├── composition ├── __init__.py ├── person.py ├── project.py ├── stay_hydrated.py ├── teams.py ├── workplaces.py ├── __main__.py └── roles.py ├── mypy.ini ├── requirements.txt ├── README.md ├── inheritance ├── output.txt └── __main__.py ├── .github └── workflows │ └── run-checks.yml ├── .gitignore ├── CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md └── LICENSE /composition/__init__.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /mypy.ini: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | [mypy] 2 | python_version=3.7 3 | strict=True 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /requirements.txt: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | appdirs==1.4.3 2 | attrs==19.3.0 3 | black==19.10b0 4 | click==7.1.1 5 | entrypoints==0.3 6 | flake8==3.7.9 7 | isort==4.3.21 8 | mccabe==0.6.1 9 | mypy==0.770 10 | mypy-extensions==0.4.3 11 | pathspec==0.8.0 12 | pep257==0.7.0 13 | pycodestyle==2.5.0 14 | pyflakes==2.1.1 15 | regex==2020.4.4 16 | toml==0.10.0 17 | typed-ast==1.4.1 18 | typing-extensions==3.7.4.2 19 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /composition/person.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public 2 | # License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this 3 | # file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/ 4 | 5 | """Defines a profile class.""" 6 | 7 | from __future__ import annotations 8 | 9 | 10 | class Profile: 11 | """Holds personal information.""" 12 | 13 | def __init__(self, name: str, emoji: str): 14 | self.name = name 15 | self.emoji = emoji 16 | 17 | def __str__(self) -> str: 18 | return f"{self.emoji} {self.name}" 19 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /composition/project.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public 2 | # License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this 3 | # file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/ 4 | 5 | """Defines a project class.""" 6 | 7 | from __future__ import annotations 8 | 9 | 10 | class Project: 11 | """A project has a board_name and a description.""" 12 | 13 | def __init__(self, board_name: str, description: str): 14 | self.board_name = board_name 15 | self.description = description 16 | 17 | def __str__(self) -> str: 18 | return f"Project '{self.board_name}'" 19 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # python-composition 2 | 3 | Code for my talk at the [Python Pizza][python pizza] micro conference. 4 | 🧀🍅🧄🥦 5 | 6 | ## Requirements 7 | 8 | The examples require Python 3.7 or newer as well as the packages from 9 | `requirements.txt`. 10 | 11 | ## Examples 12 | 13 | You can run the examples as follows: 14 | 15 | ```text 16 | python -m inheritance 17 | ``` 18 | 19 | ```text 20 | python -m composition 21 | ``` 22 | 23 | ## Community 24 | 25 | Please note that **python-composition** is released with a [Contributor Code 26 | of Conduct][code of conduct]. By participating in this project you agree to 27 | abide by its terms. 28 | 29 | [code of conduct]: /CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md 30 | [python pizza]: https://remote.python.pizza 31 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /inheritance/output.txt: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 📦 Simone goes to the movies. 🍿 2 | 📦 Simone builds a robot. 🤖 3 | 📦 Simone goes hiking. ⛰ 4 | 📦 Simone commutes to the office. 🏢 5 | 📦 Simone is now working on Project 'Data Platform'. 📋 6 | 📦 Simone drinks some water. 🚰 7 | 📦 Simone commutes home. 🏡 8 | 📈 Chelsea commutes to the office. 🏢 9 | 📈 Chelsea is now working on Project 'Data Platform'. 📋 10 | 📈 Chelsea drinks tea. 🍵 11 | 📈 Chelsea commutes home. 🏡 12 | 📝 Dave commutes to a local coffee shop. 🚌 13 | 📝 Dave is now working on Project 'Data Platform'. 📋 14 | 📝 Dave drinks some water. 🚰 15 | 📝 Dave commutes home. 🏡 16 | 📱 Marlene works from home. 🏡 17 | 📱 Marlene is now working on Project 'Data Platform'. 📋 18 | 📱 Marlene drinks tea. 🍵 19 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /.github/workflows/run-checks.yml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | name: Run checks 2 | 3 | on: 4 | push: 5 | branches: [ master ] 6 | pull_request: 7 | branches: [ master ] 8 | 9 | jobs: 10 | 11 | run-inheritance: 12 | runs-on: ubuntu-latest 13 | container: 14 | image: python:3.7 15 | steps: 16 | - uses: actions/checkout@v2 17 | - name: Install requirements 18 | run: python -m pip install -r requirements.txt 19 | - name: Run inheritance example 20 | run: python -m inheritance 21 | - name: Run mypy 22 | run: mypy inheritance 23 | 24 | run-composition: 25 | runs-on: ubuntu-latest 26 | container: 27 | image: python:3.7 28 | steps: 29 | - uses: actions/checkout@v2 30 | - name: Install requirements 31 | run: python -m pip install -r requirements.txt 32 | - name: Run composition example 33 | run: python -m composition 34 | - name: Run mypy 35 | run: mypy composition 36 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /composition/stay_hydrated.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public 2 | # License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this 3 | # file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/ 4 | 5 | """Define the StayHydrated interface and concrete implementations.""" 6 | 7 | from __future__ import annotations 8 | 9 | from typing_extensions import Protocol 10 | 11 | from composition.person import Profile 12 | 13 | 14 | class StayHydrated(Protocol): 15 | """Interface for ways to stay hydrated.""" 16 | 17 | def drink(self, profile: Profile) -> None: 18 | """Implementations define what a person drinks.""" 19 | 20 | 21 | class DrinkWater: 22 | """Interface for drinking water.""" 23 | 24 | def drink(self, profile: Profile) -> None: 25 | """Drink some water.""" 26 | print(f"{profile} drinks some water. 🚰") 27 | 28 | 29 | class DrinkTea: 30 | """Interface for drinking tea.""" 31 | 32 | def drink(self, profile: Profile) -> None: 33 | """Drink some tea.""" 34 | print(f"{profile} drinks tea. 🍵") 35 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /.gitignore: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Byte-compiled / optimized / DLL files 2 | __pycache__/ 3 | *.py[cod] 4 | *$py.class 5 | 6 | # C extensions 7 | *.so 8 | 9 | # Distribution / packaging 10 | .Python 11 | build/ 12 | develop-eggs/ 13 | dist/ 14 | downloads/ 15 | eggs/ 16 | .eggs/ 17 | lib/ 18 | lib64/ 19 | parts/ 20 | sdist/ 21 | var/ 22 | wheels/ 23 | pip-wheel-metadata/ 24 | share/python-wheels/ 25 | *.egg-info/ 26 | .installed.cfg 27 | *.egg 28 | MANIFEST 29 | 30 | # Installer logs 31 | pip-log.txt 32 | pip-delete-this-directory.txt 33 | 34 | # Unit test / coverage reports 35 | htmlcov/ 36 | .tox/ 37 | .nox/ 38 | .coverage 39 | .coverage.* 40 | .cache 41 | nosetests.xml 42 | coverage.xml 43 | *.cover 44 | *.py,cover 45 | .hypothesis/ 46 | .pytest_cache/ 47 | 48 | # pyenv 49 | .python-version 50 | 51 | # PEP 582; used by e.g. github.com/David-OConnor/pyflow 52 | __pypackages__/ 53 | 54 | # Environments 55 | .env 56 | .venv 57 | env/ 58 | venv/ 59 | ENV/ 60 | env.bak/ 61 | venv.bak/ 62 | 63 | # mkdocs documentation 64 | /site 65 | 66 | # mypy 67 | .mypy_cache/ 68 | .dmypy.json 69 | dmypy.json 70 | 71 | # VS Code 72 | settings.json 73 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /composition/teams.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public 2 | # License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this 3 | # file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/ 4 | 5 | """Defines a project member class and a collection of factory functions.""" 6 | 7 | from __future__ import annotations 8 | 9 | from composition.person import Profile 10 | from composition.project import Project 11 | from composition.roles import Role 12 | from composition.stay_hydrated import StayHydrated 13 | from composition.workplaces import Workplace 14 | 15 | 16 | class TeamMember: 17 | """Composite class for members of a team.""" 18 | 19 | def __init__( 20 | self, 21 | profile: Profile, 22 | role: Role, 23 | workplace: Workplace, 24 | stay_hydrated: StayHydrated, 25 | ): 26 | self.profile = profile 27 | self.role = role 28 | self.workplace = workplace 29 | self.stay_hydrated = stay_hydrated 30 | 31 | def work_on_project(self, project: Project) -> None: 32 | """Start working on the given project.""" 33 | 34 | with self.workplace.commute(self.profile): 35 | self.role.work_on_project(self.profile, project) 36 | self.stay_hydrated.drink(self.profile) 37 | 38 | def go_to_the_movies(self) -> None: 39 | print(f"{self.profile} goes to the movies. 🍿") 40 | 41 | def go_hiking(self) -> None: 42 | print(f"{self.profile} goes hiking. ⛰") 43 | 44 | def build_a_robot(self) -> None: 45 | print(f"{self.profile} builds a robot. 🤖") 46 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /composition/workplaces.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public 2 | # License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this 3 | # file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/ 4 | 5 | """Defines the workplace interface and concrete implementations.""" 6 | 7 | from __future__ import annotations 8 | 9 | from contextlib import contextmanager 10 | from typing import Iterator 11 | 12 | from typing_extensions import Protocol 13 | 14 | from composition.person import Profile 15 | 16 | 17 | class Workplace(Protocol): 18 | """Interface for workplaces.""" 19 | 20 | @contextmanager 21 | def commute(self, profile: Profile) -> Iterator[None]: 22 | """Implementations define how a person commutes to the workplace.""" 23 | 24 | 25 | class Office: 26 | """Workplace for team members working from the office.""" 27 | 28 | @contextmanager 29 | def commute(self, profile: Profile) -> Iterator[None]: 30 | """Commute to the office and back home.""" 31 | print(f"{profile} commutes to the office. 🏢") 32 | yield 33 | print(f"{profile} commutes home. 🏡") 34 | 35 | 36 | class Home: 37 | """Workplace for team members working from home.""" 38 | 39 | @contextmanager 40 | def commute(self, profile: Profile) -> Iterator[None]: 41 | """Get ready for work at home.""" 42 | print(f"{profile} works from home. 🏡") 43 | yield 44 | 45 | 46 | class Remote: 47 | """Workplace for team members working remotely.""" 48 | 49 | def __init__(self, workplace: str): 50 | self.workplace = workplace 51 | 52 | @contextmanager 53 | def commute(self, profile: Profile) -> Iterator[None]: 54 | """Commute to the workplace and back home.""" 55 | print(f"{profile} commutes to {self.workplace}. 🚌") 56 | yield 57 | print(f"{profile} commutes home. 🏡") 58 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /composition/__main__.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public 2 | # License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this 3 | # file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/ 4 | 5 | """Example project for composition over inheritance in Python.""" 6 | 7 | from __future__ import annotations 8 | 9 | from composition.person import Profile 10 | from composition.project import Project 11 | from composition.roles import ( 12 | DataScientist, 13 | MobileEngineer, 14 | OperationsEngineer, 15 | ProjectManager, 16 | ) 17 | from composition.stay_hydrated import DrinkTea, DrinkWater 18 | from composition.teams import TeamMember 19 | from composition.workplaces import Home, Office, Remote 20 | 21 | if __name__ == "__main__": 22 | simone = TeamMember( 23 | profile=Profile(name="Simone", emoji="👸🏼"), 24 | role=OperationsEngineer(), 25 | workplace=Office(), 26 | stay_hydrated=DrinkWater(), 27 | ) 28 | 29 | # simone.go_to_the_movies() 30 | # simone.build_a_robot() 31 | # simone.go_hiking() 32 | 33 | data_platform = Project( 34 | board_name="Data Platform", 35 | description="Platform providing datasets and data viewing tools.", 36 | ) 37 | 38 | dave = TeamMember( 39 | profile=Profile(name="Dave", emoji="🧙🏽‍♂️"), 40 | role=ProjectManager(), 41 | workplace=Remote(workplace="a local coffee shop"), 42 | stay_hydrated=DrinkWater(), 43 | ) 44 | 45 | chelsea = TeamMember( 46 | profile=Profile(name="Chelsea", emoji="🐶"), 47 | role=DataScientist(), 48 | workplace=Office(), 49 | stay_hydrated=DrinkTea(), 50 | ) 51 | 52 | marlene = TeamMember( 53 | profile=Profile(name="Marlene", emoji="👩🏿‍💻"), 54 | role=MobileEngineer(), 55 | workplace=Home(), 56 | stay_hydrated=DrinkTea(), 57 | ) 58 | 59 | team = [simone, dave, chelsea, marlene] 60 | 61 | # Everyone is strongly recommended to work from home. What now? 😨 62 | for team_member in team: 63 | team_member.workplace = Home() 64 | team_member.work_on_project(data_platform) 65 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /composition/roles.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public 2 | # License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this 3 | # file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/ 4 | 5 | """Defines the role interface and concrete implementations.""" 6 | 7 | from __future__ import annotations 8 | 9 | from typing_extensions import Protocol 10 | 11 | from composition.person import Profile 12 | from composition.project import Project 13 | 14 | 15 | class Role(Protocol): 16 | """Interface for roles a team member can take.""" 17 | 18 | expertise: str 19 | 20 | def work_on_project(self, profile: Profile, project: Project) -> None: 21 | """Roles define the work for the respective role.""" 22 | 23 | 24 | class OperationsEngineer: 25 | """Role for team members with expertise in operations.""" 26 | 27 | expertise = "📦" 28 | 29 | def work_on_project(self, profile: Profile, project: Project) -> None: 30 | """Work on the given project.""" 31 | print(f"{profile} maintains systems software for {project}. {self.expertise}") 32 | 33 | 34 | class DataScientist: 35 | """Role for team members with expertise in data science.""" 36 | 37 | expertise = "📈" 38 | 39 | def work_on_project(self, profile: Profile, project: Project) -> None: 40 | """Work on the given project.""" 41 | print(f"{profile} analyzes data to improve {project}. {self.expertise}") 42 | 43 | 44 | class ProjectManager: 45 | """Role for team members with expertise in project management.""" 46 | 47 | expertise = "📝" 48 | 49 | def work_on_project(self, profile: Profile, project: Project) -> None: 50 | """Work on the given project.""" 51 | print( 52 | f"{profile} plans and oversees activities for {project}. {self.expertise}" 53 | ) 54 | 55 | 56 | class MobileEngineer: 57 | """Role for team members with expertise in mobile platforms.""" 58 | 59 | expertise = "📱" 60 | 61 | def work_on_project(self, profile: Profile, project: Project) -> None: 62 | """Work on the given project.""" 63 | print(f"{profile} develops mobile applications for {project}. {self.expertise}") 64 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Contributor Covenant Code of Conduct 2 | 3 | ## Our Pledge 4 | 5 | In the interest of fostering an open and welcoming environment, we as 6 | contributors and maintainers pledge to making participation in our project and 7 | our community a harassment-free experience for everyone, regardless of age, body 8 | size, disability, ethnicity, sex characteristics, gender identity and expression, 9 | level of experience, education, socio-economic status, nationality, personal 10 | appearance, race, religion, or sexual identity and orientation. 11 | 12 | ## Our Standards 13 | 14 | Examples of behavior that contributes to creating a positive environment 15 | include: 16 | 17 | * Using welcoming and inclusive language 18 | * Being respectful of differing viewpoints and experiences 19 | * Gracefully accepting constructive criticism 20 | * Focusing on what is best for the community 21 | * Showing empathy towards other community members 22 | 23 | Examples of unacceptable behavior by participants include: 24 | 25 | * The use of sexualized language or imagery and unwelcome sexual attention or 26 | advances 27 | * Trolling, insulting/derogatory comments, and personal or political attacks 28 | * Public or private harassment 29 | * Publishing others' private information, such as a physical or electronic 30 | address, without explicit permission 31 | * Other conduct which could reasonably be considered inappropriate in a 32 | professional setting 33 | 34 | ## Our Responsibilities 35 | 36 | Project maintainers are responsible for clarifying the standards of acceptable 37 | behavior and are expected to take appropriate and fair corrective action in 38 | response to any instances of unacceptable behavior. 39 | 40 | Project maintainers have the right and responsibility to remove, edit, or 41 | reject comments, commits, code, wiki edits, issues, and other contributions 42 | that are not aligned to this Code of Conduct, or to ban temporarily or 43 | permanently any contributor for other behaviors that they deem inappropriate, 44 | threatening, offensive, or harmful. 45 | 46 | ## Scope 47 | 48 | This Code of Conduct applies both within project spaces and in public spaces 49 | when an individual is representing the project or its community. Examples of 50 | representing a project or community include using an official project e-mail 51 | address, posting via an official social media account, or acting as an appointed 52 | representative at an online or offline event. Representation of a project may be 53 | further defined and clarified by project maintainers. 54 | 55 | ## Enforcement 56 | 57 | Instances of abusive, harassing, or otherwise unacceptable behavior may be 58 | reported by contacting the project team at raphael@hackebrot.de. All 59 | complaints will be reviewed and investigated and will result in a response that 60 | is deemed necessary and appropriate to the circumstances. The project team is 61 | obligated to maintain confidentiality with regard to the reporter of an incident. 62 | Further details of specific enforcement policies may be posted separately. 63 | 64 | Project maintainers who do not follow or enforce the Code of Conduct in good 65 | faith may face temporary or permanent repercussions as determined by other 66 | members of the project's leadership. 67 | 68 | ## Attribution 69 | 70 | This Code of Conduct is adapted from the [Contributor Covenant][homepage], version 1.4, 71 | available at https://www.contributor-covenant.org/version/1/4/code-of-conduct.html 72 | 73 | [homepage]: https://www.contributor-covenant.org 74 | 75 | For answers to common questions about this code of conduct, see 76 | https://www.contributor-covenant.org/faq 77 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /inheritance/__main__.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public 2 | # License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this 3 | # file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. 4 | 5 | # This file has been copied from the repository: 6 | # https://github.com/hackebrot/python-super 7 | 8 | """04 - Inject functionality into a class in Python. 9 | 10 | Use multiple inheritance to override functionality on base classes. 11 | """ 12 | 13 | import contextlib 14 | import typing 15 | 16 | 17 | class Person: 18 | """A person has a name and likes to do things.""" 19 | 20 | def __init__(self, *, name: str, **kwargs: typing.Any): 21 | self.name = name 22 | 23 | def __str__(self) -> str: 24 | return f"{self.name}" 25 | 26 | def stay_hydrated(self) -> None: 27 | print(f"{self} drinks some water. 🚰") 28 | 29 | def go_to_the_movies(self) -> None: 30 | print(f"{self} goes to the movies. 🍿") 31 | 32 | def go_hiking(self) -> None: 33 | print(f"{self} goes hiking. ⛰") 34 | 35 | def build_a_robot(self) -> None: 36 | print(f"{self} builds a robot. 🤖") 37 | 38 | 39 | class TeaPerson(Person): 40 | """A person who prefers tea over water.""" 41 | 42 | def stay_hydrated(self) -> None: 43 | print(f"{self} drinks tea. 🍵") 44 | 45 | 46 | class Project: 47 | """A project has a board_name and a description.""" 48 | 49 | def __init__(self, board_name: str, description: str): 50 | self.board_name = board_name 51 | self.description = description 52 | 53 | def __str__(self) -> str: 54 | return f"Project '{self.board_name}'" 55 | 56 | 57 | class TeamMember(Person): 58 | """A team member is a person, who works on projects, and may have 59 | specialized in a specific field. 60 | """ 61 | 62 | expertise: typing.Optional[str] = None 63 | 64 | def __str__(self) -> str: 65 | # Get default string representation from the super class 66 | default = super().__str__() 67 | 68 | if self.expertise is None: 69 | return f"{default}" 70 | 71 | return f"{self.expertise} {default}" 72 | 73 | @contextlib.contextmanager 74 | def commute(self) -> typing.Iterator[None]: 75 | """Commute to the office and back.""" 76 | print(f"{self} commutes to the office. 🏢") 77 | yield 78 | print(f"{self} commutes home. 🏡") 79 | 80 | def work_on_project(self, project: Project) -> None: 81 | """Start working on the given project.""" 82 | with self.commute(): 83 | print(f"{self} is now working on {project}. 📋") 84 | self.stay_hydrated() 85 | 86 | 87 | class MobileEngineer(TeamMember): 88 | """Team member specialized in developing for mobile platforms.""" 89 | 90 | expertise = "📱" 91 | 92 | 93 | class DataScientist(TeamMember): 94 | """Team member specialized in data science.""" 95 | 96 | expertise = "📈" 97 | 98 | 99 | class ProjectManager(TeamMember): 100 | """Team member specialized in project management.""" 101 | 102 | expertise = "📝" 103 | 104 | 105 | class OperationsEngineer(TeamMember): 106 | """Team member specialized in running cloud infrastructure.""" 107 | 108 | expertise = "📦" 109 | 110 | 111 | class RemoteTeamMember(TeamMember): 112 | """Team member who works remotely.""" 113 | 114 | def __init__(self, *, workplace: str, **kwargs: typing.Any): 115 | self.workplace = workplace 116 | # Forward kwargs to super class 117 | super().__init__(**kwargs) 118 | 119 | @contextlib.contextmanager 120 | def commute(self) -> typing.Iterator[None]: 121 | """Stay at home or commute to the workplace and back.""" 122 | 123 | if self.workplace == "home": 124 | print(f"{self} works from home. 🏡") 125 | yield 126 | return 127 | 128 | print(f"{self} commutes to {self.workplace}. 🚌") 129 | yield 130 | print(f"{self} commutes home. 🏡") 131 | 132 | 133 | class DataScientistWhoLikesTea(DataScientist, TeaPerson): 134 | """Data scientist who prefers tea over water.""" 135 | 136 | 137 | class ProjectManagerWhoWorksRemotely(ProjectManager, RemoteTeamMember): 138 | """Project manager who works remotely.""" 139 | 140 | 141 | class MobileEngineerWhoWorksRemotelyAndLikesTea( 142 | MobileEngineer, RemoteTeamMember, TeaPerson 143 | ): 144 | """Mobile engineer who works remotely and prefers tea over water.""" 145 | 146 | 147 | if __name__ == "__main__": 148 | simone = OperationsEngineer(name="Simone") 149 | simone.go_to_the_movies() 150 | simone.build_a_robot() 151 | simone.go_hiking() 152 | 153 | data_platform = Project( 154 | board_name="Data Platform", 155 | description="Platform providing datasets and data viewing tools.", 156 | ) 157 | 158 | chelsea = DataScientistWhoLikesTea(name="Chelsea") 159 | dave = ProjectManagerWhoWorksRemotely(name="Dave", workplace="a local coffee shop") 160 | marlene = MobileEngineerWhoWorksRemotelyAndLikesTea( 161 | name="Marlene", workplace="home" 162 | ) 163 | 164 | team = [simone, dave, chelsea, marlene] 165 | 166 | for team_member in team: 167 | team_member.work_on_project(data_platform) 168 | 169 | # Everyone is strongly recommended to work from home. What now? 😨 170 | # Subclasses of RemoteTeamMember do have a workplace attribute, 171 | # but is it really safe to overwrite that? Also, what's with folks 172 | # who work from the office? The default commute() implementation 173 | # does only support commuting to the office. 174 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /LICENSE: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | Mozilla Public License Version 2.0 2 | ================================== 3 | 4 | 1. Definitions 5 | -------------- 6 | 7 | 1.1. "Contributor" 8 | means each individual or legal entity that creates, contributes to 9 | the creation of, or owns Covered Software. 10 | 11 | 1.2. "Contributor Version" 12 | means the combination of the Contributions of others (if any) used 13 | by a Contributor and that particular Contributor's Contribution. 14 | 15 | 1.3. "Contribution" 16 | means Covered Software of a particular Contributor. 17 | 18 | 1.4. "Covered Software" 19 | means Source Code Form to which the initial Contributor has attached 20 | the notice in Exhibit A, the Executable Form of such Source Code 21 | Form, and Modifications of such Source Code Form, in each case 22 | including portions thereof. 23 | 24 | 1.5. "Incompatible With Secondary Licenses" 25 | means 26 | 27 | (a) that the initial Contributor has attached the notice described 28 | in Exhibit B to the Covered Software; or 29 | 30 | (b) that the Covered Software was made available under the terms of 31 | version 1.1 or earlier of the License, but not also under the 32 | terms of a Secondary License. 33 | 34 | 1.6. "Executable Form" 35 | means any form of the work other than Source Code Form. 36 | 37 | 1.7. "Larger Work" 38 | means a work that combines Covered Software with other material, in 39 | a separate file or files, that is not Covered Software. 40 | 41 | 1.8. "License" 42 | means this document. 43 | 44 | 1.9. "Licensable" 45 | means having the right to grant, to the maximum extent possible, 46 | whether at the time of the initial grant or subsequently, any and 47 | all of the rights conveyed by this License. 48 | 49 | 1.10. "Modifications" 50 | means any of the following: 51 | 52 | (a) any file in Source Code Form that results from an addition to, 53 | deletion from, or modification of the contents of Covered 54 | Software; or 55 | 56 | (b) any new file in Source Code Form that contains any Covered 57 | Software. 58 | 59 | 1.11. "Patent Claims" of a Contributor 60 | means any patent claim(s), including without limitation, method, 61 | process, and apparatus claims, in any patent Licensable by such 62 | Contributor that would be infringed, but for the grant of the 63 | License, by the making, using, selling, offering for sale, having 64 | made, import, or transfer of either its Contributions or its 65 | Contributor Version. 66 | 67 | 1.12. "Secondary License" 68 | means either the GNU General Public License, Version 2.0, the GNU 69 | Lesser General Public License, Version 2.1, the GNU Affero General 70 | Public License, Version 3.0, or any later versions of those 71 | licenses. 72 | 73 | 1.13. "Source Code Form" 74 | means the form of the work preferred for making modifications. 75 | 76 | 1.14. "You" (or "Your") 77 | means an individual or a legal entity exercising rights under this 78 | License. For legal entities, "You" includes any entity that 79 | controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with You. For 80 | purposes of this definition, "control" means (a) the power, direct 81 | or indirect, to cause the direction or management of such entity, 82 | whether by contract or otherwise, or (b) ownership of more than 83 | fifty percent (50%) of the outstanding shares or beneficial 84 | ownership of such entity. 85 | 86 | 2. License Grants and Conditions 87 | -------------------------------- 88 | 89 | 2.1. Grants 90 | 91 | Each Contributor hereby grants You a world-wide, royalty-free, 92 | non-exclusive license: 93 | 94 | (a) under intellectual property rights (other than patent or trademark) 95 | Licensable by such Contributor to use, reproduce, make available, 96 | modify, display, perform, distribute, and otherwise exploit its 97 | Contributions, either on an unmodified basis, with Modifications, or 98 | as part of a Larger Work; and 99 | 100 | (b) under Patent Claims of such Contributor to make, use, sell, offer 101 | for sale, have made, import, and otherwise transfer either its 102 | Contributions or its Contributor Version. 103 | 104 | 2.2. Effective Date 105 | 106 | The licenses granted in Section 2.1 with respect to any Contribution 107 | become effective for each Contribution on the date the Contributor first 108 | distributes such Contribution. 109 | 110 | 2.3. Limitations on Grant Scope 111 | 112 | The licenses granted in this Section 2 are the only rights granted under 113 | this License. No additional rights or licenses will be implied from the 114 | distribution or licensing of Covered Software under this License. 115 | Notwithstanding Section 2.1(b) above, no patent license is granted by a 116 | Contributor: 117 | 118 | (a) for any code that a Contributor has removed from Covered Software; 119 | or 120 | 121 | (b) for infringements caused by: (i) Your and any other third party's 122 | modifications of Covered Software, or (ii) the combination of its 123 | Contributions with other software (except as part of its Contributor 124 | Version); or 125 | 126 | (c) under Patent Claims infringed by Covered Software in the absence of 127 | its Contributions. 128 | 129 | This License does not grant any rights in the trademarks, service marks, 130 | or logos of any Contributor (except as may be necessary to comply with 131 | the notice requirements in Section 3.4). 132 | 133 | 2.4. Subsequent Licenses 134 | 135 | No Contributor makes additional grants as a result of Your choice to 136 | distribute the Covered Software under a subsequent version of this 137 | License (see Section 10.2) or under the terms of a Secondary License (if 138 | permitted under the terms of Section 3.3). 139 | 140 | 2.5. Representation 141 | 142 | Each Contributor represents that the Contributor believes its 143 | Contributions are its original creation(s) or it has sufficient rights 144 | to grant the rights to its Contributions conveyed by this License. 145 | 146 | 2.6. Fair Use 147 | 148 | This License is not intended to limit any rights You have under 149 | applicable copyright doctrines of fair use, fair dealing, or other 150 | equivalents. 151 | 152 | 2.7. Conditions 153 | 154 | Sections 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, and 3.4 are conditions of the licenses granted 155 | in Section 2.1. 156 | 157 | 3. Responsibilities 158 | ------------------- 159 | 160 | 3.1. Distribution of Source Form 161 | 162 | All distribution of Covered Software in Source Code Form, including any 163 | Modifications that You create or to which You contribute, must be under 164 | the terms of this License. You must inform recipients that the Source 165 | Code Form of the Covered Software is governed by the terms of this 166 | License, and how they can obtain a copy of this License. You may not 167 | attempt to alter or restrict the recipients' rights in the Source Code 168 | Form. 169 | 170 | 3.2. Distribution of Executable Form 171 | 172 | If You distribute Covered Software in Executable Form then: 173 | 174 | (a) such Covered Software must also be made available in Source Code 175 | Form, as described in Section 3.1, and You must inform recipients of 176 | the Executable Form how they can obtain a copy of such Source Code 177 | Form by reasonable means in a timely manner, at a charge no more 178 | than the cost of distribution to the recipient; and 179 | 180 | (b) You may distribute such Executable Form under the terms of this 181 | License, or sublicense it under different terms, provided that the 182 | license for the Executable Form does not attempt to limit or alter 183 | the recipients' rights in the Source Code Form under this License. 184 | 185 | 3.3. Distribution of a Larger Work 186 | 187 | You may create and distribute a Larger Work under terms of Your choice, 188 | provided that You also comply with the requirements of this License for 189 | the Covered Software. If the Larger Work is a combination of Covered 190 | Software with a work governed by one or more Secondary Licenses, and the 191 | Covered Software is not Incompatible With Secondary Licenses, this 192 | License permits You to additionally distribute such Covered Software 193 | under the terms of such Secondary License(s), so that the recipient of 194 | the Larger Work may, at their option, further distribute the Covered 195 | Software under the terms of either this License or such Secondary 196 | License(s). 197 | 198 | 3.4. Notices 199 | 200 | You may not remove or alter the substance of any license notices 201 | (including copyright notices, patent notices, disclaimers of warranty, 202 | or limitations of liability) contained within the Source Code Form of 203 | the Covered Software, except that You may alter any license notices to 204 | the extent required to remedy known factual inaccuracies. 205 | 206 | 3.5. Application of Additional Terms 207 | 208 | You may choose to offer, and to charge a fee for, warranty, support, 209 | indemnity or liability obligations to one or more recipients of Covered 210 | Software. However, You may do so only on Your own behalf, and not on 211 | behalf of any Contributor. You must make it absolutely clear that any 212 | such warranty, support, indemnity, or liability obligation is offered by 213 | You alone, and You hereby agree to indemnify every Contributor for any 214 | liability incurred by such Contributor as a result of warranty, support, 215 | indemnity or liability terms You offer. You may include additional 216 | disclaimers of warranty and limitations of liability specific to any 217 | jurisdiction. 218 | 219 | 4. Inability to Comply Due to Statute or Regulation 220 | --------------------------------------------------- 221 | 222 | If it is impossible for You to comply with any of the terms of this 223 | License with respect to some or all of the Covered Software due to 224 | statute, judicial order, or regulation then You must: (a) comply with 225 | the terms of this License to the maximum extent possible; and (b) 226 | describe the limitations and the code they affect. Such description must 227 | be placed in a text file included with all distributions of the Covered 228 | Software under this License. Except to the extent prohibited by statute 229 | or regulation, such description must be sufficiently detailed for a 230 | recipient of ordinary skill to be able to understand it. 231 | 232 | 5. Termination 233 | -------------- 234 | 235 | 5.1. The rights granted under this License will terminate automatically 236 | if You fail to comply with any of its terms. However, if You become 237 | compliant, then the rights granted under this License from a particular 238 | Contributor are reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until such 239 | Contributor explicitly and finally terminates Your grants, and (b) on an 240 | ongoing basis, if such Contributor fails to notify You of the 241 | non-compliance by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after You have 242 | come back into compliance. Moreover, Your grants from a particular 243 | Contributor are reinstated on an ongoing basis if such Contributor 244 | notifies You of the non-compliance by some reasonable means, this is the 245 | first time You have received notice of non-compliance with this License 246 | from such Contributor, and You become compliant prior to 30 days after 247 | Your receipt of the notice. 248 | 249 | 5.2. If You initiate litigation against any entity by asserting a patent 250 | infringement claim (excluding declaratory judgment actions, 251 | counter-claims, and cross-claims) alleging that a Contributor Version 252 | directly or indirectly infringes any patent, then the rights granted to 253 | You by any and all Contributors for the Covered Software under Section 254 | 2.1 of this License shall terminate. 255 | 256 | 5.3. In the event of termination under Sections 5.1 or 5.2 above, all 257 | end user license agreements (excluding distributors and resellers) which 258 | have been validly granted by You or Your distributors under this License 259 | prior to termination shall survive termination. 260 | 261 | ************************************************************************ 262 | * * 263 | * 6. Disclaimer of Warranty * 264 | * ------------------------- * 265 | * * 266 | * Covered Software is provided under this License on an "as is" * 267 | * basis, without warranty of any kind, either expressed, implied, or * 268 | * statutory, including, without limitation, warranties that the * 269 | * Covered Software is free of defects, merchantable, fit for a * 270 | * particular purpose or non-infringing. The entire risk as to the * 271 | * quality and performance of the Covered Software is with You. * 272 | * Should any Covered Software prove defective in any respect, You * 273 | * (not any Contributor) assume the cost of any necessary servicing, * 274 | * repair, or correction. This disclaimer of warranty constitutes an * 275 | * essential part of this License. No use of any Covered Software is * 276 | * authorized under this License except under this disclaimer. * 277 | * * 278 | ************************************************************************ 279 | 280 | ************************************************************************ 281 | * * 282 | * 7. Limitation of Liability * 283 | * -------------------------- * 284 | * * 285 | * Under no circumstances and under no legal theory, whether tort * 286 | * (including negligence), contract, or otherwise, shall any * 287 | * Contributor, or anyone who distributes Covered Software as * 288 | * permitted above, be liable to You for any direct, indirect, * 289 | * special, incidental, or consequential damages of any character * 290 | * including, without limitation, damages for lost profits, loss of * 291 | * goodwill, work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any * 292 | * and all other commercial damages or losses, even if such party * 293 | * shall have been informed of the possibility of such damages. This * 294 | * limitation of liability shall not apply to liability for death or * 295 | * personal injury resulting from such party's negligence to the * 296 | * extent applicable law prohibits such limitation. Some * 297 | * jurisdictions do not allow the exclusion or limitation of * 298 | * incidental or consequential damages, so this exclusion and * 299 | * limitation may not apply to You. * 300 | * * 301 | ************************************************************************ 302 | 303 | 8. Litigation 304 | ------------- 305 | 306 | Any litigation relating to this License may be brought only in the 307 | courts of a jurisdiction where the defendant maintains its principal 308 | place of business and such litigation shall be governed by laws of that 309 | jurisdiction, without reference to its conflict-of-law provisions. 310 | Nothing in this Section shall prevent a party's ability to bring 311 | cross-claims or counter-claims. 312 | 313 | 9. Miscellaneous 314 | ---------------- 315 | 316 | This License represents the complete agreement concerning the subject 317 | matter hereof. If any provision of this License is held to be 318 | unenforceable, such provision shall be reformed only to the extent 319 | necessary to make it enforceable. Any law or regulation which provides 320 | that the language of a contract shall be construed against the drafter 321 | shall not be used to construe this License against a Contributor. 322 | 323 | 10. Versions of the License 324 | --------------------------- 325 | 326 | 10.1. New Versions 327 | 328 | Mozilla Foundation is the license steward. Except as provided in Section 329 | 10.3, no one other than the license steward has the right to modify or 330 | publish new versions of this License. Each version will be given a 331 | distinguishing version number. 332 | 333 | 10.2. Effect of New Versions 334 | 335 | You may distribute the Covered Software under the terms of the version 336 | of the License under which You originally received the Covered Software, 337 | or under the terms of any subsequent version published by the license 338 | steward. 339 | 340 | 10.3. Modified Versions 341 | 342 | If you create software not governed by this License, and you want to 343 | create a new license for such software, you may create and use a 344 | modified version of this License if you rename the license and remove 345 | any references to the name of the license steward (except to note that 346 | such modified license differs from this License). 347 | 348 | 10.4. Distributing Source Code Form that is Incompatible With Secondary 349 | Licenses 350 | 351 | If You choose to distribute Source Code Form that is Incompatible With 352 | Secondary Licenses under the terms of this version of the License, the 353 | notice described in Exhibit B of this License must be attached. 354 | 355 | Exhibit A - Source Code Form License Notice 356 | ------------------------------------------- 357 | 358 | This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public 359 | License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this 360 | file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. 361 | 362 | If it is not possible or desirable to put the notice in a particular 363 | file, then You may include the notice in a location (such as a LICENSE 364 | file in a relevant directory) where a recipient would be likely to look 365 | for such a notice. 366 | 367 | You may add additional accurate notices of copyright ownership. 368 | 369 | Exhibit B - "Incompatible With Secondary Licenses" Notice 370 | --------------------------------------------------------- 371 | 372 | This Source Code Form is "Incompatible With Secondary Licenses", as 373 | defined by the Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0. 374 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------