├── .gitignore ├── ext4 ├── __init__.py ├── metadata.py ├── direntry.py ├── structs.py └── ext4.py ├── ext4extract.py ├── README.md ├── app.py └── COPYING /.gitignore: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | __pycache__/ 2 | *.py[cod] 3 | *$py.class 4 | bin 5 | include 6 | lib 7 | lib64 8 | pyvenv.cfg 9 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /ext4/__init__.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | """ 2 | ext4extract - Ext4 data extracting tool 3 | Copyright (C) 2017, HexEdit (IFProject) 4 | 5 | This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify 6 | it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by 7 | the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or 8 | (at your option) any later version. 9 | 10 | This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 11 | but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 12 | MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 13 | GNU General Public License for more details. 14 | 15 | You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 16 | along with this program. If not, see . 17 | """ 18 | 19 | from .ext4 import Ext4 20 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /ext4extract.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3 2 | 3 | """ 4 | ext4extract - Ext4 data extracting tool 5 | Copyright (C) 2017, HexEdit (IFProject) 6 | 7 | This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify 8 | it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by 9 | the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or 10 | (at your option) any later version. 11 | 12 | This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 13 | but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 14 | MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 15 | GNU General Public License for more details. 16 | 17 | You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 18 | along with this program. If not, see . 19 | """ 20 | 21 | import sys 22 | from app import Application 23 | 24 | 25 | def exception_handler(exception_type, exception, traceback): 26 | del traceback 27 | sys.stderr.write("{}: {}\n".format(exception_type.__name__, exception)) 28 | 29 | 30 | if __name__ == '__main__': 31 | sys.excepthook = exception_handler 32 | Application().run() 33 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | **Ext4 data extracting tool** 2 | 3 | Currently supports only 32-bit ext4, using extents, extracts only files/directories and symlinks with various options. 4 | *Mapped* file blocks are **not** supported. 5 | 6 | usage 7 | ----- 8 | 9 | `ext4extract.py [-h] [-v] [-D DIRECTORY] [-S SYMLINKS] [-M METADATA] 10 | [--save-symlinks | --text-symlinks | --empty-symlinks | --skip-symlinks] 11 | filename` 12 | 13 | **positional arguments:** 14 | 15 | * **filename** - EXT4 device or image 16 | 17 | **optional arguments:** 18 | 19 | * **-h, --help** - show this help message and exit 20 | 21 | * **-v, --verbose** - verbose output 22 | 23 | * **-D DIRECTORY, --directory DIRECTORY** - set output directory 24 | 25 | * **-S SYMLINKS, --dump-symlink-table SYMLINKS** - generate symlink table 26 | 27 | * **-M METADATA, --dump-metadata METADATA** - generate inode metadata table (including extended attributes) 28 | 29 | * **Symlink options (mutually-exclusive)** 30 | 31 | * **--save-symlinks** - save symlinks as is (default) 32 | 33 | * **--text-symlinks** - save symlinks as text file 34 | 35 | * **--empty-symlinks** - save symlinks as empty file 36 | 37 | * **--skip-symlinks** - do not save symlinks 38 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /ext4/metadata.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | """ 2 | ext4extract - Ext4 data extracting tool 3 | Copyright (C) 2017, HexEdit (IFProject) 4 | 5 | This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify 6 | it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by 7 | the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or 8 | (at your option) any later version. 9 | 10 | This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 11 | but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 12 | MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 13 | GNU General Public License for more details. 14 | 15 | You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 16 | along with this program. If not, see . 17 | """ 18 | 19 | 20 | class Metadata: 21 | def __init__(self, inode, itype, size, ctime, mtime, uid=0, gid=0, mode=0, xattr={}): 22 | self._attr = { 23 | 'inode': inode, 24 | 'type': itype, 25 | 'size': size, 26 | 'ctime': ctime, 27 | 'mtime': mtime, 28 | 'uid': uid, 29 | 'gid': gid, 30 | 'mode': mode 31 | } 32 | self._xattr = xattr 33 | 34 | def __str__(self): 35 | attr_s = [] 36 | for key, value in self._attr.items(): 37 | attr_s.append("{key}=\"{value}\"".format( 38 | key=key, 39 | value=value)) 40 | for key, value in self._xattr.items(): 41 | attr_s.append( 42 | key if value is None else "{key}=\"{value}\"".format( 43 | key=key, 44 | value=value.decode( 45 | 'unicode_escape').encode( 46 | 'unicode_escape').decode( 47 | 'ascii'))) 48 | return " ".join(attr_s) 49 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /ext4/direntry.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | """ 2 | ext4extract - Ext4 data extracting tool 3 | Copyright (C) 2017, HexEdit (IFProject) 4 | 5 | This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify 6 | it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by 7 | the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or 8 | (at your option) any later version. 9 | 10 | This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 11 | but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 12 | MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 13 | GNU General Public License for more details. 14 | 15 | You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 16 | along with this program. If not, see . 17 | """ 18 | 19 | 20 | class DirEntry: 21 | def __init__(self, inode=0, name=None, entry_type=0): 22 | self._inode = inode 23 | self._name = name 24 | self._type = entry_type 25 | 26 | def __str__(self): 27 | entry_type = [ 28 | "Unknown", 29 | "Regular file", 30 | "Directory", 31 | "Character device file", 32 | "Block device file", 33 | "FIFO", 34 | "Socket", 35 | "Symbolic link" 36 | ][self._type] 37 | return "{name:24} ({type}, inode {inode})".format(inode=self._inode, name=self._name, type=entry_type) 38 | 39 | @property 40 | def inode(self): 41 | return self._inode 42 | 43 | @property 44 | def name(self): 45 | return self._name 46 | 47 | @property 48 | def type(self): 49 | return self._type 50 | 51 | @inode.setter 52 | def inode(self, x): 53 | self._inode = x 54 | 55 | @name.setter 56 | def name(self, x): 57 | self._name = x 58 | 59 | @type.setter 60 | def type(self, x): 61 | self._type = x 62 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /app.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | """ 2 | ext4extract - Ext4 data extracting tool 3 | Copyright (C) 2017, HexEdit (IFProject) 4 | 5 | This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify 6 | it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by 7 | the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or 8 | (at your option) any later version. 9 | 10 | This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 11 | but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 12 | MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 13 | GNU General Public License for more details. 14 | 15 | You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 16 | along with this program. If not, see . 17 | """ 18 | 19 | import sys 20 | import argparse 21 | import os 22 | from ext4 import Ext4 23 | 24 | 25 | class Application(object): 26 | def __init__(self): 27 | self._args = None 28 | self._ext4 = None 29 | self._symltbl = None 30 | self._metatbl = None 31 | 32 | def _parse_args(self): 33 | parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() 34 | 35 | parser.add_argument("-v", "--verbose", dest='verbose', help="verbose output", 36 | action='store_true') 37 | parser.add_argument("-D", "--directory", dest='directory', type=str, help="set output directory", default=".") 38 | parser.add_argument("-S", "--dump-symlink-table", dest='symlinks', type=str, help="Generate symlink table") 39 | parser.add_argument("-M", "--dump-metadata", dest='metadata', type=str, help="Generate inode metadata table") 40 | parser.add_argument("filename", type=str, help="EXT4 device or image") 41 | 42 | group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group() 43 | group.add_argument("--save-symlinks", help="save symlinks as is (default)", action='store_true') 44 | group.add_argument("--text-symlinks", help="save symlinks as text file", action='store_true') 45 | group.add_argument("--empty-symlinks", help="save symlinks as empty file", action='store_true') 46 | group.add_argument("--skip-symlinks", help="do not save symlinks", action='store_true') 47 | 48 | try: 49 | self._args = parser.parse_args() 50 | except SystemExit: 51 | sys.exit(2) 52 | 53 | def _extract_dir(self, dir_data, path, rpath='', name=None): 54 | assert self._ext4 is not None 55 | if name is not None: 56 | path = os.path.join(path, name) 57 | rpath = rpath + '/' + name 58 | try: 59 | os.mkdir(path) 60 | except FileExistsError: 61 | pass 62 | 63 | for de in dir_data: 64 | if de.name == '.' or de.name == '..': 65 | continue 66 | processed = False 67 | if self._metatbl is not None: 68 | self._write_meta(de, rpath) 69 | if de.type == 1: # regular file 70 | data, atime, mtime = self._ext4.read_file(de.inode) 71 | file = open(os.path.join(path, de.name), 'w+b') 72 | file.write(data) 73 | file.close() 74 | os.utime(file.name, (atime, mtime)) 75 | processed = True 76 | elif de.type == 2: # directory 77 | self._extract_dir(self._ext4.read_dir(de.inode), path, rpath, de.name) 78 | elif de.type == 7: # symlink 79 | link = os.path.join(path, de.name) 80 | link_to = self._ext4.read_link(de.inode) 81 | if self._symltbl is not None: 82 | self._write_symlink(rpath + '/' + de.name, link_to) 83 | if self._args.skip_symlinks: 84 | continue 85 | if self._args.text_symlinks: 86 | link = open(link, "w+b") 87 | link.write(link_to.encode('utf-8')) 88 | link.close() 89 | elif self._args.empty_symlinks: 90 | open(link, "w+").close() 91 | else: 92 | os.symlink(link_to, link + ".tmp") 93 | os.rename(link + ".tmp", link) 94 | processed = True 95 | if processed and self._args.verbose: 96 | print(rpath + '/' + de.name) 97 | 98 | def _write_symlink(self, link, link_to): 99 | self._symltbl.write( 100 | "path=\"{link}\" target=\"{target}\"".format( 101 | link=link, 102 | target=link_to 103 | ) + os.linesep) 104 | 105 | def _write_meta(self, direntry, path): 106 | meta = self._ext4.read_meta(direntry.inode) 107 | self._metatbl.write( 108 | "path=\"{path}\" {meta}".format( 109 | meta=meta, 110 | path=os.path.join(path, direntry.name) 111 | ) + os.linesep) 112 | 113 | def _do_extract(self): 114 | self._ext4 = Ext4(self._args.filename) 115 | self._extract_dir(self._ext4.root, self._args.directory) 116 | 117 | def run(self): 118 | self._parse_args() 119 | 120 | if self._args.symlinks is not None: 121 | self._symltbl = open(self._args.symlinks, "w+") 122 | if self._args.metadata is not None: 123 | self._metatbl = open(self._args.metadata, "w+") 124 | 125 | self._do_extract() 126 | 127 | if self._symltbl is not None: 128 | self._symltbl.close() 129 | if self._metatbl is not None: 130 | self._metatbl.close() 131 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /ext4/structs.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | """ 2 | ext4extract - Ext4 data extracting tool 3 | Copyright (C) 2017, HexEdit (IFProject) 4 | 5 | This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify 6 | it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by 7 | the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or 8 | (at your option) any later version. 9 | 10 | This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 11 | but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 12 | MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 13 | GNU General Public License for more details. 14 | 15 | You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 16 | along with this program. If not, see . 17 | """ 18 | 19 | from collections import namedtuple 20 | from struct import unpack 21 | 22 | 23 | __SUPERBLOCK_PACK__ = ". 17 | """ 18 | 19 | from struct import unpack 20 | 21 | from .structs import * 22 | from .direntry import DirEntry 23 | from .metadata import Metadata 24 | 25 | 26 | class Ext4(object): 27 | def __init__(self, filename=None): 28 | self._ext4 = None 29 | self._superblock = None 30 | self._block_size = 1024 31 | self._backup_bgs = [] 32 | 33 | if filename is not None: 34 | self.load(filename) 35 | 36 | def __str__(self): 37 | if self._superblock is None: 38 | return "Not loaded" 39 | else: 40 | volume_name = self._superblock.s_volume_name.decode('utf-8').rstrip('\0') 41 | mounted_at = self._superblock.s_last_mounted.decode('utf-8').rstrip('\0') 42 | if not mounted_at: 43 | mounted_at = "not mounted" 44 | return "Volume name: {}, last mounted at: {}".format(volume_name, mounted_at) 45 | 46 | @property 47 | def _has_sparse_super(self): 48 | return bool(self._superblock.s_feature_ro_compat & 0x1) 49 | 50 | @property 51 | def _has_sparse_super2(self): 52 | return bool(self._superblock.s_feature_compat & 0x200) 53 | 54 | def _read_group_descriptor(self, bg_num): 55 | gd_offset = (self._superblock.s_first_data_block + 1) * self._block_size \ 56 | + (bg_num * self._superblock.s_desc_size) 57 | self._ext4.seek(gd_offset) 58 | return make_group_descriptor(self._ext4.read(32)) 59 | 60 | @staticmethod 61 | def _test_root(a, b): 62 | while True: 63 | if a < b: 64 | return False 65 | if a == b: 66 | return True 67 | if a % b != 0: 68 | return False 69 | a /= b 70 | 71 | def _bg_has_super(self, bg_num): 72 | if bg_num == 0: 73 | return True 74 | if self._has_sparse_super2: 75 | if bg_num in self._backup_bgs: 76 | return True 77 | return False 78 | if bg_num <= 1: 79 | return True 80 | if not self._has_sparse_super: 81 | return True 82 | if not bg_num & 1: 83 | return False 84 | if self._test_root(bg_num, 3): 85 | return True 86 | if self._test_root(bg_num, 5): 87 | return True 88 | if self._test_root(bg_num, 7): 89 | return True 90 | return False 91 | 92 | def _read_inode(self, inode_num): 93 | inode_bg_num = (inode_num - 1) // self._superblock.s_inodes_per_group 94 | bg_inode_idx = (inode_num - 1) % self._superblock.s_inodes_per_group 95 | group_desc = self._read_group_descriptor(inode_bg_num) 96 | table_start = (inode_bg_num * self._superblock.s_blocks_per_group) \ 97 | + group_desc.bg_inode_table_lo 98 | if not self._bg_has_super(inode_bg_num): 99 | table_start -= 2 100 | inode_offset = (table_start * self._block_size) \ 101 | + (bg_inode_idx * self._superblock.s_inode_size) 102 | self._ext4.seek(inode_offset) 103 | return make_inode(self._ext4.read(128)) 104 | 105 | def _read_inode_extra(self, inode_num): 106 | inode = self._read_inode(inode_num) 107 | extra = self._ext4.read(self._superblock.s_inode_size - 128) 108 | return inode, extra 109 | 110 | def _read_extent(self, data, extent_block): 111 | hdr = make_extent_header(extent_block[:12]) 112 | if hdr.eh_magic != 0xf30a: 113 | raise RuntimeError("Bad extent magic") 114 | 115 | for eex in range(0, hdr.eh_entries): 116 | raw_offset = 12 + (eex * 12) 117 | entry_raw = extent_block[raw_offset:raw_offset + 12] 118 | if hdr.eh_depth == 0: 119 | entry = make_extent_entry(entry_raw) 120 | _start = entry.ee_block * self._block_size 121 | _size = entry.ee_len * self._block_size 122 | self._ext4.seek(entry.ee_start_lo * self._block_size) 123 | data[_start:_start + _size] = self._ext4.read(_size) 124 | else: 125 | index = make_extent_index(entry_raw) 126 | self._ext4.seek(index.ei_leaf_lo * self._block_size) 127 | lower_block = self._ext4.read(self._block_size) 128 | self._read_extent(data, lower_block) 129 | 130 | def _read_data(self, inode): 131 | data = b'' 132 | 133 | if inode.i_size_lo == 0: 134 | pass 135 | elif inode.i_flags & 0x10000000 or (inode.i_mode & 0xf000 == 0xa000 and inode.i_size_lo <= 60): 136 | data = inode.i_block 137 | elif inode.i_flags & 0x80000: 138 | data = bytearray(inode.i_size_lo) 139 | self._read_extent(data, inode.i_block) 140 | else: 141 | raise RuntimeError("Mapped Inodes are not supported") 142 | 143 | return data 144 | 145 | def load(self, filename): 146 | self._ext4 = open(filename, "rb") 147 | self._ext4.seek(1024) 148 | self._superblock = make_superblock(self._ext4.read(256)) 149 | if self._superblock.s_magic != 0xef53: 150 | raise RuntimeError("Bad superblock magic") 151 | incompat = self._superblock.s_feature_incompat 152 | for f_id in [0x1, 0x4, 0x10, 0x80, 0x200, 0x1000, 0x4000, 0x10000]: 153 | if incompat & f_id: 154 | raise RuntimeError("Unsupported feature ({:#x})".format(f_id)) 155 | self._block_size = 2 ** (10 + self._superblock.s_log_block_size) 156 | if self._has_sparse_super2: 157 | self._ext4.seek(0x64c) 158 | self._backup_bgs = list(unpack('<2I', self._ext4.read(8))) 159 | else: 160 | self._backup_bgs = [] 161 | 162 | def read_dir(self, inode_num): 163 | inode = self._read_inode(inode_num) 164 | dir_raw = self._read_data(inode) 165 | dir_data = list() 166 | offset = 0 167 | while offset < len(dir_raw): 168 | entry_raw = dir_raw[offset:offset + 8] 169 | entry = DirEntry() 170 | if self._superblock.s_feature_incompat & 0x2: 171 | dir_entry = make_dir_entry_v2(entry_raw) 172 | if dir_entry.inode == 0: 173 | break 174 | entry.type = dir_entry.file_type 175 | else: 176 | dir_entry = make_dir_entry(entry_raw) 177 | if dir_entry.inode == 0: 178 | break 179 | entry_inode = self._read_inode(dir_entry.inode) 180 | inode_type = entry_inode.i_mode & 0xf000 181 | if inode_type == 0x1000: 182 | entry.type = 5 183 | elif inode_type == 0x2000: 184 | entry.type = 3 185 | elif inode_type == 0x4000: 186 | entry.type = 2 187 | elif inode_type == 0x6000: 188 | entry.type = 4 189 | elif inode_type == 0x8000: 190 | entry.type = 1 191 | elif inode_type == 0xA000: 192 | entry.type = 7 193 | elif inode_type == 0xC000: 194 | entry.type = 6 195 | entry.inode = dir_entry.inode 196 | entry.name = dir_raw[offset + 8:offset + 8 + dir_entry.name_len].decode('utf-8') 197 | dir_data.append(entry) 198 | offset += dir_entry.rec_len 199 | return dir_data 200 | 201 | def read_file(self, inode_num): 202 | inode = self._read_inode(inode_num) 203 | return self._read_data(inode)[:inode.i_size_lo], inode.i_atime, inode.i_mtime 204 | 205 | def read_link(self, inode_num): 206 | inode = self._read_inode(inode_num) 207 | return self._read_data(inode)[:inode.i_size_lo].decode('utf-8') 208 | 209 | def read_xattr(self, inode, extra=None): 210 | xattr = {} 211 | 212 | if extra: 213 | extra_isize, = unpack('> 12 & 0xf, 270 | size=inode.i_size_lo, 271 | ctime=inode.i_ctime, 272 | mtime=inode.i_mtime, 273 | uid=inode.i_uid, 274 | gid=inode.i_gid, 275 | mode=inode.i_mode & 0xfff, 276 | xattr=self.read_xattr(inode, extra)) 277 | 278 | @property 279 | def root(self): 280 | return self.read_dir(2) 281 | 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No Surrender of Others' Freedom. 541 | 542 | If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or 543 | otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not 544 | excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a 545 | covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this 546 | License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may 547 | not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you 548 | to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey 549 | the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this 550 | License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program. 551 | 552 | 13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License. 553 | 554 | Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have 555 | permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed 556 | under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single 557 | combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this 558 | License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work, 559 | but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License, 560 | section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the 561 | combination as such. 562 | 563 | 14. Revised Versions of this License. 564 | 565 | The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of 566 | the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will 567 | be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to 568 | address new problems or concerns. 569 | 570 | Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the 571 | Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General 572 | Public License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the 573 | option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered 574 | version or of any later version published by the Free Software 575 | Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the 576 | GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published 577 | by the Free Software Foundation. 578 | 579 | If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future 580 | versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's 581 | public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you 582 | to choose that version for the Program. 583 | 584 | Later license versions may give you additional or different 585 | permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any 586 | author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a 587 | later version. 588 | 589 | 15. Disclaimer of Warranty. 590 | 591 | THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY 592 | APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT 593 | HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY 594 | OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, 595 | THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR 596 | PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM 597 | IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF 598 | ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. 599 | 600 | 16. Limitation of Liability. 601 | 602 | IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING 603 | WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS 604 | THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY 605 | GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE 606 | USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF 607 | DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD 608 | PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), 609 | EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 610 | SUCH DAMAGES. 611 | 612 | 17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16. 613 | 614 | If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided 615 | above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, 616 | reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates 617 | an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the 618 | Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a 619 | copy of the Program in return for a fee. 620 | 621 | END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS 622 | 623 | How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs 624 | 625 | If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest 626 | possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it 627 | free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. 628 | 629 | To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest 630 | to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively 631 | state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least 632 | the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. 633 | 634 | 635 | Copyright (C) 636 | 637 | This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify 638 | it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by 639 | the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or 640 | (at your option) any later version. 641 | 642 | This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 643 | but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 644 | MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 645 | GNU General Public License for more details. 646 | 647 | You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 648 | along with this program. If not, see . 649 | 650 | Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. 651 | 652 | If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short 653 | notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: 654 | 655 | Copyright (C) 656 | This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. 657 | This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it 658 | under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. 659 | 660 | The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate 661 | parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands 662 | might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box". 663 | 664 | You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, 665 | if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. 666 | For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see 667 | . 668 | 669 | The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program 670 | into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you 671 | may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with 672 | the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General 673 | Public License instead of this License. But first, please read 674 | . 675 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------