├── .gitignore ├── .github ├── .gitignore └── workflows │ └── R-CMD-check.yaml ├── LICENSE ├── tests ├── testthat.R └── testthat │ └── test-optim.R ├── .Rbuildignore ├── NAMESPACE ├── torchoptim.Rproj ├── DESCRIPTION ├── man └── optim_torch.Rd ├── R └── optim.R ├── README.Rmd ├── README.md └── LICENSE.md /.gitignore: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | .Rproj.user 2 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /.github/.gitignore: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | *.html 2 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /LICENSE: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | YEAR: 2021 2 | COPYRIGHT HOLDER: torchoptim authors 3 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /tests/testthat.R: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | library(testthat) 2 | library(torchoptim) 3 | 4 | test_check("torchoptim") 5 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /.Rbuildignore: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | ^torchoptim\.Rproj$ 2 | ^\.Rproj\.user$ 3 | ^LICENSE\.md$ 4 | ^README\.Rmd$ 5 | ^\.github$ 6 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /NAMESPACE: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand 2 | 3 | export(optim_torch) 4 | import(torch) 5 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /tests/testthat/test-optim.R: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | test_that("adam optimizer rosenbrock", { 2 | # from the R docs of optim 3 | fr <- function(x) { 4 | x1 <- x[1] 5 | x2 <- x[2] 6 | 100 * (x2 - x1 * x1)^2 + (1 - x1)^2 7 | } 8 | result <- optim_torch( 9 | torch_tensor(c(-1.2, 1), requires_grad = TRUE), 10 | fr, 11 | method = "lbfgs", 12 | control = list(maxiter = 10) 13 | ) 14 | expect_equal(mean(abs(as.numeric(result$par))), 1, tolerance = 0.00001) 15 | expect_true(result$converged) 16 | }) 17 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /torchoptim.Rproj: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | Version: 1.0 2 | 3 | RestoreWorkspace: No 4 | SaveWorkspace: No 5 | AlwaysSaveHistory: Default 6 | 7 | EnableCodeIndexing: Yes 8 | UseSpacesForTab: Yes 9 | NumSpacesForTab: 2 10 | Encoding: UTF-8 11 | 12 | RnwWeave: Sweave 13 | LaTeX: pdfLaTeX 14 | 15 | AutoAppendNewline: Yes 16 | StripTrailingWhitespace: Yes 17 | LineEndingConversion: Posix 18 | 19 | BuildType: Package 20 | PackageUseDevtools: Yes 21 | PackageInstallArgs: --no-multiarch --with-keep.source 22 | PackageRoxygenize: rd,collate,namespace 23 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /DESCRIPTION: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | Package: torchoptim 2 | Title: A bit like 'stats::optim', but with torch 3 | Version: 0.0.0.9000 4 | Authors@R: 5 | person(given = "Dirk", 6 | family = "Schumacher", 7 | role = c("aut", "cre"), 8 | email = "mail@dirk-schumacher.net") 9 | Description: A version of optim using torch. Work in progress and experimental. 10 | License: GPL (>= 3) + file LICENSE 11 | Encoding: UTF-8 12 | LazyData: true 13 | Roxygen: list(markdown = TRUE) 14 | RoxygenNote: 7.1.1 15 | Imports: 16 | torch 17 | Suggests: 18 | testthat (>= 3.0.0) 19 | Config/testthat/edition: 3 20 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /man/optim_torch.Rd: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | % Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand 2 | % Please edit documentation in R/optim.R 3 | \name{optim_torch} 4 | \alias{optim_torch} 5 | \title{A \code{stats::optim} like optimizer based on torch} 6 | \usage{ 7 | optim_torch(params, fn, method, control = list(), ...) 8 | } 9 | \arguments{ 10 | \item{params}{parameters to \code{fn} as a tensor} 11 | 12 | \item{fn}{a function taking the \code{params} as input} 13 | 14 | \item{method}{the method to be used for optimization as a string} 15 | 16 | \item{control}{a control list with two slots, \code{maxiter} and \code{abstol}} 17 | 18 | \item{...}{Remaining parameters are passed to the selected method} 19 | } 20 | \value{ 21 | A list 22 | } 23 | \description{ 24 | NOTE: Experimental 25 | } 26 | \examples{ 27 | library(torch) 28 | library(torchoptim) 29 | # from the R docs of stats::optim 30 | fr <- function(x) { 31 | x1 <- x[1] 32 | x2 <- x[2] 33 | 100 * (x2 - x1 * x1)^2 + (1 - x1)^2 34 | } 35 | optim_torch( 36 | torch_tensor(c(-1.2, 1), requires_grad = TRUE), 37 | fr, 38 | method = "lbfgs", 39 | control = list(maxiter = 10) 40 | ) 41 | } 42 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /R/optim.R: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #' A \code{stats::optim} like optimizer based on torch 2 | #' 3 | #' NOTE: Experimental 4 | #' 5 | #' @param params parameters to \code{fn} as a tensor 6 | #' @param fn a function taking the \code{params} as input 7 | #' @param method the method to be used for optimization as a string 8 | #' @param control a control list with two slots, \code{maxiter} and \code{abstol} 9 | #' @param ... Remaining parameters are passed to the selected method 10 | #' 11 | #' @return 12 | #' A list 13 | #' 14 | #' @examples 15 | #' library(torch) 16 | #' library(torchoptim) 17 | #' # from the R docs of stats::optim 18 | #' fr <- function(x) { 19 | #' x1 <- x[1] 20 | #' x2 <- x[2] 21 | #' 100 * (x2 - x1 * x1)^2 + (1 - x1)^2 22 | #' } 23 | #' optim_torch( 24 | #' torch_tensor(c(-1.2, 1), requires_grad = TRUE), 25 | #' fr, 26 | #' method = "lbfgs", 27 | #' control = list(maxiter = 10) 28 | #' ) 29 | #' @export 30 | #' @import torch 31 | optim_torch <- function(params, fn, method, 32 | control = list(), ...) { 33 | stopifnot( 34 | is.list(control), is.function(fn), 35 | is.character(method), length(method) == 1 36 | ) 37 | method <- match.arg(method, c("adam", "adagrad", "adadelta", "sgd", "lbfgs")) 38 | optimizer <- do.call(paste0("optim_", method), list(params, ...)) 39 | iterations <- control[["maxiter"]] %||% 1000 40 | abstol <- control[["abstol"]] %||% sqrt(.Machine$double.eps) 41 | 42 | converged <- FALSE 43 | last_val <- Inf 44 | step_fn <- function() { 45 | optimizer$zero_grad() 46 | obj_val <- fn(params) 47 | obj_val$backward() 48 | obj_val 49 | } 50 | for (i in seq_len(iterations)) { 51 | obj_val <- optimizer$step(step_fn) 52 | if (as.logical(torch_less_equal(torch_abs(obj_val - last_val), abstol))) { 53 | converged <- TRUE 54 | break 55 | } 56 | last_val <- obj_val 57 | } 58 | list( 59 | par = params, 60 | value = obj_val, 61 | converged = converged 62 | ) 63 | } 64 | 65 | `%||%` <- function(lhs, rhs) { 66 | if (is.null(lhs)) rhs else lhs 67 | } 68 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /README.Rmd: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | output: github_document 3 | --- 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | ```{r, include = FALSE} 8 | knitr::opts_chunk$set( 9 | collapse = TRUE, 10 | comment = "#>", 11 | fig.path = "man/figures/README-", 12 | out.width = "100%" 13 | ) 14 | ``` 15 | 16 | # torchoptim 17 | 18 | 19 | [![Lifecycle: experimental](https://img.shields.io/badge/lifecycle-experimental-orange.svg)](https://www.tidyverse.org/lifecycle/#experimental) 20 | [![R-CMD-check](https://github.com/dirkschumacher/torchoptim/workflows/R-CMD-check/badge.svg)](https://github.com/dirkschumacher/torchoptim/actions) 21 | 22 | 23 | The goal of `torchoptim` is to experiment with building a `stats::optim` like function powered by the `torch` optimizers. 24 | 25 | Experimental, just for fun and does not support constraint optimization. 26 | If this is a good idea remains to be seen :) 27 | 28 | ## Installation 29 | 30 | ``` r 31 | remotes::install_github("dirkschumacher/torchoptim") 32 | ``` 33 | 34 | ## Example 35 | 36 | As an example we optimize the Rosenbrock function and compare it to the solution 37 | from `stats::optim`. 38 | 39 | ```{r example} 40 | library(torch) 41 | library(torchoptim) 42 | 43 | # from the R docs of stats::optim 44 | fr <- function(x) { ## Rosenbrock Banana function 45 | x1 <- x[1] 46 | x2 <- x[2] 47 | 100 * (x2 - x1 * x1)^2 + (1 - x1)^2 48 | } 49 | grr <- function(x) { ## Gradient of 'fr' 50 | x1 <- x[1] 51 | x2 <- x[2] 52 | c(-400 * x1 * (x2 - x1 * x1) - 2 * (1 - x1), 53 | 200 * (x2 - x1 * x1)) 54 | } 55 | # first with stats::optim 56 | stats::optim(c(-1.2,1), fr, grr, method = "L-BFGS-B") 57 | ``` 58 | 59 | And then with torch: 60 | 61 | ```{r} 62 | optim_torch( 63 | torch_tensor(c(-1.2, 1), requires_grad = TRUE), 64 | fr, 65 | method = "lbfgs", 66 | control = list(maxiter = 10) 67 | ) 68 | ``` 69 | 70 | Why is this cool you ask? We can optimize a function using lbfgs, but without having to manually figure out it's gradient and we can also optimize the function on cuda. 71 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | # torchoptim 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | [![Lifecycle: 9 | experimental](https://img.shields.io/badge/lifecycle-experimental-orange.svg)](https://www.tidyverse.org/lifecycle/#experimental) 10 | [![R-CMD-check](https://github.com/dirkschumacher/torchoptim/workflows/R-CMD-check/badge.svg)](https://github.com/dirkschumacher/torchoptim/actions) 11 | 12 | 13 | The goal of `torchoptim` is to experiment with building a `stats::optim` 14 | like function powered by the `torch` optimizers. 15 | 16 | Experimental, just for fun and does not support constraint optimization. 17 | If this is a good idea remains to be seen :) 18 | 19 | ## Installation 20 | 21 | ``` r 22 | remotes::install_github("dirkschumacher/torchoptim") 23 | ``` 24 | 25 | ## Example 26 | 27 | As an example we optimize the Rosenbrock function and compare it to the 28 | solution from `stats::optim`. 29 | 30 | ``` r 31 | library(torch) 32 | library(torchoptim) 33 | 34 | # from the R docs of stats::optim 35 | fr <- function(x) { ## Rosenbrock Banana function 36 | x1 <- x[1] 37 | x2 <- x[2] 38 | 100 * (x2 - x1 * x1)^2 + (1 - x1)^2 39 | } 40 | grr <- function(x) { ## Gradient of 'fr' 41 | x1 <- x[1] 42 | x2 <- x[2] 43 | c(-400 * x1 * (x2 - x1 * x1) - 2 * (1 - x1), 44 | 200 * (x2 - x1 * x1)) 45 | } 46 | # first with stats::optim 47 | stats::optim(c(-1.2,1), fr, grr, method = "L-BFGS-B") 48 | #> $par 49 | #> [1] 0.9999997 0.9999995 50 | #> 51 | #> $value 52 | #> [1] 2.267577e-13 53 | #> 54 | #> $counts 55 | #> function gradient 56 | #> 47 47 57 | #> 58 | #> $convergence 59 | #> [1] 0 60 | #> 61 | #> $message 62 | #> [1] "CONVERGENCE: REL_REDUCTION_OF_F <= FACTR*EPSMCH" 63 | ``` 64 | 65 | And then with torch: 66 | 67 | ``` r 68 | optim_torch( 69 | torch_tensor(c(-1.2, 1), requires_grad = TRUE), 70 | fr, 71 | method = "lbfgs", 72 | control = list(maxiter = 10) 73 | ) 74 | #> $par 75 | #> torch_tensor 76 | #> 1.0000 77 | #> 1.0000 78 | #> [ CPUFloatType{2} ] 79 | #> 80 | #> $value 81 | #> torch_tensor 82 | #> 1e-13 * 83 | #> 3.6948 84 | #> [ CPUFloatType{1} ] 85 | #> 86 | #> $converged 87 | #> [1] TRUE 88 | ``` 89 | 90 | Why is this cool you ask? We can optimize a function using lbfgs, but 91 | without having to manually figure out it’s gradient and we can also 92 | optimize the function on cuda. 93 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /.github/workflows/R-CMD-check.yaml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # For help debugging build failures open an issue on the RStudio community with the 'github-actions' tag. 2 | # https://community.rstudio.com/new-topic?category=Package%20development&tags=github-actions 3 | on: 4 | push: 5 | branches: 6 | - main 7 | - master 8 | pull_request: 9 | branches: 10 | - main 11 | - master 12 | 13 | name: R-CMD-check 14 | 15 | jobs: 16 | R-CMD-check: 17 | runs-on: ${{ matrix.config.os }} 18 | 19 | name: ${{ matrix.config.os }} (${{ matrix.config.r }}) 20 | 21 | strategy: 22 | fail-fast: false 23 | matrix: 24 | config: 25 | - {os: windows-latest, r: 'release'} 26 | - {os: macOS-latest, r: 'release'} 27 | - {os: ubuntu-20.04, r: 'release', rspm: "https://packagemanager.rstudio.com/cran/__linux__/focal/latest"} 28 | - {os: ubuntu-20.04, r: 'devel', rspm: "https://packagemanager.rstudio.com/cran/__linux__/focal/latest"} 29 | 30 | env: 31 | R_REMOTES_NO_ERRORS_FROM_WARNINGS: true 32 | RSPM: ${{ matrix.config.rspm }} 33 | GITHUB_PAT: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }} 34 | 35 | steps: 36 | - uses: actions/checkout@v2 37 | 38 | - uses: r-lib/actions/setup-r@v1 39 | with: 40 | r-version: ${{ matrix.config.r }} 41 | 42 | - uses: r-lib/actions/setup-pandoc@v1 43 | 44 | - name: Query dependencies 45 | run: | 46 | install.packages('remotes') 47 | saveRDS(remotes::dev_package_deps(dependencies = TRUE), ".github/depends.Rds", version = 2) 48 | writeLines(sprintf("R-%i.%i", getRversion()$major, getRversion()$minor), ".github/R-version") 49 | shell: Rscript {0} 50 | 51 | - name: Restore R package cache 52 | if: runner.os != 'Windows' 53 | uses: actions/cache@v2 54 | with: 55 | path: ${{ env.R_LIBS_USER }} 56 | key: ${{ runner.os }}-${{ hashFiles('.github/R-version') }}-1-${{ hashFiles('.github/depends.Rds') }} 57 | restore-keys: ${{ runner.os }}-${{ hashFiles('.github/R-version') }}-1- 58 | 59 | - name: Install system dependencies 60 | if: runner.os == 'Linux' 61 | run: | 62 | while read -r cmd 63 | do 64 | eval sudo $cmd 65 | done < <(Rscript -e 'writeLines(remotes::system_requirements("ubuntu", "20.04"))') 66 | 67 | - name: Install dependencies 68 | run: | 69 | remotes::install_deps(dependencies = TRUE) 70 | remotes::install_cran("rcmdcheck") 71 | shell: Rscript {0} 72 | 73 | - name: Check 74 | env: 75 | _R_CHECK_CRAN_INCOMING_REMOTE_: false 76 | run: | 77 | options(crayon.enabled = TRUE) 78 | rcmdcheck::rcmdcheck(args = c("--no-manual", "--as-cran"), error_on = "warning", check_dir = "check") 79 | shell: Rscript {0} 80 | 81 | - name: Upload check results 82 | if: failure() 83 | uses: actions/upload-artifact@main 84 | with: 85 | name: ${{ runner.os }}-r${{ matrix.config.r }}-results 86 | path: check 87 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /LICENSE.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | GNU General Public License 2 | ========================== 3 | 4 | _Version 3, 29 June 2007_ 5 | _Copyright © 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <>_ 6 | 7 | Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license 8 | document, but changing it is not allowed. 9 | 10 | ## Preamble 11 | 12 | The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for software and other 13 | kinds of works. 14 | 15 | The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed to take away 16 | your freedom to share and change the works. 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In determining whether a product is a consumer product, doubtful cases 263 | shall be resolved in favor of coverage. For a particular product received by a 264 | particular user, “normally used” refers to a typical or common use of 265 | that class of product, regardless of the status of the particular user or of the way 266 | in which the particular user actually uses, or expects or is expected to use, the 267 | product. A product is a consumer product regardless of whether the product has 268 | substantial commercial, industrial or non-consumer uses, unless such uses represent 269 | the only significant mode of use of the product. 270 | 271 | “Installation Information” for a User Product means any methods, 272 | procedures, authorization keys, or other information required to install and execute 273 | modified versions of a covered work in that User Product from a modified version of 274 | its Corresponding Source. The information must suffice to ensure that the continued 275 | functioning of the modified object code is in no case prevented or interfered with 276 | solely because modification has been made. 277 | 278 | If you convey an object code work under this section in, or with, or specifically for 279 | use in, a User Product, and the conveying occurs as part of a transaction in which 280 | the right of possession and use of the User Product is transferred to the recipient 281 | in perpetuity or for a fixed term (regardless of how the transaction is 282 | characterized), the Corresponding Source conveyed under this section must be 283 | accompanied by the Installation Information. But this requirement does not apply if 284 | neither you nor any third party retains the ability to install modified object code 285 | on the User Product (for example, the work has been installed in ROM). 286 | 287 | The requirement to provide Installation Information does not include a requirement to 288 | continue to provide support service, warranty, or updates for a work that has been 289 | modified or installed by the recipient, or for the User Product in which it has been 290 | modified or installed. Access to a network may be denied when the modification itself 291 | materially and adversely affects the operation of the network or violates the rules 292 | and protocols for communication across the network. 293 | 294 | Corresponding Source conveyed, and Installation Information provided, in accord with 295 | this section must be in a format that is publicly documented (and with an 296 | implementation available to the public in source code form), and must require no 297 | special password or key for unpacking, reading or copying. 298 | 299 | ### 7. Additional Terms 300 | 301 | “Additional permissions” are terms that supplement the terms of this 302 | License by making exceptions from one or more of its conditions. Additional 303 | permissions that are applicable to the entire Program shall be treated as though they 304 | were included in this License, to the extent that they are valid under applicable 305 | law. If additional permissions apply only to part of the Program, that part may be 306 | used separately under those permissions, but the entire Program remains governed by 307 | this License without regard to the additional permissions. 308 | 309 | When you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option remove any 310 | additional permissions from that copy, or from any part of it. (Additional 311 | permissions may be written to require their own removal in certain cases when you 312 | modify the work.) You may place additional permissions on material, added by you to a 313 | covered work, for which you have or can give appropriate copyright permission. 314 | 315 | Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, for material you add to a 316 | covered work, you may (if authorized by the copyright holders of that material) 317 | supplement the terms of this License with terms: 318 | 319 | * **a)** Disclaiming warranty or limiting liability differently from the terms of 320 | sections 15 and 16 of this License; or 321 | * **b)** Requiring preservation of specified reasonable legal notices or author 322 | attributions in that material or in the Appropriate Legal Notices displayed by works 323 | containing it; or 324 | * **c)** Prohibiting misrepresentation of the origin of that material, or requiring that 325 | modified versions of such material be marked in reasonable ways as different from the 326 | original version; or 327 | * **d)** Limiting the use for publicity purposes of names of licensors or authors of the 328 | material; or 329 | * **e)** Declining to grant rights under trademark law for use of some trade names, 330 | trademarks, or service marks; or 331 | * **f)** Requiring indemnification of licensors and authors of that material by anyone 332 | who conveys the material (or modified versions of it) with contractual assumptions of 333 | liability to the recipient, for any liability that these contractual assumptions 334 | directly impose on those licensors and authors. 335 | 336 | All other non-permissive additional terms are considered “further 337 | restrictions” within the meaning of section 10. If the Program as you received 338 | it, or any part of it, contains a notice stating that it is governed by this License 339 | along with a term that is a further restriction, you may remove that term. If a 340 | license document contains a further restriction but permits relicensing or conveying 341 | under this License, you may add to a covered work material governed by the terms of 342 | that license document, provided that the further restriction does not survive such 343 | relicensing or conveying. 344 | 345 | If you add terms to a covered work in accord with this section, you must place, in 346 | the relevant source files, a statement of the additional terms that apply to those 347 | files, or a notice indicating where to find the applicable terms. 348 | 349 | Additional terms, permissive or non-permissive, may be stated in the form of a 350 | separately written license, or stated as exceptions; the above requirements apply 351 | either way. 352 | 353 | ### 8. Termination 354 | 355 | You may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly provided under 356 | this License. Any attempt otherwise to propagate or modify it is void, and will 357 | automatically terminate your rights under this License (including any patent licenses 358 | granted under the third paragraph of section 11). 359 | 360 | However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a 361 | particular copyright holder is reinstated **(a)** provisionally, unless and until the 362 | copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and **(b)** permanently, 363 | if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means 364 | prior to 60 days after the cessation. 365 | 366 | Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently 367 | if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this 368 | is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any 369 | work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after 370 | your receipt of the notice. 371 | 372 | Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of 373 | parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your 374 | rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, you do not qualify to 375 | receive new licenses for the same material under section 10. 376 | 377 | ### 9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies 378 | 379 | You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or run a copy of the 380 | Program. Ancillary propagation of a covered work occurring solely as a consequence of 381 | using peer-to-peer transmission to receive a copy likewise does not require 382 | acceptance. However, nothing other than this License grants you permission to 383 | propagate or modify any covered work. These actions infringe copyright if you do not 384 | accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or propagating a covered work, you 385 | indicate your acceptance of this License to do so. 386 | 387 | ### 10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients 388 | 389 | Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically receives a license 390 | from the original licensors, to run, modify and propagate that work, subject to this 391 | License. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties with this 392 | License. 393 | 394 | An “entity transaction” is a transaction transferring control of an 395 | organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an organization, or 396 | merging organizations. If propagation of a covered work results from an entity 397 | transaction, each party to that transaction who receives a copy of the work also 398 | receives whatever licenses to the work the party's predecessor in interest had or 399 | could give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to possession of the 400 | Corresponding Source of the work from the predecessor in interest, if the predecessor 401 | has it or can get it with reasonable efforts. 402 | 403 | You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the rights granted or 404 | affirmed under this License. For example, you may not impose a license fee, royalty, 405 | or other charge for exercise of rights granted under this License, and you may not 406 | initiate litigation (including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging 407 | that any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for sale, or 408 | importing the Program or any portion of it. 409 | 410 | ### 11. Patents 411 | 412 | A “contributor” is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this 413 | License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The work thus 414 | licensed is called the contributor's “contributor version”. 415 | 416 | A contributor's “essential patent claims” are all patent claims owned or 417 | controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or hereafter acquired, that 418 | would be infringed by some manner, permitted by this License, of making, using, or 419 | selling its contributor version, but do not include claims that would be infringed 420 | only as a consequence of further modification of the contributor version. For 421 | purposes of this definition, “control” includes the right to grant patent 422 | sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of this License. 423 | 424 | Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free patent license 425 | under the contributor's essential patent claims, to make, use, sell, offer for sale, 426 | import and otherwise run, modify and propagate the contents of its contributor 427 | version. 428 | 429 | In the following three paragraphs, a “patent license” is any express 430 | agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent (such as an 431 | express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to sue for patent 432 | infringement). To “grant” such a patent license to a party means to make 433 | such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a patent against the party. 434 | 435 | If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license, and the 436 | Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone to copy, free of charge 437 | and under the terms of this License, through a publicly available network server or 438 | other readily accessible means, then you must either **(1)** cause the Corresponding 439 | Source to be so available, or **(2)** arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the 440 | patent license for this particular work, or **(3)** arrange, in a manner consistent with 441 | the requirements of this License, to extend the patent license to downstream 442 | recipients. “Knowingly relying” means you have actual knowledge that, but 443 | for the patent license, your conveying the covered work in a country, or your 444 | recipient's use of the covered work in a country, would infringe one or more 445 | identifiable patents in that country that you have reason to believe are valid. 446 | 447 | If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or arrangement, you 448 | convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a covered work, and grant a patent 449 | license to some of the parties receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, 450 | propagate, modify or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent 451 | license you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered work and 452 | works based on it. 453 | 454 | A patent license is “discriminatory” if it does not include within the 455 | scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is conditioned on the 456 | non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are specifically granted under this 457 | License. You may not convey a covered work if you are a party to an arrangement with 458 | a third party that is in the business of distributing software, under which you make 459 | payment to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying the 460 | work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the parties who would receive 461 | the covered work from you, a discriminatory patent license **(a)** in connection with 462 | copies of the covered work conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or **(b)** 463 | primarily for and in connection with specific products or compilations that contain 464 | the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement, or that patent license 465 | was granted, prior to 28 March 2007. 466 | 467 | Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting any implied 468 | license or other defenses to infringement that may otherwise be available to you 469 | under applicable patent law. 470 | 471 | ### 12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom 472 | 473 | If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) 474 | that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the 475 | conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a covered work so as to satisfy 476 | simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent 477 | obligations, then as a consequence you may not convey it at all. For example, if you 478 | agree to terms that obligate you to collect a royalty for further conveying from 479 | those to whom you convey the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms 480 | and this License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program. 481 | 482 | ### 13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License 483 | 484 | Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have permission to link or 485 | combine any covered work with a work licensed under version 3 of the GNU Affero 486 | General Public License into a single combined work, and to convey the resulting work. 487 | The terms of this License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered 488 | work, but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License, section 489 | 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the combination as such. 490 | 491 | ### 14. Revised Versions of this License 492 | 493 | The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the GNU 494 | General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit 495 | to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. 496 | 497 | Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies that 498 | a certain numbered version of the GNU General Public License “or any later 499 | version” applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and 500 | conditions either of that numbered version or of any later version published by the 501 | Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the GNU 502 | General Public License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free 503 | Software Foundation. 504 | 505 | If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of the GNU 506 | General Public License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a 507 | version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Program. 508 | 509 | Later license versions may give you additional or different permissions. However, no 510 | additional obligations are imposed on any author or copyright holder as a result of 511 | your choosing to follow a later version. 512 | 513 | ### 15. Disclaimer of Warranty 514 | 515 | THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. 516 | EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES 517 | PROVIDE THE PROGRAM “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER 518 | EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF 519 | MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE 520 | QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE 521 | DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. 522 | 523 | ### 16. Limitation of Liability 524 | 525 | IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY 526 | COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS THE PROGRAM AS 527 | PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, 528 | INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE 529 | PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE 530 | OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE 531 | WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE 532 | POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. 533 | 534 | ### 17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16 535 | 536 | If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided above cannot be 537 | given local legal effect according to their terms, reviewing courts shall apply local 538 | law that most closely approximates an absolute waiver of all civil liability in 539 | connection with the Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies 540 | a copy of the Program in return for a fee. 541 | 542 | _END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS_ 543 | 544 | ## How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs 545 | 546 | If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to 547 | the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone 548 | can redistribute and change under these terms. 549 | 550 | To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them 551 | to the start of each source file to most effectively state the exclusion of warranty; 552 | and each file should have at least the “copyright” line and a pointer to 553 | where the full notice is found. 554 | 555 | 556 | Copyright (C) 557 | 558 | This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify 559 | it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by 560 | the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or 561 | (at your option) any later version. 562 | 563 | This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 564 | but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 565 | MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 566 | GNU General Public License for more details. 567 | 568 | You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 569 | along with this program. If not, see . 570 | 571 | Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. 572 | 573 | If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short notice like this 574 | when it starts in an interactive mode: 575 | 576 | Copyright (C) 577 | This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type 'show w'. 578 | This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it 579 | under certain conditions; type 'show c' for details. 580 | 581 | The hypothetical commands `show w` and `show c` should show the appropriate parts of 582 | the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands might be different; 583 | for a GUI interface, you would use an “about box”. 584 | 585 | You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, if any, to 586 | sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the program, if necessary. For more 587 | information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see 588 | <>. 589 | 590 | The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into 591 | proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it 592 | more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is 593 | what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this 594 | License. But first, please read 595 | <>. 596 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------