | background-color: #fcc;
96 | border: 1px solid #f00;
97 | }
98 | #about-content.failure p {
99 | margin: 0;
100 | padding: 10px;
101 | }
102 |
103 | #getting-started {
104 | border-top: 1px solid #ccc;
105 | margin-top: 25px;
106 | padding-top: 15px;
107 | }
108 | #getting-started h1 {
109 | margin: 0;
110 | font-size: 20px;
111 | }
112 | #getting-started h2 {
113 | margin: 0;
114 | font-size: 14px;
115 | font-weight: normal;
116 | color: #333;
117 | margin-bottom: 25px;
118 | }
119 | #getting-started ol {
120 | margin-left: 0;
121 | padding-left: 0;
122 | }
123 | #getting-started li {
124 | font-size: 18px;
125 | color: #888;
126 | margin-bottom: 25px;
127 | }
128 | #getting-started li h2 {
129 | margin: 0;
130 | font-weight: normal;
131 | font-size: 18px;
132 | color: #333;
133 | }
134 | #getting-started li p {
135 | color: #555;
136 | font-size: 13px;
137 | }
138 |
139 | #search {
140 | margin: 0;
141 | padding-top: 10px;
142 | padding-bottom: 10px;
143 | font-size: 11px;
144 | }
145 | #search input {
146 | font-size: 11px;
147 | margin: 2px;
148 | }
149 | #search-text {width: 170px}
150 |
151 | #sidebar ul {
152 | margin-left: 0;
153 | padding-left: 0;
154 | }
155 | #sidebar ul h3 {
156 | margin-top: 25px;
157 | font-size: 16px;
158 | padding-bottom: 10px;
159 | border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;
160 | }
161 | #sidebar li {
162 | list-style-type: none;
163 | }
164 | #sidebar ul.links li {
165 | margin-bottom: 5px;
166 | }
167 |
168 | h1, h2, h3, h4, h5 {
169 | font-family: sans-serif;
170 | margin: 1.2em 0 0.6em 0;
171 | }
172 |
173 | p {
174 | line-height: 1.5em;
175 | margin: 1.6em 0;
176 | }
177 |
178 | code, tt {
179 | font-family: 'Andale Mono', Monaco, 'Liberation Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', monospace;
180 | }
181 |
182 | #footer {
183 | clear: both;
184 | padding-top: 2em;
185 | text-align: center;
186 | padding-right: 160px;
187 | font-family: sans-serif;
188 | font-size: 10px;
189 | }
190 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/code/dancer2/BookWeb/public/css/style.css:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 |
2 | body {
3 | margin: 0;
4 | margin-bottom: 25px;
5 | padding: 0;
6 | background-color: #ddd;
7 | background-image: url("/images/perldancer-bg.jpg");
8 | background-repeat: no-repeat;
9 | background-position: top left;
10 |
11 | font-family: "Lucida Grande", "Bitstream Vera Sans", "Verdana";
12 | font-size: 13px;
13 | color: #333;
14 | }
15 |
16 | h1 {
17 | font-size: 28px;
18 | color: #000;
19 | }
20 |
21 | a {color: #03c}
22 | a:hover {
23 | background-color: #03c;
24 | color: white;
25 | text-decoration: none;
26 | }
27 |
28 | #page {
29 | background-color: #ddd;
30 | width: 750px;
31 | margin: auto;
32 | margin-left: auto;
33 | padding-left: 0px;
34 | margin-right: auto;
35 | }
36 |
37 | #content {
38 | background-color: white;
39 | border: 3px solid #aaa;
40 | border-top: none;
41 | padding: 25px;
42 | width: 500px;
43 | }
44 |
45 | #sidebar {
46 | float: right;
47 | width: 175px;
48 | }
49 |
50 | #header, #about, #getting-started {
51 | padding-left: 75px;
52 | padding-right: 30px;
53 | }
54 |
55 |
56 | #header {
57 | background-image: url("/images/perldancer.jpg");
58 | background-repeat: no-repeat;
59 | background-position: top left;
60 | height: 64px;
61 | }
62 | #header h1, #header h2 {margin: 0}
63 | #header h2 {
64 | color: #888;
65 | font-weight: normal;
66 | font-size: 16px;
67 | }
68 |
69 | #about h3 {
70 | margin: 0;
71 | margin-bottom: 10px;
72 | font-size: 14px;
73 | }
74 |
75 | #about-content {
76 | background-color: #ffd;
77 | border: 1px solid #fc0;
78 | margin-left: -11px;
79 | }
80 | #about-content table {
81 | margin-top: 10px;
82 | margin-bottom: 10px;
83 | font-size: 11px;
84 | border-collapse: collapse;
85 | }
86 | #about-content td {
87 | padding: 10px;
88 | padding-top: 3px;
89 | padding-bottom: 3px;
90 | }
91 | #about-content td.name {color: #555}
92 | #about-content td.value {color: #000}
93 |
94 | #about-content.failure {
95 | background-color: #fcc;
96 | border: 1px solid #f00;
97 | }
98 | #about-content.failure p {
99 | margin: 0;
100 | padding: 10px;
101 | }
102 |
103 | #getting-started {
104 | border-top: 1px solid #ccc;
105 | margin-top: 25px;
106 | padding-top: 15px;
107 | }
108 | #getting-started h1 {
109 | margin: 0;
110 | font-size: 20px;
111 | }
112 | #getting-started h2 {
113 | margin: 0;
114 | font-size: 14px;
115 | font-weight: normal;
116 | color: #333;
117 | margin-bottom: 25px;
118 | }
119 | #getting-started ol {
120 | margin-left: 0;
121 | padding-left: 0;
122 | }
123 | #getting-started li {
124 | font-size: 18px;
125 | color: #888;
126 | margin-bottom: 25px;
127 | }
128 | #getting-started li h2 {
129 | margin: 0;
130 | font-weight: normal;
131 | font-size: 18px;
132 | color: #333;
133 | }
134 | #getting-started li p {
135 | color: #555;
136 | font-size: 13px;
137 | }
138 |
139 | #search {
140 | margin: 0;
141 | padding-top: 10px;
142 | padding-bottom: 10px;
143 | font-size: 11px;
144 | }
145 | #search input {
146 | font-size: 11px;
147 | margin: 2px;
148 | }
149 | #search-text {width: 170px}
150 |
151 | #sidebar ul {
152 | margin-left: 0;
153 | padding-left: 0;
154 | }
155 | #sidebar ul h3 {
156 | margin-top: 25px;
157 | font-size: 16px;
158 | padding-bottom: 10px;
159 | border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;
160 | }
161 | #sidebar li {
162 | list-style-type: none;
163 | }
164 | #sidebar ul.links li {
165 | margin-bottom: 5px;
166 | }
167 |
168 | h1, h2, h3, h4, h5 {
169 | font-family: sans-serif;
170 | margin: 1.2em 0 0.6em 0;
171 | }
172 |
173 | p {
174 | line-height: 1.5em;
175 | margin: 1.6em 0;
176 | }
177 |
178 | code, tt {
179 | font-family: 'Andale Mono', Monaco, 'Liberation Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', monospace;
180 | }
181 |
182 | #footer {
183 | clear: both;
184 | padding-top: 2em;
185 | text-align: center;
186 | padding-right: 160px;
187 | font-family: sans-serif;
188 | font-size: 10px;
189 | }
190 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/BUILD.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | # How to turn these files into a book
2 |
3 | In this repostitory, you will find the chapters written in
4 | [Markdown](https://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/). Markdown files are
5 | pretty readable, but you may well want to convert the source files into other
6 | formats. There is a Makefile that you can use to do that, but you will need
7 | various other tools installed. This file explains which tools are required,
8 | what they are required for and how to get them.
9 |
10 | ## Make
11 |
12 | [Make](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_%28software%29) is the standard Unix
13 | tool for controlling how to build files from other files. If you're using a
14 | system based on Unix (that includes Linux, BSD and OSX) then you will almost
15 | certainly alread have Make installed. If you're using Windows, then I think
16 | that Microsoft have a similar tool called `nmake` which you can almost
17 | certainly download from one of their many web sites.
18 |
19 | ## Pandoc
20 |
21 | The first file that we need to generate is the
22 | [EPUB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPUB) version of the book. And for that
23 | we use a tool called [Pandoc](http://pandoc.org/). This almost certainly
24 | won't already be installed on your system.
25 |
26 | For Linux users, Pandoc will be available in your system's package repository.
27 | If you're using a RedHat/Fedora/Centos system you can install it with `sudo
28 | install pandoc`. For a Debian/Ubuntu system, the equivalent command is `sudo
29 | apt-get install pandoc`. If you're using any other kind of Linux then I'm sure
30 | you're clever enough to work out the equivalent command.
31 |
32 | For OSX and Windows users, there are installable packages of the latest
33 | version of Pandoc available from their
34 | [Github repository](https://github.com/jgm/pandoc/releases/latest). Simply
35 | download the correct file and double-click it.
36 |
37 | Once you have Make and Pandoc installed, you can build an EPUB of the book by
38 | opening a terminal, changing to the directory where you have checked out a
39 | copy of this repository and typing:
40 |
41 | make epub
42 |
43 | Or, even, just:
44 |
45 | make
46 |
47 | You will end up with a file called perlwebbook.epub which can be used in many
48 | ebook systems.
49 |
50 | ## Kindlegen
51 |
52 | If you want to generate a copy of the book which you can read on an Amazon
53 | Kindle, then you need to go a step further and generate a
54 | [MOBI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobipocket) version of the file. We do
55 | this using a program called Kindlegen which Amazon makes available for many
56 | different platforms. You can download the program
57 | [from their web site](http://www.amazon.com/gp/feature.html?docId=1000765211).
58 |
59 | Once you have installed Kindlegen, you can generate your MOBI file by opening
60 | a terminal, changing to the directory where you have checked out a copy of
61 | this repository and typing:
62 |
63 | make mobi
64 |
65 | **Note:** The MOBI is generated by converting the EPUB. So running `make mobi`
66 | will automatically run `make epub` first, which means that you will also need
67 | to install Pandoc as described above.
68 |
69 | ## Calibre
70 |
71 | Sometimes you don't want a real ebook version of the book. Sometimes just a
72 | [PDF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format) is enough. So
73 | our Make system supports building a PDF too.
74 |
75 | Building a PDF uses another tool called [Calibre](http://calibre-ebook.com/)
76 | which you will need to install if you want to make a PDF.
77 |
78 | For Linux users, Calibre will be available in your system's package repository.
79 | If you're using a RedHat/Fedora/Centos system you can install it with `sudo
80 | install calibre`. For a Debian/Ubuntu system, the equivalent command is `sudo
81 | apt-get install calibre`. If you're using any other kind of Linux then I'm
82 | sure you're clever enough to work out the equivalent command,
83 |
84 | For OSX and Windows users, there are installable packages of the latest
85 | version of Calibre available from their
86 | [web site](http://calibre-ebook.com/download). Simply download the correct
87 | file and double-click it.
88 |
89 | Once you have Calibre installed, you can build a PDF of the book by opening
90 | a terminal, changing to the directory where you have checked out a copy of
91 | this repository and typing:
92 |
93 | make pdf
94 |
95 | **Note:** The PDF is generated by converting the EPUB. So running `make mobi`
96 | will automatically run `make epub` first, which means that you will also need
97 | to install Pandoc as described above.
98 |
99 | ## Conversion Process
100 |
101 | This section summarises the software needed to convert the input files into
102 | various output files.
103 |
104 | * This repository contains the book's sources in Markdown format.
105 | * An EPUB is created from the Markdown using Pandoc
106 | * A MOBI is created from the EPUB using Kindlegen
107 | * A PDF is created from the EPUB using Calibre
108 |
109 | Putting it all together, it looks like this (ebook_convert is the command
110 | line program that we use from the Calibre package):
111 |
112 | 
113 |
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/chapters/tools.md:
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1 | # Underlying Tools
2 |
3 | All of the web development mechanisms that we will cover use many of
4 | the same underlying tools. To avoid repetition, we will introduce some
5 | of the most important of these tools in this chapter.
6 |
7 | * Perl is the programming language that we will use for the web-server
8 | side code in all of our examples.
9 |
10 | * Moose (and its cut-down cousin, Moo) gives a simple and powerful way
11 | to write Object-Oriented code in Perl.
12 |
13 | * The Template Toolkit is a great way to separate the parts of our
14 | code that display data to the users from the parts which work out what
15 | we need to show to the users.
16 |
17 | * DBIx::Class is used to communicate with a database.
18 |
19 | * PSGI is a specification that defines the interaction between a web
20 | server and a web application. It's like a super-charged version of
21 | CGI. Plack is a toolkit for working with that specification.
22 |
23 | ## Perl
24 |
25 | ## Moose
26 |
27 | When Perl 5 was released in 1994, one of the major new features it
28 | added was the ability to write Object Oriented code. Sometimes, people
29 | complain that Perl's OO functionality feels a bit "bolted-on" to the
30 | existing language. This is a completely fair criticism, as this
31 | feature was bolted on to the existing language.
32 |
33 | When the Perl 6 project started, people started to think about how
34 | they really wanted Perl's Object Oriented features to work. Some years
35 | later, when Perl 6 still hadn't appeared, other people started to
36 | wonder whether it was possible to support a Perl 6-style OO system in
37 | Perl 5. The results of these experiments were released to CPAN as
38 | Moose - The Modern Object Oriented System. Since its original release,
39 | Moose has become incredibly popular among Perl programmers and it is
40 | now the de-facto standard approach for OO programming in Perl.
41 |
42 | Moose works by adding a number of new keywords to the Perl
43 | language. In fact, these "keywords" are mostly just subroutines, but
44 | they are usually called in a way that disguises that fact. These
45 | keywords allow you to define classes, attributes and methods in a far
46 | more easy way than "classic" Perl 5 OO. Here is a simple example of a
47 | Moose class that models a person.
48 |
49 | package Person;
50 | use Moose;
51 |
52 | has name => (
53 | isa => 'Str',
54 | is => 'rw',
55 | required => 1,
56 | );
57 |
58 | has dob => (
59 | isa => 'DateTime',
60 | is => 'ro',
61 | required => 1,
62 | );
63 |
64 | has gender => (
65 | isa => 'Str',
66 | is => 'rw',
67 | required => 1,
68 | );
69 |
70 | This defines a class called "Person" which has three attributes - a
71 | name, a date of birth and a gender. Classes are defined with the
72 | `package` keyword (because classes are just like any other Perl
73 | package) and attributes are defined with the `has` keyword. Attributes
74 | have a number of properties which are used to define the attribute. In
75 | this example I have used `isa` (to define the type of the attribute),
76 | `is` (to say whether the attribute is read-only or read-write) and
77 | `required` (to say whether the attribute is mandatory or optional) but
78 | there are a number of other options available.
79 |
80 | Even with this simple class we can start to write programs. We can
81 | create objects of our class and access their attributes. We can also
82 | change any attributes that are marked as read-write.
83 |
84 | #!/usr/bin/perl
85 | use strict;
86 | use warnings;
87 | use 5.010;
88 | use DateTime;
89 | use Person;
90 |
91 | my $newborn = Person->new(
92 | name => 'Miles',
93 | dob => DateTime->now,
94 | gender => 'M'
95 | );
96 |
97 | say $newborn->name; # displays 'Miles'
98 | say $newborn->dob; # displays current date
99 | $newborn->name('Max'); # Parents change their minds
100 | say $newborn->name; # displays 'Max'
101 |
102 | ### Generated methods
103 |
104 | You'll see from the previous example that Moose has generated some
105 | methods for us. Firstly we get a `new()` method that constructs a new
106 | instance of the class (an object). Moose's `new()` method checks that
107 | all mandatory attributes have been given (using the `required`
108 | property) and also checks that the attributes are all of the correct
109 | types (using the `isa` property). If any of these checks fail then
110 | your program will die with an error message. But if the checks all
111 | pass then you will get back an object that contains all of the data
112 | that you passed to `new()`.
113 |
114 | Moose will also give you methods for each of the attributes that you
115 | have defined. By default, these methods have the same name as the
116 | attributes. If you define an attribute as read-only then you can call
117 | an attribute method to get the value of the attribute. If an attribute
118 | is defined as read-write then you can also use the method to change
119 | the value of the attribute by passing a new attribute to the method.
120 |
121 | A common name for these methods is "getters and setters" as they allow
122 | you to get and set the values of attributes. You will also see them
123 | called "accessors and mutators" as you use them to access or mutate
124 | (change) attribute values.
125 |
126 | ### Types
127 |
128 | One very useful property is `isa`. This defines the type of the
129 | attribute. We can draw from Moose's set of built-in types (like the
130 | 'Str' type that we have used for `name` and `gender`) or we can declare
131 | that the attribute is an object of a particular class (as I have done
132 | for the `dob` attribute). Defining the `dob` attribute as a DateTime
133 | object is very powerful as we can easily get access to extra
134 | information about the date. For example, we can add something like
135 | this to our previous program
136 |
137 | say $newborn->dob->day_name;
138 |
139 | There are, however downsides to this. In my current sample code I have
140 | avoided the issue by setting the date of birth to `DateTime->now`
141 | which gives the current date (and time), but often we will need to
142 | create objects containing details of people who aren't being born
143 | right now. Currently, we would need to create a DateTime object for
144 | the correct date.
145 |
146 | use DateTime;
147 | use Person;
148 |
149 | my $dob = DateTime->new(year => 1962, month => 9, day => 7);
150 | my $dave = Person->new(
151 | name => 'Dave',
152 | dob => $dob,
153 | gender => 'M'm
154 | );
155 |
156 | say $dave->dob->day_name; # Friday
157 |
158 | Another approach might be to construct a DateTime object from a string
159 | using DateTime::Format::Strptime.
160 |
161 | use DateTime::Format::Strptime;
162 | use Person;
163 |
164 | my $date_parser = DateTime::Format::Strptime->new(
165 | pattern => '%Y-%m-%d',
166 | );
167 |
168 | my $dob = $date_parser->parse_datetime('1962-09-07');
169 |
170 | my $dave = Person->new(
171 | name => 'Dave',
172 | dob => $dob,
173 | gender => 'M'
174 | );
175 |
176 | say $dave->dob->day_name;
177 |
178 | We can build on this approach to automate this conversion. Moose types
179 | support a feature called _coercion_, where values of one type can be
180 | automatically converted to values of another type. And all of the
181 | complexity can be hidden away in the Person class. We need to add the
182 | following code to Person.pm.
183 |
184 | use Moose::Util::TypeConstraints;
185 | use DateTime::Format::Strptime;
186 |
187 | subtype 'BirthDate',
188 | as 'DateTime';
189 |
190 | coerce 'BirthDate',
191 | from 'Str',
192 | via {
193 | return DateTime::Format::Strptime->new(
194 | pattern => '%Y-%m-%d',
195 | )->parse_datetime($_);
196 | };
197 |
198 | We start by loading a Moose utility class that we need along with the
199 | DateTime parsing class. We then define a subtype of the DateTime type
200 | (because it's a really bad idea to start messing aroung with base
201 | types). Next we set up the coercion, saying that you can convert a Str
202 | value to a BirthDate value using DateTime::Format::Strptime in the
203 | same way as we used it before. The `via` clause in the `coerce`
204 | definition requires a block of code which takes the input value (which
205 | is stored in `$_` and returns the coerced value.
206 |
207 | We also need to make some changes to the definition of the `dob`
208 | attribute - changing the type to our new subtype and setting a flag
209 | which tells Moose that this attribute can be coerced.
210 |
211 | has dob => (
212 | isa => 'BirthDate',
213 | is => 'ro',
214 | required => 1,
215 | coerce => 1,
216 | );
217 |
218 | Once we have done all of this, we can write some much simpler code to
219 | create our object.
220 |
221 | use Person;
222 |
223 | my $dave = Person->new(
224 | name => 'Dave',
225 | dob => '1962-09-07',
226 | gender => 'M'
227 | );
228 |
229 | say $dave->dob->day_name;
230 |
231 | The conversion from a string to a DateTime object happens
232 | automatically and we no longer need to care about it.
233 |
234 | Our new BirthDate type is a subtype of DateTime, but any DateTime
235 | object is also a valid DateTime. But we can also define subtypes that
236 | are specialisations of their base type. Take, for example, our
237 | `gender` attribute. We have defined that as a string, and we expect it
238 | to take a value of either 'F' or 'M'. But currently we have nothing in
239 | place to enforce that restriction. Let's fix that.
240 |
241 | Again, we'll define a subtype of an existing type. This time we'll
242 | create Gender as a subtype of Str. But this time we will use the
243 | `where` and `message` clauses to define valid values and provide an
244 | error to be displayed when validation fails.
245 |
246 | subtype 'Gender',
247 | as 'Str',
248 | where { /^[FM]$/ },
249 | message { "$_ is not a valid gender. It should be F or M" };
250 |
251 | We also need to change the type of the `gender` attribute.
252 |
253 | has gender => (
254 | isa => 'Gender',
255 | is => 'rw',
256 | required => 1,
257 | );
258 |
259 | All of our existing code will continue to work, but if we try to
260 | create a new object with an invalid gender we will get an error
261 | message.
262 |
263 | my $dave = Person->new(
264 | name => 'Dave',
265 | dob => '1962-09-07',
266 | gender => 'X'
267 | );
268 |
269 | This generates the error "Attribute (gender) does not pass the type
270 | constraint because: X is not a valid gender. It should be F or M".
271 |
272 | ### Adding Methods
273 |
274 | Our current class doesn't do much. It is just a collection of
275 | attributes. Classes become much more useful if you can do other things
276 | with them. For example, our class knows when a person was born, but it
277 | can't tell you how old the person is. To do that we need to add a
278 | method to our class.
279 |
280 | sub age {
281 | my $self = shift;
282 |
283 | my $duration = DateTime->now - $self->dob;
284 |
285 | return $duration->years;
286 | }
287 |
288 | A method in a Perl class is just a subroutine that is passed one
289 | special parameter - a reference to the object that the method has been
290 | called on. Moose objects are implemented as hash references, but you
291 | generally don't need to care about that as you access the data stored
292 | inside the object using the attribute methods that Moose has given
293 | you.
294 |
295 | Inside the method, we copy this special parameter into a variable
296 | called `$self` (that's not a hard and fast rule, but it's a tradition
297 | amongst Perl programmers and you would need a pretty good reason to
298 | give the variable a different name). We then get the date of birth
299 | from the object and subtract that from the current date. This gives us
300 | a `DateTime::Duration` object, and one of the methods on that object
301 | gives us the number of years that the duration covers.
302 |
303 | ## Template Toolkit
304 |
305 | ## DBIx::Class
306 |
307 | If you're writing an application of any reasonable level of size of
308 | complexity then you will almost certainly have a requirement to store
309 | some persistent data. And the most common way to store persistent data
310 | is to put it into a database. It's pretty likely, therefore, that your
311 | application will need to interact with a database in some way. Perl
312 | has standard tools that make this as simple as possible.
313 |
314 | The standard way to communicate with a database using Perl is through
315 | the Database Interface (DBI) module. This module gives you a
316 | standardised interface for talking to a database. This means that
317 | talking to an Oracle database is done using exactly the same interface
318 | that you use when talking a MySQL database (or any of the many other
319 | database engines that DBI supports. In order to be supported in DBI, a
320 | database engine requires the existence of a Database Driver (DBD)
321 | module. These driver modules already exist for a large number of
322 | database engines. For example, the database driver for MySQL is called
323 | DBD::mysql and the one for Oracle is called DBD::Sybase.
324 |
325 | Using DBI and the correct DBD, allows you to connect to a database and
326 | run SQL queries to insert, update, select and delete data. But the
327 | programmer needs to write raw SQL to carry out these operations. We
328 | can do better than that.
329 |
330 | We can do better than that using a tool called an Object Relational
331 | Mapper (ORM). An ORM takes data from a database and converts it into
332 | classes and objects that are usually easier to work with than the
333 | arrays and hashes you get from DBI. This conversion relies on some
334 | obvious parallels between the relational database model and the world
335 | of object oriented programming.
336 |
337 | * Classes, like tables, describe a type of data that is stored in your
338 | system.
339 | * Objects, like rows, each contain the details of a single instance of a
340 | class.
341 | * Attributes, like columns, each contain a single piece of information
342 | about a single instance of a class.
343 |
344 | We can therefore take a row from a table and convert it into a object
345 | of a class. This is how ORMs work. They convert (or "map") between the
346 | data in your database and the objects in your program.
347 |
348 | Currently, the most popular Perl ORM is called DBIx::Class and that is
349 | what we will use in the following examples.
350 |
351 | ## PSGI/Plack
352 |
353 |
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