├── .gitignore ├── .travis.yml ├── Gemfile ├── Gemfile.lock ├── LICENSE ├── README.md ├── _bibliography ├── big-data.bib ├── consistency-crdts.bib ├── counters.bib ├── dist-langs.bib ├── example.bib ├── futures.bib ├── langs-consistency.bib ├── langs-extended-for-dist.bib ├── message-passing.bib ├── references.bib ├── rpc.bib └── streaming.bib ├── _config.yml ├── _includes ├── footer.html ├── head.html ├── header.html ├── icon-github.html ├── icon-github.svg ├── icon-twitter.html ├── icon-twitter.svg ├── navbar-links.html └── navbar.html ├── _layouts ├── chapter.html ├── default.html └── page.html ├── about.md ├── chapter ├── 1 │ ├── figures │ │ ├── grpc-benchmark.png │ │ ├── grpc-client-transport-handler.png │ │ ├── grpc-cross-language.png │ │ ├── grpc-googleapis.png │ │ ├── grpc-languages.png │ │ ├── grpc-server-transport-handler.png │ │ ├── hello-world-client.png │ │ ├── hello-world-server.png │ │ ├── http2-frame.png │ │ ├── http2-stream-lifecycle.png │ │ └── protobuf-types.png │ ├── gRPC.md │ └── rpc.md ├── 2 │ ├── futures.md │ └── images │ │ ├── 1.png │ │ ├── 15.png │ │ ├── 5.png │ │ ├── 6.png │ │ ├── 7.png │ │ ├── 8.png │ │ ├── 9.png │ │ ├── p-1.png │ │ ├── p-1.svg │ │ ├── p-2.png │ │ └── p-2.svg ├── 3 │ ├── E_account_spreadsheet_vats.png │ ├── E_vat.png │ ├── message-passing.md │ ├── sentinel_nodes.png │ └── supervision_tree.png ├── 4 │ ├── MR.png │ └── dist-langs.md ├── 5 │ └── langs-extended-for-dist.md ├── 6 │ ├── acidic-to-basic-how-the-database-ph-has-changed.md │ ├── being-consistent.md │ ├── counters.md │ └── resources │ │ ├── code │ │ └── counters │ │ │ └── python │ │ │ ├── operation-based-increment-and-decrement-counter.py │ │ │ ├── operation-based-increment-only-counter.py │ │ │ ├── state-based-increment-and-decrement-counter-correct.py │ │ │ ├── state-based-increment-and-decrement-counter-incorrect.py │ │ │ ├── state-based-increment-only-counter-correct.py │ │ │ └── state-based-increment-only-counter-incorrect.py │ │ └── images │ │ ├── counters │ │ ├── decrement-operation.png │ │ ├── increment-and-decrement-operations-commute.png │ │ ├── increment-operation.png │ │ ├── operation-based-increment-and-decrement-counter.png │ │ ├── operation-based-increment-only-counter.png │ │ ├── state-based-increment-and-decrement-counter-correct-lattice.png │ │ ├── state-based-increment-and-decrement-counter-correct.png │ │ ├── state-based-increment-and-decrement-counter-incorrect-lattice.png │ │ ├── state-based-increment-and-decrement-counter-incorrect.png │ │ ├── state-based-increment-only-counter-correct.png │ │ └── state-based-increment-only-counter-incorrect.png │ │ └── partitioned-network.jpg ├── 7 │ └── langs-consistency.md ├── 8 │ ├── Hive-architecture.png │ ├── Hive-transformation.png │ ├── big-data.md │ ├── cluster-overview.png │ ├── ecosystem.png │ ├── edge-cut.png │ ├── hadoop-ecosystem.jpg │ ├── spark-ecosystem.png │ ├── spark_pipeline.png │ ├── sparksql-data-flow.jpg │ ├── sql-vs-dataframes-vs-datasets.png │ └── vertex-cut-datastructure.png └── 9 │ ├── DAG.jpg │ ├── DiagramStream.jpg │ ├── Kafka.jpg │ ├── Naiad.jpg │ ├── TimelyD.jpg │ ├── Topology.jpg │ └── streaming.md ├── example.md ├── feed.xml ├── index.html └── resources ├── css ├── blog.css ├── bootstrap.min.css ├── custom.css.old.css ├── entypo.css ├── github.css.old.css ├── latex.css ├── main.css ├── prettify.css └── tufte.css ├── glyphs ├── BS-Bold.eot ├── BS-Bold.svg ├── BS-Bold.ttf ├── BS-Bold.woff ├── BS-BoldItalic.eot ├── BS-BoldItalic.svg ├── BS-BoldItalic.ttf ├── BS-BoldItalic.woff ├── BS-Regular.eot ├── BS-Regular.svg ├── BS-Regular.ttf ├── BS-Regular.woff ├── BS-RegularItalic.eot ├── BS-RegularItalic.svg ├── BS-RegularItalic.ttf ├── BS-RegularItalic.woff ├── Consolas-Bold.eot ├── Consolas-Bold.svg ├── Consolas-Bold.ttf ├── Consolas-Bold.woff ├── Consolas-Italic.eot ├── Consolas-Italic.svg ├── Consolas-Italic.ttf ├── Consolas-Italic.woff ├── Consolas.eot ├── Consolas.svg ├── Consolas.ttf ├── Consolas.woff ├── SN-Book.eot ├── SN-Book.svg ├── SN-Book.ttf ├── SN-Book.woff ├── SN-BookItalic.eot ├── SN-BookItalic.svg ├── SN-BookItalic.ttf ├── SN-BookItalic.woff ├── SN-Semibold.eot ├── SN-Semibold.svg ├── SN-Semibold.ttf ├── SN-Semibold.woff ├── SN-SemiboldItalic.eot ├── SN-SemiboldItalic.svg ├── SN-SemiboldItalic.ttf ├── SN-SemiboldItalic.woff ├── entypo-social.eot ├── entypo-social.ttf ├── entypo-social.woff ├── entypo.eot ├── entypo.ttf ├── entypo.woff ├── et-book │ ├── et-book-bold-line-figures │ │ ├── et-book-bold-line-figures.eot │ │ ├── et-book-bold-line-figures.svg │ │ ├── et-book-bold-line-figures.ttf │ │ └── et-book-bold-line-figures.woff │ ├── et-book-display-italic-old-style-figures │ │ ├── et-book-display-italic-old-style-figures.eot │ │ ├── et-book-display-italic-old-style-figures.svg │ │ ├── et-book-display-italic-old-style-figures.ttf │ │ └── et-book-display-italic-old-style-figures.woff │ ├── et-book-roman-line-figures │ │ ├── et-book-roman-line-figures.eot │ │ ├── et-book-roman-line-figures.svg │ │ ├── et-book-roman-line-figures.ttf │ │ └── et-book-roman-line-figures.woff │ ├── et-book-roman-old-style-figures │ │ ├── et-book-roman-old-style-figures.eot │ │ ├── et-book-roman-old-style-figures.svg │ │ ├── et-book-roman-old-style-figures.ttf │ │ └── et-book-roman-old-style-figures.woff │ └── et-book-semi-bold-old-style-figures │ │ ├── et-book-semi-bold-old-style-figures.eot │ │ ├── et-book-semi-bold-old-style-figures.svg │ │ ├── et-book-semi-bold-old-style-figures.ttf │ │ └── et-book-semi-bold-old-style-figures.woff ├── icomoon.eot ├── icomoon.svg ├── icomoon.ttf └── icomoon.woff ├── img ├── data-parallelism.png ├── exports-imports.png ├── imagequilt-animal-sounds.png ├── imagequilt-chinese-calligraphy.png ├── mapreduce-execution.png ├── mscr.png ├── napoleons-march.png ├── rhino.png ├── rpc_chapter_1_asyncrpc.jpg ├── rpc_chapter_1_syncrpc.jpg ├── rpc_chapter_1_ycog_10_steps.png └── table-example-be-page-159.png └── js ├── main.js └── vendor ├── bootstrap.min.js ├── jquery-1.11.0.min.js ├── lang-scala.js ├── retina.js └── slideout.min.js /.gitignore: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | _site 2 | .sass-cache 3 | .jekyll-metadata 4 | 5 | .DS_Store 6 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /.travis.yml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 2 | # opt-in to Travis new infrastructure 3 | sudo: false 4 | 5 | language: ruby 6 | rvm: 7 | - 2.0.0-p648 8 | 9 | # for faster builds 10 | cache: bundler 11 | env: BUNDLE_PATH=bundle-vendor/bundle 12 | 13 | # we must override install, or Travis's default Gemfile support 14 | # will kick in and use `vendor`, ignoring our BUNDLE_PATH 15 | # declaration in `.bundle/config` 16 | install: 17 | - bundle install 18 | 19 | script: 20 | - bundle exec jekyll build -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /Gemfile: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | source 'https://rubygems.org' 2 | gem 'jekyll', '3.2.0' 3 | gem 'jekyll-scholar' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /Gemfile.lock: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | GEM 2 | remote: https://rubygems.org/ 3 | specs: 4 | bibtex-ruby (4.4.2) 5 | latex-decode (~> 0.0) 6 | citeproc (1.0.4) 7 | namae (~> 0.8) 8 | citeproc-ruby (1.1.5) 9 | citeproc (>= 1.0.4, < 2.0) 10 | csl (~> 1.4) 11 | colorator (1.1.0) 12 | csl (1.4.5) 13 | namae (~> 0.7) 14 | csl-styles (1.0.1.7) 15 | csl (~> 1.0) 16 | ffi (1.9.14) 17 | forwardable-extended (2.6.0) 18 | jekyll (3.2.0) 19 | colorator (~> 1.0) 20 | jekyll-sass-converter (~> 1.0) 21 | jekyll-watch (~> 1.1) 22 | kramdown (~> 1.3) 23 | liquid (~> 3.0) 24 | mercenary (~> 0.3.3) 25 | pathutil (~> 0.9) 26 | rouge (~> 1.7) 27 | safe_yaml (~> 1.0) 28 | jekyll-sass-converter (1.5.0) 29 | sass (~> 3.4) 30 | jekyll-scholar (5.8.5) 31 | bibtex-ruby (~> 4.0, >= 4.0.13) 32 | citeproc-ruby (~> 1.0) 33 | csl-styles (~> 1.0) 34 | jekyll (~> 3.0) 35 | jekyll-watch (1.5.0) 36 | listen (~> 3.0, < 3.1) 37 | kramdown (1.13.1) 38 | latex-decode (0.2.2) 39 | unicode (~> 0.4) 40 | liquid (3.0.6) 41 | listen (3.0.8) 42 | rb-fsevent (~> 0.9, >= 0.9.4) 43 | rb-inotify (~> 0.9, >= 0.9.7) 44 | mercenary (0.3.6) 45 | namae (0.11.0) 46 | pathutil (0.14.0) 47 | forwardable-extended (~> 2.6) 48 | rb-fsevent (0.9.8) 49 | rb-inotify (0.9.7) 50 | ffi (>= 0.5.0) 51 | rouge (1.11.1) 52 | safe_yaml (1.0.4) 53 | sass (3.4.23) 54 | unicode (0.4.4.2) 55 | 56 | PLATFORMS 57 | ruby 58 | 59 | DEPENDENCIES 60 | jekyll (= 3.2.0) 61 | jekyll-scholar 62 | 63 | BUNDLED WITH 64 | 1.13.5 65 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /LICENSE: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 2 | 3 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | Programming Models for Distributed Computation 2 | ============================================== 3 | 4 | Source repo for the book that I and my students in my course at Northeastern University, [CS7680 Special Topics in Computing Systems: Programming Models for Distributed Computing](http://heather.miller.am/teaching/cs7680/), are writing on the topic of programming models for distributed systems. 5 | 6 | This is a book about the programming constructs we use to build distributed 7 | systems. These range from the small, RPC, futures, actors, to the large; systems 8 | built up of these components like MapReduce and Spark. We explore issues and 9 | concerns central to distributed systems like consistency, availability, and 10 | fault tolerance, from the lens of the programming models and frameworks that 11 | the programmer uses to build these systems. 12 | 13 | _**Please note that this is a work in progress, the book contents are in this repo, but we have not yet polished everything and published the final book online. Expected release: end of December**_ 14 | 15 | _Note: the chapters can be viewed by manually going to `http://dist-prog-book.com/chapter/x/article-name.html`, e.g., http://dist-prog-book.com/chapter/2/futures.html. One we finish off the chapters that need the most work, we will "release" the book by putting a proper index page in place._ 16 | 17 | _Note: we are currently in talks with a major publisher to publish this book as open-access textbook! Keep your fingers crossed!🤞_ 18 | 19 | ## Chapters 20 | 21 | 1. RPC 22 | 2. Futures & Promises 23 | 3. Message-passing 24 | 4. Distributed Programming Languages 25 | 5. Languages Extended for Distribution 26 | 6. CAP, Consistency, & CRDTs 27 | 7. Programming Languages & Consistency 28 | 8. Large-scale Parallel Batch Processing 29 | 9. Large-scale Streaming 30 | 31 | ## Editing this book 32 | 33 | ### Workflow 34 | 35 | 1. Fork/clone 36 | 2. Edit on your local branch 37 | 3. **Make a pull request to the `master` branch with your changes. Do not commit directly to the repository** 38 | 4. After merge, visit the live site `http://dist-prog-book.com/chapter/x/your-article.html` 39 | 40 | Note: We have CI that builds the book for each commit. Pull requests that don't 41 | build will not be merged. 42 | 43 | Note: when PRs are merged, the site is built and redeployed automatically. 44 | 45 | ### Structure 46 | 47 | Chapters are located in the `chapter` folder of the root directory. 48 | 49 | ## Dependencies 50 | 51 | This site uses a Jekyll, a Ruby framework. You'll need Ruby and Bundler 52 | installed. 53 | 54 | If you have Ruby already installed, to install Bundler, just do `sudo gem install bundler` 55 | 56 | ## Building & Viewing 57 | 58 | **Please build and view your site locally before submitting a PR!** 59 | 60 | cd into the directory where you cloned this repository, then install the 61 | required gems with `bundle install`. This will automatically put the gems into 62 | `./vendor/bundle`. 63 | 64 | Start the server in the context of the bundle: 65 | 66 | bundle exec jekyll serve 67 | 68 | The generated site is available at `http://localhost:4000` 69 | 70 | Note, this will bring you to the index page. If you'd like to see your chapter, 71 | make sure to navigate there explicitly, e.g., 72 | `http://localhost:4000/chapter/1/rpc.html`. 73 | 74 | ## Adding/editing pages 75 | 76 | Articles are in Markdown with straightforward YAML frontmatter. 77 | 78 | You can include code, math (LaTeX syntax), figures, blockquotes, side notes, 79 | etc. You can also use regular BibTeX to make a bibliography. To see everything 80 | you can do, I've prepared an example article. 81 | 82 | - [Live example article](http://dist-prog-book.com/example.html) 83 | - [Corresponding example page markdown](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/heathermiller/dist-prog-book/master/example.md) 84 | 85 | If you would like to add BibTeX entries to the bibliography for your chapter, 86 | check the `_bibliography` directory for a `.bib` file named after your chapter. 87 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /_bibliography/big-data.bib: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | @article{armbrust2015scaling, 2 | title={Scaling spark in the real world: performance and usability}, 3 | author={Armbrust, Michael and Das, Tathagata and Davidson, Aaron and Ghodsi, Ali and Or, Andrew and Rosen, Josh and Stoica, Ion and Wendell, Patrick and Xin, Reynold and Zaharia, Matei}, 4 | journal={Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment}, 5 | volume={8}, 6 | number={12}, 7 | pages={1840--1843}, 8 | year={2015}, 9 | publisher={VLDB Endowment} 10 | } 11 | 12 | 13 | @inproceedings{armbrust2015spark, 14 | title={Spark sql: Relational data processing in spark}, 15 | author={Armbrust, Michael and Xin, Reynold S and Lian, Cheng and Huai, Yin and Liu, Davies and Bradley, Joseph K and Meng, Xiangrui and Kaftan, Tomer and Franklin, Michael J and Ghodsi, Ali and others}, 16 | booktitle={Proceedings of the 2015 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data}, 17 | pages={1383--1394}, 18 | year={2015}, 19 | organization={ACM} 20 | } 21 | 22 | @article{bu2010haloop, 23 | title={HaLoop: efficient iterative data processing on large clusters}, 24 | author={Bu, Yingyi and Howe, Bill and Balazinska, Magdalena and Ernst, Michael D}, 25 | journal={Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment}, 26 | volume={3}, 27 | number={1-2}, 28 | pages={285--296}, 29 | year={2010}, 30 | publisher={VLDB Endowment} 31 | } 32 | 33 | @inproceedings{chambers2010flumejava, 34 | title={FlumeJava: easy, efficient data-parallel pipelines}, 35 | author={Chambers, Craig and Raniwala, Ashish and Perry, Frances and Adams, Stephen and Henry, Robert R and Bradshaw, Robert and Weizenbaum, Nathan}, 36 | booktitle={ACM Sigplan Notices}, 37 | volume={45}, 38 | number={6}, 39 | pages={363--375}, 40 | year={2010}, 41 | organization={ACM} 42 | } 43 | 44 | 45 | @article{ching2015one, 46 | title={One trillion edges: graph processing at Facebook-scale}, 47 | author={Ching, Avery and Edunov, Sergey and Kabiljo, Maja and Logothetis, Dionysios and Muthukrishnan, Sambavi}, 48 | journal={Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment}, 49 | volume={8}, 50 | number={12}, 51 | pages={1804--1815}, 52 | year={2015}, 53 | publisher={VLDB Endowment} 54 | } 55 | 56 | @article{dean2008mapreduce, 57 | title={MapReduce: simplified data processing on large clusters}, 58 | author={Dean, Jeffrey and Ghemawat, Sanjay}, 59 | journal={Communications of the ACM}, 60 | 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@inproceedings{isard2007dryad, 116 | title={Dryad: distributed data-parallel programs from sequential building blocks}, 117 | author={Isard, Michael and Budiu, Mihai and Yu, Yuan and Birrell, Andrew and Fetterly, Dennis}, 118 | booktitle={ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review}, 119 | volume={41}, 120 | number={3}, 121 | pages={59--72}, 122 | year={2007}, 123 | organization={ACM} 124 | } 125 | 126 | 127 | @inproceedings{kreps2011kafka, 128 | title={Kafka: A distributed messaging system for log processing}, 129 | author={Kreps, Jay and Narkhede, Neha and Rao, Jun and others}, 130 | booktitle={Proceedings of the NetDB}, 131 | pages={1--7}, 132 | year={2011} 133 | } 134 | 135 | @inproceedings{li2014tachyon, 136 | title={Tachyon: Reliable, memory speed storage for cluster computing frameworks}, 137 | author={Li, Haoyuan and Ghodsi, Ali and Zaharia, Matei and Shenker, Scott and Stoica, Ion}, 138 | booktitle={Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing}, 139 | pages={1--15}, 140 | 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Utkarsh and Kumar, Ravi and Tomkins, Andrew}, 165 | booktitle={Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data}, 166 | pages={1099--1110}, 167 | year={2008}, 168 | organization={ACM} 169 | } 170 | 171 | @article{pike2005interpreting, 172 | title={Interpreting the data: Parallel analysis with Sawzall}, 173 | author={Pike, Rob and Dorward, Sean and Griesemer, Robert and Quinlan, Sean}, 174 | journal={Scientific Programming}, 175 | volume={13}, 176 | number={4}, 177 | pages={277--298}, 178 | year={2005}, 179 | publisher={Hindawi Publishing Corporation} 180 | } 181 | 182 | @inproceedings{shvachko2010hadoop, 183 | title={The hadoop distributed file system}, 184 | author={Shvachko, Konstantin and Kuang, Hairong and Radia, Sanjay and Chansler, Robert}, 185 | booktitle={2010 IEEE 26th symposium on mass storage systems and technologies (MSST)}, 186 | pages={1--10}, 187 | year={2010}, 188 | organization={IEEE} 189 | } 190 | 191 | @online{WinNT, 192 | author = {Tarau, Paul}, 193 | title = {Bulk synchronous model}, 194 | year = 2014, 195 | url = {http://www.cse.unt.edu/~tarau/teaching/parpro/papers/Bulk%20synchronous%20parallel.pdf}, 196 | urldate = {2016-11-24} 197 | } 198 | 199 | @article{thusoo2009hive, 200 | title={Hive: a warehousing solution over a map-reduce framework}, 201 | author={Thusoo, Ashish and Sarma, Joydeep Sen and Jain, Namit and Shao, Zheng and Chakka, Prasad and Anthony, Suresh and Liu, Hao and Wyckoff, Pete and Murthy, Raghotham}, 202 | journal={Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment}, 203 | volume={2}, 204 | number={2}, 205 | pages={1626--1629}, 206 | year={2009}, 207 | publisher={VLDB Endowment} 208 | } 209 | 210 | @inproceedings{thusoo2010hive, 211 | title={Hive-a petabyte scale data warehouse using hadoop}, 212 | author={Thusoo, Ashish and Sarma, Joydeep Sen and Jain, Namit and Shao, Zheng and Chakka, Prasad and Zhang, Ning and Antony, Suresh and Liu, Hao and Murthy, Raghotham}, 213 | booktitle={2010 IEEE 26th 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system on spark}, 241 | author={Xin, Reynold S and Gonzalez, Joseph E and Franklin, Michael J and Stoica, Ion}, 242 | booktitle={First International Workshop on Graph Data Management Experiences and Systems}, 243 | pages={2}, 244 | year={2013}, 245 | organization={ACM} 246 | } 247 | 248 | @inproceedings{yu2008dryadlinq, 249 | title={DryadLINQ: A System for General-Purpose Distributed Data-Parallel Computing Using a High-Level Language.}, 250 | author={Yu, Yuan and Isard, Michael and Fetterly, Dennis and Budiu, Mihai and Erlingsson, {\'U}lfar and Gunda, Pradeep Kumar and Currey, Jon}, 251 | booktitle={OSDI}, 252 | volume={8}, 253 | pages={1--14}, 254 | year={2008} 255 | } 256 | 257 | @article{zaharia2010spark, 258 | title={Spark: cluster computing with working sets.}, 259 | author={Zaharia, Matei and Chowdhury, Mosharaf and Franklin, Michael J and Shenker, Scott and Stoica, Ion}, 260 | journal={HotCloud}, 261 | volume={10}, 262 | pages={10--10}, 263 | year={2010} 264 | } 265 | 266 | 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Funct. Program.}, 27 | volume = {14}, 28 | number = {6}, 29 | year = {2004}, 30 | pages = {727-739}, 31 | } -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /_bibliography/futures.bib: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | @inproceedings{Uniqueness, 2 | author = {Philipp Haller and 3 | Martin Odersky}, 4 | title = {Capabilities for Uniqueness and Borrowing}, 5 | booktitle = {ECOOP 2010, Maribor, Slovenia, June 21-25, 2010.}, 6 | pages = {354--378}, 7 | year = {2010}, 8 | } 9 | 10 | @inproceedings{Elsman2005, 11 | author = {Martin Elsman}, 12 | title = {Type-specialized serialization with sharing}, 13 | booktitle = {Trends in Functional Programming}, 14 | year = {2005}, 15 | pages = {47-62}, 16 | } 17 | 18 | @article{Kennedy2004, 19 | author = {Andrew Kennedy}, 20 | title = {Pickler combinators}, 21 | journal = {J. Funct. Program.}, 22 | volume = {14}, 23 | number = {6}, 24 | year = {2004}, 25 | pages = {727-739}, 26 | } 27 | 28 | @article{Multilisp, 29 | author = {Halstead,Jr., Robert H.}, 30 | title = {MULTILISP: A Language for Concurrent Symbolic Computation}, 31 | journal = {ACM Trans. Program. Lang. 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Rev.}, 81 | issue_date = {January 2014}, 82 | volume = {48}, 83 | number = {1}, 84 | month = may, 85 | year = {2014}, 86 | issn = {0163-5980}, 87 | pages = {51--57}, 88 | numpages = {7}, 89 | url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2626401.2626413}, 90 | doi = {10.1145/2626401.2626413}, 91 | acmid = {2626413}, 92 | publisher = {ACM}, 93 | address = {New York, NY, USA}, 94 | } 95 | 96 | @misc{5, 97 | title={What are the differences between JavaScript Promise and a Java Future?}, 98 | author={Google}, 99 | url = {https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-differences-between-JavaScript-Promise-and-a-Java-Future}, 100 | publisher = {Quora} 101 | } 102 | 103 | @misc{6, 104 | title={The JavaScript Event Loop: Explained}, 105 | author={Erin Swenson-Healey}, 106 | url = {http://blog.carbonfive.com/2013/10/27/the-javascript-event-loop-explained/} 107 | } 108 | 109 | @misc{7, 110 | title={jQuery.Deferred()}, 111 | url = {https://api.jquery.com/jquery.deferred/} 112 | } 113 | 114 | @misc{8, 115 | title={Effective Scala}, 116 | author={Marius Eriksen}, 117 | url = {http://twitter.github.io/effectivescala} 118 | } 119 | 120 | @misc{8, 121 | title={Concurrency model and Event Loop}, 122 | author={MDN}, 123 | url = {https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/EventLoop} 124 | } 125 | 126 | @misc{9, 127 | title={Task vs Future vs Promise}, 128 | author={Ned Stoyanov}, 129 | url = {http://www.nedstoyanov.com/promises-and-futures/} 130 | } 131 | 132 | @misc{10, 133 | title={Futures and Promises - List of Implementations}, 134 | url = {http://www.liquisearch.com/futures_and_promises/list_of_implementations} 135 | } 136 | 137 | @misc{11, 138 | title={Promises and Deferreds}, 139 | author={Trevor Burnham}, 140 | url = {https://www.safaribooksonline.com/library/view/async-javascript/9781941222782/f_0028.html} 141 | } 142 | 143 | @misc{12, 144 | title={Futures and Promises}, 145 | url = {http://www.seastar-project.org/futures-promises/} 146 | } 147 | 148 | @misc{13, 149 | title={Why do Promise libraries use event loops?}, 150 | url = {http://stackoverflow.com/questions/23447876/why-do-promise-libraries-use-event-loops} 151 | } 152 | 153 | @misc{14, 154 | title={Why do Promise libraries use event loops?}, 155 | url = {http://stackoverflow.com/questions/23447876/why-do-promise-libraries-use-event-loops} 156 | } 157 | 158 | 159 | @misc{15, 160 | title={Tasks, microtasks, queues and schedules}, 161 | author={Jake Archibald}, 162 | url = {https://jakearchibald.com/2015/tasks-microtasks-queues-and-schedules/} 163 | } 164 | 165 | @misc{16, 166 | title={You're Missing the Point of Promises}, 167 | author={Domenic Denicola}, 168 | url = {https://blog.domenic.me/youre-missing-the-point-of-promises/} 169 | } 170 | 171 | @misc{17, 172 | title={Dataflow Concurrency}, 173 | url = {http://doc.akka.io/docs/akka/2.3-M1/scala/dataflow.html} 174 | } 175 | 176 | @misc{18, 177 | title={Promise & Deferred objects in JavaScript Pt.1: Theory and Semantics}, 178 | author={Chris Webb}, 179 | url = {http://blog.mediumequalsmessage.com/promise-deferred-objects-in-javascript-pt1-theory-and-semantics} 180 | } 181 | 182 | @misc{19, 183 | title={Promise & Deferred objects in JavaScript Pt.1: Theory and Semantics}, 184 | author={Chris Webb}, 185 | url = {http://blog.mediumequalsmessage.com/promise-deferred-objects-in-javascript-pt1-theory-and-semantics} 186 | } 187 | 188 | @misc{20, 189 | title={CompletableFuture}, 190 | author={Doug Lea}, 191 | url = {http://cs.oswego.edu/pipermail/concurrency-interest/2012-December/010423.html} 192 | } 193 | 194 | @misc{21, 195 | title={CompletableFuture}, 196 | author={Doug Lea}, 197 | url = {http://cs.oswego.edu/pipermail/concurrency-interest/2012-December/010423.html} 198 | } 199 | 200 | @misc{22, 201 | title={Difference between Future and Promise}, 202 | url = {http://stackoverflow.com/questions/14541975/difference-between-future-and-promise} 203 | } 204 | 205 | @misc{whatisthis, 206 | title={Welcome to Thunk.org!}, 207 | url = {https://thunk.org/} 208 | } 209 | 210 | @misc{24, 211 | title={CompletableFuture}, 212 | author={Doug Lea}, 213 | url = {http://cs.oswego.edu/pipermail/concurrency-interest/2012-December/010423.html} 214 | } 215 | 216 | @misc{25, 217 | title={JVM Internals}, 218 | author={james d bloom}, 219 | url = {http://blog.jamesdbloom.com/JVMInternals.html} 220 | } 221 | 222 | @misc{26, 223 | title={ExecutionContext}, 224 | url = {http://www.scala-lang.org/api/current/scala/concurrent/ExecutionContext.html} 225 | } 226 | 227 | @misc{27, 228 | title={ForkJoinPool: the Other ExecutorService}, 229 | author={Jessica Kerr}, 230 | url = {http://blog.jessitron.com/2014/02/forkjoinpool-other-executorservice.html} 231 | } 232 | 233 | @misc{28, 234 | title={Scala: the global ExecutionContext makes your life easier}, 235 | author={Jessica Kerr}, 236 | url = {http://blog.jessitron.com/2014/02/scala-global-executioncontext-makes.html} 237 | } 238 | 239 | @misc{29, 240 | title={Learn implicits: Scala Futures}, 241 | author={Jorge Montero}, 242 | url = {http://engineering.monsanto.com/2015/06/15/implicits-futures/} 243 | } 244 | 245 | @misc{30, 246 | title={Simple concurrency with Scala Futures (Futures tutorial)}, 247 | author={Alvin Alexander}, 248 | url = {http://alvinalexander.com/scala/concurrency-with-scala-futures-tutorials-examples} 249 | } 250 | 251 | @misc{31, 252 | title={JavaScript Promises and Error Handling}, 253 | author={OdeToCode}, 254 | url = {http://odetocode.com/blogs/scott/archive/2015/10/01/javascript-promises-and-error-handling.aspx} 255 | } 256 | 257 | @inproceedings{32, 258 | author = {Lea, Doug}, 259 | title = {A Java Fork/Join Framework}, 260 | booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACM 2000 Conference on Java Grande}, 261 | series = {JAVA '00}, 262 | year = {2000}, 263 | isbn = {1-58113-288-3}, 264 | location = {San Francisco, California, USA}, 265 | pages = {36--43}, 266 | numpages = {8}, 267 | url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/337449.337465}, 268 | doi = 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publisher={Citeseer} 266 | } 267 | 268 | @misc{Apigee, 269 | title={gRPC: The Story of Microservices at Square}, 270 | author={Surtani, Manick and Ho, Alan}, 271 | url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-2sWDr3Z0Wo}, 272 | } 273 | 274 | @misc{CoreSurfaceAPIs, 275 | title={gRPC core APIs}, 276 | author={Google}, 277 | url = {https://github.com/grpc/grpc/tree/master/src/core}, 278 | } 279 | 280 | @misc{gRPCCompanies, 281 | title={About gRPC}, 282 | author={Google}, 283 | url = {http://www.grpc.io/about/}, 284 | } 285 | 286 | @misc{gRPCLanguages, 287 | title={gRPC Documentation}, 288 | author={Google}, 289 | url = {http://www.grpc.io/docs/}, 290 | } 291 | 292 | @misc{gRPCProtos, 293 | title={Google APIs}, 294 | author={Google}, 295 | url = {https://github.com/googleapis/googleapis/}, 296 | } 297 | 298 | @misc{rpcimage, 299 | title={Remote Procedure Call (RPC)}, 300 | author={Taing, Nguonly}, 301 | url = {http://lycog.com/distributed-systems/remote-procedure-call/}, 302 | note = {Image 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"Being Consistent" 4 | by: "Aviral Goel" 5 | --- 6 | 7 | ## Replication and Consistency 8 | 9 | Availability and Consistency are the defining characteristics of any distributed system. As dictated by the CAP theorem, accommodating network partitions requires a trade off between the two properties. Modern day large scale internet based distributed systems have to be highly available. To manage huge volumes of data (big data) and to reduce access latency for geographically diverse user base, their data centers also have to be geographically spread out. Network partitions which would otherwise happen with a low probability on a local network become certain events in such systems. To ensure availability in the event of partitions, these systems have to replicate data objects. This begs the question, how to ensure consistency of these replicas? It turns out there are different notions of consistency which the system can adhere to. 10 | 11 | * **Strong Consistency** implies linearizability of updates, i.e., all updates applied to a replicated data type are serialized in a global total order. This means that any update will have to be simultaneously applied to all other replicas. Its obvious that this notion of consistency is too restrictive. A single unavailable node will violate this condition. Forcing all updates to happen synchronously will impact system availability negatively. This notion clearly does not fit the requirements of highly available fault tolerant systems. 12 | 13 | * **Eventual Consistency** is a weaker model of consistency that does not guarantee immediate consistency of all replicas. Any local update is immediately executed on the replica. The replica then sends its state asynchronously to other replicas. As long as all replicas share their states with each other, the system eventually achieves stability. Each replica finally contains the same value. During the execution, all updates happen asynchronously at all replicas in a non-deterministic order. So replicas can be inconsistent between updates. If updates arrive concurrently at a replica, a consensus protocol can be employed to ensure that both updates taken together do not violate an invariant. If they do, a rollback has to be performed and the new state is communicated to all the other replicas. 14 | 15 | Most large scale distributed systems try to be **Eventually Consistent** to ensure high availability and partition-tolerance. But conflict resolution is hard. There is little guidance on correct approaches to consensus and its easy to come up with an error prone ad-hoc approach. What if we side-step conflict resolution and rollback completely? Is there a way to design data structures which do not require any consensus protocols to merge concurrent updates? 16 | 17 | ## A Distributed Setting 18 | 19 | ### TODO need to write pseudocode. Will finish this part with the detailed explanation of CRDTs in the next chapter. 20 | 21 | Consider a replicated counter. Each node can increment the value of its local copy. The figure below shows three nodes which increment their local copies at arbitrary time points and each replica sends its value asynchronously to the other two replicas. Whenever it receives the value of its replica, it adds it to its current value. If two values are received concurrently, both will be added together to its current value. So merging replicas in this example becomes trivial. 22 | 23 | Let's take a look at another interesting generalization of this. Integer Vector 24 | 25 | We can make an interesting observation from the previous examples: 26 | 27 | __*All distributed data structures don't need conflict resolution*__ 28 | 29 | This raises the following question: 30 | 31 | __*How can we design a distributed structure such that we don't need conflict resolution?*__ 32 | 33 | The answer to this question lies in an algebraic structure called the **join semilattice**. 34 | 35 | ## Join Semilattice 36 | 37 | A join-semilattice or upper semilattice is a *partial order* `≤` with a *least upper bound* (LUB) `⊔` for all pairs. 38 | `m = x ⊔ y` is a Least Upper Bound of `{ x , y }` under `≤` iff `∀m′, x ≤ m′ ∧ y ≤ m′ ⇒ x ≤ m ∧ y ≤ m ∧ m ≤ m′`. 39 | 40 | Here the least upper bound `⊔` has the follow properties: 41 | 42 | **Associative** 43 | 44 | `(x ⊔ y) ⊔ z = x ⊔ (y ⊔ z)` 45 | 46 | **Commutative** 47 | 48 | `x ⊔ y = y ⊔ x` 49 | 50 | **Idempotent** 51 | 52 | `x ⊔ x = x` 53 | 54 | The examples we saw earlier were of structures that could be modeled as join semilattices. The merge operation for the increment only counter is the summation function and for the integer vector it is the per-index maximum of the vectors being merged. 55 | 56 | So, if we can model the state of the data structure as a partially ordered set and design the merge operation to always compute the "larger" of the two states, its replicas will never need consensus. They will always converge as execution proceeds. Such data structures are called CRDTs (Conflict-free Replicated Data Type). But what about consistency of these replicas? 57 | 58 | ## Strong Eventual Consistency (SEC) 59 | 60 | We discussed a notion of consistency, *Eventual Consistency*, in which replicas eventually become consistent if there are no more updates to be merged. But the update operation is left unspecified. Its possible for an update to render the replica in a state that causes it to conflict with a later update. In this case the replica may have to roll back and use consensus to ensure that all replicas do the same to ensure consistency. This is complicated and wasteful. But if replicas are modeled as CRDTs, the updates never conflict. Regardless of the order in which the updates are applied, all replicas will eventually have equivalent state. Note that no conflict arbitration is necessary. This kind of Eventual Consistency is a stronger notion of consistency than the one that requires conflict arbitration and hence is called *Strong Eventual Consistency*. 61 | 62 | ### Strong Eventual Consistency and CAP Theorem 63 | 64 | Let's study SEC data objects from the perspective of CAP theorem. 65 | 66 | #### Consistency and Network Partition 67 | 68 | Each distributed replica will communicate asynchronously with other reachable replicas. These replicas will eventually converge to the same value. There is no consistency guarantee on the value of replicas not reachable due to network conditions and hence this condition is strictly weaker than strong consistency. But as soon as those replicas can be reached, they will also converge in a self-stabilizing manner. 69 | 70 | #### Availability and Network Partition 71 | 72 | Each distributed replica will always be available for local reads and writes regardless of network partitions. In fact, if there are n replicas, a single replica will function even if the remaining n - 1 replicas crash simultaneously. This **provides an extreme form of availability**. 73 | 74 | SEC facilitates maximum consistency and availability in the event of network partitions by relaxing the requirement of global consistency. Note that this is achieved by virtue of modeling the data objects as join semilattices. 75 | 76 | #### Strong Eventual Consistency and Linearizability 77 | 78 | In a distributed setting, a replica has to handle concurrent updates. In addition to its sequential behavior, a CRDT also has to ensure that its concurrent behavior also ensures strong eventual consistency. This makes it possible for CRDTs to exhibit behavior that is simply not possible for sequentially consistent objects. 79 | 80 | Consider a set CRDT used in a distributed setting. One of the replicas pi executes the sequence `add(a); remove(b)`. Another replica pj executes the sequence `add(b); remove(a)`. Now both send their states asynchronously to another replica pk which has to merge them concurrently. Same element exists in one of the sets and does not exist in the other set. There are multiple choices that the CRDT designer can make. Let's assume that the implementation always prefers inclusion over exclusion. So in this case, pk will include both `a` and `b`. 81 | 82 | Now consider a sequential execution of the two sequences on set data structure. The order of execution will be either `add(a); remove(b); add(b); remove(a)` or `add(b); remove(a); add(a); remove(b)`. In both cases one of the elements is excluded. This is different from the state of the CRDT set implementation. Thus, strong eventually consistent data structures can be sequentially inconsistent. 83 | 84 | Similarly, if there are `n` sequentially consistent replicas, then they would need consensus to ensure a single order of execution of operations across all replicas. But if `n - 1` replicas crash, then consensus cannot happen. This makes the idea of sequential consistency incomparable to that of strong eventual consistency. 85 | 86 | ## What Next? 87 | 88 | This chapter introduced Strong Eventual Consistency and the formalism behind CRDTs, join semilattices, which enables CRDTs to exhibit strong eventual consistency. The discussion however does not answer an important question: 89 | 90 | __*Can all standard data structures be designed as CRDTs?*__ 91 | 92 | The next chapter sheds more light on the design of CRDTs and attempts to answer this question. 93 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /chapter/6/resources/code/counters/python/operation-based-increment-and-decrement-counter.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | class CmRDT: 2 | pass 3 | 4 | class Counter(CmRDT): 5 | 6 | def __init__(self): # constructor function 7 | self._count = 0 8 | 9 | def value(self): # query function 10 | return self._count 11 | 12 | def increment(self): # update function 13 | self._count += 1 14 | for replica in self.replicas(): 15 | self.transmit("increment", replica) 16 | 17 | def decrement(self): # update function 18 | self._count -= 1 19 | for replica in self.replicas(): 20 | self.transmit("decrement", replica) 21 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /chapter/6/resources/code/counters/python/operation-based-increment-only-counter.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | class CmRDT: 2 | pass 3 | 4 | class Counter(CmRDT): 5 | 6 | def __init__(self): # constructor function 7 | self._count = 0 8 | 9 | def value(self): # query function 10 | return self._count 11 | 12 | def increment(self): # update function 13 | self._count += 1 14 | for replica in self.replicas(): 15 | self.transmit("increment", replica) 16 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /chapter/6/resources/code/counters/python/state-based-increment-and-decrement-counter-correct.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | class CvRDT: 2 | pass 3 | 4 | class Counter(CvRDT): 5 | 6 | def __init__(self, 7 | increments = None, 8 | decrements = None): # constructor function 9 | if increments is None: 10 | self._increments = [0] * length(replicas()) 11 | else: 12 | self._increments = increments 13 | if decrements is None: 14 | self._decrements = [0] * length(replicas()) 15 | else: 16 | self._decrements = decrements 17 | 18 | def increments(self): # query function 19 | return list(self._increments) # return a clone 20 | 21 | def decrements(self): # query function 22 | return list(self._decrements) # return a clone 23 | 24 | def value(self): # query function 25 | return (sum(self.increments()) - 26 | sum(self.decrements())) 27 | 28 | def increment(self): # update function 29 | self._increments[self.replicaId()] += 1 30 | 31 | def decrement(self): # update function 32 | self._decrements[self.replicaId()] += 1 33 | 34 | def compare(self, other): # comparison function 35 | return (all(v1 <= v2 for (v1, v2) in 36 | zip(self.increments(), 37 | other.increments())) 38 | and 39 | all(v1 <= v2 for (v1, v2) in 40 | zip(self.decrements(), 41 | other.decrements()))) 42 | 43 | def merge(self, other): # merge function 44 | return Counter(increments = map(max, zip(self.increments(), 45 | other.increments())), 46 | decrements = map(max, zip(self.decrements(), 47 | other.decrements()))) 48 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /chapter/6/resources/code/counters/python/state-based-increment-and-decrement-counter-incorrect.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | class CvRDT: 2 | pass 3 | 4 | class Counter(CvRDT): 5 | 6 | def __init__(self, counts = None): # constructor function 7 | if counts is None: 8 | self._counts = [0] * length(self.replicas()) 9 | else: 10 | self._counts = counts 11 | 12 | def value(self): # query function 13 | return sum(self._counts) 14 | 15 | def counts(self): # query function 16 | return list(self._counts) # return a clone 17 | 18 | def increment(self): # update function 19 | self._counts[self.replicaId()] += 1 20 | 21 | def decrement(self): # update function 22 | self._counts[self.replicaId()] -= 1 23 | 24 | def compare(self, other): # comparison function 25 | return all(v1 <= v2 for (v1, v2) in 26 | zip(self.counts(), 27 | other.counts())) 28 | 29 | def merge(self, other): # merge function 30 | return Counter(map(max, zip(self.counts(), 31 | other.counts()))) 32 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /chapter/6/resources/code/counters/python/state-based-increment-only-counter-correct.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | class CvRDT: 2 | pass 3 | 4 | class Counter(CvRDT): 5 | 6 | def __init__(self, counts = None): # constructor function 7 | if counts is None: 8 | self._counts = [0] * length(self.replicas()) 9 | else: 10 | self._counts = counts 11 | 12 | def value(self): # query function 13 | return sum(self._counts) 14 | 15 | def counts(self): # query function 16 | return list(self._counts) # return a clone 17 | 18 | def increment(self): # update function 19 | self._counts[self.replicaId()] += 1 20 | 21 | def compare(self, other): # comparison function 22 | return all(v1 <= v2 for (v1, v2) in 23 | zip(self.counts(), 24 | other.counts())) 25 | 26 | def merge(self, other): # merge function 27 | return Counter(map(max, zip(self.counts(), 28 | other.counts()))) 29 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /chapter/6/resources/code/counters/python/state-based-increment-only-counter-incorrect.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | class CvRDT: 2 | pass 3 | 4 | class Counter(CvRDT): 5 | 6 | def __init__(self, count = 0): # constructor function 7 | self._count = count 8 | 9 | def value(self): # query function 10 | return self._count 11 | 12 | def increment(self): # update function 13 | self._count += 1 14 | 15 | def compare(self, other): # comparison function 16 | return self.value() <= 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Go ahead and edit it and re-build the site to see your changes. You can rebuild the site in many different ways, but the most common way is to run `jekyll serve`, which launches a web server and auto-regenerates your site when a file is updated. 8 | 9 | To add new posts, simply add a file in the `_posts` directory that follows the convention `YYYY-MM-DD-name-of-post.ext` and includes the necessary front matter. Take a look at the source for this post to get an idea about how it works. 10 | 11 | Jekyll also offers powerful support for code snippets: 12 | 13 | ```ruby 14 | def print_hi(name) 15 | puts "Hi, #{name}" 16 | end 17 | print_hi('Tom') 18 | #=> prints 'Hi, Tom' to STDOUT. 19 | ``` 20 | 21 | Check out the [Jekyll docs](https://jekyllrb.com/docs/home/) for more info on how to get the most out of Jekyll. File all bugs/feature requests at [Jekyll’s GitHub repo](https://github.com/jekyll/jekyll). If you have questions, you can ask them on [Jekyll Talk](https://talk.jekyllrb.com/). 22 | 23 | ## Header 24 | 25 | Here's some textSee Tufte’s comment in the Tufte book fonts thread. which has a little foot/side note thingy. 26 | 27 | This is another example of a thing.Blue text, while also a widely recognizable clickable-text indicator, is crass and distracting. Luckily, it is also rendered unnecessary by the use of underlining. This thing is different becuase it doesn't have a number I guess? 28 | 29 | Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor 30 | incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis 31 | nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. 32 | Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu 33 | fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in 34 | culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. 35 | 36 | One can also have blockquotes 37 | 38 |
    39 |

    The English language . . . becomes ugly and inaccurate because our thoughts are foolish, but the slovenliness of our language makes it easier for us to have foolish thoughts.

    40 | 41 |
    42 | 43 | Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. 44 | 45 | > This is also a blockquote, but I guess it doesn't have who it's attributed to. 46 | 47 | Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. {% cite Uniqueness --file example %} 48 | 49 |
    50 | Figurative map of the successive losses of the French Army in the Russian campaign, 1812-1813 51 |
    52 | 53 | Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. {% cite Elsman2005 Kennedy2004 --file example %} 54 | 55 | This is a bulleted list: 56 | 57 | - one 58 | - two 59 | - three 60 | 61 | This is a numbered list: 62 | 63 | 1. one 64 | 2. two 65 | 3. three 66 | 67 | You can also have inline math, like this $$x^2+x=4$$ as well as equation blocks: 68 | 69 | \\[x^2 + 3 = y\\] 70 | 71 | ## References 72 | 73 | {% bibliography --file example %} 74 | 75 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /feed.xml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | layout: null 3 | --- 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | {{ site.title | xml_escape }} 8 | {{ site.description | xml_escape }} 9 | {{ site.url }}{{ site.baseurl }}/ 10 | 11 | {{ site.time | date_to_rfc822 }} 12 | {{ site.time | date_to_rfc822 }} 13 | Jekyll v{{ jekyll.version }} 14 | {% for post in site.posts limit:10 %} 15 | 16 | {{ post.title | xml_escape }} 17 | {{ post.content | xml_escape }} 18 | {{ post.date | date_to_rfc822 }} 19 | {{ post.url | prepend: site.baseurl | prepend: site.url }} 20 | {{ post.url | prepend: site.baseurl | prepend: site.url }} 21 | {% for tag in post.tags %} 22 | {{ tag | xml_escape }} 23 | {% endfor %} 24 | {% for cat in post.categories %} 25 | {{ cat | xml_escape }} 26 | {% endfor %} 27 | 28 | {% endfor %} 29 | 30 | 31 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /resources/css/custom.css.old.css: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | --- 3 | 4 | /*html { font-size: 14px; }*/ 5 | 6 | 7 | body { 8 | margin: auto; 9 | } 10 | 11 | .topbar { 12 | position: relative; 13 | background: #F3F3F3; 14 | height: 70px; 15 | width: 100%; 16 | } 17 | 18 | h2, h3 { 19 | font-family: 'Alegreya Sans', sans-serif; 20 | font-family: 'Fira Sans'; 21 | font-weight: 200; 22 | font-style: normal; 23 | } 24 | 25 | .post-title { 26 | font-family: 'Alegreya Sans', sans-serif; 27 | font-family: 'Fira Sans'; 28 | font-weight: 200; 29 | /*font-size: 3.2em;*/ 30 | /*line-height: 1em;*/ 31 | /*line-height: 1.6em;*/ 32 | } 33 | 34 | .post-title, .post-title:after { 35 | position: relative; 36 | /*left: 10px;*/ 37 | line-height: 1.6em; 38 | /*background: #ffdb00; 39 | -webkit-box-shadow: -10px 0px 0px #ffdb00, 10px 0px 0px #ffdb00; 40 | box-shadow: -10px 0px 0px #ffdb00, 10px 0px 0px #ffdb00; 41 | box-decoration-break: clone;*/ 42 | } 43 | 44 | .author { 45 | font-family: 'Montserrat', sans-serif; 46 | text-transform: uppercase; 47 | color: #b3b3b3; 48 | } 49 | 50 | .book-title { 51 | position: absolute; 52 | top: 20px; 53 | padding-left: 30px; 54 | } 55 | 56 | .prog-mod { 57 | font-family: 'Alegreya Sans', sans-serif; 58 | font-weight: 700; 59 | font-style: italic; 60 | font-size: 22px; 61 | margin-bottom: -8px; 62 | margin-left: -10px; 63 | color: #595959; 64 | } 65 | 66 | .dist-comp { 67 | font-family: 'Alegreya Sans', sans-serif; 68 | text-transform: uppercase; 69 | font-weight: 900; 70 | font-style: normal; 71 | font-size: 24px; 72 | } 73 | 74 | @font-face { 75 | font-family: 'Consolas'; 76 | src: url('{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/Consolas.eot?#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), url('{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/Consolas.woff') format('woff'), url('{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/Consolas.ttf') format('truetype'), url('{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/Consolas.svg#Consolas') format('svg'); 77 | font-weight: normal; 78 | font-style: normal; 79 | } 80 | 81 | @font-face { 82 | font-family: 'Consolas'; 83 | src: url('{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/Consolas-Italic.eot?#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), url('{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/Consolas-Italic.woff') format('woff'), url('{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/Consolas-Italic.ttf') format('truetype'), url('{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/Consolas-Italic.svg#Consolas-Italic') format('svg'); 84 | font-weight: normal; 85 | font-style: italic; 86 | } 87 | 88 | code { 89 | color: #7599a9; 90 | /*background: #F4F4F4;*/ 91 | /*border-radius: 3px;*/ 92 | /*padding: 2px;*/ 93 | /*border: 1px solid #DDDDDD;*/ 94 | /*margin: 0 3px 0 3px;*/ 95 | /*padding: 0 2px 0 2px;*/ 96 | } 97 | 98 | .logo { 99 | margin-left: -16px; 100 | margin-top: 16px; 101 | } 102 | 103 | blockquote { 104 | /*font-family: Georgia, serif;*/ 105 | font-size: 18px; 106 | font-style: italic; 107 | /*width: 500px;*/ 108 | margin: 0.25em 0; 109 | padding: 0.35em 40px; 110 | /*line-height: 1.45;*/ 111 | position: relative; 112 | /*color: #383838;*/ 113 | } 114 | 115 | blockquote:before { 116 | display: block; 117 | padding-left: 10px; 118 | content: "\201C"; 119 | font-size: 80px; 120 | position: absolute; 121 | left: -20px; 122 | top: -20px; 123 | color: #7a7a7a; 124 | } 125 | 126 | blockquote cite { 127 | color: #999999; 128 | font-size: 14px; 129 | display: block; 130 | /*margin-top: 5px;*/ 131 | } 132 | 133 | blockquote cite:before { 134 | content: "\2014 \2009"; 135 | } 136 | 137 | blockquote footer:before { 138 | content: "\2014 \2009"; 139 | } 140 | 141 | blockquote footer { 142 | margin-top: -12px; 143 | font-size: 12px; 144 | font-style: normal; 145 | font-family: 'Montserrat', sans-serif; 146 | text-transform: uppercase; 147 | color: #b3b3b3; 148 | } 149 | 150 | .bibliography { 151 | width: 55%; 152 | } 153 | 154 | @media (max-width: 760px) { 155 | .bibliography { width: 90%; } 156 | } -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /resources/css/entypo.css: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | --- 3 | 4 | @font-face { 5 | font-family: 'EntypoRegular'; 6 | src: url('{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/entypo.eot'); 7 | src: url('{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/entypo.eot?#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), 8 | url('{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/entypo.woff') format('woff'), 9 | url('{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/entypo.ttf') format('truetype'), 10 | url('{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/entypo.svg#EntypoRegular') format('svg'); 11 | font-weight: normal; 12 | font-style: normal; 13 | } 14 | 15 | @font-face { 16 | font-family: 'EntypoSocialRegular'; 17 | src: url('{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/entypo-social.eot'); 18 | src: url('{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/entypo-social.eot?#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), 19 | url('{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/entypo-social.woff') format('woff'), 20 | url('{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/entypo-social.ttf') format('truetype'), 21 | url('{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/entypo-social.svg#EntypoRegular') format('svg'); 22 | font-weight: normal; 23 | font-style: normal; 24 | } 25 | 26 | .entypo { 27 | font-family: 'EntypoRegular'; 28 | font-size: 2em; 29 | font-weight: normal; 30 | line-height: 0; 31 | } 32 | 33 | .entypo-social { 34 | font-family: 'EntypoSocialRegular'; 35 | font-size: 2em; 36 | font-weight: normal; 37 | line-height: 0; 38 | } 39 | 40 | .entypo.phone:before{ content:'\1F4DE'; } 41 | .entypo.mobile:before{ content:'\1F4F1'; } 42 | .entypo.mouse:before{ content:'\E789'; } 43 | .entypo.address:before{ content:'\E723'; } 44 | .entypo.mail:before{ content:'\2709'; } 45 | .entypo.paper-plane:before{ content:'\1F53F'; } 46 | .entypo.pencil:before{ content:'\270E'; } 47 | .entypo.feather:before{ content:'\2712'; } 48 | .entypo.attach:before{ content:'\1F4CE'; } 49 | .entypo.inbox:before{ content:'\E777'; } 50 | .entypo.reply:before{ content:'\E712'; } 51 | .entypo.reply-all:before{ content:'\E713'; } 52 | .entypo.forward:before{ content:'\27A6'; } 53 | .entypo.user:before{ content:'\1F464'; } 54 | .entypo.users:before{ content:'\1F465'; } 55 | .entypo.add-user:before{ content:'\E700'; } 56 | .entypo.vcard:before{ content:'\E722'; } 57 | .entypo.export:before{ content:'\E715'; } 58 | .entypo.location:before{ content:'\E724'; } 59 | .entypo.map:before{ content:'\E727'; } 60 | .entypo.compass:before{ content:'\E728'; } 61 | .entypo.direction:before{ content:'\27A2'; } 62 | .entypo.hair-cross:before{ content:'\1F3AF'; } 63 | .entypo.share:before{ content:'\E73C'; } 64 | .entypo.shareable:before{ content:'\E73E'; } 65 | .entypo.heart:before{ content:'\2665'; } 66 | .entypo.heart-empty:before{ content:'\2661'; } 67 | .entypo.star:before{ content:'\2605'; } 68 | .entypo.star-empty:before{ content:'\2606'; } 69 | .entypo.thumbs-up:before{ content:'\1F44D'; } 70 | .entypo.thumbs-down:before{ content:'\1F44E'; } 71 | .entypo.chat:before{ content:'\E720'; } 72 | .entypo.comment:before{ content:'\E718'; } 73 | .entypo.quote:before{ content:'\275E'; } 74 | .entypo.home:before{ content:'\2302'; } 75 | .entypo.popup:before{ content:'\E74C'; } 76 | .entypo.search:before{ content:'\1F50D'; } 77 | .entypo.flashlight:before{ content:'\1F526'; } 78 | .entypo.print:before{ content:'\E716'; } 79 | .entypo.bell:before{ content:'\1F514'; } 80 | .entypo.link:before{ content:'\1F517'; } 81 | .entypo.flag:before{ content:'\2691'; } 82 | .entypo.cog:before{ content:'\2699'; } 83 | .entypo.tools:before{ content:'\2692'; } 84 | .entypo.trophy:before{ content:'\1F3C6'; } 85 | .entypo.tag:before{ content:'\E70C'; } 86 | .entypo.camera:before{ content:'\1F4F7'; } 87 | .entypo.megaphone:before{ content:'1F4E3'; } 88 | .entypo.moon:before{ content:'\0045'; } 89 | .entypo.palette:before{ content:'\1F3A8'; } 90 | .entypo.leaf:before{ content:'\1F342'; } 91 | .entypo.note:before{ content:'\266A'; } 92 | .entypo.beamed-note:before{ content:'\266B'; } 93 | .entypo.new:before{ content:'\1F4A5'; } 94 | .entypo.graduation-cap:before{ content:'\1F393'; } 95 | .entypo.book:before{ content:'\1F4D5'; } 96 | .entypo.newspaper:before{ content:'\1F4F0'; } 97 | .entypo.bag:before{ content:'\1F45C'; } 98 | .entypo.airplane:before{ content:'\2708'; } 99 | .entypo.lifebuoy:before{ content:'\E788'; } 100 | .entypo.eye:before{ content:'\E70A'; } 101 | .entypo.clock:before{ content:'\1F554'; } 102 | .entypo.mic:before{ content:'\1F3A4'; } 103 | .entypo.calendar:before{ content:'\1F4C5'; } 104 | .entypo.flash:before{ content:'\26A1'; } 105 | .entypo.thunder-cloud:before{ content:'\26C8'; } 106 | .entypo.droplet:before{ content:'\1F4A7'; } 107 | .entypo.cd:before{ content:'\1F4BF'; } 108 | .entypo.briefcase:before{ content:'\1F4BC'; } 109 | .entypo.air:before{ content:'\1F4A8'; } 110 | .entypo.hourglass:before{ content:'\23F3'; } 111 | .entypo.gauge:before{ content:'\1F6C7'; } 112 | .entypo.language:before{ content:'\1F394'; } 113 | .entypo.network:before{ content:'\E776'; } 114 | .entypo.key:before{ content:'\1F511'; } 115 | .entypo.battery:before{ content:'\1F50B'; } 116 | .entypo.bucket:before{ content:'\1F4FE'; } 117 | .entypo.magnet:before{ content:'\E7A1'; } 118 | .entypo.drive:before{ content:'\1F4FD'; } 119 | .entypo.cup:before{ content:'\2615'; } 120 | .entypo.rocket:before{ content:'\1F680'; } 121 | .entypo.brush:before{ content:'\E79A'; } 122 | .entypo.suitcase:before{ content:'\1F6C6'; } 123 | .entypo.traffic-cone:before{ content:'\1F6C8'; } 124 | .entypo.globe:before{ content:'\1F30E'; } 125 | .entypo.keyboard:before{ content:'\2328'; } 126 | .entypo.browser:before{ content:'\E74E'; } 127 | .entypo.publish:before{ content:'\E74D'; } 128 | .entypo.progress-3:before{ content:'\E76B'; } 129 | .entypo.progress-2:before{ content:'\E76A'; } 130 | .entypo.progress-1:before{ content:'\E769'; } 131 | .entypo.progress-0:before{ content:'\E768'; } 132 | .entypo.light-down:before{ content:'\1F505'; } 133 | .entypo.light-up:before{ content:'\1F506'; } 134 | .entypo.adjust:before{ content:'\25D1'; } 135 | .entypo.code:before{ content:'\E714'; } 136 | .entypo.monitor:before{ content:'\1F4BB'; } 137 | .entypo.infinity:before{ content:'\221E'; } 138 | .entypo.light-bulb:before{ content:'\1F4A1'; } 139 | .entypo.credit-card:before{ content:'\1F4B3'; } 140 | .entypo.database:before{ content:'\1F4F8'; } 141 | .entypo.voicemail:before{ content:'\2707'; } 142 | .entypo.clipboard:before{ content:'\1F4CB'; } 143 | .entypo.cart:before{ content:'\E73D'; } 144 | .entypo.box:before{ content:'\1F4E6'; } 145 | .entypo.ticket:before{ content:'\1F3AB'; } 146 | .entypo.rss:before{ content:'\E73A'; } 147 | .entypo.signal:before{ content:'\1F4F6'; } 148 | .entypo.thermometer:before{ content:'\1F4FF'; } 149 | .entypo.water:before{ content:'\1F4A6'; } 150 | .entypo.sweden:before{ content:'\F601'; } 151 | .entypo.line-graph:before{ content:'\1F4C8'; } 152 | .entypo.pie-chart:before{ content:'\25F4'; } 153 | .entypo.bar-graph:before{ content:'\1F4CA'; } 154 | .entypo.area-graph:before{ content:'\1F53E'; } 155 | .entypo.lock:before{ content:'\1F512'; } 156 | .entypo.lock-open:before{ content:'\1F513'; } 157 | .entypo.logout:before{ content:'\E741'; } 158 | .entypo.login:before{ content:'\E740'; } 159 | .entypo.check:before{ content:'\2713'; } 160 | .entypo.cross:before{ content:'\274C'; } 161 | .entypo.squared-minus:before{ content:'\229F'; } 162 | .entypo.squared-plus:before{ content:'\229E'; } 163 | .entypo.squared-cross:before{ content:'\274E'; } 164 | .entypo.circled-minus:before{ content:'\2296'; } 165 | .entypo.circled-plus:before{ content:'\2295'; } 166 | .entypo.circled-cross:before{ content:'\2716'; } 167 | .entypo.minus:before{ content:'\2796'; } 168 | .entypo.plus:before{ content:'\2795'; } 169 | .entypo.erase:before{ content:'\232B'; } 170 | .entypo.block:before{ content:'\1F6AB'; } 171 | .entypo.info:before{ content:'\2139'; } 172 | .entypo.circled-info:before{ content:'\E705'; } 173 | .entypo.help:before{ content:'\2753'; } 174 | .entypo.circled-help:before{ content:'\E704'; } 175 | .entypo.warning:before{ content:'\26A0'; } 176 | .entypo.cycle:before{ content:'\1F504'; } 177 | .entypo.cw:before{ content:'\27F3'; } 178 | .entypo.ccw:before{ content:'\27F2'; } 179 | .entypo.shuffle:before{ content:'\1F500'; } 180 | .entypo.back:before{ content:'\1F519'; } 181 | .entypo.level-down:before{ content:'\21B3'; } 182 | .entypo.retweet:before{ content:'\E717'; } 183 | .entypo.loop:before{ content:'\1F501'; } 184 | .entypo.back-in-time:before{ content:'\E771'; } 185 | .entypo.level-up:before{ content:'\21B0'; } 186 | .entypo.switch:before{ content:'\21C6'; } 187 | .entypo.numbered-list:before{ content:'\E005'; } 188 | .entypo.add-to-list:before{ content:'\E003'; } 189 | .entypo.layout:before{ content:'\268F'; } 190 | .entypo.list:before{ content:'\2630'; } 191 | .entypo.text-doc:before{ content:'\1F4C4'; } 192 | .entypo.text-doc-inverted:before{ content:'\E731'; } 193 | .entypo.doc:before{ content:'\E730'; } 194 | .entypo.docs:before{ content:'\E736'; } 195 | .entypo.landscape-doc:before{ content:'\E737'; } 196 | .entypo.picture:before{ content:'\1F304'; } 197 | .entypo.video:before{ content:'\1F3AC'; } 198 | .entypo.music:before{ content:'\1F3B5'; } 199 | .entypo.folder:before{ content:'\1F4C1'; } 200 | .entypo.archive:before{ content:'\E800'; } 201 | .entypo.trash:before{ content:'\E729'; } 202 | .entypo.upload:before{ content:'\1F4E4'; } 203 | .entypo.download:before{ content:'\1F4E5'; } 204 | .entypo.save:before{ content:'\1F4BE'; } 205 | .entypo.install:before{ content:'\E778'; } 206 | .entypo.cloud:before{ content:'\2601'; } 207 | .entypo.upload-cloud:before{ content:'\E711'; } 208 | .entypo.bookmark:before{ content:'\1F516'; } 209 | .entypo.bookmarks:before{ content:'\1F4D1'; } 210 | .entypo.open-book:before{ content:'\1F4D6'; } 211 | .entypo.play:before{ content:'\25B6'; } 212 | .entypo.paus:before{ content:'\2016'; } 213 | .entypo.record:before{ content:'\25CF'; } 214 | .entypo.stop:before{ content:'\25A0'; } 215 | .entypo.ff:before{ content:'\23E9'; } 216 | .entypo.fb:before{ content:'\23EA'; } 217 | .entypo.to-start:before{ content:'\23EE'; } 218 | .entypo.to-end:before{ content:'\23ED'; } 219 | .entypo.resize-full:before{ content:'\E744'; } 220 | .entypo.resize-small:before{ content:'\E746'; } 221 | .entypo.volume:before{ content:'\23F7'; } 222 | .entypo.sound:before{ content:'\1F50A'; } 223 | .entypo.mute:before{ content:'\1F507'; } 224 | .entypo.flow-cascade:before{ content:'\1F568'; } 225 | .entypo.flow-branch:before{ content:'\1F569'; } 226 | .entypo.flow-tree:before{ content:'\1F56A'; } 227 | .entypo.flow-line:before{ content:'\1F56B'; } 228 | .entypo.flow-parallel:before{ content:'\1F56C'; } 229 | .entypo.left-bold:before{ content:'\E4AD'; } 230 | .entypo.down-bold:before{ content:'\E4B0'; } 231 | .entypo.up-bold:before{ content:'\E4AF'; } 232 | .entypo.right-bold:before{ content:'\E4AE'; } 233 | .entypo.left:before{ content:'\2B05'; } 234 | .entypo.down:before{ content:'\2B07'; } 235 | .entypo.up:before{ content:'\2B06'; } 236 | .entypo.right:before{ content:'\27A1'; } 237 | .entypo.circled-left:before{ content:'\E759'; } 238 | .entypo.circled-down:before{ content:'\E758'; } 239 | .entypo.circled-up:before{ content:'\E75B'; } 240 | .entypo.circled-right:before{ content:'\E75A'; } 241 | .entypo.triangle-left:before{ content:'\25C2'; } 242 | .entypo.triangle-down:before{ content:'\25BE'; } 243 | .entypo.triangle-up:before{ content:'\25B4'; } 244 | .entypo.triangle-right:before{ content:'\25B8'; } 245 | .entypo.chevron-left:before{ content:'\E75D'; } 246 | .entypo.chevron-down:before{ content:'\E75C'; } 247 | .entypo.chevron-up:before{ content:'\E75F'; } 248 | .entypo.chevron-right:before{ content:'\E75E'; } 249 | .entypo.chevron-small-left:before{ content:'\E761'; } 250 | .entypo.chevron-small-down:before{ content:'\E760'; } 251 | .entypo.chevron-small-up:before{ content:'\E763'; } 252 | .entypo.chevron-small-right:before{ content:'\E762'; } 253 | .entypo.chevron-thin-left:before{ content:'\E765'; } 254 | .entypo.chevron-thin-down:before{ content:'\E764'; } 255 | .entypo.chevron-thin-up:before{ content:'\E767'; } 256 | .entypo.chevron-thin-right:before{ content:'\E766'; } 257 | .entypo.left-thin:before{ content:'\2190'; } 258 | .entypo.down-thin:before{ content:'\2193'; } 259 | .entypo.up-thin:before{ content:'\2191'; } 260 | .entypo.right-thin:before{ content:'\2192'; } 261 | .entypo.arrow-combo:before{ content:'\E74F'; } 262 | .entypo.three-dots:before{ content:'\23F6'; } 263 | .entypo.two-dots:before{ content:'\23F5'; } 264 | .entypo.dot:before{ content:'\23F4'; } 265 | .entypo.cc:before{ content:'\1F545'; } 266 | .entypo.cc-by:before{ content:'\1F546'; } 267 | .entypo.cc-nc:before{ content:'\1F547'; } 268 | .entypo.cc-nc-eu:before{ content:'\1F548'; } 269 | .entypo.cc-nc-jp:before{ content:'\1F549'; } 270 | .entypo.cc-sa:before{ content:'\1F54A'; } 271 | .entypo.cc-nd:before{ content:'\1F54B'; } 272 | .entypo.cc-pd:before{ content:'\1F54C'; } 273 | .entypo.cc-zero:before{ content:'\1F54D'; } 274 | .entypo.cc-share:before{ content:'\1F54E'; } 275 | .entypo.cc-remix:before{ content:'\1F54F'; } 276 | .entypo.db-logo:before{ content:'\1F5F9'; } 277 | .entypo.db-shape:before{ content:'\1F5FA'; } 278 | 279 | .entypo-social.github:before{ content:'\F300'; } 280 | .entypo-social.c-github:before{ content:'\F301'; } 281 | .entypo-social.flickr:before{ content:'\F303'; } 282 | .entypo-social.c-flickr:before{ content:'\F304'; } 283 | .entypo-social.vimeo:before{ content:'\F306'; } 284 | .entypo-social.c-vimeo:before{ content:'\F307'; } 285 | .entypo-social.twitter:before{ content:'\F309'; } 286 | .entypo-social.c-twitter:before{ content:'\F30A'; } 287 | .entypo-social.facebook:before{ content:'\F30C'; } 288 | .entypo-social.c-facebook:before{ content:'\F30D'; } 289 | .entypo-social.s-facebook:before{ content:'\F30E'; } 290 | .entypo-social.google+:before{ content:'\F30F'; } 291 | .entypo-social.c-google+:before{ content:'\F310'; } 292 | .entypo-social.pinterest:before{ content:'\F312'; } 293 | .entypo-social.c-pinterest:before{ content:'\F313'; } 294 | .entypo-social.tumblr:before{ content:'\F315'; } 295 | .entypo-social.c-tumblr:before{ content:'\F316'; } 296 | .entypo-social.linkedin:before{ content:'\F318'; } 297 | .entypo-social.c-linkedin:before{ content:'\F319'; } 298 | .entypo-social.dribbble:before{ content:'\F31B'; } 299 | .entypo-social.c-dribbble:before{ content:'\F31C'; } 300 | .entypo-social.stumbleupon:before{ content:'\F31E'; } 301 | .entypo-social.c-stumbleupon:before{ content:'\F31F'; } 302 | .entypo-social.lastfm:before{ content:'\F321'; } 303 | .entypo-social.c-lastfm:before{ content:'\F322'; } 304 | .entypo-social.rdio:before{ content:'\F324'; } 305 | .entypo-social.c-rdio:before{ content:'\F325'; } 306 | .entypo-social.spotify:before{ content:'\F327'; } 307 | .entypo-social.c-spotify:before{ content:'\F328'; } 308 | .entypo-social.qq:before{ content:'\F32A'; } 309 | .entypo-social.instagram:before{ content:'\F32D'; } 310 | .entypo-social.dropbox:before{ content:'\F330'; } 311 | .entypo-social.evernote:before{ content:'\F333'; } 312 | .entypo-social.flattr:before{ content:'\F336'; } 313 | .entypo-social.skype:before{ content:'\F339'; } 314 | .entypo-social.c-skype:before{ content:'\F33A'; } 315 | .entypo-social.renren:before{ content:'\F33C'; } 316 | .entypo-social.sina-weibo:before{ content:'\F33F'; } 317 | .entypo-social.paypal:before{ content:'\F342'; } 318 | .entypo-social.picasa:before{ content:'\F345'; } 319 | .entypo-social.soundcloud:before{ content:'\F348'; } 320 | .entypo-social.mixi:before{ content:'\F34B'; } 321 | .entypo-social.behance:before{ content:'\F34E'; } 322 | .entypo-social.google-circles:before{ content:'\F351'; } 323 | .entypo-social.vk:before{ content:'\F354'; } 324 | .entypo-social.smashing:before{ content:'\F357'; } -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /resources/css/github.css.old.css: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | code .hll { background-color: #ffffcc } 2 | code .c { color: #999988; font-style: italic } /* Comment */ 3 | code .err { color: 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uppercase; 2 | font-size: smaller; 3 | position: relative; } 4 | 5 | .latex-sub { top: 0.2rem; 6 | margin-left: -0.1667rem; 7 | margin-right: -0.125rem; } 8 | 9 | .latex-sup { top: -0.2rem; 10 | margin-left: -0.36rem; 11 | margin-right: -0.15rem; 12 | text-shadow: none; } 13 | 14 | .latex::selection, .latex span:not(.latex-sup)::selection { text-shadow: 0.03em 0 #b4d5fe, -0.03em 0 #b4d5fe, 0 0.03em #b4d5fe, 0 -0.03em #b4d5fe, 0.06em 0 #b4d5fe, -0.06em 0 #b4d5fe, 0.09em 0 #b4d5fe, -0.09em 0 #b4d5fe, 0.12em 0 #b4d5fe, -0.12em 0 #b4d5fe, 0.15em 0 #b4d5fe, -0.15em 0 #b4d5fe; 15 | background: #b4d5fe; } 16 | 17 | .latex::-moz-selection, .latex span:not(.latex-sup)::-moz-selection { text-shadow: 0.03em 0 #b4d5fe, -0.03em 0 #b4d5fe, 0 0.03em #b4d5fe, 0 -0.03em #b4d5fe, 0.06em 0 #b4d5fe, -0.06em 0 #b4d5fe, 0.09em 0 #b4d5fe, -0.09em 0 #b4d5fe, 0.12em 0 #b4d5fe, -0.12em 0 #b4d5fe, 0.15em 0 #b4d5fe, -0.15em 0 #b4d5fe; 18 | background: #b4d5fe; } 19 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /resources/css/prettify.css: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | --- 3 | 4 | @font-face { 5 | font-family: 'Consolas'; 6 | src: url('{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/Consolas.eot?#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), url('{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/Consolas.woff') format('woff'), url('{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/Consolas.ttf') format('truetype'), url('{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/Consolas.svg#Consolas') format('svg'); 7 | font-weight: normal; 8 | font-style: normal; 9 | } 10 | 11 | @font-face { 12 | font-family: 'Consolas-Italic'; 13 | src: url('{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/Consolas-Italic.eot?#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), url('{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/Consolas-Italic.woff') format('woff'), url('{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/Consolas-Italic.ttf') format('truetype'), url('{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/Consolas-Italic.svg#Consolas-Italic') format('svg'); 14 | font-weight: normal; 15 | font-style: normal; 16 | } 17 | 18 | @font-face { 19 | font-family: 'Consolas-Bold'; 20 | src: url('{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/Consolas-Bold.eot?#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'), url('{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/Consolas-Bold.woff') format('woff'), url('{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/Consolas-Bold.ttf') format('truetype'), url('{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/Consolas-Bold.svg#Consolas-Bold') format('svg'); 21 | font-weight: bold; 22 | font-style: normal; 23 | } 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | .com { color: #93a1a1; font-family: 'Consolas-Italic', monospace; } 28 | .lit { color: #195f91; font-family: 'Consolas', monospace;} 29 | .pun, .opn, .clo { color: #93a1a1; font-family: 'Consolas', monospace; } 30 | .fun { color: #dc322f; font-family: 'Consolas', monospace; } 31 | .str, .atv { color: #268bd2; font-family: 'Consolas', monospace; } 32 | .kwd, .tag { color: #195f91; font-family: 'Consolas-Bold', monospace; } 33 | .typ, .atn, .dec, .var { color: #CB4B16; font-family: 'Consolas', monospace; } 34 | .pln { color: 888;/*color: #93a1a1;*/ font-family: 'Consolas', monospace; } 35 | pre.prettyprint { 36 | background: #fefbf3; 37 | padding: 9px; 38 | border: 1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.2); 39 | -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1); 40 | -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1); 41 | box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1); 42 | overflow-x: scroll; 43 | } 44 | 45 | /* Specify class=linenums on a pre to get line numbering */ 46 | ol.linenums { margin: 0 0 0 40px; } /* IE indents via margin-left */ 47 | ol.linenums li { color: rgba(0,0,0,.15); line-height: 20px; } 48 | /* Alternate shading for lines */ 49 | li.L1, li.L3, li.L5, li.L7, li.L9 { } 50 | 51 | /* 52 | $base03: #002b36; 53 | $base02: #073642; 54 | $base01: #586e75; 55 | $base00: #657b83; 56 | $base0: #839496; 57 | $base1: #93a1a1; 58 | $base2: #eee8d5; 59 | $base3: #fdf6e3; 60 | $yellow: 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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | --- 3 | 4 | /* Import ET Book styles 5 | adapted from https://github.com/edwardtufte/et-book/blob/gh-pages/et-book.css */ 6 | 7 | @charset "UTF-8"; 8 | 9 | @font-face { font-family: "et-book"; 10 | src: url("{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/et-book/et-book-roman-line-figures/et-book-roman-line-figures.eot"); 11 | src: url("{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/et-book/et-book-roman-line-figures/et-book-roman-line-figures.eot?#iefix") format("embedded-opentype"), url("{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/et-book/et-book-roman-line-figures/et-book-roman-line-figures.woff") format("woff"), url("{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/et-book/et-book-roman-line-figures/et-book-roman-line-figures.ttf") format("truetype"), url("{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/et-book/et-book-roman-line-figures/et-book-roman-line-figures.svg#etbookromanosf") format("svg"); 12 | font-weight: normal; 13 | font-style: normal; } 14 | 15 | @font-face { font-family: "et-book"; 16 | src: url("{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/et-book/et-book-display-italic-old-style-figures/et-book-display-italic-old-style-figures.eot"); 17 | src: url("{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/et-book/et-book-display-italic-old-style-figures/et-book-display-italic-old-style-figures.eot?#iefix") format("embedded-opentype"), url("{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/et-book/et-book-display-italic-old-style-figures/et-book-display-italic-old-style-figures.woff") format("woff"), url("{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/et-book/et-book-display-italic-old-style-figures/et-book-display-italic-old-style-figures.ttf") format("truetype"), url("{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/et-book/et-book-display-italic-old-style-figures/et-book-display-italic-old-style-figures.svg#etbookromanosf") format("svg"); 18 | font-weight: normal; 19 | font-style: italic; } 20 | 21 | @font-face { font-family: "et-book"; 22 | src: url("{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/et-book/et-book-bold-line-figures/et-book-bold-line-figures.eot"); 23 | src: url("{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/et-book/et-book-bold-line-figures/et-book-bold-line-figures.eot?#iefix") format("embedded-opentype"), url("{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/et-book/et-book-bold-line-figures/et-book-bold-line-figures.woff") format("woff"), url("{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/et-book/et-book-bold-line-figures/et-book-bold-line-figures.ttf") format("truetype"), url("{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/et-book/et-book-bold-line-figures/et-book-bold-line-figures.svg#etbookromanosf") format("svg"); 24 | font-weight: bold; 25 | font-style: normal; } 26 | 27 | @font-face { font-family: "et-book-roman-old-style"; 28 | src: url("{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/et-book/et-book-roman-old-style-figures/et-book-roman-old-style-figures.eot"); 29 | src: url("{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/et-book/et-book-roman-old-style-figures/et-book-roman-old-style-figures.eot?#iefix") format("embedded-opentype"), url("{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/et-book/et-book-roman-old-style-figures/et-book-roman-old-style-figures.woff") format("woff"), url("{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/et-book/et-book-roman-old-style-figures/et-book-roman-old-style-figures.ttf") format("truetype"), url("{{ site.baseurl }}/resources/glyphs/et-book/et-book-roman-old-style-figures/et-book-roman-old-style-figures.svg#etbookromanosf") format("svg"); 30 | font-weight: normal; 31 | font-style: normal; } 32 | 33 | /* Tufte CSS styles */ 34 | html { font-size: 15px; } 35 | 36 | .body-wrap { width: 87.5%; 37 | padding-left: 12.5%; 38 | margin-left: auto; 39 | margin-right: auto; 40 | font-family: et-book, Palatino, "Palatino Linotype", "Palatino LT STD", "Book Antiqua", Georgia, serif; 41 | /*background-color: #fffff8;*/ 42 | background-color: #ffffff; 43 | color: #111; 44 | max-width: 1400px; 45 | counter-reset: sidenote-counter; } 46 | 47 | .logo-wrap { position: relative; 48 | width: 87.5%; 49 | padding-left: 12.5%; 50 | margin-left: auto; 51 | margin-right: auto; 52 | font-family: et-book, Palatino, "Palatino Linotype", "Palatino LT STD", "Book Antiqua", Georgia, serif; 53 | color: #111; 54 | max-width: 1400px; 55 | counter-reset: sidenote-counter; } 56 | 57 | h1 { font-weight: 400; 58 | margin-top: 4rem; 59 | margin-bottom: 1.5rem; 60 | font-size: 3.2rem; 61 | line-height: 1; } 62 | 63 | h2 { font-style: italic; 64 | font-weight: 400; 65 | margin-top: 3rem; 66 | margin-bottom: 0; 67 | font-size: 2.7rem; 68 | line-height: 1; } 69 | 70 | h3 { font-style: italic; 71 | font-weight: 400; 72 | font-size: 2.2rem; 73 | margin-top: 2rem; 74 | margin-bottom: 0; 75 | line-height: 1; } 76 | 77 | p.subtitle { font-style: italic; 78 | margin-top: 1rem; 79 | margin-bottom: 1rem; 80 | font-size: 1.8rem; 81 | display: block; 82 | line-height: 1; } 83 | 84 | .numeral { font-family: et-book-roman-old-style; } 85 | 86 | .danger { color: red; } 87 | 88 | article { position: relative; 89 | padding: 5rem 0rem; } 90 | 91 | section { padding-top: 1rem; 92 | padding-bottom: 1rem; } 93 | 94 | p, ol, ul { font-size: 1.4rem; } 95 | 96 | p { line-height: 2rem; 97 | margin-top: 1.4rem; 98 | margin-bottom: 1.4rem; 99 | padding-right: 0; 100 | vertical-align: baseline; } 101 | 102 | /* Chapter Epigraphs */ 103 | div.epigraph { margin: 5em 0; } 104 | 105 | div.epigraph > blockquote { margin-top: 3em; 106 | margin-bottom: 3em; } 107 | 108 | div.epigraph > blockquote, div.epigraph > blockquote > p { font-style: italic; } 109 | 110 | div.epigraph > blockquote > footer { font-style: normal; } 111 | 112 | div.epigraph > blockquote > footer > cite { font-style: italic; } 113 | /* end chapter epigraphs styles */ 114 | 115 | blockquote { font-size: 1.4rem; } 116 | 117 | blockquote p { width: 55%; 118 | margin-right: 40px; } 119 | 120 | blockquote footer { width: 55%; 121 | font-size: 1.1rem; 122 | text-align: right; } 123 | 124 | section>ol, section>ul { width: 45%; 125 | -webkit-padding-start: 5%; 126 | -webkit-padding-end: 5%; } 127 | 128 | li { padding: 0.5rem 0; } 129 | 130 | figure { padding: 0; 131 | border: 0; 132 | font-size: 100%; 133 | font: inherit; 134 | vertical-align: baseline; 135 | max-width: 55%; 136 | -webkit-margin-start: 0; 137 | -webkit-margin-end: 0; 138 | margin: 0 0 3em 0; } 139 | 140 | figcaption { float: right; 141 | clear: right; 142 | margin-right: -48%; 143 | margin-top: 0; 144 | margin-bottom: 0; 145 | font-size: 1.1rem; 146 | line-height: 1.6; 147 | vertical-align: baseline; 148 | position: relative; 149 | max-width: 40%; } 150 | 151 | figure.fullwidth figcaption { margin-right: 24%; } 152 | 153 | /* Links: replicate underline that clears descenders */ 154 | a:link, a:visited { color: inherit; } 155 | 156 | a:link { text-decoration: none; 157 | background: -webkit-linear-gradient(#fffff8, #fffff8), -webkit-linear-gradient(#fffff8, #fffff8), -webkit-linear-gradient(#333, #333); 158 | background: linear-gradient(#fffff8, #fffff8), linear-gradient(#fffff8, #fffff8), linear-gradient(#333, #333); 159 | -webkit-background-size: 0.05em 1px, 0.05em 1px, 1px 1px; 160 | -moz-background-size: 0.05em 1px, 0.05em 1px, 1px 1px; 161 | background-size: 0.05em 1px, 0.05em 1px, 1px 1px; 162 | background-repeat: no-repeat, no-repeat, repeat-x; 163 | text-shadow: 0.03em 0 #fffff8, -0.03em 0 #fffff8, 0 0.03em #fffff8, 0 -0.03em #fffff8, 0.06em 0 #fffff8, -0.06em 0 #fffff8, 0.09em 0 #fffff8, -0.09em 0 #fffff8, 0.12em 0 #fffff8, -0.12em 0 #fffff8, 0.15em 0 #fffff8, -0.15em 0 #fffff8; 164 | background-position: 0% 93%, 100% 93%, 0% 93%; } 165 | 166 | @media screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 0) { a:link { background-position-y: 87%, 87%, 87%; } } 167 | 168 | a:link::selection { text-shadow: 0.03em 0 #b4d5fe, -0.03em 0 #b4d5fe, 0 0.03em #b4d5fe, 0 -0.03em #b4d5fe, 0.06em 0 #b4d5fe, -0.06em 0 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$(this).addClass("active"); 15 | } 16 | }); 17 | 18 | $('#burger').click(function(){ 19 | $(this).toggleClass('open'); 20 | }); 21 | 22 | }); 23 | 24 | // speaker deck viewcounts 25 | // var futuresPromises = getSpeakerdeckStats("cv96bzz6", "futures-promises-views"); 26 | // var picklesSporesScaladays = getSpeakerdeckStats("5gabjggm", "pickles-spores-scaladays"); 27 | // var sporesStrangeloop = getSpeakerdeckStats("d350fdec", "spores-strangeloop"); 28 | // var instantPicklesOopsla = getSpeakerdeckStats("8qzwp7pc", "instant-pickles-oopsla"); 29 | // 30 | // function getSpeakerdeckStats(key, id) { 31 | // var url = "http://www.kimonolabs.com/api/" + key + "?apikey=6cd6688b9e11a1f5e1dd19d711e87b98"; 32 | // $.ajax({ 33 | // "url": url, 34 | // "crossDomain": true, 35 | // "dataType": "jsonp", 36 | // success: function(json) { 37 | // onSuccessfulResponse(json, id); 38 | // } 39 | // }); 40 | // }; 41 | // 42 | // function onSuccessfulResponse(json, id) { 43 | // var viewcount = json.results.collection1[0].viewcount; 44 | // // var starcount = json.results.collection1[0].starcount.text; 45 | // $("#"+id).text(viewcount); 46 | // }; 47 | 48 | function styleCode() { 49 | if (typeof disableStyleCode != "undefined") { return; } 50 | $("pre code").each(function() { 51 | if (!$(this).hasClass("prettyprint lang-{{ site.primarylanguage }}")) { 52 | $(this).addClass("prettyprint lang-{{ site.primarylanguage }}"); 53 | } 54 | }); 55 | } -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /resources/js/vendor/lang-scala.js: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | /** 2 | * @license 3 | * Copyright (C) 2010 Google Inc. 4 | * 5 | * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); 6 | * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. 7 | * You may obtain a copy of the License at 8 | * 9 | * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 10 | * 11 | * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software 12 | * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, 13 | * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. 14 | * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and 15 | * limitations under the License. 16 | */ 17 | 18 | /** 19 | * @fileoverview 20 | * Registers a language handler for Scala. 21 | * 22 | * Derived from http://lampsvn.epfl.ch/svn-repos/scala/scala-documentation/trunk/src/reference/SyntaxSummary.tex 23 | * 24 | * @author mikesamuel@gmail.com 25 | */ 26 | 27 | PR['registerLangHandler']( 28 | PR['createSimpleLexer']( 29 | [ 30 | // Whitespace 31 | [PR['PR_PLAIN'], /^[\t\n\r \xA0]+/, null, '\t\n\r \xA0'], 32 | // A double or single quoted string 33 | // or a triple double-quoted multi-line string. 34 | [PR['PR_STRING'], 35 | /^(?:"(?:(?:""(?:""?(?!")|[^\\"]|\\.)*"{0,3})|(?:[^"\r\n\\]|\\.)*"?))/, 36 | null, '"'], 37 | [PR['PR_LITERAL'], /^`(?:[^\r\n\\`]|\\.)*`?/, null, '`'], 38 | [PR['PR_PUNCTUATION'], /^[!#%&()*+,\-:;<=>?@\[\\\]^{|}~]+/, null, 39 | '!#%&()*+,-:;<=>?@[\\]^{|}~'] 40 | ], 41 | [ 42 | // A symbol literal is a single quote followed by an identifier with no 43 | // single quote following 44 | // A character literal has single quotes on either side 45 | [PR['PR_STRING'], /^'(?:[^\r\n\\']|\\(?:'|[^\r\n']+))'/], 46 | [PR['PR_LITERAL'], /^'[a-zA-Z_$][\w$]*(?!['$\w])/], 47 | [PR['PR_KEYWORD'], /^(?:abstract|case|catch|class|def|do|else|extends|final|finally|for|forSome|if|implicit|import|lazy|match|new|object|override|package|private|protected|requires|return|sealed|super|throw|trait|try|type|val|var|while|with|yield)\b/], 48 | [PR['PR_LITERAL'], /^(?:true|false|null|this)\b/], 49 | [PR['PR_LITERAL'], /^(?:(?:0(?:[0-7]+|X[0-9A-F]+))L?|(?:(?:0|[1-9][0-9]*)(?:(?:\.[0-9]+)?(?:E[+\-]?[0-9]+)?F?|L?))|\\.[0-9]+(?:E[+\-]?[0-9]+)?F?)/i], 50 | // Treat upper camel case identifiers as types. 51 | [PR['PR_TYPE'], /^[$_]*[A-Z][_$A-Z0-9]*[a-z][\w$]*/], 52 | [PR['PR_PLAIN'], /^[$a-zA-Z_][\w$]*/], 53 | [PR['PR_COMMENT'], /^\/(?:\/.*|\*(?:\/|\**[^*/])*(?:\*+\/?)?)/], 54 | [PR['PR_PUNCTUATION'], /^(?:\.+|\/)/] 55 | ]), 56 | ['scala']); -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /resources/js/vendor/retina.js: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | // retina.js, a high-resolution image swapper (http://retinajs.com), v0.0.2 2 | 3 | (function(){function t(e){this.path=e;var t=this.path.split("."),n=t.slice(0,t.length-1).join("."),r=t[t.length-1];this.at_2x_path=n+"@2x."+r}function n(e){this.el=e,this.path=new t(this.el.getAttribute("src"));var n=this;this.path.check_2x_variant(function(e){e&&n.swap()})}var e=typeof 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