├── .gitignore ├── LICENCE.md ├── README.md ├── SUMMARY.md ├── bac_test.md ├── book.json ├── contribute.md ├── detection.md ├── discover.md ├── glossaire.md ├── hardware.md ├── images ├── ER_modes.png ├── Kit_echOpen_Image.jpg ├── Pulser.PNG ├── Sonde_a_balayage.png ├── appareils_test.JPG ├── breadboard.JPG ├── charges_motor.png ├── commande_moteur.png ├── converter_DC.png ├── detection_enveloppe.png ├── diffecho.jpg ├── disruptive_diagnosis_technology.png ├── disruptive_diagnostic_tool.jpg ├── echOpen_Hacking.png ├── echopen-history.png ├── echopen_areaofuse.png ├── echopen_positionning.png ├── functional_analysis.jpg ├── hvc.jpg ├── impedance.png ├── joinimage.png ├── materiel.JPG ├── need_backing.png ├── piezo.PNG ├── piezoelement.png ├── pixels.png ├── pulsing.png ├── readme.md ├── readmeimage.png ├── reponse_filtre.jpg ├── reponse_trans.png ├── sensing.png ├── signal_analysis.png ├── signals.png ├── sinus2.png ├── tgc.png ├── transducer.png └── transducer_action.png ├── integrate.md ├── intro.md ├── Introduction au principe └── readme.md ├── medical.md ├── outcome.md ├── overview.md ├── release_2_1_0.md ├── setup_your_own_echopen_lab.md ├── signal_analysis.md ├── software_indro.md ├── technical.md ├── technical_introduction.md ├── topics.md ├── user_interfacing.md └── viewme.png /.gitignore: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Node rules: 2 | ## Grunt intermediate storage (http://gruntjs.com/creating-plugins#storing-task-files) 3 | .grunt 4 | 5 | ## Dependency directory 6 | ## Commenting this out is preferred by some people, see 7 | ## https://docs.npmjs.com/misc/faq#should-i-check-my-node_modules-folder-into-git 8 | node_modules 9 | 10 | # Book build output 11 | _book 12 | 13 | # eBook build output 14 | *.epub 15 | *.mobi 16 | *.pdf -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /LICENCE.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International 2 | 3 | Creative Commons Corporation (“Creative Commons”) is not a law firm and does not provide legal services or legal advice. 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For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses. 171 | 172 | Creative Commons may be contacted at [creativecommons.org](http://creativecommons.org/). 173 | ``` 174 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # AN OPEN SOURCE AND COMMUNITY-BASED PROJECT 2 | ![](images/readmeimage.png) 3 | 4 | echOpen is an open and collaborative project and community, led by a multidisciplinary core of experts and senior professionals with the aim of designing a functional low-cost (affordable) and open source echo-stethoscope (ultrasound probe) connected to a smartphone, allowing the radical transformation of diagnostic orientation in hospitals, general medicine and medically underserved areas. This initiate is aimed for health professionals from southern and northern countries. 5 | 6 | # JOINING THE PROJECT 7 | ![](images/joinimage.png) 8 | 9 | If you wish to join this community, this guide can help you understand the project and its main goals. With this guide, we aim to accompany you to contribute to the echOpen project (by installing your own hardware kit and/or your dev environement with the support of the expertise and experience of the echOpen community). 10 | 11 | Enjoy your reading ! 12 | 13 | **echOpen community** 14 | 15 | For more details, please visit [echopen.org](http://echopen.org/) and join us on Slack, Facebook and Twitter. 16 | 17 | Illustrations for echOpen [CC BY NC ND](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/): Drawings by Barbara Govin / Storyboard by Ermete Mariani -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /SUMMARY.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Summary 2 | 3 | * [Welcome](README.md) 4 | * [Project overview](overview.md) 5 | * [Technical](technical.md) 6 | * [Medical](medical.md) 7 | * [Community]() 8 | * [Join the community]() 9 | * [Discover](discover.md) 10 | * [Integrate](integrate.md) 11 | * [State of the project](outcome.md) 12 | * [Release 2.0.0](release_2_1_0.md) 13 | * [Contributor guide]() 14 | * [Topics: area of contribution](topics.md) 15 | * [Contribute](contribute.md) 16 | * [Set up your own echOpen lab](setup_your_own_echopen_lab.md) 17 | * [Hardware](hardware.md) 18 | * [Technical introduction](technical_introduction.md) 19 | * [Detection function](detection.md) 20 | * [Signal Processing function](signal_analysis.md) 21 | * [User Interface function](user_interfacing.md) 22 | * [Testing equipment](bac_test.md) 23 | * [Software](software_indro.md) 24 | * [Glossary](glossaire.md) 25 | 26 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /bac_test.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | ## Testing equipment 2 | 3 | ### Aquarium 4 | The dimensions are determined in accordance with the focusing distance of the transducer. The tank must be transparent to be able to see what is being under test. 5 | 6 | ### Phantoms 7 | Ultrasound phantom models are used to reproduce the propagation variations observed in tissues. 8 | 9 | ### Propagation medium 10 | 11 | The propagation medium is chosen so that: 12 | waves can propagate easily, there is an impedance matching with the piezoelectric, it is similar to tissues generally under observation. 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /book.json: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | { 2 | "plugins": [ 3 | "katex" 4 | ] 5 | } -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contribute.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Getting involved - take action 2 | Now you are in, welcome on board ! You can start participating and contributing to the project ! 3 | 4 | Whatever your skills or background, everyone can contribute to the project. We split the project into **9 main topics** to let anyone getting involved in an inclusive manner. 5 | 6 | > - Medicotechnical matters : Designing a medical device to meet medical needs 7 | > - Collaborative and community matters : Designing good methodology for the community 8 | > - Legal and licence matters : Making sure everything remains accessible 9 | > - Regulatory matters : Following regulatory expectations 10 | > - Communication matters : Spread the project and its philosophy widely 11 | > - Ethical matters : Respecting the human being and improving healthcare 12 | > - Training matters : Making sure users are well trained 13 | > - Public health matters : Improving healthcare accessibility 14 | > - Economical matters : Finding ways to sustain the project, the device and all around 15 | 16 | These 9 topics cover up the entire project and to be addressed need various skills. You are a legal or regulatory expert, a designer, a doctor or anything else, you'll find your way into the project to get involved. 17 | 18 | You can participate in the global effort by rendering your expertise available to the community 19 | 20 | On slack, people discuss and ask questions. You can either participate in discussions and interact with the community by giving the community some answers on questions that will be asked. 21 | 22 | In our workshop based in hospital Hotel Dieu in Paris, France, we host meet ups. If you have an idea and wish to come presenting it to the community, you are more than welcome… We usually setup an event in our Facebook group and send an email to the whole community letting them know. 23 | 24 | So now, if you are inspired and willing to join see below how to get started. 25 | 26 | ## Getting started 27 | ### Discovering our community guides : 28 | - [This starterkit](https://echopen.gitbooks.io/starterkit/content/) 29 | - [Android mobile app](https://www.gitbook.com/book/echopen/android-app/details) 30 | - [Image processing](https://www.gitbook.com/book/echopen/image-processing/details) 31 | 32 | ### Understanding echOpen organization 33 | #### Administrative organization 34 | The project is carried out by a non-profit organization registered in France and open to anyone to become a member (the annual membership is 10€ and the General Assembly held once a year in spring or autumn) 35 | 36 | The organization is governed by 37 | ##### Le bureau 38 | It includes the president, vice-president, general secretary and treasurer 39 | 40 | ##### The coordination committee, 41 | The echOpen coordination committee has the mission to follow up and coordinate the community efforts to make it happen ! 42 | 43 | It’s open to anyone interested in participating to the project. To join, just come every Monday at 07.00 pm (Paris time - UTC+1). During theses meetings, we review all on going project and follow up achievements. It’s also a dedicated time to : 44 | 45 | - Decide the launch of new project 46 | - Decide the organization of specific events, workshops, etc. 47 | - Validate the merge of pull request 48 | - Allocate ressources to project 49 | - Finding solution to issues faced by project and member 50 | 51 | For these who are to far to join, we can open a slack call (using the call function in slack). 52 | 53 | ## Projects organization 54 | We splited the echOpen global project into several sub-projects then it's easy for anyone to get involved and follow one or more projects. Each project have one or more leaders and a team dedicated to achieve its own goals. 55 | 56 | ### Global planning 57 | 1. CAP (workshop format) 58 | 1. Bringing together experts and community members to address main challenges in tech, med, method, etc. 59 | 2. Taking decisions together for further development 60 | 3. Setting up the mid-term objectives and release plan 61 | 2. Follow up and monitoring during weekly meetings 62 | 3. Development phase (between 3 and 6 months) 63 | 1. 1/3 : MAKE 64 | 2. 1/6 : TEST 65 | 3. 1/6 : DOC 66 | 67 | ### CAP 68 | « CAP » are one day workshops organized to address challenges faced by the community and deciding the next development. We gather experts and community members, including everyone interested in participating. It usually takes place at echOpen lab (Hotel Dieu, Paris, France) and open call can be open to anyone willing to participate. 69 | 70 | ### Weekly meetings (Monday evening) 71 | - Follow up 72 | - Maintaining information and documentation 73 | 74 | ## How to contribute 75 | ### Build hard 76 | 77 | We developed a fully documented ultrasound technology kit divided into modules. Each module correspond to a specific part of the kit such as transducer, mechanics, analog electronic, digital electronic, signal analysis and software application, etc. to let anyone with skills in such areas to get involved in an inclusive manner. 78 | 79 | To start building echOpen hardware you may first need to understand the technology behind. Then you will discover our modular approach. 80 | 81 | Discover the technical [functions](intro.md/readme.md) of the kit. 82 | 83 | You can then replicate the hardware kit and improve the performance. More information in the [build hard section in the website](http://www.echopen.org/build_hard) 84 | 85 | #### The process 86 | 1. Frok the github repository to get all the source files 87 | 2. Order the components in the BOM 88 | 3. Print the PCB (or request a PCB kit from echOpen) 89 | 4. Setup the mother board 90 | 5. Weld the components on each board 91 | 6. Connect the redpitaya and load the code 92 | 7. Add the mechanical part (3D printed) 93 | 8. Add the transducer 94 | 9. Assembly 95 | 10. Test 96 | 11. Give feedback 97 | 98 | #### Contributing to the project to improve or challenge other's approach 99 | You have an idea to improve the system and want to try it ? 100 | **+//** Explaining how to develop a module, new module, new architecture, etc., do it, test it and then send a pull request to the repository following echOpen guidance, licences, etc. 101 | 102 | ### Build soft 103 | Become a contributor in the echOpen android app. More information in the [build soft section in the website](http://www.echopen.org/build_soft) 104 | 105 | ### Join a sub-project 106 | #### Getting involved in sub-projects 107 | We split the echOpen global project into several sub-projects then it's easy for anyone to get involved and follow one or more sub-project. 108 | 109 | A sub-project is defined by 110 | - a specific name adn an ID 111 | 112 | | ID | DEFINITION | RESP | RESSOURCES | DELIVARABLE | DEADLINE | 113 | | :----------------: | :------------------------------: | :--------------------------------------: | :----------------------------: | :---------: | :--------------: | 114 | | PRJ-TOPIC-NAME | What the project aims to achieve | The person in charge and the dedicated team | Ressources allocated and needs | Outcome | Delivarable date | 115 | 116 | > project are named as follow : PRJ-TOPIC-NAME : : PRJ-topic_NameOfTheProject 117 | 118 | - A slack channel for discussion 119 | - A repository to store source files and content 120 | 121 | ## contribute as an organization 122 | If you represent an academic research lab, a maker/hacker space, a university or a school and you want to get your organization involved, several solutions are available : 123 | 124 | * Advocate within researchers and students to invite them to to contribute 125 | * Deploy echOpen instance within your organization with developing a dev kit and and all ressources to make it happens 126 | * For any formal or informal collaboration within the project, please [contact us][contact@echopen.org]. We received support from various organization such as schools, universities and research labs who give the community access to skills and facilities around the world. This happened in France, but also in Belgium, in Africa, South America and North America. 127 | 128 | ### Help the project to achieve its goals 129 | If you want to help the project, you can see how to do so in the [Help Us section](http://www.echopen.org/help_us) on our website. 130 | 131 | ## Creating a new sub-project 132 | If you want to create a specific sub-project within echOpen, detail your idea and send it by [email](contact@echopen.org). 133 | Then, we will get in touch and evaluate the ressource needed and discuss the opportunity. If the project is validated, we start the following process : 134 | 135 | 1. Setting up a dedicated channel on slack and start mobilizing the community to find people interested in joining. 136 | 2. The group define the project, its goals, objectives, deliverable and deadlines (milestones). 137 | 3. A repository is created to receive source files and all relevant information and documents. 138 | 4. Let’s start the project and make it happens 139 | 140 | ## Leading a project 141 | 142 | ### Animate the slack channel 143 | Coming soon… 144 | 145 | ### Organize the project 146 | When the team is setup, a good practice is to have weekly meetings. If its too much, we advise you to organize meetings in a regular basis to keep the group up to date and mobilized toward the objectives. 147 | 148 | ### Structure the information 149 | Each project should have a notebook (like a logbook) summarizing the project, the objectives and main milestones, the steps and achievements to let anyone being easily updated in the project achievements. 150 | 151 | Then, each project is free to structure its content the best way that’s fit for them. 152 | 153 | ### Update the community 154 | - [Slack](http://slack.echopen.org/) 155 | - [Facebook group](https://www.facebook.com/groups/echopen/) 156 | - [Twitter](https://twitter.com/echopenorg) 157 | 158 | ### Ressources provided by echOpen to the project leader 159 | - An email address FirstName@echopen.org 160 | - Giving access to the echOpen public calendar for the leader to setup event related to the project. 161 | - echOpen communication ressources to spread and disseminate around. 162 | 163 | ## Tools 164 | 165 | ### Slack 166 | 167 | Everything start with a discussion and people need to interact… So we setup a slack with channels corresponding to each sub-porject 168 | 169 | ### Github 170 | 171 | Is where to find the source files and all the information about the project. And it is also where to push your information, work, scheme, etc. 172 | 173 | ### Gitbook 174 | 175 | Is where to find guidelines and installation information. If you wish to participate in writing these guidelines, please contact us. 176 | 177 | ### Google drive 178 | 179 | For accessibility reason, we use google drive to create document and bring people to contribute in a easy way. When a document is no longer in use it should be publish on the corresponding GitHub repository. 180 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /detection.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | ## The detection function 2 | 3 | First, an acoustic signal needs to be generated for the insonification of the medium. Then the echoes reflected by the tissues encountered throughout the studied area need to be recorded. Two subfunctions, one for emission and one for reception, need to be created. Emission and reception are both realized with the transducer (see acoustic section). A sweeping subfunction is responsible for controlling the motor to scan the medium and direct the transducer in the desired directions (see mechanical section). The commands of these subfunctions are described in the electronic section. 4 | 5 | ![analyse fonctionnelle de la partie détection](/images/sensing.png) 6 | _Figure 6: Functional analysis of the detection part_ 7 | 8 | ### Acoustic part 9 | 10 | #### Transducer 11 | 12 | ![conversion électro-mécanique](/images/transducer.png) 13 | _Figure 7: Piezoelectric effect_ 14 | 15 | An ultrasound transducer converts an electric signal into an ultrasound signal and vice versa. It is enabled by a piezoelectric element, which can expand and contract in response to a potential difference. The medium surrounding the piezoelectric element is affected by this deformation and a wave is created (like when a stone is dropped into water). Therefore, an acoustic wave can be created (in the ultrasonic range, several MHz) from a potential difference (emission part). Conversely, when the piezoelectric element is deformed (eg. when an acoustic wave propagate through it) a potential difference can be measured between its two faces. The medium deformation is converted into an electric signal: the piezoelectric element can be used as a sensor (reception part). 16 | 17 | The piezoelectric element can be considered as a 3-port network, with two mechanical ports (being the front and the back of the element) and one electrical port (being the electronic connection to the system) [[11]](https://www.amazon.com/Acoustic-Waves-Devices-Processing-Prentice-Hall/dp/0130030473/168-7062977-8650263?ie=UTF8&*Version*=1&*entries*=0), [[12]](http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=544509&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D544509). 18 | 19 | The choice of the piezoelectric element is important as it sets the frequency of the emitted ultrasonic wave. It corresponds to the maximum gain in the emission/reception spectrum of the transducer (given by the manufacturer), and it depends on the geometry of the element. The working frequency influences penetration depth of the wave: the higher the frequency, the higher the attenuation of the wave for a given propagation distance. 20 | 21 | | Ultrasound frequency (MHz) | Maximum examination depth (cm) | 22 | | :--- | :--- | 23 | | 2,5 - 3,5 | >15 | 24 | | 5 | 10 | 25 | | 7,5 | 5-6 | 26 | | 10-12 | 2-3 | 27 | 28 | _Table 4: Maximum ultrasound examination depth for different frequencies [[2]](http://www.google.com/patents/WO2006077338A1?cl=en)._ 29 | 30 | When it is not emitting a signal, the transducer is used in listening mode. The emitted wave is reflected, refracted, scattered and absorbed by tissues, and part of the emitted signal is sent back towards the probe. It causes vibration of the transducer which converts the mechanical signal into an electrical signal 31 | 32 | The piezoelectric element is excited by an analog [pulse](https://alienor134.gitbooks.io/echopen-guide-book/content/glossaire.html) and vibrates on both its sides. The wave of interest is the one which propagates inside the medium of interest. Therefore the wave propagating in the other direction needs to be attenuated, as it can mask the signal of interest if it is reflected inside the probe back to the piezoelectric element. This attenuation is achieved using a backing medium. 33 | 34 | ![backing](/images/need_backing.png) 35 | _Figure 8: Ultrasound waves are emitted on both sides of the piezoelectric element_ 36 | 37 | There is an impedance mismatch between the piezoelectric element and the examination medium. To minimise energy losses due to reflection at the interface, an impedance matching layer is placed on the piezoelectric element surface. 38 | 39 | Finally, the focusing of the wave beam needs to be ensured. For common devices, composed of an array of transducers, focusing is achieved by wave interferences [[13]](http://www.ob-ultrasound.net/lineararrays.html). However, if there is only one emitting source (as is the case for the echOpen probe), interferences cannot be obtained. The focusing is achieved because of the shape of the output. A concave shape allows a focusing of the beam. The focusing distance depends on the characteristic frequency of the piezoelectric element, which is linked to the penetration depth. The focusing distance is given by a concave shape of the piezoelectric element itself, the impedance matching layer or a lens. 40 | 41 | ![](/images/transducer_action.png) 42 | _Figure 9: Pulse echo method [[14]](https://facmed.univ-rennes1.fr/wkf/stock/RENNES20090317042111cpiszkorUS2009.pdf), [[15]](https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/54260/filename/Memoire_these_Wilm.pdf)_ 43 | 44 | ##### Piezoelectric material selection 45 | 46 | The main component in the transducer is the piezoelectric element. Many different active materials can be used to build a transducer; they all have their pros and cons. Different categories of piezoelectric materials are piezoceramics[[16]](http://www.med.nyu.edu/skirball-lab/turnbulllab/PDFS/LockwoodIEEEUFFC94.pdf), [[17]](http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=655629&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fiel3%2F58%2F14299%2F00655629.pdf%3Farnumber%3D655629), piezoelectric polymers [[18]](http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0161734689900011), [[19]](http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=985701&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fiel5%2F58%2F21244%2F00985701.pdf%3Farnumber%3D985701) and single crystals [[20]](http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=883543&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fiel5%2F58%2F19117%2F00883543.pdf%3Farnumber%3D883543). Piezoelectric polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and copolymers (DFTrFE) have low acoustic impedance (~ 4 MRayl) which is ideal for impedance matching between the transducer and human tissue (~ 1.5 MRayl)[[21]](http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1251138&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fiel5%2F58%2F28006%2F01251138.pdf%3Farnumber%3D1251138) 47 | 48 | As each piezoelectric material has a specific resonant frequency which sets the penetration depth, several transducers can be placed in the probe to get a range of penetrating depth. 49 | 50 | ![graphique piézos](/images/piezoelement.png) 51 | 52 | | Piezoelectric material | Polymers | Single crystals | Piezoceramics | 53 | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | 54 | | Pros | Low acoustic impedance (~4 MRayl). Ideal for impedance matching between the transducer and tissues (~1.5 MRayl). Low dielectric constant ideal for electric impedance matching | Fair electromechanical coupling Better contrast of the image Low dielectric constant ideal for sensitive single element transducers with large aperture | High electromechanical coupling | 55 | | Cons | Low coupling coefficients | High acoustic impedance | High acoustic impedance 56 | High dielectric constant | 57 | 58 | _Table 5: Properties of piezoelectric materials_ 59 | 60 | ##### Backing selection 61 | 62 | The backing attenuates the acoustic waves propagating from the back of the piezoelectric as much as possible. In order to achieve this a medium with high inhomogeneity can be used. Results from Desilet et al. [22] and experiments conducted by echOpen show that a material with low acoustic impedance (3 to 5 MRayl) is better to improve the pulse shape. 63 | 64 | ##### Matching impedance selection 65 | 66 | It is used to minimise the reflection of the acoustic wave at the interface transducer/insonated medium. For a pulsed regime and a single adaptation layer, the impedance of the matching medium needs to verify: 67 | 68 | ![](/images/impedance.png) 69 | 70 | The matching layer is generally a quarter wave plate: the thickness is equal to a quarter of the characteristic wavelength of the piezoelectric element in the insonated medium. 71 | 72 | ### Mechanical part 73 | 74 | #### Scanning probe 75 | 76 | ![](/images/Sonde_a_balayage.png) 77 | 78 | When the ultrasonic wave is emitted in a single direction (one transducer and one pulse), the ultrasound scanner can only record one line of the frame. In order to get a full frame, a scan of the studied area is needed. While in the past the doctor needed to do it manually, nowadays probes realise it automatically. The automatisation of the scanning process is the reason why people often talk about “dynamic” ultrasound imaging. 79 | 80 | #### Motor 81 | 82 | The motor enables scanning the area to explore. The motor type has to be adapted to the chosen scanning method [[23]](http://echopen.org/index.php/Balayage). The transducer is fixed on the motor’s head or on a movement converter part. It is important to realise that the oscillating scan by the motor implies accelerations and decelerations which can lead to noise in the signal. However the motor’s rotation can be modified into a pendulum motion. 83 | 84 | The speed, angle and angular accuracy of the motor must be controlled. A DC motor can be used provided that you have a good encoder to continuously and accurately track its position. The synchronous stepper motor is less restrictive in terms of control and allows a better angular accuracy, as micro-steps can be used. 85 | 86 | _scanning speed_: constant, 7.5 rotation/sec 87 | _motion_: clockwise and anticlockwise (oscillations) 88 | _accuracy_: from 30 to 1060 step over 60° 89 | 90 | ![cahier des charges du moteur](/images/charges_motor.png) 91 | _Figure 10: Example of specifications_ 92 | 93 | ### Realisation of the electronic section 94 | 95 | #### Power supplies 96 | 97 | ##### General power supply 98 | 99 | For testing, it is advised to use a DC power supply rather than a battery. It allows for current control and avoid damaging components. However, once the probe is functional, a battery is better to reduce the noise. 100 | 101 | ##### Supply circuit 102 | 103 | As each components do not require the same voltage, a converter is needed to divide the 18V input voltage. 104 | ![cahier des charges alimentation](/images/converter_DC.png) 105 | _Figure 11: Desired function, example of values_ 106 | 107 | ##### Motor control 108 | 109 | The motor is driven via a microcontroller, which is also used in other subfunctions for synchronisation purpose. For example, the pulse emission and the motor control can be synchronized. Care must be taken with use of the current supply in order to avoid frying the motor! 110 | 111 | ![fonction attendue](/images/commande_moteur.png) 112 | _Figure 12: Motor control_ 113 | 114 | ##### Pulse command 115 | 116 | ![fonction attendue](/images/pulsing.png) 117 | _Figure 13: Pulse emission_ 118 | 119 | ###### High voltage circuit 120 | 121 | To provide the excitation pulse to the piezoelectric element, a voltage of -100V is required as the transducer characteristic function is low. [[24]](http://www.sfrnet.org/rc/org/sfrnet/htm/Article/2011/20110524-112842-171/src/htm_fullText/fr/polyBasesPhysiques_14.pdf) 122 | 123 | ![](/images/hvc.jpg) 124 | _Figure 14: High voltage generation_ 125 | 126 | ###### Pulser 127 | 128 | Using a logical pulse command (typically half the duration of the acoustic period) and a continuous supply of -100V, a -100V pulse of same duration is generated. A pulser is needed as command circuits cannot create a logical pulse at such high voltage. 129 | 130 | ![](/images/Pulser.PNG) 131 | _Figure 15: Pulser_ 132 | 133 | ###### Pulser command 134 | 135 | The pulse duration must be equal to half of the characteristic time of the transducer to get the best conversion rate (the expected response is an ultrasonic pulse). The repetition rate of the pulse is chosen depending on the motor’s speed and the desired accuracy. For a stepper motor, we can choose to emit one pulse every X steps. The pulse command must be coupled to the motor command. It is controlled by the microcontroller. 136 | 137 | ### Reception mode 138 | 139 | #### First filtering 140 | 141 | Transducer response to an electrical pulse: 142 | ![](/images/reponse_trans.png) 143 | _Figure 16: Raw output signal across the transducer_ 144 | 145 | **Analysis**: a low frequency signal (nearly 500 kHz) appears across the transducer with high amplitude when it is excited by a pulse. This signal is not of interest and have a higher amplitude than the measured echo so we filter it with a high pass filter. 146 | 147 | ![Signal d’intérêt](/images/reponse_filtre.jpg) 148 | _Figure 17: Filtered output signal across the transducer_ 149 | 150 | Only the echo reflected by tissues is needed to be analyzed. The remaining part of the signal is considered as noise. The data acquisition is managed by a microprocessor. One can synchronize the beginning of acquisition with the pulse emission, and limit the duration of reception dt with respect to the penetration depth of the wave in tissues (related to the frequency fc), considering an average propagation speed of acoustic waves in tissues equal to the speed of an acoustic wave in water. The next circuits needs to be protected from the electric response of the transducer to the pulse (this response is of the order of 100V and high frequencies are not filtered by the high-pass filter). To do so, a T/R switch is used. 151 | 152 | ![emission_reception](/images/ER_modes.png) 153 | _Figure 18: Scanned angle_ 154 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /discover.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Landing on the project 2 | 3 | As echOpen is a community-based and an open source project, it's open to anyone with any interest, background and skills whatever you are from in the world, it's open and it will remain this way ! 4 | 5 | As the project is broad, any type of skills are welcome and useful. That is why we defined 9 main challenges to let anyone get into the project. 6 | 7 | ## Discover echOpen and the community 8 | 9 | First of all, if you don't know the project yet, you should visit [echOpen website](www.echopen.org) to a an overview of what echOpen aims to achieve. 10 | 11 | You can also visit us in echOpen lab based at Hotel Dieu Hospital in Paris, France (1, place du parvis Notre Dame - 75004 Paris, France) or getting in touch by sending us an [email](contact@echopen.org) 12 | 13 | Discover the echOpen open [licences](http://echopen.org/licences.html) : 14 | 15 | * Software is under BS3 licence 16 | * Hardware is under GPL 3 licence adapted to the hardware 17 | * Content is under Creative Commons : CC BY SA (Attribution and Share Alike) 18 | 19 | ## Stay up to date 20 | - Register to echOpen newsletter : go to [echOpen website](www.echopen.org) and add your first name, last name and email address directly in the front page dedicated area. 21 | - Join the [Facebook group](https://www.facebook.com/groups/echopen) 22 | - Follow us on [twitter](https://twitter.com/echopenorg) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /glossaire.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Glossaire 2 | 3 | **analogique**: qualifie des grandeurs qui sont continues, à l'image du phénomène physique qu'elles traduisent. (voir **numérique**) 4 | 5 | **CAN**: Conversation analogique-numérique: traduction d'une grandeur analogique (ici une tension) en une grandeur numérique (codée en binaire) 6 | 7 | **echosthétoscopie Doppler**: méthode d'échosthétoscopie permettant d'observer les flux sanguins en utilisant l'effet Doppler. 8 | 9 | **focaliser**: concentrer l’énergie acoustique de l’onde dans une zone réstreinte de l’espace, celle qu’on désire étudier. 10 | 11 | **impédance acoustique**: cette grandeur caractérise l’oppostion d’un milieu au passage d’une onde 12 | 13 | - **désadaptation d’impédance**: une interface entre deux milieux présente une désadaptation d’impédance si la différence d’impédance entre ces deux milieux est importante. Cette désadaptation est à l’origine d’une réflexion de l’onde à l’interface, ce qui amoindri l’énergie du signal transmis. 14 | 15 | - **adaptation d’impédance**: en acoustique, c’est une méthode qui consiste à insérer, entre deux matériaux d’impédance désadaptées, un matériau d’impédance intermédiaire, afin de diminuer la réflexion à l’interface. 16 | matière active (ici): matériau permettant de convertir une forme d’énergie en une autre. 17 | 18 | **numérique**: qualifie des grandeurs qui sont discrétisées et en nombre fini et représentent une information. Elles ne traduisent donc pas un directement un phénomène physique, qui est par nature continu, mais s'en rapporche. On peut stocker les données sous cette forme et les analyser. 19 | 20 | **pulse**: signal singulier se propageant dans un milieu. On distingue le pulse analogique (signal électrique) qui vient exciter le matériau piézoélectrique du pulse acoustique (déformation mécanique) qui est produit par le piézoélectique suite à une excitation. 21 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /hardware.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Hardware 2 | 3 | Welcome to the hardare side of the project. You will find all the information about the various functions of the device. 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[slack](http://slack.echopen.org/), discover the channels and discuss with the community 6 | - Send us an [email](contact@echopen.org) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /intro.md/Introduction au principe: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/echopen/echOpen_starterkit/b0e488d984598ce4cc038bf5a47078c0d857843b/intro.md/Introduction au principe -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /intro.md/readme.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/echopen/echOpen_starterkit/b0e488d984598ce4cc038bf5a47078c0d857843b/intro.md/readme.md -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /medical.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Echostethoscopy 2 | 3 | ## Medical definition of echostethoscopy 4 | Use of a **universal** ultra-portable **ultrasound** imaging or **medical visualization** tool, intended to accompany health professionals in clinical practice of **diagnostic orientation**. 5 | 6 | Echostethoscopy is primarily aimed at physicians who have never take ultrasound images and who have taken a 48-hour training program to master the gesture and the concept. 7 | 8 | ## Medical definition of the tool 9 | In version 0, the probe meets the following criteria to validate a relevant medical use: 10 | 11 | The echOpen probe is an internal echo-anatomy visualization tool used in the clinical examination, enabling healthcare professionals to: 12 | 13 | - See inside the body 14 | - Find an organ, a vascular structure, ... 15 | - Estimate its volume (large, medium, small) and its dynamics, without tissue analysis 16 | - Supplement clinical semiology for diagnostic guidance for general practitioners and specialists 17 | 18 | It is not : 19 | 20 | - A complementary review tool 21 | - A per se imaging tool 22 | - A tool for tissue analysis 23 | 24 | ## Positionning 25 | ![The use of a stethoscope, the technology of an ultrasound system](images/echopen_positionning.png) 26 | 27 | ## Use of the echostethoscop 28 | ![Use of the echostethoscope](images/disruptive_diagnosis_technology.png) 29 | 30 | ## Medical application 31 | Main pathologies that echOpen should cover in general medicine and emergency medicine : 32 | - Pleural effusion 33 | - Ascites 34 | - Right heart failure 35 | - Acute pulmonary oedema 36 | - Valvulopathy 37 | - Kidney stones 38 | - Central catheter guidance 39 | 40 | More to come… -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /outcome.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Outcomes | First quarter 2017 2 | - 1 lab prototype (kit format split into modules) fully documented 3 | - 1 high quality transducer 4 | - 300+ people in the community (1/3 health professionals) 5 | - 2 000+ participants in events (workshops, hackathons) 6 | - 5 000+ people reached 7 | - 10 000+ hours of skills given to the project 8 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /overview.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Project 2 | echOpen is a medical project with a community challenge and a technical outcome. 3 | 4 | # Aim 5 | Designing a **universal**, **open source** and **affordable** medical echo-stethoscope (ultrasound probe) **connected** to a mobile device (smartphone) for **diagnostic orientation** 6 | 7 | ![echOpen is a medical project with a community management challenge and a technical outcome](images/echOpen_Hacking.png) 8 | 9 | # Purpose 10 | Allowing the radical transformation of diagnostic orientation in hospitals, general medicine and medically underserved areas in both southern and northern countries. 11 | 12 | ![](images/disruptive_diagnosis_technology.png) 13 | 14 | # Impact 15 | Better Access To Medical Imaging: **Anytime, anywhere, any moment** 16 | ![](images/echopen_areaofuse.png) 17 | 18 | # Objectives 19 | **Providing healthcare professionals around the world with an affordable echo-stethoscope** 20 | 21 | - Medical: Launching a class II.a. medical device 22 | - Community: pluri-disciplinary collaboration for worldwide open sourced contributions 23 | - Technical: innovative diagnosis solution (low-cost/affordable, open source, etc.) 24 | 25 | # Brief history 26 | ![echOpen history](images/echopen-history.png) 27 | 28 | echOpen was born in late 2014 as a community-based project bringing together people interested in mHealth devices and eHealth for the future of worldwide health. Having gathered a core team of 5 persons with necessary expertise for the project, we tested the feasibility (state of the art, potential applications, etc.). We then mobilized people of various professional backgrounds and partners to create an operational community based around 9 identified specific topics covering the entire project. 29 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /release_2_1_0.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Laboratory prototype 2.1.0. 2 | ![](images/Kit_echOpen_Image.jpg) 3 | 4 | This laboratory prototype is the improvement of the former prototype and has been developed with a modular approach allowing anyone interested to build and improve this version by adding, removing, changing any module. 5 | 6 | More information about this prototype, see the [documentation](http://echopen.org/doc-website/CAT-configuration/CFG-sweeping_probe/content). 7 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /setup_your_own_echopen_lab.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Set up your echOpen open lab 2 | 3 | To build the probe, we have provided some tips for a good start. The following list \(LabTool\) gives components and consumables deemed essential and required to quickly start a laboratory or a research center to design the echOpen probe. 4 | 5 | | **Name** | **Comments** | **Name** | **Comments** | 6 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | 7 | | | | | **TOOLS** | 8 | | Heat gun | | Allen keys set | | 9 | | Screwdriver set | 1 drive and 35 different heads | Torx keys set | T6, 10, 15, 20, 25 | 10 | | Pliers set | 5 pliers set | Bread Bord | 2560 ports | 11 | | Cutting plier | | Ventilation | ventilator + duct | 12 | | Wire stripper | | Multimeter | | 13 | | Dremel + support | Dremel 4000/support 220: drilling, cutting, sanding | Power supply | 0 - 30 V, 0 - 5 A | 14 | | Caliper | | Soldering station | | 15 | | Cutter blades | | Soldering glasses | | 16 | | Key set | Size: 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 19, 22 | desoldering pump | | 17 | | Sockets and spanners | 2 spanners + sockets 4 to 6 \(0.5 step\), 7 to 24 \(1 step\), 27, 30, 32 | Plastic tweezers | | 18 | | | | | **COMPONENTS AND CONSUMABLES** | 19 | | Amplifiers | 10 units | Flux tank | Desoldering wick | 20 | | ADC | 5 units | Soldering mat | | 21 | | DAC | 5 units \(10 MHz, 8 bits\) | Resistors set | | 22 | | Inductors set | 160 inductors from 1µH to 470 µH | Capacitors set | | 23 | | Prototype board | 160\*100 | Flux bottle \(100 mL\) | | 24 | | Crocodile to banana leads | | Microcontroller | Compatible with Arduino | 25 | | BNC to banana lead | | Magnifying glass | | 26 | | Banana to banana leads | | Motor with encoder | Voltage: 12 V Speed: 500 rpm 1216 steps | 27 | | Wire sets for Breadboard | | or stepper motor | Voltage: 12V Speed:450-500 rpm 1080 steps | 28 | | Terminal board | | Capacitors | 100 pF 470 pF 1000 pF | 29 | | Soldering tin | | Inductor | 4.7 mH | 30 | | Electronic varnish | | MOSFET | | 31 | | Flux cleaner | | Heat-shrink set | | 32 | 33 | _table 1: labtool_ 34 | 35 | ![](images/materiel.JPG) 36 | 37 | _Figure 1: Electronic pliers, workshop tools. Method of storage for equipment._ 38 | 39 | ![breadboard](images/breadboard.JPG) 40 | _Figure 2: Typical platform of work: the breadboard_ 41 | 42 | ![test](images/appareils_test.JPG) 43 | 44 | _Figure 3: Testing appliance_ 45 | 46 | The oscilloscope and multimeter can be used as electronic diagnostic tools to get quick access to the signals in different parts of the circuit in the board \(test leads are required to get measurements on the breadboard\). The signal generator allows simulating different inputs to part of the circuit. 47 | 48 | 49 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 53 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /signal_analysis.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | ## Signal processing function 2 | 3 | ![](/images/signal_analysis.png) 4 | _Figure 19: Functional analysis_ 5 | 6 | The approach presented here maximises the use of analog signal processing in order to reduce the required sampling rate for the digital part. It allows lower costs and less energy consumption. The circuit is sensitive to noise. 7 | 8 | ### TGC amplification 9 | 10 | When the wave propagates through soft tissues it is attenuated. The attenuation increases with frequency, so the higher the frequency, the shorter the penetration depth. In ultrasound scanner, this attenuation is counterbalanced with a Time Gain Compensation (TGC). The acoustic wave decrease exponentially with distance, therefore the TGC is a function increasing exponentially with distance so that the result of the product is a constant, and the signal loss due to distance is offset. For the echo-sthetoscope, penetrated tissues have different impedances and the attenuation law is not a simple exponential. However a linear approximation of the TGC is appropriate. 11 | 12 | ![exemple de TGC](/images/tgc.png) 13 | _Figure 20: TGC amplification command_ 14 | 15 | ### Second filtering 16 | 17 | The starting signal is noisy and the TGC increases noise. The signal needs to be filtered using a bandpass filter with a resonant frequency close to the central frequency of the transducer. This filter could not be used from the beginning because the large difference in amplitude between the low frequency resonance and the superimposed echoes would have been problematic for the choice of components. 18 | 19 | ![ensemble des signaux](/images/signals.png) 20 | _Figure 21: Steps of the signal processing_ 21 | 22 | ### Envelope detection 23 | 24 | We are interested in the energy of the received echo signal which is contained in the envelope. 25 | ![Détection d'enveloppe](/images/detection_enveloppe.png) 26 | _Figure 22: Envelope detection_ 27 | 28 | ### Analog to digital conversion and calculation of pixels 29 | 30 | The output of the envelope detector is sampled to be processed and sent as a digital signal to an application interfacing with the user. An ADC is used and the sampling frequency needs to be chosen wisely. 31 | 32 | For each emitted pulse and each corresponding echo burst, a pixel line can be drawn corresponding to the line which has been insonated in the medium. The time of arrival of the echo burst corresponds to the distance travelled by the wave. Knowing the travel time between emission and reception and the propagation speed in tissues, the distance between interfaces can be determined. So we can map the medium insonated by the wave as a function of depth for each propagation line. 33 | 34 | ![pixels](/images/pixels.png) 35 | _Figure 23: Grayscale conversion_ 36 | 37 | It can be noted that the value at each sample point gives enough information rather than calculating the integral between two sample points. 38 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /software_indro.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | Coming soon... -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /technical.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | Soon… -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /technical_introduction.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Technical introduction 2 | 3 | ## Principle 4 | 5 | Ultrasonic waves are high frequency acoustic waves \(more than 20 kHz\) which can propagate through the human body. The propagation depends on the mechanical properties of the traversed tissues. The ultrasound signal exists in the superposition of the waves reflected on interfaces between tissues with different impedance, and of the scattering of ultrasonic waves by small particles. 6 | 7 | To create an image the ultrasound scanner emits an ultrasound pulse and listen to the reflected echoes. As the human body is mainly composed of water, ultrasounds propagate at a speed close to 1460 $$ m.s^{-1} $$. When ultrasound waves propagate through tissues, fat or organs, their propagation speed varies from 1450 to 1700 $$ m.s^{-1} $$. 8 | 9 | | Medium | Propagation speed \($$ m.s^{-1} $$\) | 10 | | :--- | :--- | 11 | | Air | 330 | 12 | | Water | 1500 | 13 | | Soft tissues | 1450-1700 | 14 | | Bones | 3000-4000 | 15 | 16 | _Table 1 : Propagation speed of ultrasound for different media _[_\[1\]_](http://www.google.com/patents/WO2006077338A1?cl=en)_._ 17 | 18 | Due to the differences of the mechanical properties \(Lamé coefficients and density\) of each organ and tissue, the acoustic waves are partially reflected at each interface between two different media. 19 | 20 | | Medium | Acoustic impedance \($$ kg.m^{-2}.s^{-1}\times 10^{-6} $$\) | 21 | | :--- | :--- | 22 | | Air | 0,0004 | 23 | | Lung | 0,26 | 24 | | Bones | 3,8-7,4 | 25 | | Soft tissues | 1,3-1,7 | 26 | | Water | 1,5 | 27 | 28 | _Table 2 : Acoustic impedances for different parts of the human body _[_\[2\]_](http://www.google.com/patents/WO2006077338A1?cl=en)_._ 29 | 30 | These numbers show that there can be large impedance differences in the body such as between soft tissues and air or between soft tissues and hard tissues \(bones, stones, foreign bodies\). These interfaces are highly reflective or echogenic \(generator of echoes\). Behind these interfaces, a shadow area appears on the ultrasound images as the signal has been almost totally reflected. 31 | 32 | ## Architecture of the whole system 33 | 34 | The ultrasound scanner is composed of : 35 | 36 | * A transducer to emit and receive ultrasonic waves 37 | * An analog and digital system to convert the received signal into an image 38 | * A control console to modify various settings 39 | * A power supply and a data management system 40 | 41 | ![analyse fonctionnelle](/images/functional_analysis.jpg) 42 | 43 | To conduct an ultrasound exam, the physician applies a gel on the skin called coupling gel. It helps to improve ultrasound transmission between the probe and the body. 44 | 45 | ## History of real time ultrasound 46 | 47 | The first real-time 2D scanner \(or B-scanner\) was developed by Walter Krause and Richard Soldner. It was marketed as Vidoson® by Siemens Medical Systems Germany in 1965. Vidoson® built the ultrasound image using three rotating transducers facing a parabolic mirror \(allowing to scan the medium along parallel lines\). The transducers and the mirror are coupled using water, enabling a good impedance matching with the body. Images are made of 120 lines and the sampling rate is of 15 frames per second. 48 | 49 | XPROBLEME 50 | 51 | James Griffith and Walter Henry produced a mechanical oscillating real-time ultrasound scanner in 1973. The probe produce an image of 30 degree sectoral with good quality. The design of that probe was described as one of the key milestones in the development of echocardiography. The first commercial ultrasound scanner using a linear array of transducers, the "Multiscan system", was produced in 1972 by Nicolaas Bom in collaboration with Paul Hugenholtz and a Dutch company \(Organon Teknika\). This device was mainly aimed at cardiac investigation. 52 | In the mid-80s, curvilinear or convex abdominal transducer arrays appeared on the market. This allowed for a better fit on the abdomen and a wider field of view. The curvilinear probes completely replaced linear array by the end of the 1980s. The improvement of resolution and global quality of the image mainly focused on increasing the number of transducers \(from 64 to 128\). Some work was also conducted on transducer technology \(wide band and large dynamic range\), the aperture of the arrays \(more transducer emit at the same time\), increased processing speed, focusing algorithms for reception \(increase the number of focus points along the measuring line\), integration of the TGC \(real-time gain control\)[\[3\]](http://www.google.com/patents/WO2006077338A1?cl=en). 53 | 54 | In the 1990s the main progress have been in the following [\[4\]](http://www.google.com/patents/WO2006077338A1?cl=en): 55 | 56 | * Signal processing has become completely analog on the full chain: \[transducer\] -> \[beamformer\] -> \[signal processing\] -> \[image converter\] -> \[screen\] 57 | * The use of broadband transducers with a large aperture. The number channels in high-end systems reaches 256 and more recently 1024 \(for 2D arrays\). 58 | * The phase of the echoes is considered in addition to the amplitude by using coherent reconstruction of images. This technique doubles the available information leading to high resolution images. The frame rate is increased too. 59 | * The advent of imaging techniques using harmonics \(multiples of the working frequency\), a nonlinear phenomenon caused by the propagation in tissues. 60 | 61 | ![différentes dimensions](/images/diffecho.jpg) 62 | Figure 5: example of 2D and 3D ultrasound imaging 63 | 64 | Technological advances have had a significant impact on the evolution of ultrasound, thanks to improvement in image processing and probes [\[5\]](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9602842),[\[6\]](http://www.brl.uiuc.edu/Publications/1998/OBrien-JJAP-2781-1998.pdf). This is especially true for probe technology which has evolved from single element systems \(mechanical sectorial probe\) to linear array and finally real-time 3D systems. 65 | 66 | More recently, probes compatible with smartphone have appeared \(2009\) [\[7\]](http://uix.sagepub.com/content/30/1/21.short),[\[8\]](https://www.technologyreview.com/s/413222/ultrasound-to-go/). They can only be used with a Windows OS \(Microsoft, Redmond, Washington\). The main technological challenges to be overcome were the energy consumption of the battery and the speed of data transfer. Besides some new algorithms were required to display the image on a smartphone screen. A device has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration \(FDA\) in 2011 after clearing strict guidelines for medical applications [\[9\]](http://mobihealthnews.com/10165/fda-approves-mobisantes-smartphone-ultrasound/),[\[10\]](http://www.engineeringforchange.org/ultrasound-is-now-on-smart-phones-engineering-for-change/). Nowadays, a diversity of specific probes has been developed functioning on frequencies from 2 to 18 MHz. 67 | 68 | ## Medical use of ultrasound 69 | 70 | Ultrasound allows the study of many organs in the abdomen, the pelvis, the neck \(thyroid, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidney, bladder\) as well as blood vessels, ligaments and the heart. It enables a more precise look at abnormalities \(such as tumours, cysts and malformations\) and to guide for taking samples \(puncture\). 71 | 72 | Therapeutics : 73 | 74 | * Litothripsy \(disintegration of kidney stones\) 75 | * Heat treatment \(ligaments, tendons...\) 76 | * High intensity focused ultrasound \(surgery, eg. in the deep brain\) 77 | 78 | Diagnosis : 79 | 80 | * Ultrasound \(frame rate more than 30 images per second\) 81 | * Doppler imaging \(measure the blood flow velocity\), bone densitometry technique \(200 kHz to 800 kHz\) 82 | 83 | ## Safety 84 | 85 | ### Introduction 86 | 87 | Among various modalities of medical imaging, ultrasound is characterized by the non-ionizing nature of the acoustic waves (unlike X-ray or isotopic imaging). 88 | The absence of ionising radiations, potentially harmful for patients and staffs, conducts to less legal regulation of ultrasound devices use. Moreover the imaging properties of ultrasound imaging and the different safety context leads to promote this modality in various medical situations. (In France, imaging modality recommendations are summarized [here](http://gbu.radiologie.fr/).) 89 | 90 | While percepted as one of the safest medical imaging modalities, the effects of transfered energy to the medium and the safety limits of ultrasounds uses are legitimate questions. 91 | 92 | ### Physical and biological effects of ultrasounds exposure 93 | 94 | ### Metrics 95 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /topics.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Topics list 2 | 3 | ## Medicotechnical 4 | Designing a medical device to meet medical needs 5 | 6 | ## Collaborative and community 7 | Designing good methodology for the community 8 | 9 | ## Legal and licence 10 | Making sure everything remains 11 | 12 | ## Regulatory 13 | Following regulatory expectations 14 | 15 | ## Communication 16 | Spread the project and its philosophy widely 17 | 18 | ## Ethic 19 | Respecting the human being and improving healthcare 20 | 21 | ## Training 22 | Making sure users are well trained 23 | 24 | ## Public health 25 | Improving healthcare accessibility 26 | 27 | ## Economical 28 | Finding ways to sustain the project, the device and all around 29 | 30 | 31 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /user_interfacing.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | ![](viewme.png)## _Figure 24: User interface function_ 2 | 3 | ### Real time image display 4 | ### User interface 5 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /viewme.png: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/echopen/echOpen_starterkit/b0e488d984598ce4cc038bf5a47078c0d857843b/viewme.png --------------------------------------------------------------------------------