├── mechanical ├── img │ ├── gt3_specs.jpg │ ├── 2gt_3gt_specs.jpg │ └── belt_pulley_glossary.jpg ├── README.md ├── techniques.md ├── timing_belt_pulley.md └── holes_thread_shaft.md ├── 3d_printing ├── img │ ├── perfect_angle.png │ ├── mid_air_hole_01.jpg │ ├── mid_air_hole_02.jpg │ ├── formula_part_size_01.png │ ├── hole_cleaning_diagram.png │ ├── belt_pulley_glossary_01.png │ ├── formula_scale_factor_01.png │ ├── formula_steps_per_mm_01.png │ ├── formula_pulley_out_dia_01.png │ ├── selective_infill_example.jpg │ ├── formula_extrusion_spacing_01.png │ ├── formula_perimeters_width_01.png │ ├── formula_pulley_pitch_dia_01.png │ ├── formula_extrusion_multiplier_01.png │ ├── formula_part_size_01_example_01.png │ ├── formula_pulley_out_dia_01_example_01.png │ ├── formula_scale_factor_01_example_01.png │ ├── formula_steps_per_mm_01_example_01.png │ ├── formula_pulley_pitch_dia_01_example_01.png │ ├── formula_scale_factor_diff_material_01.png │ └── formula_scale_factor_diff_material_01_example_01.png ├── files │ ├── mid_air_hole.stl │ └── mid_air_hole.step ├── README.md ├── calibration.md ├── filament.md ├── sizes_petg.md ├── techniques.md └── calculators.md ├── cad_design ├── README.md ├── fusion360_scripts.md └── fusion360_scripts │ └── Create3DPParams.py └── README.md /mechanical/img/gt3_specs.jpg: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gregsaun/maker_cheatsheet/HEAD/mechanical/img/gt3_specs.jpg -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /3d_printing/img/perfect_angle.png: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gregsaun/maker_cheatsheet/HEAD/3d_printing/img/perfect_angle.png -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /mechanical/img/2gt_3gt_specs.jpg: 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/README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # maker_cheatsheet 2 | Cheat sheet used to make things 3 | 4 | ## Table of content 5 | 1. [Mechanical](./mechanical/README.md) 6 | 1. [3D Printing](./3d_printing/README.md) 7 | 1. [CAD Design](./cad_design/README.md) 8 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /mechanical/README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Mechanical Cheat Sheet 2 | 3 | ## Table of contents 4 | * [‥](../README.md) 5 | * [Techniques](techniques.md) 6 | * [Hole, Thread and Shaft](holes_thread_shaft.md) 7 | * [Timing Belt and Pulley](timing_belt_pulley.md) 8 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /3d_printing/README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # 3D Printing Cheat Sheet 2 | 3 | # Table of contents 4 | * [‥](../README.md) 5 | * [Calculators](calculators.md) 6 | * [Calibration](calibration.md) 7 | * [Sizes For PETG](sizes_petg.md) 8 | * [Techniques](techniques.md) 9 | * [Filament](filament.md) 10 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /mechanical/techniques.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Mechanical Cheat Sheet 2 | 3 | # Techniques 4 | 5 | ## Table of contents 6 | * [‥](../mechanical/README.md) 7 | * [Tapping Essentials](#tapping-essentials) 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | ## Tapping Essentials 12 | 13 | What are the differences between taps? Which one to choose? All answered in this great video from Haas Automation, Inc.: 14 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkrUzGooA9k 15 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /cad_design/fusion360_scripts.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # CAD Design cheat sheet 2 | 3 | # Fusion 360 Scripts 4 | 5 | ## Table of contents 6 | * [‥](../cad_design/README.md) 7 | * [Create Standard Parameters For 3D Printing](#create-standard-parameters-for-3d-printing) 8 | 9 | ## Create Standard Parameters For 3D Printing 10 | 11 | | Script name & link | Description | 12 | |:------------------:|-------------| 13 | | [Create3DPParams](./fusion360_scripts/Create3DPParams.py) | Script to create all standard parameters that are useful to start a new 3D printing project. | 14 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /3d_printing/calibration.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # 3D Printing Cheat Sheet 2 | 3 | # Calibration 4 | 5 | ## Table of contents 6 | * [‥](../3d_printing/README.md) 7 | * [Extruder Calibration](#extruder-calibration) 8 | * [Flow Rate](#flow-rate) 9 | * [Retraction](#retraction) 10 | * [Prusa Extruder Linearity Correction](#extruder-linearity-correction) 11 | 12 | 13 | ## Extruder Calibration 14 | 15 | https://guides.bear-lab.com/Guide/Extrusion+multiplier+and+filament+diameter/8?lang=en 16 | 17 | 18 | ## Flow Rate 19 | 20 | Tutorial on how to define flow rate and print speed range for your filament. 21 | 22 | https://www.proto-pasta.com/blogs/how-to/leveling-up-your-printer-game-on-the-lulzbot-mini 23 | 24 | 25 | ## Retraction 26 | 27 | https://www.sublimelayers.com/2016/10/some-musings-on-retracts.html 28 | 29 | 30 | ## Prusa Extruder Linearity Correction 31 | 32 | https://github.com/prusa3d/Prusa-Firmware/wiki/Extruder-linearity-correction-calibration 33 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /3d_printing/filament.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # 3D Printing Cheat Sheet 2 | 3 | # Filament 4 | 5 | ## Table of contents 6 | * [‥](../3d_printing/README.md) 7 | * [Mechanical Data](#mechanical-data) 8 | * [Thermal Data](#thermal-data) 9 | * [Source](#source) 10 | 11 | 12 | ## Mechanical Data 13 | 14 | 15 | ### Tensile strength 16 | Amount of pressure that the material can withstand before breaking when being pulled from both ends. 17 | 18 | * Other names: tensile yield strength, tensile strength at yield 19 | * Keywords: material strength 20 | * Unit: MPa 21 | * Test method: ISO 527 22 | 23 | 24 | ### Elongation at break 25 | How much the material stretches before it breaks. 26 | 27 | * Other names: tensile elongation 28 | * Keyword: elongation 29 | * Unit: % 30 | * Test method: ISO 527 31 | 32 | 33 | ### Flexural Modulus 34 | Amount of pressure required to bend the material. 35 | 36 | * Keywords: stiffness, flexibility 37 | * Unit: MPa 38 | * Test method: ISO 178 39 | 40 | 41 | ### Tensile Modulus 42 | Amount of pressure required for the material to become deformed. 43 | 44 | * Keywords: deformation 45 | * Unit: MPa 46 | * Test method: ISO 527 47 | 48 | 49 | ### Impact Strength Charpy 50 | 51 | * Unit: k·J/m2 52 | 53 | 54 | ### E-Modulus 55 | 56 | * Unit: MPa 57 | 58 | 59 | ## Thermal Data 60 | 61 | ### Vicat 62 | 63 | ### Heat Deflection Temp 64 | 65 | ## Source 66 | 67 | * https://www.fargo3dprinting.com/read-technical-data-sheet/ 68 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /mechanical/timing_belt_pulley.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Mechanical Cheat Sheet 2 | 3 | # Timing Belt and Pulley 4 | 5 | ## Table of contents 6 | * [‥](../mechanical/README.md) 7 | * [Glossary](#glossary) 8 | * [Gates 2GT Specifications](#gates-2gt-specifications) 9 | * [Gates GT3 Specifications](#gates-gt3-specifications) 10 | * [Pulley Outside Diameter](#pulley-outside-diameter) 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | ## Glossary 15 | 16 | ![Belt and Pulley Glossary](img/belt_pulley_glossary.jpg) 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | ## Gates 2GT Specifications 21 | 22 | 2GT belts are manufactured by an affiliate company of Gates called "Gates Unitta", in Asia. Gates 2GT belts are using a different profile than GT2/GT3. As they are not 100% compatible with GT2/GT3 they could lead to an increase in backlash and belt wear, specially on a 3D printer. 23 | 24 | ![Gates 2GT 3GT Drawing](img/2gt_3gt_specs.jpg) 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | ## Gates GT3 Specifications 29 | 30 | GT2 and GT3 belts are made by "Gates USA" and are using a different profile than 2GT. GT2 and GT3 share the same profile and are 100% compatible. GT3 name is only for belt, it is a new version with a better construction. There is no GT3 pulleys as this naming is for belt only (pulleys are therefore GT2). 31 | 32 | ![Gates GT3 Drawing](img/gt3_specs.jpg) 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | ## Non-genuine GT2 belt 37 | 38 | Those belts have probably 2GT profile but with all the naming chaos and unknown source you might have something else. I highly recommend to use genuine Gates belt for such an important part. 39 | 40 | 41 | ## Pulley Outside Diameter 42 | 43 | `pd = P*N / π` 44 | 45 | `O.D. = pd - 2*U` 46 | 47 | Where 48 | * pd = pitch diameter 49 | * P = belt pitch 50 | * N = number of pulley teeth 51 | * O.D. = pulley outside diameter 52 | * U = Distance from Pitch Line to Belt Tooth Bottom 53 | * U = 0.254mm for 2GT and GT2/3 2mm pitch belts 54 | * U = 0.381mm for 3GT and GT2/3 3mm pitch belts 55 | 56 | Example for GT3 2mm pitch and 20T pulley : 57 | * `pd = 2 * 20 / π = 12.732mm` 58 | * `O.D. = 12.732 - 2*0.254 = 12.224mm` 59 | 60 | 61 | 62 | ## Sources 63 | 64 | * [Openbuilds](https://openbuildspartstore.com/3gt-gt2-3m-timing-belt-by-the-foot/) 65 | * [SPD/SI](http://www.sdp-si.com/PDFS/Technical-Section-Timing.pdf) 66 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /3d_printing/sizes_petg.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # 3D Printing Cheat Sheet 2 | 3 | # Sizes For PETG 4 | 5 | ## Table of contents 6 | * [‥](../3d_printing/README.md) 7 | * [Screw Hole](#screw-hole) 8 | * [Screw Head Hole](#screw-head-hole) 9 | * [Self Tapping Hole](#self-tapping-hole) 10 | * [Nut Pocket](#nut-pocket) 11 | * [Shaft Hole](#shaft-hole) 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | ## Screw Hole 16 | 17 | Screw hole diameter 18 | 19 | ### Socket Head ISO 4762 / DIN 912 20 | 21 | | Thread Size | Close Fit (mm) | Standard Fit (mm) | 22 | |:-----------:|:--------------:|:-----------------:| 23 | | M3 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 24 | | M4 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 25 | | M5 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | ## Screw Head Hole 30 | 31 | Hole to fit the screw's head 32 | 33 | ### Socket Head ISO 4762 / DIN 912 34 | 35 | | Thread Size | Close Fit (mm) | Standard Fit (mm) | Large Fit (mm) | Height (mm) | 36 | |:-----------:|:--------------:|:-----------------:|:--------------:|:------:| 37 | | M3 | 5.6 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 3 | 38 | 39 | 40 | ### Button Head ISO 7380 41 | 42 | | Thread Size | Close Fit (mm) | Standard Fit (mm) | Large Fit (mm) | Height (mm) | 43 | |:-----------:|:--------------:|:-----------------:|:--------------:|:-----------:| 44 | | M5 | 9.8 | 10.0 | 10.5 | 2.8 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 48 | ## Self Tapping Hole 49 | 50 | Hole diameter to use metric screws as self tapping screws. 51 | 52 | ### Socket Head ISO 4762 / DIN 912 53 | 54 | | Thread Size | Hole Dia (mm) | 55 | |:-----------:|:-------------:| 56 | | M2 | 1.7 | 57 | | M3 | 2.7 | 58 | 59 | 60 | 61 | ## Nut Pocket 62 | 63 | Polygon hole to fit a nut 64 | 65 | ### Hex DIN 934 66 | 67 | Diameter of a circle where the polygon (nut) is inscribed. 68 | 69 | | Thread Size | Close Fit (mm) | Standard Fit (mm) | Height (mm) | 70 | |:-----------:|:--------------:|:-----------------:|:-----------:| 71 | | M3 | 6.2 | 6.4 | 2.5 | 72 | 73 | 74 | ### Nylock Locknut DIN 985 75 | 76 | Diameter of a circle where the polygon (nut) is inscribed. 77 | 78 | | Thread Size | Close Fit (mm) | Standard Fit (mm) | Height (mm) | 79 | |:-----------:|:--------------:|:-----------------:|:-----------:| 80 | | M3 | 6.2 | 6.4 | 4.1 | 81 | 82 | 83 | ### Square Nut DIN 562 84 | 85 | | Thread Size | Close Fit (mm) | Standard Fit (mm) | Height (mm) | 86 | |:-----------:|:--------------:|:-----------------:|:-----------:| 87 | | M3 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 2 | 88 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /cad_design/fusion360_scripts/Create3DPParams.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #Author-Grégoire Saunier 2 | #Description-Creates basic parameters for 3D printing Bear projects 3 | 4 | import adsk.core, adsk.fusion, traceback 5 | 6 | # List of the parameters you would like to add 7 | # Format: ['name', 'value', 'unit', 'comment'], 8 | paramsToAdd = [ 9 | ['layer_height', '0.2', 'mm', ''], 10 | ['e_width', '0.45', 'mm', 'extrusion_width'], 11 | ['e_spacing', 'e_width - layer_height * (1 - PI / 4)', 'mm', 'extrusion spacing according to PrusaSlicer default settings'], 12 | ['num_perims', '4', '', 'number of perimeters'], 13 | ['num_tops_bottoms', '5', '', 'number of top and bottom layers'], 14 | ['m3_hole', '3.3', 'mm', 'M3 hole diameter'], 15 | ['m3_head', '5.8', 'mm', 'M3 screw ISO4762 head diameter'], 16 | ['m3_thread', '2.7', 'mm', 'M3 self threading hole diameter'], 17 | ['m3_hex_nut', '6.2', 'mm', 'M3 hex nut ISO4032 inscribed diameter'], 18 | ['m3_square_nut', '5.5', 'mm', 'M3 square nut DIN562 pocket width'], 19 | ['m5_hole', '5.3', 'mm', 'M5 hole diameter'], 20 | ['m5_head', '10', 'mm', 'M5 screw ISO4762 head diameter'], 21 | ['perims_width', 'floor(( e_width + ( num_perims - 1 ) * e_spacing ) * 100) / 100', 'mm', 'width of num_perims perimeters'], 22 | ['double_perims_width', 'floor(( e_width + ( num_perims * 2 - 1 ) * e_spacing ) * 100) / 100', 'mm', 'width of double number of num_perims perimeters'], 23 | ] 24 | 25 | def run(context): 26 | ui = None 27 | try: 28 | app = adsk.core.Application.get() 29 | ui = app.userInterface 30 | 31 | # Get the active design 32 | design = adsk.fusion.Design.cast(app.activeProduct) 33 | if not design: 34 | ui.messageBox('No active Fusion design') 35 | return 36 | 37 | # Maintain a list of parameters which couldn't be added 38 | skippedParameters = [] 39 | 40 | # Parse parameters one by one and add them to the active design 41 | userParameters = design.userParameters 42 | for parameter in paramsToAdd: 43 | print(parameter[0]) 44 | 45 | # Only add the parameter if it's new 46 | existingParameter = userParameters.itemByName(parameter[0]) 47 | if existingParameter is None: 48 | userParameters.add(parameter[0], adsk.core.ValueInput.createByString(parameter[1]), parameter[2], parameter[3]) 49 | else: 50 | skippedParameters.append(parameter[0]) 51 | 52 | # Display a message showing any parameters that pre-existed 53 | if len(skippedParameters): 54 | ui.messageBox('Parameters have been created successfully except {} which have been skipped as they existed already.'.format(skippedParameters)) 55 | else: 56 | ui.messageBox('Parameters have been created successfully') 57 | 58 | except: 59 | if ui: 60 | ui.messageBox('Failed:\n{}'.format(traceback.format_exc())) 61 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /mechanical/holes_thread_shaft.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Mechanical Cheat Sheet 2 | 3 | # Holes, Threads and Shaft 4 | 5 | ## Table of contents 6 | * [‥](../mechanical/README.md) 7 | * [Metric Threads](#metric-threads) 8 | * [Clearance Drill](#clearance-drill) 9 | * [Drill Speed](#drill-speed) 10 | * [Shaft and Hole Tolerances](#shaft-and-hole-tolerances) 11 | * [Sources](#sources) 12 | 13 | 14 | ## Metric Threads 15 | 16 | | Screw Size (mm) | Thread Pitch (mm) | Drill Size (mm) | 17 | |:---------------:|:-----------------:|:---------------:| 18 | | M1.5 | 0.35 | 1.15 | 19 | | M1.6 | 0.35 | 1.25 | 20 | | M1.8 | 0.35 | 1.45 | 21 | | M2 | 0.4 | 1.6 | 22 | | M2.2 | 0.45 | 1.75 | 23 | | M2.5 | 0.45 | 2.05 | 24 | | M3 | 0.5 | 2.5 | 25 | | M3.5 | 0.6 | 2.9 | 26 | | M4 | 0.7 | 3.3 | 27 | | M4.5 | 0.75 | 3.75 | 28 | | M5 | 0.8 | 4.2 | 29 | | M5.5 | 0.9 | 4.6 | 30 | | M6 | 1 | 5 | 31 | | M7 | 1 | 6 | 32 | | M8 | 1.25 | 6.8 | 33 | | M9 | 1.25 | 7.8 | 34 | | M10 | 1.5 | 8.5 | 35 | | M11 | 1.5 | 9.5 | 36 | | M12 | 1.75 | 10.3 | 37 | | M14 | 2 | 12.1 | 38 | | M18 | 2.5 | 15.5 | 39 | | M19 | 2.5 | 16.5 | 40 | | M20 | 2.5 | 17.5 | 41 | 42 | 43 | ## Clearance Drill 44 | 45 | | Screw Size (mm) | Close Fit Drill Size (mm) | Standard Fit Drill Size (mm) | 46 | |:---------------:|:-------------------------:|:----------------------------:| 47 | | M1.5 | 1.6 | 1.65 | 48 | | M1.6 | 1.7 | 1.75 | 49 | | M1.8 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 50 | | M2 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 51 | | M2.2 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 52 | | M2.5 | 2.65 | 2.75 | 53 | | M3 | 3.15 | 3.3 | 54 | | M3.5 | 3.7 | 3.85 | 55 | | M4 | 4.2 | 4.4 | 56 | | M4.5 | 4.75 | 5 | 57 | | M5 | 5.25 | 5.5 | 58 | | M5.5 | 5.8 | 6.1 | 59 | | M6 | 6.3 | 6.6 | 60 | | M7 | 7.4 | 7.7 | 61 | | M8 | 8.4 | 8.8 | 62 | | M9 | 9.5 | 9.9 | 63 | | M10 | 10.5 | 11 | 64 | | M11 | 11.6 | 12.1 | 65 | | M12 | 12.6 | 13.2 | 66 | | M14 | 14.75 | 15.5 | 67 | | M18 | 19 | 20 | 68 | | M19 | 20 | 21 | 69 | | M20 | 21 | 22 | 70 | 71 | 72 | ## Drill Speed 73 | 74 | 75 | ### Drill speed per material 76 | 77 | | Diameter (mm) | Softwood | Hardwood | Steel (tough) | Steel (mild) | Aluminum | Brass | Stainless Steel | Copper/Bronzes | 78 | |:--:|:--:|:--:|:--:|:--:|:--:|:--:|:--:|:--:| 79 | | 1 | 20690 | 15916 | 4775 | 7958 | 23873 | 12732 | 7958 | 9549 | 80 | | 2 | 10345 | 7958 | 2387 | 3979 | 11937 | 6366 | 3979 | 4775 | 81 | | 3 | 6897 | 5305 | 1592 | 2653 | 7958 | 4244 | 2653 | 3183 | 82 | | 4 | 5173 | 3979 | 1194 | 1989 | 5968 | 3183 | 1989 | 2387 | 83 | | 5 | 4138 | 3183 | 955 | 1592 | 4775 | 2546 | 1592 | 1910 | 84 | | 6 | 3448 | 2653 | 796 | 1326 | 3979 | 2122 | 1326 | 1592 | 85 | | 7 | 2956 | 2274 | 682 | 1137 | 3410 | 1819 | 1137 | 1364 | 86 | | 8 | 2586 | 1989 | 597 | 995 | 2984 | 1592 | 995 | 1194 | 87 | | 9 | 2299 | 1768 | 531 | 884 | 2653 | 1415 | 884 | 1061 | 88 | | 10 | 2069 | 1592 | 477 | 796 | 2387 | 1273 | 796 | 955 | 89 | | 12 | 1724 | 1326 | 398 | 663 | 1989 | 1061 | 663 | 796 | 90 | | 14 | 1478 | 1137 | 341 | 568 | 1705 | 909 | 568 | 682 | 91 | | 18 | 1149 | 884 | 265 | 442 | 1326 | 707 | 442 | 531 | 92 | | 20 | 1035 | 796 | 239 | 398 | 1194 | 637 | 398 | 477 | 93 | 94 | unit : rotation/min 95 | 96 | 97 | ### Common Cutting Speed 98 | 99 | | Material | Cutting speed (m/min) 100 | |:--:|:--:| 101 | | Softwood | 65 | 102 | | Hardwood | 50 | 103 | | Steel (tough) | 15 | 104 | | Steel (mild) | 25 | 105 | | Aluminum | 75 | 106 | | Brass | 40 | 107 | | Stainless Steel | 25 | 108 | | Copper/Bronzes | 30 | 109 | 110 | 111 | ### Formula 112 | n = 1000 * Vc / ( pi * d ) 113 | 114 | Where:\ 115 | n = Rotational Speed of the Main Spindle (rotation/min)\ 116 | Vc = Cutting speed, depends on material, see table bellow (m/min)\ 117 | d = drill diameter (mm)\ 118 | 119 | 120 | ## Shaft and Hole Tolerances 121 | 122 | Table of ISO tolerances of most common classes for 6 to 10mm shafts/holes 123 | 124 | | Hole class | Hole
min / max | Shaft
min / max | Shaft class | 125 | |:-----:|:---:|:---:|:---:| 126 | | F7 | 0.0130 / 0.0280 | -0.0280 / -0.0130 | f7 | 127 | | F6 | 0.0130 / 0.0220 | -0.0220 / -0.0130 | f6 | 128 | | G7 | 0.0050 / 0.0200 | -0.0200 / -0.0050 | g7 | 129 | | G6 | 0.0050 / 0.0140 | -0.0140 / -0.0050 | g6 | 130 | | H7 | 0.0000 / 0.0150 | -0.0150 / 0.0000 | h7 | 131 | | H6 | 0.0000 / 0.0090 | -0.0090 / 0.0000 | h6 | 132 | | H5 | 0.0000 / 0.0060 | -0.0060 / 0.0000 | h5 | 133 | 134 | More here : http://theoreticalmachinist.com/IsoTolZoneCalc 135 | 136 | 137 | ## Sources 138 | 139 | * [Metric Tap & Clearance Drill Sizes](https://littlemachineshop.com/reference/TapDrillSizes.pdf) 140 | * [Le B.A.-BA à l’atelier - EPFL](https://sti-ateliers.epfl.ch/files/content/sites/sti-ateliers/files/atmx/documents/LeB.A-BAatelier.pdf) 141 | * [MacMaster-Carr](https://www.mcmaster.com) 142 | * Tolerances and fits : http://theoreticalmachinist.com/IsoTolZoneCalc and http://www.amesweb.info/FitTolerance/FitTolerance.aspx 143 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /3d_printing/techniques.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # 3D Printing Cheat Sheet 2 | 3 | # Techniques 4 | 5 | ## Table of contents 6 | * [‥](../3d_printing/README.md) 7 | * [Selective Infill](#selective-infill) 8 | * [Clean Vertical Hole](#clean-vertical-hole) 9 | * [Sharp Angle](#sharp-angle) 10 | * [Mid-Air Hole](#mid-air-hole) 11 | * [SCAD to STEP Conversion](#scad-to-step-conversion) 12 | * [Sanding](#sanding) 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | ## Selective Infill 17 | 18 | Selective infill is a technique used to create stronger 3D printed parts. It consists of creating a hole in the middle of the infill, like this the slicer will create perimeters around this hole. It will also add top and bottoms layers for this hole. 19 | 20 | Placed correctly, a selective infill can double the perimeters or top/bottom layers. To achieve this you need to know how thick are the bottom/top layers, how wide are the perimeters and what is the minimum size of hole you can apply. 21 | 22 | ![Selective Infill Example](img/selective_infill_example.jpg) 23 | 24 | I first saw similar technique in Prusa OpenSCAD files and recently in an interesting article from [Adrian Bowyer](https://reprapltd.com/fibre/). 25 | 26 | ### Min hole size 27 | 28 | Slic3r and PrusaSlicer will consider a hole smaller or equal to 0.10mm x 0.10mm as a defect in the STL and will ignore it. I then usually use the value 0.101x0.101mm as the minimum hole size for selective infill. You can also use bigger holes. 29 | 30 | ### Perimeters width 31 | 32 | The perimeters are overlapping each others so you need to take this overlap into account. Slic3r documentation explains how to calculate the overlap here: [manual.slic3r.org/advanced/flow-math#spacing-paths](https://manual.slic3r.org/advanced/flow-math#spacing-paths) 33 | 34 | Note: No overlap is applied for bridging but this will be very rarely useful when doing selective infill. 35 | 36 | | Parameter | Formula | Value Example | 37 | |:------------------:|:-------:|:-----:| 38 | | extrusion_width | | 0.45mm | 39 | | layer_height | | 0.20mm | 40 | | num_perimeters | | 4 | 41 | | extrusion_spacing | extrusion_width - layer_height * (1 - π/4) | 0.4071mm | 42 | | perimeters_width | extrusion_width + (num_perimeters-1) * extrusion_spacing | 1.67mm | 43 | 44 | ### Tops and bottoms thickness 45 | 46 | | Parameter | Formula | Value Example | 47 | |:----------------------:|:-------:|:-----:| 48 | | layer_height | | 0.20mm | 49 | | num_top_bottom | | 5 | 50 | | top_bottom_thickness | num_top_bottom * layer_height | 1mm | 51 | 52 | 53 | 54 | ## Clean Vertical Hole 55 | 56 | Used to put more space on top of a vertical hole and avoid clean-up after printing. I first found this technique in Prusa OpenScad files but I have defined my own method to achieve a good result. 57 | 58 | ![Clean Vertical Hole Diagram](img/hole_cleaning_diagram.png) 59 | 60 | Where 61 | * h = layer height 62 | * a = 30° 63 | * w = if the hole is too small, w will be equal or lower than 0. In this case I recommend to make the angle 'a' more vertical. 64 | 65 | For holes smaller than 3mm diameter I make a simple triangle (no flat on top) with those values: 66 | * h >= layer height 67 | * a >= 30° 68 | * w = 0 69 | 70 | 71 | 72 | ## Sharp Angle 73 | 74 | When printing angles the filament takes a small short-cut resulting in a rounded angles. After several tests with PETG, I found that this geometry creates better squared corners. Might need some adaptation for other type of filaments. 75 | 76 | ![Perfect Angle Diagram](img/perfect_angle.png) 77 | 78 | Where 79 | * e = extrusion width 80 | * a = angle (45° for a printed angle of 90°) 81 | 82 | 83 | 84 | ## Mid-Air hole 85 | 86 | This techniques allows to print a hole in mid-air without support or post-processing. The principle of this technique is to force the slicer to make bridging to support the hole. 87 | 88 | The images bellow shows you how to design this technique in CAD step by step (the red surface will be touching the bed in the slicer). Every steps correspond to your layer height. The last step where I add the chamfers is not mandatory but improves the print quality (I am using 0.3mm 45° chamfer for 0.2mm layer height): 89 | 90 | ![Mid-air hole CAD](img/mid_air_hole_01.jpg) 91 | 92 | To better understand how it works, the images bellow shows you what you will see on the slicer: 93 | 94 | ![Mid-air hole slicer](img/mid_air_hole_02.jpg) 95 | 96 | You can download this part if you want to test yourself: [STEP File](files/mid_air_hole.step) or [STL File](files/mid_air_hole.stl) 97 | 98 | This technique is also explained with the excellent video of Adam from Vector 3D: [youtube.com/watch?v=IVtqAn4oDDE](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IVtqAn4oDDE) 99 | 100 | 101 | 102 | ## SCAD to STEP Conversion 103 | 104 | Tutorial to convert OpenSCAD files to STEP files using FreeCAD 105 | 106 | https://forum.lulzbot.com/viewtopic.php?t=243 107 | 108 | 109 | 110 | ## Sanding 111 | 112 | To get smooth surface from a 3D print 113 | 114 | Thanks to JKSniper for this technique : https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:2307550 and https://youtu.be/0vgynnYzo08 115 | 116 | ### Material 117 | * Sandpaper 200, 500 and 800 118 | * Spray filler 119 | * Spray paint (acrylic), glossy or matt 120 | * Bowl big enough to put your part in 121 | * Water (in the bowl) 122 | 123 | ### Steps 124 | 1. Sand as much as you can the edges using 200 sandpaper. Regularly put the sandpaper in water. At the end, surface should be smooth and even 125 | 1. Clean the part and dry it carefully 126 | 1. Mount the part in a way that you can spray all around 127 | 1. Spray with filler and let dry. Depending on the first sanding, apply one or more layers 128 | 1. Sand using firs 500 and then 800 sandpaper until it is smooth everywhere. Regularly put the sandpaper in water. 129 | 1. Clean, rinse carefully the part and let it dry 130 | 1. Spray the acrylic paint 131 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /3d_printing/calculators.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # 3D Printing Cheat Sheet 2 | 3 | # Calculators 4 | 5 | 6 | ## Table of contents 7 | * [‥](../3d_printing/README.md) 8 | * [Perimeters Width](#perimeters-width) 9 | * [Extrusion Multiplier](#extrusion-multiplier) 10 | * [Extruder steps/mm](#extruder-stepsmm) 11 | * [Part Scaling](#part-scaling) 12 | * [Pulley Diameters](#pulley-diameters) 13 | * [Resources](#resources) 14 | 15 | 16 | ## Perimeters Width 17 | 18 | In Slic3r and PrusaSlicer, the perimeters are overlapping each others while being printed (two perimeters of 0.45mm extrusion width will be 0.86mm and not 0.90mm). More information here: [Slic3r Flow Math][slic3r_flow_math] and [PrusaSlicer Layers and Perimeters][prusaslicer_layers_perimeters]. 19 | 20 | ![\textit{extrusion spacing}=w-h(1-\frac{\pi}{4})](img/formula_extrusion_spacing_01.png) 21 | ![\textit{perimeters width}=w+\textit{extrusion spacing} \cdot (N-1)](img/formula_perimeters_width_01.png) 22 | 23 | Where: 24 | | variable | description | unit | 25 | |:---------|:------------|:-----:| 26 | | *w* | extrusion width (eg. 0.45mm) | mm | 27 | | *h* | layer height (eg. 0.20mm) | mm | 28 | | *N* | number of perimeters | | 29 | | *extrusion spacing* | spacing between extrusions with overlapping | mm | 30 | | *perimeters width* | width of perimeters as printed in Slic3r or PrusaSlicer | mm | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | ## Extrusion Multiplier 35 | 36 | ![\textit{extrusion multiplier}=\frac{\textit{original extrusion multiplier} \cdot \textit{extrusion width}}{\textit{perimeter thickness}}](img/formula_extrusion_multiplier_01.png) 37 | 38 | Where: 39 | | variable | description | unit | 40 | |:---------|:------------|:-----:| 41 | | *extrusion multiplier* | extrusion multiplier adjusted | | 42 | | *original extrusion multiplier* | original extrusion multiplier set in your slicer | | 43 | | *extrusion width* | extrusion width set in your slice (0.45mm if you are using a 0.4mm nozzle and PrusaSlicer) | mm | 44 | | *perimeter thickness* | measured perimeter thickness (average of measured perimeters thickness if you measure more than one) | mm | 45 | 46 | More information here: [Extrusion multiplier calibration guide][extrusion_multiplier_calibration_guide] 47 | 48 | 49 | 50 | ## Extruder steps/mm 51 | 52 | ![\textit{steps per mm}=\frac{\textit{motor steps} \cdot \mathit{\mu step} \cdot \textit{gear ratio}}{\textit{hobb dia} \cdot \pi}](img/formula_steps_per_mm_01.png) 53 | 54 | Where: 55 | | variable | description | unit | 56 | |:---------|:------------|:-----:| 57 | | *steps per mm* | number of extruder steps for one full rotation | | 58 | | *motor steps* | number of step for one full rotation of the motor. In general, 200 for 1.8° motor and 400 for 0.9° motor | | 59 | | *μstep* | micro stepping configured in the 3D printer firmware (eg. 16, 32, 64...) | | 60 | | *gear ratio* | gear ratio (eg. 3:1) | | 61 | | *hobb dia* | effective hobb gear diameter | mm | 62 | 63 | Example: 64 | 65 | For an 1.8° stepper, 16 micro-stepping configuration, a gear ratio of 50:17 and Bondtech 1.75/5.0 drive gears: 66 | ![\textit{steps per mm}=\frac{200 \cdot 16 \cdot ^{50}/_{17}}{7.22 \cdot \pi}=414.94 \Rightarrow 415](img/formula_steps_per_mm_01_example_01.png) 67 | 68 | 69 | 70 | ## Part Scaling 71 | 72 | As the printed parts are printed warm and then cooldown to room temperature they will shrink in size. The shrinkage depends on the thermal expansion coefficient of the filament material used. Note that filament additives can change the thermal expansion factor of your material. 73 | 74 | 75 | ### Slicer scaling factor 76 | 77 | To calculate the scale percentage to use in your slicer to account for shrinkage. 78 | 79 | ![s=100(1+ \alpha \cdot \Delta_t)](img/formula_scale_factor_01.png) 80 | 81 | Where: 82 | | variable | description | unit | 83 | |:---------|:------------|:-----:| 84 | | *s* | percentage to scale your print part in your slicer | % | 85 | | *α* | filament material thermal expansion coefficient (see [table bellow][cte_table]) | m/mK | 86 | | *Δt* | difference between the bed temperature and the room temperature | | 87 | 88 | Example: 89 | 90 | For a PETG part with a bed at 85°C and room temperature at 25°C: 91 | ![\textit{scale factor}=100(1+60 \cdot 10^{-6} \cdot (85-25))=100.36%](img/formula_scale_factor_01_example_01.png) 92 | This means if you print a part who is 50mm long (in CAD) and want to have it at 50mm in reality, then you have to scale your part by 100.36%. 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | ### Slicer scaling factor from one material to another 97 | 98 | To calculate the scale percentage to use in your slicer if a printed part has been design specifically for a material and will need to be printed in another material. For example, a precise mechanical part designed for PETG that you want to print in ABS. 99 | 100 | ![s_p=100 \cdot \frac{(1+ \alpha_p \cdot \Delta_{tp})}{(1+ \alpha_o \cdot \Delta_{to})}](img/formula_scale_factor_diff_material_01.png) 101 | 102 | Where: 103 | | variable | description | unit | 104 | |:---------|:------------|:-----:| 105 | | *sp* | percentage to scale your print part in your slicer for a different material than used by the designer | % | 106 | | *αo* | thermal expansion coefficient of the original filament material used by the designer (see [table bellow][cte_table]) | m/mK | 107 | | *αp* | thermal expansion coefficient of the filament material used to print your part (see [table bellow][cte_table]) | m/mK | 108 | | *Δto* | difference between the bed temperature and the room temperature of the original filament material used by the designer | | 109 | | *Δtp* | difference between the bed temperature and the room temperature of the filament material used to print your part | | 110 | 111 | Example: 112 | 113 | For a printed part designed to be printed for PETG that you will print in ABS: 114 | PETG values: *αo=60 · 10-6 m/mK, bed temperature=85°C, room temperature=25°C* 115 | ABS values: *αo=90 · 10-6 m/mK, bed temperature=110°C, room temperature=25°C* 116 | ![s_p=100 \cdot \frac{(1+90 \cdot 10^{-6} \cdot (110-25))}{(1+60 \cdot 10^{-6} \cdot (85-25))}=100.40%](img/formula_scale_factor_diff_material_01_example_01.png) 117 | This means that the original part designed for PETG needs to be scaled by 100.40% to be printed with ABS. 118 | 119 | ### Printed part size 120 | 121 | To calculate a dimension after printing and cooldown. 122 | 123 | ![L_2=\frac{L_1}{1+ \alpha \cdot \Delta_t}](img/formula_part_size_01.png) 124 | 125 | Where: 126 | | variable | description | unit | 127 | |:---------|:------------|:-----:| 128 | | *L1* | length in CAD or slicer (before printing) | mm | 129 | | *L2* | length after printing and cooldown | mm | 130 | | *α* | filament material thermal expansion coefficient (see [table bellow][cte_table]) | m/mK | 131 | | *Δt* | difference between the bed temperature and the room temperature | | 132 | 133 | Example: 134 | 135 | For a PETG part with a width of 50mm, bed at 85°C and room temperature at 25°C: 136 | ![L_2=\frac{50}{1+60\cdot10^{-6} \cdot (85-25)}=49.82mm](img/formula_part_size_01_example_01.png) 137 | 138 | 139 | ### Common coefficients of linear thermal expansion 140 | 141 | | material | *α* | source | 142 | |:---------|:----------|:-------| 143 | | ABS | 72 to 110 · 10-6 m/mK | [1][cte_abs01], [2][cte_common01], [3][cte_common02] | 144 | | ASA | 60 to 110 · 10-6 m/mK | [1][cte_common02] | 145 | | PC | 65 to 70 · 10-6 m/mK | [1][cte_pc01], [2][cte_common02] | 146 | | PETG | 51 to 68 · 10-6 m/mK | [1][cte_petg01], [2][cte_petg02], [3][cte_petg03] | 147 | | PLA (4043D) | 41 to 68 · 10-6 m/mK | [1][cte_pla01], [2][cte_pla02], [3][cte_common02] | 148 | 149 | 150 | ## Pulley Diameters 151 | 152 | Calculations for Gates 2GT and GT3 pulleys. More details here: [Timing Belt and Pulley](../mechanical/timing_belt_pulley.md) 153 | 154 | ![Belt and Pulley Glossary](img/belt_pulley_glossary_01.png) 155 | 156 | ![pd = \frac{P \cdot N}{\pi}](img/formula_pulley_pitch_dia_01.png) 157 | ![od = pd - 2 \cdot U](img/formula_pulley_out_dia_01.png) 158 | 159 | Where: 160 | | variable | description | unit | 161 | |:---------|:------------|:-----:| 162 | | pd | pitch diameter | mm | 163 | | P | belt pitch | mm | 164 | | N | number of pulley teeth | | 165 | | od | pulley outside diameter | mm | 166 | | U | Distance from pitch line to belt tooth bottom.
- U = 0.254mm for 2GT and GT2/3 2mm pitch belts
- U = 0.381mm for 3GT and GT2/3 3mm pitch belts | mm | 167 | 168 | Example: 169 | 170 | For a GT3 2mm pitch belt and 20T pulley: 171 | ![pd = \frac{2 \cdot 20}{\pi} = 12.732mm](img/formula_pulley_pitch_dia_01_example_01.png) 172 | ![od = 12.732 - 2 \cdot 0.254 = 12.224mm](img/formula_pulley_out_dia_01_example_01.png) 173 | 174 | 175 | ## Resources 176 | 177 | Resources used for those calculations: 178 | 179 | * Monard, J.-A. (1994). *Tome IV Chaleur*. Centrale d'Achats de la Ville de Bienne 180 | * Belt and pulleys: https://www.sdp-si.com/PDFS/Technical-Section-Timing.pdf 181 | * The formulas are generated by https://latex.codecogs.com/ 182 | * [Slic3r Flow Math][slic3r_flow_math] 183 | * [PrusaSlicer Perimeters and Layers][prusaslicer_layers_perimeters] 184 | 185 | 186 | [cte_table]: #common-coefficients-of-linear-thermal-expansion 187 | 188 | [slic3r_flow_math]: https://manual.slic3r.org/advanced/flow-math 189 | [prusaslicer_layers_perimeters]: https://help.prusa3d.com/en/article/layers-and-perimeters_1748 190 | 191 | [extrusion_multiplier_calibration_guide]: https://guides.bear-lab.com/Guide/Extrusion+multiplier+and+filament+diameter/8?lang=e 192 | 193 | [cte_abs01]: https://www.sd3d.com/portfolio/abs/ 194 | [cte_pc01]: https://xometry.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Polycarbonate.pdf 195 | [cte_petg01]: https://www.sd3d.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/MaterialTDS-PETG_01.pdf 196 | [cte_petg02]: https://devel.lulzbot.com/filament/Rigid_Ink/PETG%20DATA%20SHEET.pdf 197 | [cte_petg03]: https://github.com/prusa3d/Original-Prusa-MINI/blob/master/DOCUMENTATION/PRINT%20SETTINGS/recommended%20print%20settings%20for%20Original%20Prusa%20MINI.md 198 | [cte_pla01]: https://xometry.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/PLA.pdf 199 | [cte_pla02]: https://www.sd3d.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/MaterialTDS-PLA_01.pdf 200 | [cte_common01]: https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/linear-expansion-coefficients-d_95.html 201 | [cte_common02]: https://www.cosineadditive.com/en/materials 202 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /3d_printing/files/mid_air_hole.step: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | ISO-10303-21; 2 | HEADER; 3 | /* Generated by software containing ST-Developer 4 | * from STEP Tools, Inc. 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