├── Chengdu_v2
    ├── css
    │   └── style.css
    ├── images
    │   ├── app.png
    │   ├── enough.png
    │   ├── flask.jpg
    │   ├── four.jpg
    │   ├── timetravel0.png
    │   ├── timetravel1.png
    │   ├── timetravel2.png
    │   ├── vs-raw.png
    │   ├── vs.png
    │   └── wechat.png
    ├── index.html
    └── js
    │   └── remark.min.js
├── README.md
└── Shanghai_v1
    ├── audios
        ├── django.mp3
        ├── jinja.mp3
        ├── werkzeug-backup.mp3
        └── werkzeug.mp3
    ├── css
        └── style.css
    ├── images
        ├── big-hole.jpg
        ├── big-hole2.jpg
        ├── black-hole.jpg
        ├── enough.png
        ├── flask.png
        ├── four.jpg
        ├── hole.jpg
        ├── push.jpg
        ├── real-flask.png
        ├── small-hole.jpg
        └── wechat.png
    ├── index.html
    └── js
        └── remark.min.js


/Chengdu_v2/css/style.css:
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  1 | body {
  2 |     font-family: Arial, Calibri, "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif;
  3 | }
  4 | 
  5 | h1, h2, h3 {
  6 |     font-weight: bold;
  7 |     margin-bottom: 0;
  8 | }
  9 | 
 10 | li {
 11 |     margin-block-start: 0.5em;
 12 |     margin-block-end: 0.5em;
 13 |     margin-inline-start: 0px;
 14 |     margin-inline-end: 0px;
 15 | }
 16 | 
 17 | .inverse {
 18 |     background: #272822;
 19 |     color: #777872;
 20 |     text-shadow: 0 0 20px #333;
 21 | }
 22 | .inverse h1, .inverse h2 {
 23 |     color: #f3f3f3;
 24 | }
 25 | 
 26 | .inverse-lite {
 27 |     background: #999;
 28 |     color: #777872;
 29 | }
 30 | .inverse-lite h1, .inverse-lite h2 {
 31 |     color: #f3f3f3;
 32 | }
 33 | 
 34 | .footnote {
 35 |     position: absolute;
 36 |     bottom: 1em;
 37 |     font-size: small;
 38 | }
 39 | 
 40 | .remark-code, .remark-inline-code { font-family: Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; }
 41 | .remark-slide-content {font-size: 22px;}
 42 | 
 43 | .corner-ribbon{
 44 |     width: 200px;
 45 |     background: #e43;
 46 |     position: absolute;
 47 |     top: 25px;
 48 |     left: -50px;
 49 |     text-align: center;
 50 |     line-height: 50px;
 51 |     letter-spacing: 1px;
 52 |     color: #ffffff;
 53 |     transform: rotate(-45deg);
 54 |     -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg);
 55 | }
 56 | 
 57 | /* Custom styles */
 58 | 
 59 | .corner-ribbon.sticky{
 60 |     position: fixed;
 61 | }
 62 | 
 63 | .corner-ribbon.shadow{
 64 |     box-shadow: 0 0 3px rgba(0,0,0,.3);
 65 | }
 66 | 
 67 | /* Different positions */
 68 | 
 69 | .corner-ribbon.top-left{
 70 |     top: 25px;
 71 |     left: -50px;
 72 |     transform: rotate(-45deg);
 73 |     -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg);
 74 | }
 75 | 
 76 | .corner-ribbon.top-right{
 77 |     top: 25px;
 78 |     right: -50px;
 79 |     left: auto;
 80 |     transform: rotate(45deg);
 81 |     -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg);
 82 | }
 83 | 
 84 | .corner-ribbon.bottom-left{
 85 | top: auto;
 86 | bottom: 25px;
 87 | left: -50px;
 88 | transform: rotate(45deg);
 89 | -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg);
 90 | }
 91 | 
 92 | .corner-ribbon.bottom-right{
 93 | top: auto;
 94 | right: -50px;
 95 | bottom: 25px;
 96 | left: auto;
 97 | transform: rotate(-45deg);
 98 | -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg);
 99 | }
100 | 
101 | /* Colors */
102 | 
103 | .white{background: #f0f0f0; color: #555;}
104 | .black{background: #333;}
105 | .grey{background: #999;}
106 | .blue{background: #39d;}
107 | .green{background: #2c7;}
108 | .turquoise{background: #1b9;}
109 | .purple{background: #95b;}
110 | .red{background: #e43;}
111 | .orange{background: #e82;}
112 | .yellow{background: #ec0;}
113 | 
114 | 
115 | .framed {
116 |     border: 3px solid black;
117 |     padding: 10px;
118 |     margin-top: 15px;
119 | }
120 | 
121 | .blur {
122 |    color: transparent;
123 |    text-shadow: 0 0 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);
124 | }


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/Chengdu_v2/images/app.png:
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https://raw.githubusercontent.com/greyli/pyconchina2019-api/41d45bea6fd6ce162309ce4fe84df95908b66654/Chengdu_v2/images/app.png


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/Chengdu_v2/images/enough.png:
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https://raw.githubusercontent.com/greyli/pyconchina2019-api/41d45bea6fd6ce162309ce4fe84df95908b66654/Chengdu_v2/images/enough.png


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/Chengdu_v2/images/flask.jpg:
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https://raw.githubusercontent.com/greyli/pyconchina2019-api/41d45bea6fd6ce162309ce4fe84df95908b66654/Chengdu_v2/images/flask.jpg


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/Chengdu_v2/images/four.jpg:
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https://raw.githubusercontent.com/greyli/pyconchina2019-api/41d45bea6fd6ce162309ce4fe84df95908b66654/Chengdu_v2/images/four.jpg


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/Chengdu_v2/images/timetravel0.png:
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https://raw.githubusercontent.com/greyli/pyconchina2019-api/41d45bea6fd6ce162309ce4fe84df95908b66654/Chengdu_v2/images/timetravel0.png


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/Chengdu_v2/images/timetravel1.png:
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https://raw.githubusercontent.com/greyli/pyconchina2019-api/41d45bea6fd6ce162309ce4fe84df95908b66654/Chengdu_v2/images/timetravel1.png


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/Chengdu_v2/images/timetravel2.png:
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https://raw.githubusercontent.com/greyli/pyconchina2019-api/41d45bea6fd6ce162309ce4fe84df95908b66654/Chengdu_v2/images/timetravel2.png


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/Chengdu_v2/images/vs-raw.png:
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https://raw.githubusercontent.com/greyli/pyconchina2019-api/41d45bea6fd6ce162309ce4fe84df95908b66654/Chengdu_v2/images/vs-raw.png


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/Chengdu_v2/images/vs.png:
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https://raw.githubusercontent.com/greyli/pyconchina2019-api/41d45bea6fd6ce162309ce4fe84df95908b66654/Chengdu_v2/images/vs.png


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/Chengdu_v2/images/wechat.png:
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https://raw.githubusercontent.com/greyli/pyconchina2019-api/41d45bea6fd6ce162309ce4fe84df95908b66654/Chengdu_v2/images/wechat.png


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/Chengdu_v2/index.html:
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   1 | <!DOCTYPE html>
   2 | <html>
   3 |   <head>
   4 |     <title>基于 Flask 的 Web API 开发指南 v2.0 - PyCon China 2019 成都</title>
   5 |     <meta charset="utf-8">
   6 | 
   7 |     <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./css/style.css">
   8 | 
   9 |     <script>
  10 |         var nan = function() {
  11 |             document.getElementById("blink").innerHTML="南";
  12 |         } 
  13 |         var bei = function() {
  14 |             document.getElementById("blink").innerHTML="北";
  15 |             setTimeout(nan, 150)
  16 |         }   
  17 |         setInterval(bei, 2000);
  18 |     </script>
  19 |   </head>
  20 |   <body>
  21 | 
  22 |     <textarea id="source">
  23 | 
  24 | class: center, middle, title
  25 | 
  26 | <h1>基于 Flask 的 Web API 开发指<span id="blink">南</span> <div class="corner-ribbon top-right sticky orange">v2.0</div></h1>
  27 | 
  28 | 李辉（Grey Li） 🐍 PyCon China 2019 成都
  29 | 
  30 | ---
  31 | 
  32 | ## 李辉 / Grey Li
  33 | 
  34 | <img src="./images/four.jpg" width="200px">
  35 | 
  36 | - 野生程序员
  37 | - [Flask](https://github.com/pallets/flask) 维护者之一
  38 | - 《[Flask Web 开发实战](http://helloflask.com/book/)》作者
  39 | - [HelloFlask](http://helloflask.com) 管理员
  40 | - 个人网站 [greyli.com](http://greyli.com)
  41 | 
  42 | ---
  43 | class: center, middle
  44 | 
  45 | # 听众调查时间 📃
  46 | 
  47 | ---
  48 | 
  49 | class: center, middle, inverse
  50 | 
  51 | ## 四分钟入门 Flask 和 Web API 开发
  52 | 
  53 | ---
  54 | 
  55 | ## 一分钟认识 Flask
  56 | 
  57 | .footnote[https://palletsprojects.com/p/flask/]
  58 | 
  59 | --
  60 | 
  61 | - 短定义：一个 Python Web 微框架
  62 | 
  63 | --
  64 | 
  65 | - 长定义：一个主要基于 Werkzeug 和 Jinja 的轻量 WSGI Web 程序框架
  66 | 
  67 | --
  68 | 
  69 | - 无术语：一个帮助你更方便开发 Web 程序/动态网站的工具，只内置了一些基础功能，其他的功能都要通过扩展来实现
  70 | 
  71 | --
  72 | 
  73 | - 列表：
  74 |     - Web 微框架（Web development, one drop at a time）
  75 |     - 微核心（Werkzeug + Jinja2）+易于扩展（第三方扩展）
  76 |     - 自由灵活，更 Pythonic
  77 | 
  78 | --
  79 | 
  80 | - 图： 
  81 | 
  82 | .center[<img src="./images/flask.jpg" height="80px">]
  83 | 
  84 | ---
  85 | 
  86 | ## 一分钟入门 Flask 开发
  87 | 
  88 | install
  89 | ```bash
  90 | $ pip install flask
  91 | ```
  92 | 
  93 | --
  94 | 
  95 | code
  96 | ```python
  97 | # app.py
  98 | from flask import Flask
  99 | app = Flask(__name__)
 100 | 
 101 | @app.route('/')
 102 | def hello():
 103 |     return 'Hello, <a href="https://cn.pycon.org">PyCon China</a>!'
 104 | ```
 105 | 
 106 | --
 107 | 
 108 | run
 109 | ```bash
 110 | $ flask run
 111 |  ...
 112 |  * Running on http://127.0.0.1:5000/ (Press CTRL+C to quit)
 113 | ```
 114 | 
 115 | ---
 116 | 
 117 | <img src="./images/app.png" width="700px">
 118 | 
 119 | ---
 120 | 
 121 | ## 一分钟认识 Web API
 122 | 
 123 | --
 124 | 
 125 | - 短定义：JSON/XML over HTTP
 126 | 
 127 | --
 128 | 
 129 | - 长定义：可以使用 HTTP 协议进行访问，返回 XML 或 JSON 格式数据的 API
 130 | 
 131 | --
 132 | 
 133 | - 无术语：给机器/程序使用，通过网络访问，返回 JSON 或 XML 格式纯数据的接口。
 134 | 
 135 | --
 136 | 
 137 | - 列表：
 138 |     - 可以使用 HTTP 访问的 URL 数据集合
 139 |     - 返回 JSON 或 XML 格式的纯数据
 140 |     - 使用 URL 描述数据
 141 |     - 使用不同的 HTTP 方法表示不同的操作
 142 | 
 143 | --
 144 | 
 145 | - 图：<img src="./images/api-fake.png">
 146 | 
 147 | ---
 148 | 
 149 | <img src="./images/vs.png" height="580px">
 150 | 
 151 | ---
 152 | 
 153 | ## 一分钟入门 Web API 开发
 154 | 
 155 | code
 156 | ```python
 157 | # app.py
 158 | from flask import Flask
 159 | app = Flask(__name__)
 160 | 
 161 | @app.route('/')
 162 | def hello():
 163 |     return {
 164 |         'message': 'Hello, PyCon China!',
 165 |         'url': 'https://cn.pycon.org'
 166 |     }
 167 | ```
 168 | 
 169 | run
 170 | ```bash
 171 | $ flask run
 172 |  ...
 173 |  * Running on http://127.0.0.1:5000/ (Press CTRL+C to quit)
 174 | ```
 175 | 
 176 | ---
 177 | 
 178 | ## 一分钟入门 Web API 开发
 179 | 
 180 | code
 181 | ```python
 182 | # app.py
 183 | from flask import Flask
 184 | app = Flask(__name__)
 185 | 
 186 | @app.route('/')
 187 | def hello():
 188 | *   return {
 189 | *       'message': 'Hello, PyCon China!',
 190 | *       'url': 'https://cn.pycon.org'
 191 | *   }
 192 | ```
 193 | 
 194 | run
 195 | ```bash
 196 | $ flask run
 197 |  ...
 198 |  * Running on http://127.0.0.1:5000/ (Press CTRL+C to quit)
 199 | ```
 200 | 
 201 | ---
 202 | 
 203 | ## 一分钟入门 Web API 开发
 204 | 
 205 | install [HTTPie](https://httpie.org/)
 206 | ```bash
 207 | $ pip install httpie
 208 | ```
 209 | 
 210 | test
 211 | ```bash
 212 | $ http get :5000
 213 | HTTP/1.0 200 OK
 214 | Content-Length: 54
 215 | Content-Type: application/json
 216 | Date: Tue, 17 Sep 2019 01:10:24 GMT
 217 | Server: Werkzeug/0.15.6 Python/3.6.8
 218 | 
 219 | {
 220 |     "message": "Hello, PyCon China!",
 221 |     "url": "https://cn.pycon.org"
 222 | }
 223 | ```
 224 | 
 225 | ---
 226 | 
 227 | ## 一分钟入门 Web API 开发
 228 | 
 229 | install [HTTPie](https://httpie.org/)
 230 | ```bash
 231 | $ pip install httpie
 232 | ```
 233 | 
 234 | test
 235 | ```bash
 236 | $ http get :5000
 237 | HTTP/1.0 200 OK
 238 | Content-Length: 54
 239 | *Content-Type: application/json
 240 | Date: Tue, 17 Sep 2019 01:10:24 GMT
 241 | Server: Werkzeug/0.15.6 Python/3.6.8
 242 | 
 243 | *{
 244 | *   "message": "Hello, PyCon China!",
 245 | *   "url": "https://cn.pycon.org"
 246 | *}
 247 | ```
 248 | 
 249 | ---
 250 | 
 251 | ## 参加 PyCon China 的收获 +1
 252 | 
 253 | <div class="framed">
 254 | 
 255 | <h3 class="blur">李明明 后端工程师</h3>
 256 | 
 257 | <h4 class="blur">编程技能</h4>
 258 | 
 259 | <ul class="blur">
 260 |     <li>- 精通 Python、PHP、Java 等语言</li>
 261 |     <li>- 写过操作系统和编译器</li>
 262 |     <li>- 有亿万级高并发项目开发经验</li>
 263 |     <li>- 不用鼠标，不用 IDE，不用 Windows</li>
 264 | </ul>
 265 | <p>
 266 | <span style="background: #bef5cb; padding: 10px"> +</span><span style="background: #cdffd8; padding: 10px 20px">- 了解 Flask 框架和 Web API</span>
 267 | </p>
 268 | <p>
 269 | 
 270 | <span style="background: #bef5cb; padding: 10px"> +</span><span style="background: #cdffd8; padding: 10px 20px">- 能够使用 Flask 进行 Web API 开发</span>
 271 | 
 272 | </p>
 273 | </div>
 274 | 
 275 | ---
 276 | class: middle, center, inverse
 277 | 
 278 | # Web API 术语梳理
 279 | 
 280 | ---
 281 | 
 282 | class: middle
 283 | 
 284 | ### Flask 使用 cookie 而不是 session 存储 session 信息。在处理 cookie 的时候，Flask 会把存储到 session 的 session 信息加密后放到 session cookie 里。🤔
 285 | 
 286 | ---
 287 | 
 288 | ## session 四重奏
 289 | 
 290 | 1. 用户会话（常规语境）
 291 | 2. 在服务器端存储用户会话的认证实现方法（用户认证语境）
 292 | 3. Flask 提供的全局变量的名字（Flask 语境）
 293 | 4. 一块 Cookie 的键（Flask 实现用户认证语境）
 294 | 
 295 | --
 296 | 
 297 | <hr>
 298 | 
 299 | Flask 使用 cookie 而不是 **session**（2） 存储 **session**（1） 信息。在处理 cookie 的时候，Flask 会把存储到 **session**（3） 的 **session**（1） 信息加密后放到 **session**（4） cookie 里。
 300 | 
 301 | ---
 302 | 
 303 | ## 术语梳理的方式
 304 | 
 305 | - 尽量使用英文形式
 306 | - 尽量使用正确的术语
 307 | - 了解这个术语的英文形式、含义和来源
 308 | - 了解某一个术语在不同语境下的不同含义
 309 | - 了解某个术语相关的术语，了解这些术语之间的关联和区别
 310 | 
 311 | ---
 312 | 
 313 | ## 使用 HTTP 协议通过网络调用的 API
 314 | 
 315 | --
 316 | 
 317 | - API / API 接口
 318 | 
 319 | .footnote[
 320 | - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface
 321 | - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microservices
 322 | - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_state_transfer
 323 | - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_service
 324 | - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_API
 325 | 
 326 | ]
 327 | 
 328 | --
 329 | 
 330 | - 微服务（Microservices）
 331 | 
 332 | --
 333 | 
 334 | - REST API / RESTful API
 335 | 
 336 | --
 337 | 
 338 | - Web 服务（Web Service）
 339 | 
 340 | --
 341 | 
 342 | - Web API 🎈
 343 | 
 344 | ---
 345 | 
 346 | ## 资源、端点和首部
 347 | 
 348 | --
 349 | 
 350 | - 资源（Resources）
 351 | - = 数据（Data）
 352 | 
 353 | --
 354 | 
 355 | - 端点（Endpoint）
 356 |     - = URI（Uniform Resource **Identifier**）：URL 和 URN 的父集 🎈
 357 |     - = URL（Uniform Resource **Locator**）：URI 的最常见形式 🎈
 358 |     - URN（Uniform Resource **Name**）：URI 的不常见形式
 359 |     - 网址（Website address）：http:// helloflask.com
 360 |     - 超链接/链接（Hyperlink/Link）：[HelloFlask](http://helloflask.com)
 361 | 
 362 | --
 363 | 
 364 | - HTTP 首部（Header）
 365 |     - = 首部
 366 |     - = 头部
 367 |     - 首部字段：首部中包含的某些信息
 368 | 
 369 | ---
 370 | 
 371 | ## 请求和响应处理
 372 | 
 373 | --
 374 | 
 375 | - 序列化 / 反序列化（Serialization / Deserialization）
 376 | 
 377 | .footnote[
 378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serialization
 379 | ]
 380 | 
 381 | ---
 382 | 
 383 | ## 请求和响应处理
 384 | 
 385 | - 序列化 / 反序列化（Serialization / Deserialization）
 386 | 
 387 | <img src="./images/timetravel0.png" width="700px">
 388 | 
 389 | 
 390 | .footnote[
 391 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serialization
 392 | ]
 393 | 
 394 | ---
 395 | 
 396 | ## 请求和响应处理
 397 | 
 398 | - 序列化 / 反序列化（Serialization / Deserialization）
 399 | 
 400 | <img src="./images/timetravel1.png" width="700px">
 401 | 
 402 | 
 403 | .footnote[
 404 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serialization
 405 | ]
 406 | 
 407 | ---
 408 | 
 409 | ## 请求和响应处理
 410 | 
 411 | - 序列化 / 反序列化（Serialization / Deserialization）
 412 | 
 413 | <img src="./images/timetravel2.png" width="700px">
 414 | 
 415 | .footnote[
 416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serialization
 417 | ]
 418 | 
 419 | ---
 420 | 
 421 | ## 请求和响应处理
 422 | 
 423 | - 序列化 / 反序列化（Serialization / Deserialization）
 424 | 
 425 | .footnote[
 426 | - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshalling_(computer_science)
 427 | - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmarshalling
 428 | ]
 429 | 
 430 | --
 431 | 
 432 | - 封装 / 解封装（Marshalling / Unmarshalling）
 433 |     - = 请求解析 / 响应格式化（Parsing / Formatting）
 434 | 
 435 | --
 436 |     - ≈ 请求处理 / 响应处理
 437 | 
 438 | 
 439 | ---
 440 | ## 请求和响应处理
 441 | 
 442 | - 请求处理 JSON -> Dict -validating-> Object -> Database 
 443 |     - 获取请求中的 JSON 数据
 444 |     - 解析成 Python 字典
 445 |     - 验证字典中的数据（Validating）
 446 |     - 把字典转换成模型类实例
 447 | - 响应处理 Database -(validating)-> Dict -> JSON
 448 |     - 按照某种模式（Schema）把模型类实例转换成字典
 449 |     - 把字典转换成 JSON 数据
 450 | 
 451 | ---
 452 | class: middle, center
 453 | 
 454 | # 请补充和纠正 🙋‍♀️ 🙋‍♂️
 455 | 
 456 | ---
 457 | 
 458 | class: center, middle, inverse
 459 | 
 460 | # 什么样的 Web API 才是真正的 REST API？
 461 | 
 462 | ---
 463 | 
 464 | ## REST 架构的约束条件
 465 | 
 466 | - 客户端-服务器（Client-Server）
 467 | - 无状态（Stateless）
 468 | - 缓存（Cacheability）
 469 | - 分层系统（Layered System）
 470 | - 按需代码（Code-On-Demand，可选）
 471 | - 统一接口（Uniform Interface）
 472 |   - 请求中包含资源的 ID（Resource identification in requests）
 473 |   - 资源通过标识来操作（Resource manipulation through representations）
 474 |   - 消息的自我描述性（Self-descriptive messages）
 475 |   - 用超媒体驱动应用状态（Hypermedia as the engine of application state，HATEOAS）
 476 | 
 477 | .footnote[
 478 | 
 479 | https://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/pubs/dissertation/rest_arch_style.htm
 480 | 
 481 | ]
 482 | 
 483 | ---
 484 | 
 485 | class: center, middle
 486 | 
 487 | # 基本没有完全符合 REST 要求的 Web API
 488 | 
 489 | ---
 490 | 
 491 | ## Richardson Maturity Model
 492 | 
 493 | REST 成熟度模型
 494 | 
 495 | - Level 0：使用 **HTTP**
 496 | - Level 1：引入**资源**的概念
 497 | - Level 2：引入 **HTTP 动词**的概念
 498 | - Level 3：引入了**超媒体**的概念
 499 | 
 500 | .footnote[
 501 | https://martinfowler.com/articles/richardsonMaturityModel.html
 502 | ]
 503 | 
 504 | ---
 505 | 
 506 | class: center, middle
 507 | 
 508 | 
 509 | ![It's enough!](./images/enough.png)
 510 | 
 511 | ---
 512 | 
 513 | class: center, middle
 514 | 
 515 | # 不一定要完全遵守这些约束
 516 | 
 517 | ---
 518 | 
 519 | ## 使用名词表示资源
 520 | 
 521 | --
 522 | 
 523 | ```bash
 524 | /token
 525 |   post
 526 |   delete
 527 | ```
 528 | 
 529 | --
 530 | 
 531 | vs
 532 | 
 533 | ```bash
 534 | /login
 535 |   post
 536 | 
 537 | /logout
 538 |   post
 539 | ```
 540 | 
 541 | --
 542 | 
 543 | whatever.
 544 | 
 545 | --
 546 | 
 547 | （正在面试除外） 🙄
 548 | 
 549 | --
 550 | 
 551 | ```bash
 552 | /search
 553 | ```
 554 | 
 555 | ---
 556 | 
 557 | ## 使用首部字段描述 API 版本
 558 | 
 559 | --
 560 | 
 561 | ```http
 562 | Accept: application/vnd.example.v1+json
 563 | ```
 564 | 
 565 | or
 566 | 
 567 | ```http
 568 | Accept-version: v1
 569 | ```
 570 | 
 571 | --
 572 | 
 573 | vs
 574 | 
 575 | ```bash
 576 | https://api.example.com/v1/
 577 | https://api-v1.example.com/
 578 | ```
 579 | 
 580 | --
 581 | 
 582 | simple win.
 583 | 
 584 | --
 585 | 
 586 | but don't do this:
 587 | 
 588 | ```bash
 589 | https://api.example.com/
 590 | https://new-api.example.com/
 591 | https://latest-api.example.com/
 592 | ```
 593 | 
 594 | ---
 595 | 
 596 | class: center, middle
 597 | 
 598 | 
 599 | # 60% RESTful is ok  🤗 
 600 | 
 601 | ---
 602 | 
 603 | class: middle
 604 | 
 605 | ## 🔘 符合标准
 606 | ## 🔘 符合需求，易于实现和理解
 607 | 
 608 | ---
 609 | 
 610 | class: middle
 611 | 
 612 | ## 🔘  符合标准
 613 | ## ✅ 符合需求，易于实现和理解
 614 | 
 615 | 
 616 | ---
 617 | 
 618 | class: center, middle, inverse
 619 | 
 620 | # 有哪些辅助开发 Web API 的 Flask 扩展？
 621 | 
 622 | ---
 623 | 
 624 | ## Flask Web API 扩展
 625 | 
 626 | - Flask-RESTful (key part deprecated)
 627 | - Flask-RESTPlus (same with Flask-RESTful)
 628 | - Flask-API (author left)
 629 | - Flask-Restless (abandoned)
 630 | - Flask-REST-JSONAPI
 631 | - Flask-Potion
 632 | - Flask-apispec 🎈
 633 | 
 634 | 
 635 | .footnote[
 636 | - https://github.com/flask-restful/flask-restful
 637 | - https://github.com/noirbizarre/flask-restplus
 638 | - https://github.com/flask-api/flask-api
 639 | - https://github.com/jfinkels/flask-restless
 640 | - https://github.com/miLibris/flask-rest-jsonapi
 641 | - https://github.com/biosustain/potion
 642 | - https://github.com/jmcarp/flask-apispec
 643 | ]
 644 | 
 645 | ---
 646 | 
 647 | class: middle
 648 | 
 649 | ### 🔘 Django
 650 | ### ✅ Flask
 651 | 
 652 | 
 653 | ---
 654 | 
 655 | class: middle
 656 | 
 657 | 
 658 | ### 🔘 方便
 659 | ### ✅ 灵活 + 可控制
 660 | 
 661 | 
 662 | ---
 663 | 
 664 | class: middle
 665 | 
 666 | ### 🔘 Pipenv
 667 | ### ✅ pip + virtualenv/venv + pip-tools + ...
 668 | 
 669 | ---
 670 | 
 671 | class: middle
 672 | 
 673 | ### 🔘 Flask + 一个大而全的 Web API 扩展\*
 674 | ### ✅ Flask + 一组优秀的 Web API 工具组合
 675 | 
 676 | .footnote[
 677 | 注：在没有一个像 DRF 那样完美的大而全扩展选项的前提下……
 678 | ]
 679 | 
 680 | ---
 681 | 
 682 | class: middle, center
 683 | 
 684 | # So...
 685 | 
 686 | ---
 687 | class: center, middle, inverse
 688 | 
 689 | # 试试使用 Flask 原生实现 Web API 吧！
 690 | 
 691 | ---
 692 | 
 693 | ## 生成 JSON 数据和响应
 694 | 
 695 | app
 696 | ```python
 697 | from flask import Flask, jsonify
 698 | app = Flask(__name__)
 699 | ```
 700 | 
 701 | data
 702 | ```python
 703 | data = {
 704 |     'en': 'Hello',
 705 |     'zh': '你好',
 706 |     'jp': 'kong ni ji wa'
 707 | }
 708 | ```
 709 | 
 710 | return `jsonify` call
 711 | ```python
 712 | @app.route('/')
 713 | def hello():
 714 | *   return jsonify(data)
 715 | ```
 716 | 
 717 | ---
 718 | 
 719 | ## 生成 JSON 数据和响应
 720 | 
 721 | app
 722 | ```python
 723 | from flask import Flask
 724 | app = Flask(__name__)
 725 | ```
 726 | 
 727 | data
 728 | ```python
 729 | data = {
 730 |     'en': 'Hello',
 731 |     'zh': '你好',
 732 |     'jp': 'kong ni ji wa'
 733 | }
 734 | ```
 735 | 
 736 | return dict (new in 1.1)
 737 | ```python
 738 | @app.route('/')
 739 | def hello():
 740 | *   return data  
 741 | ```
 742 | 
 743 | ---
 744 | 
 745 | ## 资源端点（view function）
 746 | 
 747 | ```python
 748 | @app.route('/notes/<int:note_id>', methods=['GET'])
 749 | def get_note(note_id):
 750 |     pass
 751 | 
 752 | @app.route('/notes/<int:note_id>', methods=['PUT'])
 753 | def update_note(note_id):
 754 |     pass
 755 | 
 756 | @app.route('/notes/<int:note_id>', methods=['DELETE'])
 757 | def delete_note(note_id):
 758 |     pass
 759 | 
 760 | @app.route('/notes', methods=['GET'])
 761 | def get_notes():
 762 |     pass
 763 | 
 764 | @app.route('/notes', methods=['POST'])
 765 | def new_note():
 766 |     pass
 767 | ```
 768 | 
 769 | ---
 770 | 
 771 | ## 资源端点（class based view）
 772 | 
 773 | ```python
 774 | from flask.views import MethodView
 775 | 
 776 | class Note(MethodView):
 777 |     def get(self, note_id):
 778 |         pass
 779 | 
 780 |     def put(self, note_id):
 781 |         pass
 782 | 
 783 |     def delete(self, note_id):
 784 |         pass
 785 | 
 786 | class Notes(MethodView):
 787 |     def get(self):
 788 |         pass
 789 | 
 790 |     def post(self):
 791 |         pass
 792 | 
 793 | app.add_url_rule('/notes/<int:note_id>', view_func=Note.as_view('note'), 
 794 |     methods=['GET', 'PUT', 'DELETE'])
 795 | app.add_url_rule('/notes', view_func=Notes.as_view('notes'), 
 796 |     methods=['GET', 'POST'])
 797 | ```
 798 | 
 799 | ---
 800 | 
 801 | ## 管理 API 版本
 802 | 
 803 | ```python
 804 | from apis.v1 import api_v1
 805 | from apis.v2 import api_v2
 806 | 
 807 | def create_app()
 808 |     app = Flask(__name__)
 809 |     app.register_blueprint(api_v1, url_prefix='api/v1/')
 810 |     app.register_blueprint(api_v2, url_prefix='api/v2/')
 811 |     return app
 812 | ```
 813 | 
 814 | ---
 815 | 
 816 | ## 错误处理
 817 | 
 818 | ```python
 819 | from flask import jsonify
 820 | from werkzeug.exceptions import default_exceptions
 821 | 
 822 | def api_abort(code, message=None, **kwargs):
 823 |     if message is None and code in default_exceptions:
 824 |         message = default_exceptions[code].description
 825 | 
 826 |     response = jsonify(code=code, message=message, **kwargs)
 827 |     response.status_code = code
 828 |     return response
 829 | ```
 830 | 
 831 | - 用于主动返回错误响应
 832 | - 从 Werkzeug 获取 HTTP 错误的原因短语作为错误描述
 833 | - 可以自定义错误消息和附加其他数据
 834 | 
 835 | ---
 836 | 
 837 | ## 错误处理
 838 | 
 839 | ```python
 840 | from flask import jsonify
 841 | from werkzeug.exceptions import default_exceptions
 842 | 
 843 | def api_abort(code, message=None, **kwargs):
 844 |     if message is None and code in default_exceptions:
 845 | *       message = default_exceptions[code].description
 846 | 
 847 |     response = jsonify(code=code, message=message, **kwargs)
 848 |     response.status_code = code
 849 |     return response
 850 | ```
 851 | 
 852 | - 用于主动返回错误响应
 853 | - 从 Werkzeug 获取 HTTP 错误的原因短语作为错误描述
 854 | - 可以自定义错误消息和附加其他数据
 855 | 
 856 | ---
 857 | 
 858 | ## 错误处理
 859 | 
 860 | usage 1
 861 | 
 862 | ```python
 863 | return api_abort(403)
 864 | ```
 865 | 
 866 | usage 2
 867 | 
 868 | ```python
 869 | return api_abort(code=400, message='Wrong password!')
 870 | ```
 871 | 
 872 | usage 3
 873 | ```python
 874 | @app.errorhandler(404)
 875 | def page_not_found(e):
 876 |     return api_abort(404)
 877 | 
 878 | @app.errorhandler(405)
 879 | def method_not_allowed(e):
 880 |     return api_abort(405)
 881 | 
 882 | @app.errorhandler(500)
 883 | def internal_server_error(e):
 884 |     return api_abort(500)
 885 | ```
 886 | 
 887 | ---
 888 | 
 889 | ## 数据模式
 890 | 
 891 | ```python
 892 | def note_schema(note):
 893 |     return {
 894 |         'id': note.id,
 895 |         'self': url_for('.note', note_id=note.id, _external=True),
 896 |         'kind': 'Note',
 897 |         'body': note.body,
 898 |         'author': {
 899 |             'id': 1,
 900 |             'url': url_for('.user', _external=True),
 901 |             'username': note.author.username,
 902 |             'kind': 'User',
 903 |         },
 904 |     }
 905 | ```
 906 | 
 907 | --
 908 | 
 909 | ```python
 910 | class Note(MethodView):
 911 | 
 912 |     def get(self, note_id):
 913 |         note = NoteModel.query.get_or_404(note_id)
 914 | *       return note_schema(note)
 915 | ```
 916 | 
 917 | ---
 918 | 
 919 | ## 数据模式（分页）
 920 | 
 921 | ```python
 922 | def notes_schema(notes, current, prev, next, pagination):
 923 |     return {
 924 |         'self': current,
 925 |         'kind': 'NoteCollection',
 926 | *       'notes': [note_schema(note) for note in notes],
 927 |         'prev': prev,
 928 |         'last': url_for('.notes', page=pagination.pages, _external=True),
 929 |         'first': url_for('.notes', page=1, _external=True),
 930 |         'next': next,
 931 |         'count': pagination.total
 932 |     }
 933 | ```
 934 | 
 935 | ---
 936 | 
 937 | ## 数据模式（分页）
 938 | 
 939 | 
 940 | ```python
 941 | class Notes(MethodView):
 942 |     def get(self):
 943 |         page = request.args.get('page', 1, type=int)
 944 |         per_page = request.args.get('per_page', 10, type=int)
 945 |         per_page_max = current_app.config['NOTE_PER_PAGE_MAX']
 946 |         if per_page > per_page_max:
 947 |             per_page = current_app.config['NOTE_PER_PAGE']
 948 |         
 949 |         pagination = NoteModel.query.paginate(page, per_page)
 950 |         notes = pagination.items
 951 |         
 952 |         current = url_for('.notes', page=page, _external=True)
 953 |         prev = None
 954 |         if pagination.has_prev:
 955 |             prev = url_for('.notes', page=page - 1, _external=True)
 956 |         next = None
 957 |         if pagination.has_next:
 958 |             next = url_for('.notes', page=page + 1, _external=True)
 959 | *       return notes_schema(notes, current, prev, next, pagination)
 960 | ```
 961 | 
 962 | ---
 963 | 
 964 | ## 请求解析
 965 | 
 966 | validate
 967 | ```python
 968 | def validate_note(json):
 969 |     body = json.get('body')
 970 |     if body is None or str(body).strip() == '':
 971 |         raise ValidationError('The note body was empty or invalid.')
 972 |     return Note(body=body, author=g.current_user)
 973 | ```
 974 | 
 975 | --
 976 | 
 977 | exception
 978 | ```python
 979 | class ValidationError(ValueError):
 980 |     pass
 981 | ```
 982 | 
 983 | --
 984 | 
 985 | error handler
 986 | ```python
 987 | @app.errorhandler(ValidationError)
 988 | def validation_error(e):
 989 |     return api_abort(400, e.args[0])
 990 | ```
 991 | 
 992 | ---
 993 | 
 994 | ## 请求解析
 995 | 
 996 | ```python
 997 | class Notes(MethodView):
 998 | 
 999 |     @auth_required
1000 |     def post(self):
1001 |         """Create new note."""
1002 | *       note = validate_note(request.get_json())
1003 |         db.session.add(note)
1004 |         db.session.commit()
1005 |         response = jsonify(note_schema(note))
1006 |         response.status_code = 201
1007 |         response.headers['Location'] = url_for('.note', note_id=note.id, 
1008 |             _external=True)
1009 |         return response
1010 | ```
1011 | 
1012 | ---
1013 | 
1014 | ## OAuth 2.0 Flow
1015 | 
1016 | - 面向第三方大规模公开
1017 |     - Authorization Code（授权码模式）
1018 | 
1019 | - 面向公司内部公开
1020 |     - Resource Owner Password Credentials（密码模式）
1021 | 
1022 | 
1023 | .footnote[
1024 | https://auth0.com/docs/api-auth/which-oauth-flow-to-use#oauth-2-0-terminology
1025 | ]
1026 | 
1027 | ---
1028 | 
1029 | ## 身份认证
1030 | 
1031 | ```python
1032 | class AuthToken(MethodView):
1033 | 
1034 |     def post(self):
1035 |         grant_type = request.form.get('grant_type')
1036 |         username = request.form.get('username')
1037 |         password = request.form.get('password')
1038 | 
1039 |         # validate grant_type, username and password
1040 | 
1041 |         token, expiration = generate_token(user)
1042 | 
1043 |         response = jsonify({
1044 |             'access_token': token,
1045 |             'token_type': 'Bearer',
1046 |             'expires_in': expiration
1047 |         })
1048 |         response.headers['Cache-Control'] = 'no-store'
1049 |         response.headers['Pragma'] = 'no-cache'
1050 |         return response
1051 | 
1052 | app.add_url_rule('/oauth/token', view_func=AuthToken.as_view('token'), 
1053 |     methods=['POST'])
1054 | ```
1055 | 
1056 | ---
1057 | 
1058 | ## 身份认证
1059 | 
1060 | ```python
1061 | from flask import g, current_app, request
1062 | from itsdangerous import TimedJSONWebSignatureSerializer as Serializer,\
1063 |     BadSignature, SignatureExpired
1064 | 
1065 | 
1066 | def generate_token(user):
1067 |     expiration = 3600
1068 |     s = Serializer(current_app.config['SECRET_KEY'], 
1069 |         expires_in=expiration)
1070 |     token = s.dumps({'id': user.id}).decode('ascii')
1071 |     return token, expiration
1072 | 
1073 | def validate_token(token):
1074 |     s = Serializer(current_app.config['SECRET_KEY'])
1075 |     try:
1076 |         data = s.loads(token)
1077 |     except (BadSignature, SignatureExpired):
1078 |         return False
1079 |     user = User.query.get(data['id'])
1080 |     if user is None:
1081 |         return False
1082 |     g.current_user = user
1083 |     return True
1084 | ```
1085 | 
1086 | ---
1087 | 
1088 | ## 身份认证
1089 | 
1090 | ```python
1091 | from functools import wraps
1092 | 
1093 | def auth_required(f):
1094 |     @wraps(f)
1095 |     def decorated(*args, **kwargs):
1096 |         token_type, token = get_token()
1097 | 
1098 |         if request.method != 'OPTIONS':
1099 |             if token_type is None or token_type.lower() != 'bearer':
1100 |                 return api_abort(400, 'The token type must be bearer.')
1101 |             if token is None:
1102 |                 return token_missing()
1103 |             if not validate_token(token):
1104 |                 return invalid_token()
1105 |         return f(*args, **kwargs)
1106 | 
1107 |     return decorated
1108 | ```
1109 | 
1110 | ---
1111 | 
1112 | ## 身份认证
1113 | 
1114 | ```python
1115 | def get_token():
1116 |     if 'Authorization' in request.headers:
1117 |         try:
1118 |             token_type, token = request.headers['Authorization'].\
1119 |             split(None, 1)
1120 |         except ValueError:
1121 |             token_type = token = None
1122 |     else:
1123 |         token_type = token = None
1124 | 
1125 |     return token_type, token
1126 | ```
1127 | 
1128 | ---
1129 | 
1130 | ## 身份认证
1131 | 
1132 | ```python
1133 | def invalid_token():
1134 |     response = api_abort(401, error='invalid_token', 
1135 |         error_description='Either the token was expired or invalid.')
1136 |     response.headers['WWW-Authenticate'] = 'Bearer'
1137 |     return response
1138 | 
1139 | def token_missing():
1140 |     response = api_abort(401)
1141 |     response.headers['WWW-Authenticate'] = 'Bearer'
1142 |     return response
1143 | ```
1144 | 
1145 | ---
1146 | ## 推荐的学习路径
1147 | 
1148 | 0. 了解 Web API 的设计原则
1149 | 1. 学习 Flask 原生实现
1150 | 2. 学习搭配其他工具
1151 |     - 请求解析 Webargs
1152 |     - 响应格式化 Marshmallow
1153 |     - 文档 APISpec
1154 |     - 用户认证 Flask-HTTPAuth、Flask-OAuthlib、Authlib
1155 | 
1156 | .footnote[
1157 | - https://github.com/marshmallow-code/webargs
1158 | - https://github.com/marshmallow-code/marshmallow
1159 | - https://github.com/marshmallow-code/apispec
1160 | - https://github.com/miguelgrinberg/flask-httpauth
1161 | - https://github.com/lepture/flask-oauthlib
1162 | - https://github.com/lepture/authlib
1163 | 
1164 | ]
1165 | 
1166 | ---
1167 | 
1168 | ## 其他 Web API 框架
1169 | 
1170 | - Django REST Framework (Django)
1171 | - Hug
1172 | - APIStar
1173 | - Starlette
1174 | - FastAPI
1175 | - Falcon
1176 | - Connexion (Flask)
1177 | - Eve (Flask)
1178 | - ……
1179 | 
1180 | .footnote[
1181 | - https://github.com/encode/django-rest-framework
1182 | - https://github.com/hugapi/hug
1183 | - https://github.com/encode/apistar
1184 | - https://github.com/encode/starlette
1185 | - https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi
1186 | - https://github.com/falconry/falcon
1187 | - https://github.com/zalando/connexion
1188 | - https://github.com/pyeve/eve
1189 | ]
1190 | 
1191 | ---
1192 | 
1193 | ## NoteAPI
1194 | 
1195 | - Web API 示例程序集合
1196 | - 帮助你选择适合的框架/扩展
1197 | - 使用不同的 REST/API 框架、Flask 扩展、工具实现同一个 Web API
1198 | .footnote[
1199 | https://github.com/greyli/noteapi
1200 | ]
1201 | 
1202 | --
1203 | 
1204 | - （目前只是一个 README 项目 😐）
1205 | 
1206 | ---
1207 | 
1208 | class: center, middle, inverse
1209 | 
1210 | # Q&A
1211 | 
1212 | ---
1213 | 
1214 | ## 谢谢
1215 | 
1216 | <img src="./images/wechat.png" width="200px">
1217 | 
1218 | - email: withlihui@gmail.com
1219 | - website: [greyli.com](http://greyli.com)
1220 | - code: [github.com/greyli/noteapi](https://github.com/greyli/noteapi)
1221 | - slides: [github.com/greyli/pyconchina2019-api](https://github.com/greyli/pyconchina2019-api)
1222 | 
1223 |     </textarea>
1224 |     <script src="js/remark.min.js">
1225 |     </script>
1226 |     <script>
1227 |       var slideshow = remark.create({
1228 |         ratio: '4:3',
1229 |         highlightStyle: 'github',
1230 |         highlightLines: true,
1231 |         slideNumberFormat: '',
1232 |       });
1233 |     </script>
1234 |   </body>
1235 | </html>
1236 | 


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1 | # 基于 Flask 的 Web API 开发指南
2 | PyCon China 2019 成都分会场，10 月 26 日，西南交大犀浦校区。
3 | 
4 | - 幻灯片：http://greyli.com/slides/pyconchina2019-api
5 | - 录像：[bilibili](https://www.bilibili.com/video/av75168852/) | [YouTube](https://youtu.be/Fz5Zq4WM_c0)
6 | - 幻灯片源码：https://github.com/greyli/pyconchina2019-api
7 | - 示例程序源码（NoteAPI）：https://github.com/greyli/noteapi
8 | 
9 | 


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 2 |         font-family: Arial, Calibri, "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Heiti SC", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", sans-serif;
 3 |     }
 4 | 
 5 | h1, h2, h3 {
 6 |     font-weight: bold;
 7 |     margin-bottom: 0;
 8 | }
 9 | 
10 | li {
11 |     margin-block-start: 0.5em;
12 |     margin-block-end: 0.5em;
13 |     margin-inline-start: 0px;
14 |     margin-inline-end: 0px;
15 | }
16 | 
17 | .inverse {
18 |     background: #272822;
19 |     color: #777872;
20 |     text-shadow: 0 0 20px #333;
21 | }
22 | .inverse h1, .inverse h2 {
23 |     color: #f3f3f3;
24 | }
25 | 
26 | .footnote {
27 |     position: absolute;
28 |     bottom: 3em;
29 | }
30 | 
31 | .remark-code, .remark-inline-code { font-family: Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace; }
32 | .remark-slide-content {font-size: 22px;}
33 | 


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  1 | <!DOCTYPE html>
  2 | <html>
  3 |   <head>
  4 |     <title>基于 Flask 的 Web API 开发指南 - PyCon China 2019</title>
  5 |     <meta charset="utf-8">
  6 |     <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./css/style.css">
  7 | 
  8 |     <script>
  9 | 
 10 |         var nan = function() {
 11 |             document.getElementById("blink").innerHTML="南";
 12 |         } 
 13 |         var bei = function() {
 14 |             document.getElementById("blink").innerHTML="北";
 15 |             setTimeout(nan, 150)
 16 |         }   
 17 |         setInterval(bei, 2000);
 18 |     </script>
 19 |   </head>
 20 |   <body>
 21 | 
 22 |     <textarea id="source">
 23 | 
 24 | class: center, middle, title
 25 | 
 26 | <h1>基于 Flask 的 Web API 开发指<span id="blink">南</span></h1>
 27 | 
 28 | 李辉（Grey Li） 🐍 PyCon China 2019 上海
 29 | 
 30 | ---
 31 | 
 32 | class: center, middle, inverse
 33 | 
 34 | 
 35 | ## 这本来是一个严肃的演讲
 36 | 
 37 | ---
 38 | 
 39 | ## Flask 是什么？
 40 | 
 41 | install
 42 | ```bash
 43 | $ pip install flask
 44 | ```
 45 | 
 46 | code (app.py)
 47 | ```python
 48 | from flask import Flask
 49 | app = Flask(__name__)
 50 | 
 51 | @app.route('/')
 52 | def hello():
 53 |     return 'Hello, PyCon China!'
 54 | ```
 55 | 
 56 | run
 57 | ```bash
 58 | $ flask run
 59 |  ...
 60 |  * Running on http://127.0.0.1:5000/ (Press CTRL+C to quit)
 61 | ```
 62 | 
 63 | ---
 64 | 
 65 | ## Web API 是什么？
 66 | 
 67 | --
 68 | 
 69 | - 长答案：https://lmgtfy.com/?q=what+is+web+api%3F
 70 | 
 71 | --
 72 | 
 73 | - 短答案：可以使用 HTTP 协议进行访问，返回 XML 或 JSON 格式数据的 API
 74 | 
 75 | --
 76 | 
 77 | - 再短一点：JSON over HTTP 或 XML over HTTP
 78 | 
 79 | --
 80 | 
 81 | - 特点：
 82 |     - 使用 HTTP 访问
 83 |     - 返回 JSON 或 XML 格式的纯数据
 84 |     - 使用 URL 描述资源
 85 |     - 使用不同的 HTTP 方法表示不同的操作
 86 | 
 87 | ---
 88 | 
 89 | ## 最简单的 Web API
 90 | 
 91 | code (app.py)
 92 | ```python
 93 | from flask import Flask
 94 | app = Flask(__name__)
 95 | 
 96 | @app.route('/')
 97 | def hello_api():
 98 |     return {'message': 'Hello, PyCon China!'} 
 99 | ```
100 | 
101 | ---
102 | 
103 | ## 最简单的 Web API
104 | 
105 | code (app.py)
106 | ```python
107 | from flask import Flask
108 | app = Flask(__name__)
109 | 
110 | @app.route('/')
111 | def hello_api():
112 | *   return {'message': 'Hello, PyCon China!'} 
113 | ```
114 | 
115 | --
116 | 
117 | test (with `pip install httpie`)
118 | ```bash
119 | $ http http://localhost:5000
120 | HTTP/1.0 200 OK
121 | Content-Length: 30
122 | Content-Type: application/json
123 | Date: Tue, 17 Sep 2019 01:10:24 GMT
124 | Server: Werkzeug/0.15.6 Python/3.6.8
125 | 
126 | {
127 |     "message": "Hello, PyCon China!"
128 | }
129 | ```
130 | 
131 | ---
132 | 
133 | ## 李辉 / Grey Li
134 | 
135 | <img src="./images/four.jpg" width="200px">
136 | 
137 | - 独立 Web 开发者
138 | - Flask 维护者之一
139 | - 《Flask Web 开发实战》作者
140 | - [HelloFlask](http://helloflaks.com) 管理员
141 | - 个人网站 [greyli.com](http://greyli.com)
142 | 
143 | ---
144 | 
145 | class: center, middle, inverse
146 | 
147 | # 一个合格的 Python 程序员应该了解的事情
148 | 
149 | ---
150 | class: center, middle
151 | 
152 | 
153 | # 👀 正确识认 Logo，从我做起
154 | 
155 | ---
156 | class: center, middle
157 | 
158 | 
159 | <img src="./images/flask.png" width="400px">
160 | 
161 | ---
162 | class: center, middle
163 | 
164 | <img src="./images/real-flask.png" width="800px">
165 | 
166 | ---
167 | class: center, middle
168 | 
169 | 
170 | # 重要的事情讲三遍
171 | 
172 | ---
173 | class: center, middle
174 | 
175 | #  👅  掌握正确的英语发音，从我做起
176 | 
177 | ---
178 | 
179 | class: center, middle
180 | 
181 | # Werkzeug
182 | 
183 | ---
184 | class: center, middle
185 | 
186 | # / (ˈvɛɐ̯kˌtsɔʏ̯k) / (than ke sao yi ke)
187 | 
188 | <br>
189 | 
190 | <audio src="./audios/werkzeug.mp3" controls=""></audio>
191 | 
192 | （发音来自作者本人）
193 | 
194 | ---
195 | 
196 | class: center, middle
197 | 
198 | # Jinja
199 | 
200 | ---
201 | 
202 | class: center, middle
203 | 
204 | # / (ˈdʒɪndʒə) / (jin ja)
205 | 
206 | <br>
207 | 
208 | <audio src="./audios/jinja.mp3" controls=""></audio>
209 | 
210 | ---
211 | class: center, middle
212 | 
213 | # Django
214 | 
215 | ---
216 | 
217 | class: center, middle
218 | 
219 | 
220 | # 低压狗、低简狗、地张狗、地占狗、江狗？
221 | 
222 | ---
223 | class: center, middle
224 | 
225 | # [JANG-oh](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/faq/general/#what-does-django-mean-and-how-do-you-pronounce-it) (zhan go)
226 | 
227 | <br>
228 | 
229 | <audio src="./audios/django.mp3" controls=""></audio>
230 | 
231 | ---
232 | 
233 | class: center, middle
234 | 
235 | 
236 | # 🧠 使用正确的术语，从我做起
237 | 
238 | ---
239 | 
240 | class: center, middle
241 | 
242 | 
243 | # API / API 接口？
244 | 
245 | ---
246 | 
247 | class: center, middle
248 | 
249 | # 微服务？
250 | 
251 | ---
252 | 
253 | class: center, middle
254 | 
255 | 
256 | # REST API / RESTful API？
257 | 
258 | ---
259 | 
260 | class: center, middle
261 | 
262 | 
263 | # Web 服务？
264 | 
265 | ---
266 | 
267 | class: center, middle
268 | 
269 | # Web API ✔️ 
270 | 
271 | ---
272 | class: center, middle, inverse
273 | 
274 | # 什么样的 Web API 才是真正的 REST API？
275 | 
276 | ---
277 | 
278 | ## REST 架构的约束条件
279 | 
280 | - 客户端-服务器（Client-Server）
281 | - 无状态（Stateless）
282 | - 缓存（Cacheability）
283 | - 分层系统（Layered System）
284 | - 按需代码（Code-On-Demand，可选）
285 | - 统一接口（Uniform Interface）
286 |   - 请求中包含资源的 ID（Resource identification in requests）
287 |   - 资源通过标识来操作（Resource manipulation through representations）
288 |   - 消息的自我描述性（Self-descriptive messages）
289 |   - 用超媒体驱动应用状态（Hypermedia as the engine of application state，HATEOAS）
290 | 
291 | ---
292 | 
293 | class: center, middle
294 | 
295 | # 基本没有完全符合 REST 要求的 API
296 | 
297 | ---
298 | 
299 | class: center, middle
300 | 
301 | # 不一定要完全遵守这些约束
302 | 
303 | ---
304 | 
305 | class: center, middle
306 | 
307 | 
308 | ![It's enough!](./images/enough.png)
309 | 
310 | ---
311 | 
312 | ## 使用名词表示资源
313 | 
314 | --
315 | 
316 | ```bash
317 | /token
318 |     post
319 |     delete
320 | ```
321 | 
322 | --
323 | 
324 | vs
325 | 
326 | ```bash
327 | /login
328 |     post
329 | 
330 | /logout
331 |     post
332 | ```
333 | 
334 | --
335 | 
336 | whatever.
337 | 
338 | --
339 | 
340 | （正在面试除外） 🙄
341 | 
342 | --
343 | 
344 | ```bash
345 | /search
346 | ```
347 | 
348 | ---
349 | 
350 | ## 使用首部描述 API 版本
351 | 
352 | --
353 | 
354 | ```http
355 | Accept: application/vnd.example.v1+json
356 | ```
357 | 
358 | or
359 | 
360 | ```http
361 | Accept-version: v1
362 | ```
363 | 
364 | --
365 | 
366 | vs
367 | 
368 | ```bash
369 | https://api.example.com/v1/
370 | https://api-v1.example.com/
371 | ```
372 | 
373 | --
374 | 
375 | it depends.
376 | 
377 | --
378 | 
379 | but don't do this:
380 | ```bash
381 | https://api.example.com/
382 | https://new-api.example.com/
383 | https://latest-api.example.com/
384 | ```
385 | 
386 | ---
387 | 
388 | class: center, middle
389 | 
390 | 
391 | # 60% RESTful is ok 🤔
392 | 
393 | ---
394 | 
395 | class: center, middle
396 | 
397 | # 符合需求、易于实现、易于理解 > 符合标准
398 | 
399 | ---
400 | 
401 | class: center, middle, inverse
402 | 
403 | 
404 | # 不一定非要使用扩展来实现 Web API
405 | 
406 | ---
407 | 
408 | class: center, middle
409 | 
410 | 
411 | # 有一些 Flask 扩展很坑……
412 | 
413 | ---
414 | 
415 | ## 你以为的坑
416 | 
417 | <img src="./images/small-hole.jpg" width="600px">
418 | 
419 | ---
420 | 
421 | ## 实际的坑
422 | 
423 | <img src="./images/big-hole2.jpg" width="700px">
424 | 
425 | ---
426 | 
427 | ## 甚至是这样的坑
428 | 
429 | <img src="./images/black-hole.jpg" width="600px">
430 | 
431 | ---
432 | 
433 | ## Flask Web API 扩展
434 | 
435 | - Flask-RESTful
436 | - Flask-RESTPlus
437 | - Flask-Restless
438 | - Flask-API
439 | - ……
440 | 
441 | ---
442 | 
443 | class: center, middle
444 | 
445 | # 避免引入不必要的复杂度
446 | 
447 | ---
448 | class: center, middle, inverse
449 | 
450 | # 试试使用 Flask 原生实现 Web API 吧
451 | 
452 | ---
453 | 
454 | ## 返回 jsonify() 和字典都可以
455 | 
456 | app
457 | ```python
458 | flask flask import Flask # jsonify
459 | app = Flask(__name__)
460 | ```
461 | 
462 | data
463 | ```python
464 | data = {
465 |     'en': 'Hello',
466 |     'zh': '你好',
467 |     'jp': 'kong ni ji wa'
468 | }
469 | ```
470 | 
471 | return dict (new in 1.1)
472 | ```python
473 | @app.route('/')
474 | def hello_api():
475 |     return data  
476 |     # return jsonify(data)
477 | ```
478 | 
479 | ---
480 | 
481 | ## 使用函数和类都可以
482 | 
483 | view function
484 | ```python
485 | @app.route('/note/<int:id>', methods=['GET'])
486 | def get_note(id):
487 |     pass
488 | 
489 | @app.route('/note/<int:id>', methods=['DELETE'])
490 | def delete_note(id):
491 |     pass
492 | ```
493 | 
494 | 
495 | class view
496 | ```python
497 | from flask.views import MethodView
498 | 
499 | class Note(MethodView):
500 | 
501 |     def get(self, note_id):
502 |         pass
503 | 
504 |     def delete(self, note_id):
505 |         pass
506 | 
507 | app.add_url_rule('/notes/<int:note_id>', view_func=Note.as_view('note'), methods=['GET', 'DELETE'])
508 | ```
509 | 
510 | ---
511 | 
512 | ## 使用蓝本来组织 API 版本
513 | 
514 | ```
515 | apis/ # app package
516 |   - v1
517 |     - note.py
518 |     - user.py
519 |   - v2
520 |     - note.py
521 |     - user.py
522 |   - __init__.py
523 |   - models.py
524 |   - decorators.py
525 |   - auth.py
526 |   - errors.py
527 | ```
528 | 
529 | --
530 | 
531 | ```python
532 | from apis.v1 import api_v1
533 | from apis.v2 import api_v2
534 | 
535 | def create_app()
536 |     app = Flask(__name__)
537 |     app.register_blueprint(api_v1, url_prefix='api/v1/')
538 |     app.register_blueprint(api_v2, url_prefix='api/v2/')
539 |     return app
540 | ```
541 | 
542 | ---
543 | 
544 | ## 错误处理
545 | 
546 | ```python
547 | from flask import jsonify
548 | from werkzeug.http import HTTP_STATUS_CODES
549 | 
550 | def api_abort(code, message=None, **kwargs):
551 |     if message is None:
552 |         message = HTTP_STATUS_CODES.get(code, 'Error')
553 | 
554 |     response = jsonify(code=code, message=message, **kwargs)
555 |     response.status_code = code
556 |     return response  # You can also just return (response, code) tuple
557 | ```
558 | 
559 | - 用于主动返回错误响应
560 | - 从 Werkzeug 获取 HTTP 错误的状态码作为错误描述
561 | - 可以自定义错误消息和附加其他数据
562 | 
563 | ---
564 | 
565 | ## 错误处理
566 | 
567 | ```python
568 | from flask import jsonify
569 | from werkzeug.http import HTTP_STATUS_CODES
570 | 
571 | def api_abort(code, message=None, **kwargs):
572 |     if message is None:
573 | *       message = HTTP_STATUS_CODES.get(code, 'Error')
574 | 
575 |     response = jsonify(code=code, message=message, **kwargs)
576 |     response.status_code = code
577 |     return response  # You can also just return (response, code) tuple
578 | ```
579 | 
580 | - 用于主动返回错误响应
581 | - 从 Werkzeug 获取 HTTP 错误的状态码作为错误描述
582 | - 可以自定义错误消息和附加其他数据
583 | 
584 | ---
585 | 
586 | ## 错误处理
587 | 
588 | usage 1
589 | 
590 | ```python
591 | if g.current_user != item.author:
592 |     return api_abort(403)
593 | ```
594 | 
595 | usage 2
596 | 
597 | ```python
598 | if user is None or not user.validate_password(password):
599 |     return api_abort(code=400, message='Either the username or password was invalid.')
600 | ```
601 | 
602 | ---
603 | 
604 | ## 错误处理
605 | 
606 | usage 3
607 | 
608 | ```python
609 | @app.errorhandler(404)
610 | def page_not_found(e):
611 |     return api_abort(404)
612 | 
613 | @app.errorhandler(405)
614 | def method_not_allowed(e):
615 |     return api_abort(405)
616 | 
617 | @app.errorhandler(500)
618 | def internal_server_error(e):
619 |     return api_abort(500)
620 | ```
621 | 
622 | ---
623 | 
624 | ## JSON 数据封装
625 | 
626 | ```python
627 | def note_schema(note):
628 |     return {
629 |         'id': note.id,
630 |         'self': url_for('.note', note_id=note.id, _external=True),
631 |         'kind': 'Note',
632 |         'body': note.body,
633 |         'author': {
634 |             'id': 1,
635 |             'url': url_for('.user', _external=True),
636 |             'username': note.author.username,
637 |             'kind': 'User',
638 |         },
639 |     }
640 | ```
641 | 
642 | - 把模型类数据序列化（serialize）成 JSON 数据
643 | - 你也可以把这个函数作为方法放到模型类里
644 | - 使用 url_for() 生成 URL
645 | 
646 | ---
647 | 
648 | ## JSON 数据封装
649 | 
650 | ```python
651 | class NoteAPI(MethodView):
652 |     decorators = [auth_required]
653 | 
654 |     def get(self, note_id):
655 |         """Get note."""
656 |         note = Note.query.get_or_404(note_id)
657 |         if g.current_user != item.author:
658 |             return api_abort(403)
659 | *       return note_schema(note)
660 | ```
661 | 
662 | ---
663 | 
664 | ## 分页
665 | 
666 | ```python
667 | def notes_schema(notes, current, prev, next, pagination):
668 |     return {
669 |         'self': current,
670 |         'kind': 'NoteCollection',
671 |         'notes': [note_schema(note) for note in notes],
672 |         'prev': prev,
673 |         'last': url_for('.notes', page=pagination.pages, _external=True),
674 |         'first': url_for('.notes', page=1, _external=True),
675 |         'next': next,
676 |         'count': pagination.total
677 |     }
678 | ```
679 | 
680 | ---
681 | 
682 | ## 分页
683 | 
684 | ```python
685 | class NotesAPI(MethodView):
686 |     decorators = [auth_required]
687 | 
688 |     def get(self):
689 |         """Get current user's all items."""
690 |         page = request.args.get('page', 1, type=int)
691 |         per_page = request.args.get('per_page', 10, type=int)
692 |         if per_page > 10:
693 |             per_page = current_app.config['NOTE_PER_PAGE']
694 |         pagination = Note.query.with_parent(g.current_user).paginate(page, per_page)
695 |         notes = pagination.items
696 |         current = url_for('.notes', page=page, _external=True)
697 |         prev = None
698 |         if pagination.has_prev:
699 |             prev = url_for('.notes', page=page - 1, _external=True)
700 |         next = None
701 |         if pagination.has_next:
702 |             next = url_for('.notes', page=page + 1, _external=True)
703 | *       return notes_schema(notes, current, prev, next, pagination)
704 | ```
705 | 
706 | ---
707 | 
708 | ## 请求解析
709 | 
710 | validate
711 | ```python
712 | def validate_note(json):
713 |     body = json.get('body')
714 |     if body is None or str(body).strip() == '':
715 |         raise ValidationError('The note body was empty or invalid.')
716 |     return Note(body=body, author=g.current_user)
717 | ```
718 | 
719 | error
720 | ```python
721 | class ValidationError(ValueError):
722 |     pass
723 | 
724 | @app.errorhandler(ValidationError)
725 | def validation_error(e):
726 |     return api_abort(400, e.args[0])
727 | ```
728 | 
729 | ---
730 | 
731 | ## 请求解析
732 | 
733 | ```python
734 | class NotesAPI(MethodView):
735 |     decorators = [auth_required]
736 | 
737 |     def post(self):
738 |         """Create new note."""
739 | *       note = validate_note(request.get_json())
740 |         db.session.add(note)
741 |         db.session.commit()
742 |         response = jsonify(note_schema(note))
743 |         response.status_code = 201
744 |         response.headers['Location'] = url_for('.note', note_id=note.id, _external=True)
745 |         return response
746 | ```
747 | 
748 | ---
749 | 
750 | ## 身份认证
751 | 
752 | ```python
753 | class AuthTokenAPI(MethodView):
754 | 
755 |     def post(self):
756 |         grant_type = request.form.get('grant_type')
757 |         username = request.form.get('username')
758 |         password = request.form.get('password')
759 | 
760 |         # validate grant_type, username and password
761 | 
762 |         token, expiration = generate_token(user)
763 | 
764 |         response = jsonify({
765 |             'access_token': token,
766 |             'token_type': 'Bearer',
767 |             'expires_in': expiration
768 |         })
769 |         response.headers['Cache-Control'] = 'no-store'
770 |         response.headers['Pragma'] = 'no-cache'
771 |         return response
772 | 
773 |     api_v1.add_url_rule('/oauth/token', view_func=AuthTokenAPI.as_view('token'), methods=['POST'])
774 | ```
775 | 
776 | ---
777 | 
778 | ## 身份认证
779 | 
780 | ```python
781 | from flask import g, current_app, request
782 | from itsdangerous import TimedJSONWebSignatureSerializer as Serializer, BadSignature, SignatureExpired
783 | 
784 | 
785 | def generate_token(user):
786 |     expiration = 3600
787 |     s = Serializer(current_app.config['SECRET_KEY'], expires_in=expiration)
788 |     token = s.dumps({'id': user.id}).decode('ascii')
789 |     return token, expiration
790 | 
791 | def validate_token(token):
792 |     s = Serializer(current_app.config['SECRET_KEY'])
793 |     try:
794 |         data = s.loads(token)
795 |     except (BadSignature, SignatureExpired):
796 |         return False
797 |     user = User.query.get(data['id'])
798 |     if user is None:
799 |         return False
800 |     g.current_user = user
801 |     return True
802 | ```
803 | 
804 | ---
805 | 
806 | ## 身份认证
807 | 
808 | ```python
809 | from functools import wraps
810 | 
811 | def auth_required(f):
812 |     @wraps(f)
813 |     def decorated(*args, **kwargs):
814 |         token_type, token = get_token()
815 | 
816 |         if request.method != 'OPTIONS':
817 |             if token_type is None or token_type.lower() != 'bearer':
818 |                 return api_abort(400, 'The token type must be bearer.')
819 |             if token is None:
820 |                 return token_missing()
821 |             if not validate_token(token):
822 |                 return invalid_token()
823 |         return f(*args, **kwargs)
824 | 
825 |     return decorated
826 | ```
827 | 
828 | ---
829 | 
830 | ## 身份认证
831 | 
832 | ```python
833 | def get_token():
834 |     if 'Authorization' in request.headers:
835 |         try:
836 |             token_type, token = request.headers['Authorization'].split(None, 1)
837 |         except ValueError:
838 |             token_type = token = None
839 |     else:
840 |         token_type = token = None
841 | 
842 |     return token_type, token
843 | ```
844 | 
845 | ---
846 | 
847 | ## 身份认证
848 | 
849 | ```python
850 | def invalid_token():
851 |     response = api_abort(401, error='invalid_token', error_description='Either the token was expired or invalid.')
852 |     response.headers['WWW-Authenticate'] = 'Bearer'
853 |     return response
854 | 
855 | def token_missing():
856 |     response = api_abort(401)
857 |     response.headers['WWW-Authenticate'] = 'Bearer'
858 |     return response
859 | ```
860 | 
861 | ---
862 | 
863 | ## 其他选择
864 | 
865 | - Django REST Framework
866 | - API Star
867 | - Starlette
868 | - Hug
869 | - FastAPI
870 | - Falcon
871 | - Eve (based on Flask)
872 | - Connexion (based on Flask)
873 | - ……
874 | 
875 | ---
876 | 
877 | class: center, middle, inverse
878 | 
879 | # 谢谢
880 | 
881 | ---
882 | 
883 | # 插播一条广告
884 | 
885 | - 时间：下午 4:40
886 | 
887 | - 地点：就在这个会场
888 | 
889 | - 事件：闪电演讲
890 | 
891 | - 人物：等你
892 | 
893 | ---
894 | 
895 | ## Links & Contact
896 | 
897 | <img src="./images/wechat.png" width="200px">
898 | 
899 | - website: [greyli.com](http://greyli.com)
900 | - code: [github.com/greyli/noteapi](https://github.com/greyli/noteapi)
901 | - slides: [github.com/greyli/pyconchina2019-api](https://github.com/greyli/pyconchina2019-api)
902 | 
903 |     </textarea>
904 |     <script src="js/remark.min.js">
905 |     </script>
906 |     <script>
907 |       var slideshow = remark.create({
908 |         ratio: '16:9',
909 |         highlightStyle: 'github',
910 |         highlightLines: true,
911 |       });
912 |     </script>
913 |   </body>
914 | </html>


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