├── sotu
    ├── ReadMe.txt
    └── 1790-1796-GW.txt
├── README.md
└── Scala-2-Text-Analytics.ipynb


/sotu/ReadMe.txt:
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1 | Collected & curated from http://stateoftheunion.onetwothree.net/texts/index.html
2 | September 25,2014
3 | 


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/README.md:
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 1 | 
 2 | # sparknotebook
 3 | 
 4 | ## IMPORTANT
 5 | 
 6 | I am in the process of removing the [IScala](https://github.com/mattpap/IScala) as it's development appears stalled. I'm replacing it with [jupyter-scala](https://github.com/alexarchambault/jupyter-scala). __However, jupyter-scala doesn't build for Scala 2.10 yet. Spark requires Scala 2.10.__
 7 | 
 8 | This project contains samples of jupyter notebooks running [Spark](https://spark.apache.org/). One notebook, _2-Text-Analytics.ipynb_ is written in python. The second, _Scala-2-Text-Analytics.ipynb_ is in Scala. The dataset and the most excellent _2-Text-Analytics.ipynb_ are originally from [https://github.com/xsankar/cloaked-ironman](https://github.com/xsankar/cloaked-ironman).
 9 | 
10 | Just open each notebook to see how Spark is instantiated and used.
11 | 
12 | ![Notebook](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/B1O87jsCQAAeLfz.png:large)
13 | 
14 | ## Python Set-up
15 | 
16 | To run the python notebook, you will need to:
17 | 
18 | 1. Install ipython and ipython notebook. For simplicity, I am just using the free [Anaconda python distribution from Continuum Analytics](http://continuum.io/downloads).
19 | 2. [Download and install Spark distribution](https://spark.apache.org/downloads.html). The download includes the `pyspark` script that you need to launch python with Spark.
20 | 
21 | For best results, cd into this projects root directory before starting ipython. The actual command to start the ipython notebook is:
22 | 
23 | ```bash
24 | IPYTHON=1 IPYTHON_OPTS="notebook --pylab inline" pyspark
25 | ```
26 | 
27 | __NOTE__: Sometimes when running Spark on Java 7 you may get a java.net.UnknownHostException. I have not yet seen this on Java 8. If this happens to you, you can resolve it by setting the __SPARK_LOCAL_IP__ environment variable to `127.0.0.1` before launching Spark. For example:
28 | 
29 | ```bash
30 | SPARK_LOCAL_IP=127.0.0.1 IPYTHON=1 IPYTHON_OPTS="notebook --pylab inline" pyspark
31 | ```
32 | 
33 | ## Scala Set-up
34 | 
35 | To run the scala notebook, you will need to:
36 | 
37 | 1. Install [jupyter-scala](https://github.com/alexarchambault/jupyter-scala)
38 | ```
39 | git clone https://github.com/alexarchambault/jupyter-scala.git
40 | cd jupyter-scala
41 | sbt cli/packArchive
42 | sbt publishM2
43 | # unpack cli/target/jupyter-scala_2.11.6-0.2.0-SNAPSHOT.zip
44 | cd cli/target/jupyter-scala_2.11.6-0.2.0-SNAPSHOT/bin
45 | ./jupyter-scala
46 | ```
47 | 2. Start jupyter (formerly ipython)
48 | ```
49 | ipython notebook
50 | # When the notebook starts you may need to select the "Scala 2.11" kernel
51 | ```
52 | 
53 | If you are running your notebook and it crashes with OutOfMemoryErrors you can increase the amount of memory used with the `-Xmx` flag (e.g. -Xmx2g or -Xmx2048m will both allocate 2GB of memory for the JVM to use):
54 | ```bash
55 | SBT_OPTS=-Xmx2048m ipython notebook --profile "Scala 2.11"
56 | ```
57 | 
58 | As with the python example, if you get a java.net.UnknownHostException when starting ipython use the following command:
59 | 
60 | ```bash
61 | SPARK_LOCAL_IP=127.0.0.1 SBT_OPTS=-Xmx2048m ipython notebook --profile "Scala 2.11"
62 | ```
63 | 
64 | __NOTE:__ For the Scala notebook, you do __not__ need to download and install Spark. The Spark dependencies are managed via sbt which is running under the hood in the Spark notebook.
65 | 
66 | 


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/Scala-2-Text-Analytics.ipynb:
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  1 | {
  2 |  "cells": [
  3 |   {
  4 |    "cell_type": "code",
  5 |    "execution_count": 63,
  6 |    "metadata": {
  7 |     "collapsed": false
  8 |    },
  9 |    "outputs": [
 10 |     {
 11 |      "name": "stdout",
 12 |      "output_type": "stream",
 13 |      "text": [
 14 |       ":: problems summary ::\n",
 15 |       ":::: WARNINGS\n",
 16 |       "\tUnable to reparse com.github.alexarchambault.jupyter#jupyter-scala-api_2.11.6;0.2.0-SNAPSHOT from sonatype-snapshots, using Fri May 22 01:44:01 PDT 2015\n",
 17 |       "\n",
 18 |       "\tproblem while downloading module descriptor: /Users/brian/.m2/repository/com/github/alexarchambault/jupyter/jupyter-scala-api_2.11.6/0.2.0-SNAPSHOT/jupyter-scala-api_2.11.6-0.2.0-SNAPSHOT.pom: no protocol: /Users/brian/.m2/repository/com/github/alexarchambault/jupyter/jupyter-scala-api_2.11.6/0.2.0-SNAPSHOT/jupyter-scala-api_2.11.6-0.2.0-SNAPSHOT.pom (2ms)\n",
 19 |       "\n",
 20 |       "\tChoosing sonatype-snapshots for com.github.alexarchambault.jupyter#jupyter-scala-api_2.11.6;0.2.0-SNAPSHOT\n",
 21 |       "\n",
 22 |       "\tUnable to reparse com.github.alexarchambault#ammonite-api_2.11.6;0.3.1-SNAPSHOT from sonatype-snapshots, using Fri May 22 01:13:14 PDT 2015\n",
 23 |       "\n",
 24 |       "\tChoosing sonatype-snapshots for com.github.alexarchambault#ammonite-api_2.11.6;0.3.1-SNAPSHOT\n",
 25 |       "\n",
 26 |       "\tUnable to reparse com.github.alexarchambault.jupyter#jupyter-api_2.11;0.2.0-SNAPSHOT from sonatype-snapshots, using Thu May 21 19:38:28 PDT 2015\n",
 27 |       "\n",
 28 |       "\tChoosing sonatype-snapshots for com.github.alexarchambault.jupyter#jupyter-api_2.11;0.2.0-SNAPSHOT\n",
 29 |       "\n",
 30 |       "\t\tmodule not found: org.apache.spark#spark-assembly_2.11;1.1.0\n",
 31 |       "\n",
 32 |       "\t==== local: tried\n",
 33 |       "\n",
 34 |       "\t  /Users/brian/.ivy2/local/org.apache.spark/spark-assembly_2.11/1.1.0/ivys/ivy.xml\n",
 35 |       "\n",
 36 |       "\t==== public: tried\n",
 37 |       "\n",
 38 |       "\t  https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/apache/spark/spark-assembly_2.11/1.1.0/spark-assembly_2.11-1.1.0.pom\n",
 39 |       "\n",
 40 |       "\t==== sonatype-snapshots: tried\n",
 41 |       "\n",
 42 |       "\t  https://oss.sonatype.org/content/repositories/snapshots/org/apache/spark/spark-assembly_2.11/1.1.0/spark-assembly_2.11-1.1.0.pom\n",
 43 |       "\n",
 44 |       "\t==== Maven Central: tried\n",
 45 |       "\n",
 46 |       "\t  https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/apache/spark/spark-assembly_2.11/1.1.0/spark-assembly_2.11-1.1.0.pom\n",
 47 |       "\n",
 48 |       "\t==== Maven Central: tried\n",
 49 |       "\n",
 50 |       "\t  https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/apache/spark/spark-assembly_2.11/1.1.0/spark-assembly_2.11-1.1.0.pom\n",
 51 |       "\n",
 52 |       "\t==== Maven Central: tried\n",
 53 |       "\n",
 54 |       "\t  https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/org/apache/spark/spark-assembly_2.11/1.1.0/spark-assembly_2.11-1.1.0.pom\n",
 55 |       "\n",
 56 |       "\t==== Maven local repo: tried\n",
 57 |       "\n",
 58 |       "\t  file:/Users/brian/.m2/repository/org/apache/spark/spark-assembly_2.11/1.1.0/spark-assembly_2.11-1.1.0.pom\n",
 59 |       "\n"
 60 |      ]
 61 |     },
 62 |     {
 63 |      "data": {
 64 |       "text/plain": []
 65 |      },
 66 |      "metadata": {},
 67 |      "output_type": "display_data"
 68 |     }
 69 |    ],
 70 |    "source": [
 71 |     "load.resolver(\"Maven Central\" at \"https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/\")\n",
 72 |     "load.resolver(\"Maven local repo\" at \"file:/Users/brian/.m2/repository\")\n",
 73 |     "load.ivy(\"org.apache.spark\" %% \"spark-assembly\" % \"1.1.0\")"
 74 |    ]
 75 |   },
 76 |   {
 77 |    "cell_type": "code",
 78 |    "execution_count": null,
 79 |    "metadata": {
 80 |     "collapsed": false
 81 |    },
 82 |    "outputs": [],
 83 |    "source": []
 84 |   },
 85 |   {
 86 |    "cell_type": "code",
 87 |    "execution_count": null,
 88 |    "metadata": {
 89 |     "collapsed": false
 90 |    },
 91 |    "outputs": [],
 92 |    "source": []
 93 |   },
 94 |   {
 95 |    "cell_type": "code",
 96 |    "execution_count": 64,
 97 |    "metadata": {
 98 |     "collapsed": false
 99 |    },
100 |    "outputs": [
101 |     {
102 |      "ename": "",
103 |      "evalue": "",
104 |      "output_type": "error",
105 |      "traceback": [
106 |       "Compilation Failed",
107 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:41: object apache is not a member of package org",
108 |       "                import org.apache.spark.SparkContext ; import org.apache.spark.SparkContext._ ; val sc = { () =>",
109 |       "                                                                  ^\u001b[0m",
110 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:41: object apache is not a member of package org",
111 |       "                import org.apache.spark.SparkContext ; import org.apache.spark.SparkContext._ ; val sc = { () =>",
112 |       "                           ^\u001b[0m",
113 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:42: not found: type SparkContext",
114 |       "  new SparkContext(\"local[*]\", \"Intro\") ",
115 |       "      ^\u001b[0m"
116 |      ]
117 |     }
118 |    ],
119 |    "source": [
120 |     "import org.apache.spark.SparkContext\n",
121 |     "import org.apache.spark.SparkContext._\n",
122 |     "val sc = new SparkContext(\"local[*]\", \"Intro\")"
123 |    ]
124 |   },
125 |   {
126 |    "cell_type": "code",
127 |    "execution_count": 65,
128 |    "metadata": {
129 |     "collapsed": false
130 |    },
131 |    "outputs": [
132 |     {
133 |      "data": {
134 |       "text/plain": [
135 |        "defined \u001b[32mfunction \u001b[36mclean\u001b[0m"
136 |       ]
137 |      },
138 |      "metadata": {},
139 |      "output_type": "display_data"
140 |     }
141 |    ],
142 |    "source": [
143 |     "def clean(s: String): String = if (s.endsWith(\".\") || \n",
144 |     "                                   s.endsWith(\",\")) s.substring(0, s.size - 1) else s"
145 |    ]
146 |   },
147 |   {
148 |    "cell_type": "code",
149 |    "execution_count": 66,
150 |    "metadata": {
151 |     "collapsed": false
152 |    },
153 |    "outputs": [
154 |     {
155 |      "ename": "",
156 |      "evalue": "",
157 |      "output_type": "error",
158 |      "traceback": [
159 |       "Compilation Failed",
160 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:44: not found: value sc",
161 |       "  sc.textFile(\"sotu/2009-2014-BO.txt\") ",
162 |       "  ^\u001b[0m"
163 |      ]
164 |     }
165 |    ],
166 |    "source": [
167 |     "var lines = sc.textFile(\"sotu/2009-2014-BO.txt\")\n",
168 |     "val wordCountBO = lines\n",
169 |     "  .flatMap(_.split(\" \")\n",
170 |     "    .map(_.toLowerCase.trim)\n",
171 |     "    .map(clean)\n",
172 |     "    .map(word => (word, 1)))\n",
173 |     "  .reduceByKey(_ + _)\n",
174 |     "wordCountBO.count()"
175 |    ]
176 |   },
177 |   {
178 |    "cell_type": "code",
179 |    "execution_count": 67,
180 |    "metadata": {
181 |     "collapsed": false
182 |    },
183 |    "outputs": [
184 |     {
185 |      "ename": "",
186 |      "evalue": "",
187 |      "output_type": "error",
188 |      "traceback": [
189 |       "Compilation Failed",
190 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:44: not found: value lines",
191 |       "lines = sc.textFile(\"sotu/2001-2008-GWB.txt\")",
192 |       "^\u001b[0m",
193 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:46: not found: value lines",
194 |       "  lines",
195 |       "  ^\u001b[0m"
196 |      ]
197 |     }
198 |    ],
199 |    "source": [
200 |     "lines = sc.textFile(\"sotu/2001-2008-GWB.txt\")\n",
201 |     "val wordCountGWB = lines\n",
202 |     "  .flatMap(_.split(\" \")\n",
203 |     "    .map(_.toLowerCase.trim)\n",
204 |     "    .map(clean)\n",
205 |     "    .map(word => (word, 1)))\n",
206 |     "  .reduceByKey(_ + _)\n",
207 |     "wordCountGWB.count()"
208 |    ]
209 |   },
210 |   {
211 |    "cell_type": "code",
212 |    "execution_count": 68,
213 |    "metadata": {
214 |     "collapsed": false
215 |    },
216 |    "outputs": [
217 |     {
218 |      "ename": "",
219 |      "evalue": "",
220 |      "output_type": "error",
221 |      "traceback": [
222 |       "Compilation Failed",
223 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:44: not found: value lines",
224 |       "lines = sc.textFile(\"sotu/1994-2000-WJC.txt\")",
225 |       "^\u001b[0m",
226 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:46: not found: value lines",
227 |       "  lines",
228 |       "  ^\u001b[0m"
229 |      ]
230 |     }
231 |    ],
232 |    "source": [
233 |     "lines = sc.textFile(\"sotu/1994-2000-WJC.txt\")\n",
234 |     "val wordCountWJC = lines\n",
235 |     "  .flatMap(_.split(\" \")\n",
236 |     "    .map(_.toLowerCase.trim)\n",
237 |     "    .map(clean)\n",
238 |     "    .map(word => (word, 1)))\n",
239 |     "  .reduceByKey(_ + _)\n",
240 |     "wordCountWJC.count()"
241 |    ]
242 |   },
243 |   {
244 |    "cell_type": "code",
245 |    "execution_count": 69,
246 |    "metadata": {
247 |     "collapsed": false
248 |    },
249 |    "outputs": [
250 |     {
251 |      "ename": "",
252 |      "evalue": "",
253 |      "output_type": "error",
254 |      "traceback": [
255 |       "Compilation Failed",
256 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:44: not found: value lines",
257 |       "lines = sc.textFile(\"sotu/1961-1963-JFK.txt\")",
258 |       "^\u001b[0m",
259 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:46: not found: value lines",
260 |       "  lines",
261 |       "  ^\u001b[0m"
262 |      ]
263 |     }
264 |    ],
265 |    "source": [
266 |     "lines = sc.textFile(\"sotu/1961-1963-JFK.txt\")\n",
267 |     "val wordCountJFK = lines\n",
268 |     "  .flatMap(_.split(\" \")\n",
269 |     "    .map(_.toLowerCase.trim)\n",
270 |     "    .map(clean)\n",
271 |     "    .map(word => (word, 1)))\n",
272 |     "  .reduceByKey(_ + _)\n",
273 |     "wordCountJFK.count()"
274 |    ]
275 |   },
276 |   {
277 |    "cell_type": "code",
278 |    "execution_count": 70,
279 |    "metadata": {
280 |     "collapsed": false
281 |    },
282 |    "outputs": [
283 |     {
284 |      "ename": "",
285 |      "evalue": "",
286 |      "output_type": "error",
287 |      "traceback": [
288 |       "Compilation Failed",
289 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:44: not found: value lines",
290 |       "lines = sc.textFile(\"sotu/1934-1945-FDR.txt\")",
291 |       "^\u001b[0m",
292 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:46: not found: value lines",
293 |       "  lines",
294 |       "  ^\u001b[0m"
295 |      ]
296 |     }
297 |    ],
298 |    "source": [
299 |     "lines = sc.textFile(\"sotu/1934-1945-FDR.txt\")\n",
300 |     "val wordCountFDR = lines\n",
301 |     "  .flatMap(_.split(\" \")\n",
302 |     "    .map(_.toLowerCase.trim)\n",
303 |     "    .map(clean)\n",
304 |     "    .map(word => (word, 1)))\n",
305 |     "  .reduceByKey(_ + _)\n",
306 |     "wordCountFDR.count()"
307 |    ]
308 |   },
309 |   {
310 |    "cell_type": "code",
311 |    "execution_count": 71,
312 |    "metadata": {
313 |     "collapsed": false
314 |    },
315 |    "outputs": [
316 |     {
317 |      "ename": "",
318 |      "evalue": "",
319 |      "output_type": "error",
320 |      "traceback": [
321 |       "Compilation Failed",
322 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:44: not found: value lines",
323 |       "lines = sc.textFile(\"sotu/1861-1864-AL.txt\")",
324 |       "^\u001b[0m",
325 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:46: not found: value lines",
326 |       "  lines",
327 |       "  ^\u001b[0m"
328 |      ]
329 |     }
330 |    ],
331 |    "source": [
332 |     "lines = sc.textFile(\"sotu/1861-1864-AL.txt\")\n",
333 |     "val wordCountAL = lines\n",
334 |     "  .flatMap(_.split(\" \")\n",
335 |     "    .map(_.toLowerCase.trim)\n",
336 |     "    .map(clean)\n",
337 |     "    .map(word => (word, 1)))\n",
338 |     "  .reduceByKey(_ + _)\n",
339 |     "wordCountAL.count()"
340 |    ]
341 |   },
342 |   {
343 |    "cell_type": "code",
344 |    "execution_count": 72,
345 |    "metadata": {
346 |     "collapsed": false
347 |    },
348 |    "outputs": [
349 |     {
350 |      "ename": "",
351 |      "evalue": "",
352 |      "output_type": "error",
353 |      "traceback": [
354 |       "Compilation Failed",
355 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:44: not found: value lines",
356 |       "lines = sc.textFile(\"sotu/1790-1796-GW.txt\")",
357 |       "^\u001b[0m",
358 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:46: not found: value lines",
359 |       "  lines",
360 |       "  ^\u001b[0m"
361 |      ]
362 |     }
363 |    ],
364 |    "source": [
365 |     "lines = sc.textFile(\"sotu/1790-1796-GW.txt\")\n",
366 |     "val wordCountGW = lines\n",
367 |     "  .flatMap(_.split(\" \")\n",
368 |     "    .map(_.toLowerCase.trim)\n",
369 |     "    .map(clean)\n",
370 |     "    .map(word => (word, 1)))\n",
371 |     "  .reduceByKey(_ + _)\n",
372 |     "wordCountGW.count()"
373 |    ]
374 |   },
375 |   {
376 |    "cell_type": "code",
377 |    "execution_count": 73,
378 |    "metadata": {
379 |     "collapsed": false
380 |    },
381 |    "outputs": [
382 |     {
383 |      "data": {
384 |       "text/plain": [
385 |        "\u001b[36mcommonWords\u001b[0m: \u001b[32mscala.Array[java.lang.String]\u001b[0m = \u001b[33mArray\u001b[0m(\n",
386 |        "  \u001b[32m\"us\"\u001b[0m,\n",
387 |        "  \u001b[32m\"has\"\u001b[0m,\n",
388 |        "  \u001b[32m\"all\"\u001b[0m,\n",
389 |        "  \u001b[32m\"they\"\u001b[0m,\n",
390 |        "  \u001b[32m\"from\"\u001b[0m,\n",
391 |        "  \u001b[32m\"who\"\u001b[0m,\n",
392 |        "  \u001b[32m\"what\"\u001b[0m,\n",
393 |        "  \u001b[32m\"on\"\u001b[0m,\n",
394 |        "  \u001b[32m\"by\"\u001b[0m,\n",
395 |        "  \u001b[32m\"more\"\u001b[0m,\n",
396 |        "  \u001b[32m\"as\"\u001b[0m,\n",
397 |        "  \u001b[32m\"not\"\u001b[0m,\n",
398 |        "  \u001b[32m\"their\"\u001b[0m,\n",
399 |        "  \u001b[32m\"can\"\u001b[0m,\n",
400 |        "\u001b[33m...\u001b[0m"
401 |       ]
402 |      },
403 |      "metadata": {},
404 |      "output_type": "display_data"
405 |     }
406 |    ],
407 |    "source": [
408 |     "val commonWords = Array(\"us\",\"has\",\"all\", \"they\", \"from\", \"who\",\"what\",\"on\",\"by\",\"more\",\"as\",\"not\",\"their\",\"can\",\n",
409 |     "                             \"new\",\"it\",\"but\",\"be\",\"are\",\"--\",\"i\",\"have\",\"this\",\"will\",\"for\",\"with\",\"is\",\"that\",\"in\",\n",
410 |     "                             \"our\",\"we\",\"a\",\"of\",\"to\",\"and\",\"the\",\"that's\",\"or\",\"make\",\"do\",\"you\",\"at\",\"it\\'s\",\"than\",\n",
411 |     "                             \"if\",\"know\",\"last\",\"about\",\"no\",\"just\",\"now\",\"an\",\"because\",\"<p>we\",\"why\",\"we\\'ll\",\"how\",\n",
412 |     "                             \"two\",\"also\",\"every\",\"come\",\"we've\",\"year\",\"over\",\"get\",\"take\",\"one\",\"them\",\"we\\'re\",\"need\",\n",
413 |     "                             \"want\",\"when\",\"like\",\"most\",\"-\",\"been\",\"first\",\"where\",\"so\",\"these\",\"they\\'re\",\"good\",\"would\",\n",
414 |     "                             \"there\",\"should\",\"-->\",\"<!--\",\"up\",\"i\\'m\",\"his\",\"their\",\"which\",\"may\",\"were\",\"such\",\"some\",\n",
415 |     "                             \"those\",\"was\",\"here\",\"she\",\"he\",\"its\",\"her\",\"his\",\"don\\'t\",\"i\\'ve\",\"what\\'s\",\"didn\\'t\",\n",
416 |     "                             \"shouldn\\'t\",\"(applause.)\",\"let\\'s\",\"doesn\\'t\")"
417 |    ]
418 |   },
419 |   {
420 |    "cell_type": "code",
421 |    "execution_count": 74,
422 |    "metadata": {
423 |     "collapsed": false
424 |    },
425 |    "outputs": [
426 |     {
427 |      "ename": "",
428 |      "evalue": "",
429 |      "output_type": "error",
430 |      "traceback": [
431 |       "Compilation Failed",
432 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:42: not found: value wordCountBO",
433 |       "  wordCountBO.sortBy(_._2, ascending = false) ",
434 |       "  ^\u001b[0m",
435 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:42: not found: value ascending",
436 |       "  wordCountBO.sortBy(_._2, ascending = false) ",
437 |       "                           ^\u001b[0m"
438 |      ]
439 |     }
440 |    ],
441 |    "source": [
442 |     "val wordCountBO1 = wordCountBO.sortBy(_._2, ascending = false)"
443 |    ]
444 |   },
445 |   {
446 |    "cell_type": "code",
447 |    "execution_count": 75,
448 |    "metadata": {
449 |     "collapsed": false
450 |    },
451 |    "outputs": [
452 |     {
453 |      "ename": "",
454 |      "evalue": "",
455 |      "output_type": "error",
456 |      "traceback": [
457 |       "Compilation Failed",
458 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:42: not found: value wordCountBO1",
459 |       "wordCountBO1.take(10).foreach(println)",
460 |       "^\u001b[0m"
461 |      ]
462 |     }
463 |    ],
464 |    "source": [
465 |     "wordCountBO1.take(10).foreach(println)"
466 |    ]
467 |   },
468 |   {
469 |    "cell_type": "code",
470 |    "execution_count": 76,
471 |    "metadata": {
472 |     "collapsed": false
473 |    },
474 |    "outputs": [
475 |     {
476 |      "ename": "",
477 |      "evalue": "",
478 |      "output_type": "error",
479 |      "traceback": [
480 |       "Compilation Failed",
481 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:44: not found: value wordCountBO1",
482 |       "  wordCountBO1.filter(t => !commonWords.contains(t._1)) ",
483 |       "  ^\u001b[0m"
484 |      ]
485 |     }
486 |    ],
487 |    "source": [
488 |     "val wordCountBOClean = wordCountBO1.filter(t => !commonWords.contains(t._1))"
489 |    ]
490 |   },
491 |   {
492 |    "cell_type": "code",
493 |    "execution_count": 77,
494 |    "metadata": {
495 |     "collapsed": false
496 |    },
497 |    "outputs": [
498 |     {
499 |      "ename": "",
500 |      "evalue": "",
501 |      "output_type": "error",
502 |      "traceback": [
503 |       "Compilation Failed",
504 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:42: not found: value wordCountBOClean",
505 |       "wordCountBOClean.count()",
506 |       "^\u001b[0m"
507 |      ]
508 |     }
509 |    ],
510 |    "source": [
511 |     "wordCountBOClean.count()"
512 |    ]
513 |   },
514 |   {
515 |    "cell_type": "code",
516 |    "execution_count": 78,
517 |    "metadata": {
518 |     "collapsed": false
519 |    },
520 |    "outputs": [
521 |     {
522 |      "ename": "",
523 |      "evalue": "",
524 |      "output_type": "error",
525 |      "traceback": [
526 |       "Compilation Failed",
527 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:42: not found: value wordCountBOClean",
528 |       "wordCountBOClean.collect().foreach(println)",
529 |       "^\u001b[0m"
530 |      ]
531 |     }
532 |    ],
533 |    "source": [
534 |     "wordCountBOClean.collect().foreach(println)"
535 |    ]
536 |   },
537 |   {
538 |    "cell_type": "code",
539 |    "execution_count": 79,
540 |    "metadata": {
541 |     "collapsed": false
542 |    },
543 |    "outputs": [
544 |     {
545 |      "ename": "",
546 |      "evalue": "",
547 |      "output_type": "error",
548 |      "traceback": [
549 |       "Compilation Failed",
550 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:44: not found: value wordCountGWB",
551 |       "  wordCountGWB.filter(t => !commonWords.contains(t._1)) ",
552 |       "  ^\u001b[0m"
553 |      ]
554 |     }
555 |    ],
556 |    "source": [
557 |     "val wordCountGWBClean = wordCountGWB.filter(t => !commonWords.contains(t._1))\n",
558 |     "wordCountGWBClean.sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)"
559 |    ]
560 |   },
561 |   {
562 |    "cell_type": "code",
563 |    "execution_count": 80,
564 |    "metadata": {
565 |     "collapsed": false
566 |    },
567 |    "outputs": [
568 |     {
569 |      "ename": "",
570 |      "evalue": "",
571 |      "output_type": "error",
572 |      "traceback": [
573 |       "Compilation Failed",
574 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:44: not found: value wordCountWJC",
575 |       "  wordCountWJC.filter(t => !commonWords.contains(t._1)) ",
576 |       "  ^\u001b[0m"
577 |      ]
578 |     }
579 |    ],
580 |    "source": [
581 |     "val wordCountWJCClean = wordCountWJC.filter(t => !commonWords.contains(t._1))\n",
582 |     "wordCountWJCClean.sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)"
583 |    ]
584 |   },
585 |   {
586 |    "cell_type": "code",
587 |    "execution_count": 81,
588 |    "metadata": {
589 |     "collapsed": false
590 |    },
591 |    "outputs": [
592 |     {
593 |      "ename": "",
594 |      "evalue": "",
595 |      "output_type": "error",
596 |      "traceback": [
597 |       "Compilation Failed",
598 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:44: not found: value wordCountJFK",
599 |       "  wordCountJFK.filter(t => !commonWords.contains(t._1)) ",
600 |       "  ^\u001b[0m"
601 |      ]
602 |     }
603 |    ],
604 |    "source": [
605 |     "val wordCountJFKClean = wordCountJFK.filter(t => !commonWords.contains(t._1))\n",
606 |     "wordCountJFKClean.sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)"
607 |    ]
608 |   },
609 |   {
610 |    "cell_type": "code",
611 |    "execution_count": 82,
612 |    "metadata": {
613 |     "collapsed": false
614 |    },
615 |    "outputs": [
616 |     {
617 |      "ename": "",
618 |      "evalue": "",
619 |      "output_type": "error",
620 |      "traceback": [
621 |       "Compilation Failed",
622 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:44: not found: value wordCountFDR",
623 |       "  wordCountFDR.filter(t => !commonWords.contains(t._1)) ",
624 |       "  ^\u001b[0m"
625 |      ]
626 |     }
627 |    ],
628 |    "source": [
629 |     "val wordCountFDRClean = wordCountFDR.filter(t => !commonWords.contains(t._1))\n",
630 |     "wordCountFDRClean.sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)"
631 |    ]
632 |   },
633 |   {
634 |    "cell_type": "code",
635 |    "execution_count": 83,
636 |    "metadata": {
637 |     "collapsed": false
638 |    },
639 |    "outputs": [
640 |     {
641 |      "ename": "",
642 |      "evalue": "",
643 |      "output_type": "error",
644 |      "traceback": [
645 |       "Compilation Failed",
646 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:44: not found: value wordCountAL",
647 |       "  wordCountAL.filter(t => !commonWords.contains(t._1)) ",
648 |       "  ^\u001b[0m"
649 |      ]
650 |     }
651 |    ],
652 |    "source": [
653 |     "val wordCountALClean = wordCountAL.filter(t => !commonWords.contains(t._1))\n",
654 |     "wordCountALClean.sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)"
655 |    ]
656 |   },
657 |   {
658 |    "cell_type": "code",
659 |    "execution_count": 84,
660 |    "metadata": {
661 |     "collapsed": false
662 |    },
663 |    "outputs": [
664 |     {
665 |      "ename": "",
666 |      "evalue": "",
667 |      "output_type": "error",
668 |      "traceback": [
669 |       "Compilation Failed",
670 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:44: not found: value wordCountGW",
671 |       "  wordCountGW.filter(t => !commonWords.contains(t._1)) ",
672 |       "  ^\u001b[0m"
673 |      ]
674 |     }
675 |    ],
676 |    "source": [
677 |     "val wordCountGWClean = wordCountGW.filter(t => !commonWords.contains(t._1))\n",
678 |     "wordCountGWClean.sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)"
679 |    ]
680 |   },
681 |   {
682 |    "cell_type": "code",
683 |    "execution_count": 85,
684 |    "metadata": {
685 |     "collapsed": false
686 |    },
687 |    "outputs": [
688 |     {
689 |      "ename": "",
690 |      "evalue": "",
691 |      "output_type": "error",
692 |      "traceback": [
693 |       "Compilation Failed",
694 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:42: not found: value wordCountFDRClean",
695 |       "wordCountFDRClean.subtractByKey(wordCountBOClean).sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)",
696 |       "^\u001b[0m",
697 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:42: not found: value wordCountBOClean",
698 |       "wordCountFDRClean.subtractByKey(wordCountBOClean).sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)",
699 |       "                                ^\u001b[0m",
700 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:42: not found: value ascending",
701 |       "wordCountFDRClean.subtractByKey(wordCountBOClean).sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)",
702 |       "                                                               ^\u001b[0m"
703 |      ]
704 |     }
705 |    ],
706 |    "source": [
707 |     "wordCountFDRClean.subtractByKey(wordCountBOClean).sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)"
708 |    ]
709 |   },
710 |   {
711 |    "cell_type": "code",
712 |    "execution_count": 86,
713 |    "metadata": {
714 |     "collapsed": false
715 |    },
716 |    "outputs": [
717 |     {
718 |      "ename": "",
719 |      "evalue": "",
720 |      "output_type": "error",
721 |      "traceback": [
722 |       "Compilation Failed",
723 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:42: not found: value wordCountBOClean",
724 |       "wordCountBOClean.subtractByKey(wordCountFDRClean).sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)",
725 |       "^\u001b[0m",
726 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:42: not found: value wordCountFDRClean",
727 |       "wordCountBOClean.subtractByKey(wordCountFDRClean).sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)",
728 |       "                               ^\u001b[0m",
729 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:42: not found: value ascending",
730 |       "wordCountBOClean.subtractByKey(wordCountFDRClean).sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)",
731 |       "                                                               ^\u001b[0m"
732 |      ]
733 |     }
734 |    ],
735 |    "source": [
736 |     "wordCountBOClean.subtractByKey(wordCountFDRClean).sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)"
737 |    ]
738 |   },
739 |   {
740 |    "cell_type": "code",
741 |    "execution_count": 87,
742 |    "metadata": {
743 |     "collapsed": false
744 |    },
745 |    "outputs": [
746 |     {
747 |      "ename": "",
748 |      "evalue": "",
749 |      "output_type": "error",
750 |      "traceback": [
751 |       "Compilation Failed",
752 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:42: not found: value wordCountBOClean",
753 |       "wordCountBOClean.subtractByKey(wordCountGWBClean).sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)",
754 |       "^\u001b[0m",
755 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:42: not found: value wordCountGWBClean",
756 |       "wordCountBOClean.subtractByKey(wordCountGWBClean).sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)",
757 |       "                               ^\u001b[0m",
758 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:42: not found: value ascending",
759 |       "wordCountBOClean.subtractByKey(wordCountGWBClean).sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)",
760 |       "                                                               ^\u001b[0m"
761 |      ]
762 |     }
763 |    ],
764 |    "source": [
765 |     "wordCountBOClean.subtractByKey(wordCountGWBClean).sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)"
766 |    ]
767 |   },
768 |   {
769 |    "cell_type": "code",
770 |    "execution_count": 88,
771 |    "metadata": {
772 |     "collapsed": false
773 |    },
774 |    "outputs": [
775 |     {
776 |      "ename": "",
777 |      "evalue": "",
778 |      "output_type": "error",
779 |      "traceback": [
780 |       "Compilation Failed",
781 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:42: not found: value wordCountBOClean",
782 |       "wordCountBOClean.subtractByKey(wordCountGWClean).sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)",
783 |       "^\u001b[0m",
784 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:42: not found: value wordCountGWClean",
785 |       "wordCountBOClean.subtractByKey(wordCountGWClean).sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)",
786 |       "                               ^\u001b[0m",
787 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:42: not found: value ascending",
788 |       "wordCountBOClean.subtractByKey(wordCountGWClean).sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)",
789 |       "                                                              ^\u001b[0m"
790 |      ]
791 |     }
792 |    ],
793 |    "source": [
794 |     "wordCountBOClean.subtractByKey(wordCountGWClean).sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)"
795 |    ]
796 |   },
797 |   {
798 |    "cell_type": "code",
799 |    "execution_count": 89,
800 |    "metadata": {
801 |     "collapsed": false
802 |    },
803 |    "outputs": [
804 |     {
805 |      "ename": "",
806 |      "evalue": "",
807 |      "output_type": "error",
808 |      "traceback": [
809 |       "Compilation Failed",
810 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:42: not found: value wordCountBOClean",
811 |       "wordCountBOClean.subtractByKey(wordCountALClean).sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)",
812 |       "^\u001b[0m",
813 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:42: not found: value wordCountALClean",
814 |       "wordCountBOClean.subtractByKey(wordCountALClean).sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)",
815 |       "                               ^\u001b[0m",
816 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:42: not found: value ascending",
817 |       "wordCountBOClean.subtractByKey(wordCountALClean).sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)",
818 |       "                                                              ^\u001b[0m"
819 |      ]
820 |     }
821 |    ],
822 |    "source": [
823 |     "wordCountBOClean.subtractByKey(wordCountALClean).sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)"
824 |    ]
825 |   },
826 |   {
827 |    "cell_type": "code",
828 |    "execution_count": 90,
829 |    "metadata": {
830 |     "collapsed": false
831 |    },
832 |    "outputs": [
833 |     {
834 |      "ename": "",
835 |      "evalue": "",
836 |      "output_type": "error",
837 |      "traceback": [
838 |       "Compilation Failed",
839 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:42: not found: value wordCountWJCClean",
840 |       "wordCountWJCClean.subtractByKey(wordCountALClean).sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)",
841 |       "^\u001b[0m",
842 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:42: not found: value wordCountALClean",
843 |       "wordCountWJCClean.subtractByKey(wordCountALClean).sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)",
844 |       "                                ^\u001b[0m",
845 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:42: not found: value ascending",
846 |       "wordCountWJCClean.subtractByKey(wordCountALClean).sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)",
847 |       "                                                               ^\u001b[0m"
848 |      ]
849 |     }
850 |    ],
851 |    "source": [
852 |     "wordCountWJCClean.subtractByKey(wordCountALClean).sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)"
853 |    ]
854 |   },
855 |   {
856 |    "cell_type": "code",
857 |    "execution_count": 91,
858 |    "metadata": {
859 |     "collapsed": false
860 |    },
861 |    "outputs": [
862 |     {
863 |      "ename": "",
864 |      "evalue": "",
865 |      "output_type": "error",
866 |      "traceback": [
867 |       "Compilation Failed",
868 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:42: not found: value wordCountGWBClean",
869 |       "wordCountGWBClean.subtractByKey(wordCountALClean).sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)",
870 |       "^\u001b[0m",
871 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:42: not found: value wordCountALClean",
872 |       "wordCountGWBClean.subtractByKey(wordCountALClean).sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)",
873 |       "                                ^\u001b[0m",
874 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:42: not found: value ascending",
875 |       "wordCountGWBClean.subtractByKey(wordCountALClean).sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)",
876 |       "                                                               ^\u001b[0m"
877 |      ]
878 |     }
879 |    ],
880 |    "source": [
881 |     "wordCountGWBClean.subtractByKey(wordCountALClean).sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)"
882 |    ]
883 |   },
884 |   {
885 |    "cell_type": "code",
886 |    "execution_count": 92,
887 |    "metadata": {
888 |     "collapsed": false
889 |    },
890 |    "outputs": [
891 |     {
892 |      "ename": "",
893 |      "evalue": "",
894 |      "output_type": "error",
895 |      "traceback": [
896 |       "Compilation Failed",
897 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:42: not found: value wordCountALClean",
898 |       "wordCountALClean.subtractByKey(wordCountBOClean).sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)",
899 |       "^\u001b[0m",
900 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:42: not found: value wordCountBOClean",
901 |       "wordCountALClean.subtractByKey(wordCountBOClean).sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)",
902 |       "                               ^\u001b[0m",
903 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:42: not found: value ascending",
904 |       "wordCountALClean.subtractByKey(wordCountBOClean).sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)",
905 |       "                                                              ^\u001b[0m"
906 |      ]
907 |     }
908 |    ],
909 |    "source": [
910 |     "wordCountALClean.subtractByKey(wordCountBOClean).sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)"
911 |    ]
912 |   },
913 |   {
914 |    "cell_type": "code",
915 |    "execution_count": 93,
916 |    "metadata": {
917 |     "collapsed": false
918 |    },
919 |    "outputs": [
920 |     {
921 |      "ename": "",
922 |      "evalue": "",
923 |      "output_type": "error",
924 |      "traceback": [
925 |       "Compilation Failed",
926 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:42: not found: value wordCountALClean",
927 |       "wordCountALClean.subtractByKey(wordCountWJCClean).sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)",
928 |       "^\u001b[0m",
929 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:42: not found: value wordCountWJCClean",
930 |       "wordCountALClean.subtractByKey(wordCountWJCClean).sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)",
931 |       "                               ^\u001b[0m",
932 |       "\u001b[31mMain.scala:42: not found: value ascending",
933 |       "wordCountALClean.subtractByKey(wordCountWJCClean).sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)",
934 |       "                                                               ^\u001b[0m"
935 |      ]
936 |     }
937 |    ],
938 |    "source": [
939 |     "wordCountALClean.subtractByKey(wordCountWJCClean).sortBy(_._2, ascending = false).take(15).foreach(println)"
940 |    ]
941 |   }
942 |  ],
943 |  "metadata": {
944 |   "kernelspec": {
945 |    "display_name": "Scala 2.11",
946 |    "language": "scala211",
947 |    "name": "scala211"
948 |   },
949 |   "language_info": {
950 |    "codemirror_mode": "text/x-scala",
951 |    "file_extension": "scala",
952 |    "mimetype": "text/x-scala",
953 |    "name": "scala211",
954 |    "pygments_lexer": "scala",
955 |    "version": "2.11.6"
956 |   }
957 |  },
958 |  "nbformat": 4,
959 |  "nbformat_minor": 0
960 | }
961 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/sotu/1790-1796-GW.txt:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   1 | ***
   2 | 
   3 | State of the Union Address
   4 | George Washington
   5 | January 8, 1790
   6 | 
   7 | Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives:
   8 | 
   9 | I embrace with great satisfaction the opportunity which now presents itself
  10 | of congratulating you on the present favorable prospects of our public
  11 | affairs. The recent accession of the important state of North Carolina to
  12 | the Constitution of the United States (of which official information has
  13 | been received), the rising credit and respectability of our country, the
  14 | general and increasing good will toward the government of the Union, and
  15 | the concord, peace, and plenty with which we are blessed are circumstances
  16 | auspicious in an eminent degree to our national prosperity.
  17 | 
  18 | In resuming your consultations for the general good you can not but derive
  19 | encouragement from the reflection that the measures of the last session
  20 | have been as satisfactory to your constituents as the novelty and
  21 | difficulty of the work allowed you to hope. Still further to realize their
  22 | expectations and to secure the blessings which a gracious Providence has
  23 | placed within our reach will in the course of the present important session
  24 | call for the cool and deliberate exertion of your patriotism, firmness, and
  25 | wisdom.
  26 | 
  27 | Among the many interesting objects which will engage your attention that of
  28 | providing for the common defense will merit particular regard. To be
  29 | prepared for war is one of the most effectual means of preserving peace.
  30 | 
  31 | A free people ought not only to be armed, but disciplined; to which end a
  32 | uniform and well-digested plan is requisite; and their safety and interest
  33 | require that they should promote such manufactories as tend to render them
  34 | independent of others for essential, particularly military, supplies.
  35 | 
  36 | The proper establishment of the troops which may be deemed indispensable
  37 | will be entitled to mature consideration. In the arrangements which may be
  38 | made respecting it it will be of importance to conciliate the comfortable
  39 | support of the officers and soldiers with a due regard to economy.
  40 | 
  41 | There was reason to hope that the pacific measures adopted with regard to
  42 | certain hostile tribes of Indians would have relieved the inhabitants of
  43 | our southern and western frontiers from their depredations, but you will
  44 | perceive from the information contained in the papers which I shall direct
  45 | to be laid before you (comprehending a communication from the Commonwealth
  46 | of Virginia) that we ought to be prepared to afford protection to those
  47 | parts of the Union, and, if necessary, to punish aggressors.
  48 | 
  49 | The interests of the United States require that our intercourse with other
  50 | nations should be facilitated by such provisions as will enable me to
  51 | fulfill my duty in that respect in the manner which circumstances may
  52 | render most conducive to the public good, and to this end that the
  53 | compensation to be made to the persons who may be employed should,
  54 | according to the nature of their appointments, be defined by law, and a
  55 | competent fund designated for defraying the expenses incident to the
  56 | conduct of foreign affairs.
  57 | 
  58 | Various considerations also render it expedient that the terms on which
  59 | foreigners may be admitted to the rights of citizens should be speedily
  60 | ascertained by a uniform rule of naturalization.
  61 | 
  62 | Uniformity in the currency, weights, and measures of the United States is
  63 | an object of great importance, and will, I am persuaded, be duly attended
  64 | to.
  65 | 
  66 | The advancement of agriculture, commerce, and manufactures by all proper
  67 | means will not, I trust, need recommendation; but I can not forbear
  68 | intimating to you the expediency of giving effectual encouragement as well
  69 | to the introduction of new and useful inventions from abroad as to the
  70 | exertions of skill and genius in producing them at home, and of
  71 | facilitating the intercourse between the distant parts of our country by a
  72 | due attention to the post-office and post-roads.
  73 | 
  74 | Nor am I less persuaded that you will agree with me in opinion that there
  75 | is nothing which can better deserve your patronage than the promotion of
  76 | science and literature. Knowledge is in every country the surest basis of
  77 | public happiness. In one in which the measures of government receive their
  78 | impressions so immediately from the sense of the community as in ours it is
  79 | proportionably essential.
  80 | 
  81 | To the security of a free constitution it contributes in various ways--by
  82 | convincing those who are intrusted with the public administration that
  83 | every valuable end of government is best answered by the enlightened
  84 | confidence of the people, and by teaching the people themselves to know and
  85 | to value their own rights; to discern and provide against invasions of
  86 | them; to distinguish between oppression and the necessary exercise of
  87 | lawful authority; between burthens proceeding from a disregard to their
  88 | convenience and those resulting from the inevitable exigencies of society;
  89 | to discriminate the spirit of liberty from that of licentiousness--
  90 | cherishing the first, avoiding the last--and uniting a speedy but
  91 | temperate vigilance against encroachments, with an inviolable respect to
  92 | the laws.
  93 | 
  94 | Whether this desirable object will be best promoted by affording aids to
  95 | seminaries of learning already established, by the institution of a
  96 | national university, or by any other expedients will be well worthy of a
  97 | place in the deliberations of the legislature.
  98 | 
  99 | Gentlemen of the House of Representatives:
 100 | 
 101 | I saw with peculiar pleasure at the close of the last session the
 102 | resolution entered into by you expressive of your opinion that an adequate
 103 | provision for the support of the public credit is a matter of high
 104 | importance to the national honor and prosperity. In this sentiment I
 105 | entirely concur; and to a perfect confidence in your best endeavors to
 106 | devise such a provision as will be truly with the end I add an equal
 107 | reliance on the cheerful cooperation of the other branch of the
 108 | legislature.
 109 | 
 110 | It would be superfluous to specify inducements to a measure in which the
 111 | character and interests of the United States are so obviously so deeply
 112 | concerned, and which has received so explicit a sanction from your
 113 | declaration.
 114 | 
 115 | Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives:
 116 | 
 117 | I have directed the proper officers to lay before you, respectively, such
 118 | papers and estimates as regard the affairs particularly recommended to your
 119 | consideration, and necessary to convey to you that information of the state
 120 | of the Union which it is my duty to afford.
 121 | 
 122 | The welfare of our country is the great object to which our cares and
 123 | efforts ought to be directed, and I shall derive great satisfaction from a
 124 | cooperation with you in the pleasing though arduous task of insuring to our
 125 | fellow citizens the blessings which they have a right to expect from a
 126 | free, efficient, and equal government.
 127 | 
 128 | ***
 129 | 
 130 | State of the Union Address
 131 | George Washington
 132 | December 8, 1790
 133 | 
 134 | Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives:
 135 | 
 136 | In meeting you again I feel much satisfaction in being able to repeat my
 137 | congratulations on the favorable prospects which continue to distinguish
 138 | our public affairs. The abundant fruits of another year have blessed our
 139 | country with plenty and with the means of a flourishing commerce.
 140 | 
 141 | The progress of public credit is witnessed by a considerable rise of
 142 | American stock abroad as well as at home, and the revenues allotted for
 143 | this and other national purposes have been productive beyond the
 144 | calculations by which they were regulated. This latter circumstance is the
 145 | more pleasing, as it is not only a proof of the fertility of our resources,
 146 | but as it assures us of a further increase of the national respectability
 147 | and credit, and, let me add, as it bears an honorable testimony to the
 148 | patriotism and integrity of the mercantile and marine part of our citizens.
 149 | The punctuality of the former in discharging their engagements has been
 150 | exemplary.
 151 | 
 152 | In conformity to the powers vested in me by acts of the last session, a
 153 | loan of 3,000,000 florins, toward which some provisional measures had
 154 | previously taken place, has been completed in Holland. As well the celerity
 155 | with which it has been filled as the nature of the terms (considering the
 156 | more than ordinary demand for borrowing created by the situation of Europe)
 157 | give a reasonable hope that the further execution of those powers may
 158 | proceed with advantage and success. The Secretary of the Treasury has my
 159 | directions to communicate such further particulars as may be requisite for
 160 | more precise information.
 161 | 
 162 | Since your last sessions I have received communications by which it appears
 163 | that the district of Kentucky, at present a part of Virginia, has concurred
 164 | in certain propositions contained in a law of that State, in consequence of
 165 | which the district is to become a distinct member of the Union, in case the
 166 | requisite sanction of Congress be added. For this sanction application is
 167 | now made. I shall cause the papers on this very transaction to be laid
 168 | before you.
 169 | 
 170 | The liberality and harmony with which it has been conducted will be found
 171 | to do great honor to both the parties, and the sentiments of warm
 172 | attachment to the Union and its present Government expressed by our fellow
 173 | citizens of Kentucky can not fail to add an affectionate concern for their
 174 | particular welfare to the great national impressions under which you will
 175 | decide on the case submitted to you.
 176 | 
 177 | It has been heretofore known to Congress that frequent incursions have been
 178 | made on our frontier settlements by certain banditti of Indians from the
 179 | northwest side of the Ohio. These, with some of the tribes dwelling on and
 180 | near the Wabash, have of late been particularly active in their
 181 | depredations, and being emboldened by the impunity of their crimes and
 182 | aided by such parts of the neighboring tribes as could be seduced to join
 183 | in their hostilities or afford them a retreat for their prisoners and
 184 | plunder, they have, instead of listening to the humane invitations and
 185 | overtures made on the part of the United States, renewed their violences
 186 | with fresh alacrity and greater effect. The lives of a number of valuable
 187 | citizens have thus been sacrificed, and some of them under circumstances
 188 | peculiarly shocking, whilst others have been carried into a deplorable
 189 | captivity.
 190 | 
 191 | These aggravated provocations rendered it essential to the safety of the
 192 | Western settlements that the aggressors should be made sensible that the
 193 | Government of the Union is not less capable of punishing their crimes than
 194 | it is disposed to respect their rights and reward their attachments. As
 195 | this object could not be effected by defensive measures, it became
 196 | necessary to put in force the act which empowers the President to call out
 197 | the militia for the protection of the frontiers, and I have accordingly
 198 | authorized an expedition in which the regular troops in that quarter are
 199 | combined with such drafts of militia as were deemed sufficient. The event
 200 | of the measure is yet unknown to me. The Secretary of War is directed to
 201 | lay before you a statement of the information on which it is founded, as
 202 | well as an estimate of the expense with which it will be attended.
 203 | 
 204 | The disturbed situation of Europe, and particularly the critical posture of
 205 | the great maritime powers, whilst it ought to make us the more thankful for
 206 | the general peace and security enjoyed by the United States, reminds us at
 207 | the same time of the circumspection with which it becomes us to preserve
 208 | these blessings. It requires also that we should not overlook the tendency
 209 | of a war, and even of preparations for a war, among the nations most
 210 | concerned in active commerce with this country to abridge the means, and
 211 | thereby at least enhance the price, of transporting its valuable
 212 | productions to their markets. I recommend it to your serious reflections
 213 | how far and in what mode it may be expedient to guard against
 214 | embarrassments from these contingencies by such encouragements to our own
 215 | navigation as will render our commerce and agriculture less dependent on
 216 | foreign bottoms, which may fail us in the very moments most interesting to
 217 | both of these great objects. Our fisheries and the transportation of our
 218 | own produce offer us abundant means for guarding ourselves against this
 219 | evil.
 220 | 
 221 | Your attention seems to be not less due to that particular branch of our
 222 | trade which belongs to the Mediterranean. So many circumstances unite in
 223 | rendering the present state of it distressful to us that you will not think
 224 | any deliberations misemployed which may lead to its relief and protection.
 225 | 
 226 | The laws you have already passed for the establishment of a judiciary
 227 | system have opened the doors of justice to all descriptions of persons. You
 228 | will consider in your wisdom whether improvements in that system may yet be
 229 | made, and particularly whether an uniform process of execution on sentences
 230 | issuing from the Federal courts be not desirable through all the States.
 231 | 
 232 | The patronage of our commerce, of our merchants and sea men, has called for
 233 | the appointment of consuls in foreign countries. It seems expedient to
 234 | regulate by law the exercise of that jurisdiction and those functions which
 235 | are permitted them, either by express convention or by a friendly
 236 | indulgence, in the places of their residence. The consular convention, too,
 237 | with His Most Christian Majesty has stipulated in certain cases the aid of
 238 | the national authority to his consuls established here. Some legislative
 239 | provision is requisite to carry these stipulations into full effect.
 240 | 
 241 | The establishment of the militia, of a mint, of standards of weights and
 242 | measures, of the post office and post roads are subjects which I presume
 243 | you will resume of course, and which are abundantly urged by their own
 244 | importance.
 245 | 
 246 | Gentlemen of the House of Representatives:
 247 | 
 248 | The sufficiency of the revenues you have established for the objects to
 249 | which they are appropriated leaves no doubt that the residuary provisions
 250 | will be commensurate to the other objects for which the public faith stands
 251 | now pledged. Allow me, moreover, to hope that it will be a favorite policy
 252 | with you, not merely to secure a payment of the interest of the debt
 253 | funded, but as far and as fast as the growing resources of the country will
 254 | permit to exonerate it of the principal itself. The appropriation you have
 255 | made of the Western land explains your dispositions on this subject, and I
 256 | am persuaded that the sooner that valuable fund can be made to contribute,
 257 | along with the other means, to the actual reduction of the public debt the
 258 | more salutary will the measure be to every public interest, as well as the
 259 | more satisfactory to our constituents.
 260 | 
 261 | Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives:
 262 | 
 263 | In pursuing the various and weighty business of the present session I
 264 | indulge the fullest persuasion that your consultation will be equally
 265 | marked with wisdom and animated by the love of your country. In whatever
 266 | belongs to my duty you shall have all the cooperation which an undiminished
 267 | zeal for its welfare can inspire. It will be happy for us both, and our
 268 | best reward, if, by a successful administration of our respective trusts,
 269 | we can make the established Government more and more instrumental in
 270 | promoting the good of our fellow citizens, and more and more the object of
 271 | their attachment and confidence.
 272 | 
 273 | GO. WASHINGTON
 274 | 
 275 | ***
 276 | 
 277 | State of the Union Address
 278 | George Washington
 279 | October 25, 1791
 280 | 
 281 | Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives:
 282 | 
 283 | "In vain may we expect peace with the Indians on our frontiers so long as a
 284 | lawless set of unprincipled wretches can violate the rights of hospitality,
 285 | or infringe the most solemn treaties, without receiving the punishment they
 286 | so justly merit."
 287 | 
 288 | I meet you upon the present occasion with the feelings which are naturally
 289 | inspired by a strong impression of the prosperous situations of our common
 290 | country, and by a persuasion equally strong that the labors of the session
 291 | which has just commenced will, under the guidance of a spirit no less
 292 | prudent than patriotic, issue in measures conducive to the stability and
 293 | increase of national prosperity.
 294 | 
 295 | Numerous as are the providential blessings which demand our grateful
 296 | acknowledgments, the abundance with which another year has again rewarded
 297 | the industry of the husbandman is too important to escape recollection.
 298 | 
 299 | Your own observations in your respective situations will have satisfied you
 300 | of the progressive state of agriculture, manufactures, commerce, and
 301 | navigation. In tracing their causes you will have remarked with particular
 302 | pleasure the happy effects of that revival of confidence, public as well as
 303 | private, to which the Constitution and laws of the United States have so
 304 | eminently contributed; and you will have observed with no less interest new
 305 | and decisive proofs of the increasing reputation and credit of the nation.
 306 | But you nevertheless can not fail to derive satisfaction from the
 307 | confirmation of these circumstances which will be disclosed in the several
 308 | official communications that will be made to you in the course of your
 309 | deliberations.
 310 | 
 311 | The rapid subscriptions to the Bank of the United States, which completed
 312 | the sum allowed to be subscribed in a single day, is among the striking and
 313 | pleasing evidences which present themselves, not only of confidence in the
 314 | Government, but of resource in the community.
 315 | 
 316 | In the interval of your recess due attention has been paid to the execution
 317 | of the different objects which were specially provided for by the laws and
 318 | resolutions of the last session.
 319 | 
 320 | Among the most important of these is the defense and security of the
 321 | western frontiers. To accomplish it on the most humane principles was a
 322 | primary wish.
 323 | 
 324 | Accordingly, at the same time the treaties have been provisionally
 325 | concluded and other proper means used to attach the wavering and to confirm
 326 | in their friendship the well-disposed tribes of Indians, effectual measures
 327 | have been adopted to make those of a hostile description sensible that a
 328 | pacification was desired upon terms of moderation and justice.
 329 | 
 330 | Those measures having proved unsuccessful, it became necessary to convince
 331 | the refractory of the power of the United States to punish their
 332 | depredations. Offensive operations have therefore been directed, to be
 333 | conducted, however, as consistently as possible with the dictates of
 334 | humanity.
 335 | 
 336 | Some of these have been crowned with full success and others are yet
 337 | depending. The expeditions which have been completed were carried on under
 338 | the authority and at the expense of the United States by the militia of
 339 | Kentucky, whose enterprise, intrepidity, and good conduct are entitled of
 340 | peculiar commendation.
 341 | 
 342 | Overtures of peace are still continued to the deluded tribes, and
 343 | considerable numbers of individuals belonging to them have lately renounced
 344 | all further opposition, removed from their former situations, and placed
 345 | themselves under the immediate protection of the United States.
 346 | 
 347 | It is sincerely to be desired that all need of coercion in future may cease
 348 | and that an intimate intercourse may succeed, calculated to advance the
 349 | happiness of the Indians and to attach them firmly to the United States.
 350 | 
 351 | In order to this it seems necessary--That they should experience the
 352 | benefits of an impartial dispensation of justice. That the mode of
 353 | alienating their lands, the main source of discontent and war, should be so
 354 | defined and regulated as to obviate imposition and as far as may be
 355 | practicable controversy concerning the reality and extent of the
 356 | alienations which are made. That commerce with them should be promoted
 357 | under regulations tending to secure an equitable deportment toward them,
 358 | and that such rational experiments should be made for imparting to them the
 359 | blessings of civilization as may from time to time suit their condition.
 360 | That the Executive of the United States should be enabled to employ the
 361 | means to which the Indians have been long accustomed for uniting their
 362 | immediate interests with the preservation of peace. And that efficacious
 363 | provision should be made for inflicting adequate penalties upon all those
 364 | who, by violating their rights, shall infringe the treaties and endanger
 365 | the peace of the Union. A system corresponding with the mild principles of
 366 | religion and philanthropy toward an unenlightened race of men, whose
 367 | happiness materially depends on the conduct of the United States, would be
 368 | as honorable to the national character as conformable to the dictates of
 369 | sound policy.
 370 | 
 371 | The powers specially vested in me by the act laying certain duties on
 372 | distilled spirits, which respect the subdivisions of the districts into
 373 | surveys, the appointment of officers, and the assignment of compensations,
 374 | have likewise been carried into effect. In a manner in which both materials
 375 | and experience were wanting to guide the calculation it will be readily
 376 | conceived that there must have been difficulty in such an adjustment of the
 377 | rates of compensation as would conciliate a reasonable competency with a
 378 | proper regard to the limits prescribed by the law. It is hoped that the
 379 | circumspection which has been used will be found in the result to have
 380 | secured the last of the two objects; but it is probable that with a view
 381 | to the first in some instances a revision of the provision will be found
 382 | advisable.
 383 | 
 384 | The impressions with which this law has been received by the community have
 385 | been upon the whole such as were to be expected among enlightened and
 386 | well-disposed citizens from the propriety and necessity of the measure. The
 387 | novelty, however, of the tax in a considerable part of the United States
 388 | and a misconception of some of its provisions have given occasion in
 389 | particular places to some degree of discontent; but it is satisfactory to
 390 | know that this disposition yields to proper explanations and more just
 391 | apprehensions of the true nature of the law, and I entertain a full
 392 | confidence that it will in all give way to motives which arise out of a
 393 | just sense of duty and a virtuous regard to the public welfare.
 394 | 
 395 | If there are any circumstances in the law which consistently with its main
 396 | design may be so varied as to remove any well-intentioned objections that
 397 | may happen to exist, it will consist with a wise moderation to make the
 398 | proper variations. It is desirable on all occasions to unite with a steady
 399 | and firm adherence to constitutional and necessary acts of Government the
 400 | fullest evidence of a disposition as far as may be practicable to consult
 401 | the wishes of every part of the community and to lay the foundations of the
 402 | public administration in the affections of the people.
 403 | 
 404 | Pursuant to the authority contained in the several acts on that subject, a
 405 | district of 10 miles square for the permanent seat of the Government of the
 406 | United States has been fixed and announced by proclamation, which district
 407 | will comprehend lands on both sides of the river Potomac and the towns of
 408 | Alexandria and Georgetown. A city has also been laid out agreeably to a
 409 | plan which will be placed before Congress, and as there is a prospect,
 410 | favored by the rate of sales which have already taken place, of ample funds
 411 | for carrying on the necessary public buildings, there is every expectation
 412 | of their due progress.
 413 | 
 414 | The completion of the census of the inhabitants, for which provision was
 415 | made by law, has been duly notified (excepting one instance in which the
 416 | return has been informal, and another in which it has been omitted or
 417 | miscarried), and the returns of the officers who were charged with this
 418 | duty, which will be laid before you, will give you the pleasing assurance
 419 | that the present population of the United States borders on 4,000,000
 420 | persons.
 421 | 
 422 | It is proper also to inform you that a further loan of 2,500,000 florins
 423 | has been completed in Holland, the terms of which are similar to those of
 424 | the one last announced, except as to a small reduction of charges. Another,
 425 | on like terms, for 6,000,000 florins, had been set on foot under
 426 | circumstances that assured an immediate completion.
 427 | 
 428 | Gentlemen of the Senate:
 429 | 
 430 | Two treaties which have been provisionally concluded with the Cherokees and
 431 | Six Nations of Indians will be laid before you for your consideration and
 432 | ratification.
 433 | 
 434 | Gentlemen of the House of Representatives:
 435 | 
 436 | In entering upon the discharge of your legislative trust you must
 437 | anticipate with pleasure that many of the difficulties necessarily incident
 438 | to the first arrangements of a new government for an extensive country have
 439 | been happily surmounted by the zealous and judicious exertions of your
 440 | predecessors in cooperation with the other branch of the Legislature. The
 441 | important objects which remain to be accomplished will, I am persuaded, be
 442 | conducted upon principles equally comprehensive and equally well calculated
 443 | of the advancement of the general weal.
 444 | 
 445 | The time limited for receiving subscriptions to the loans proposed by the
 446 | act making provision for the debt of the United States having expired,
 447 | statements from the proper department will as soon as possible apprise you
 448 | of the exact result. Enough, however, is known already to afford an
 449 | assurance that the views of that act have been substantially fulfilled. The
 450 | subscription in the domestic debt of the United States has embraced by far
 451 | the greatest proportion of that debt, affording at the same time proof of
 452 | the general satisfaction of the public creditors with the system which has
 453 | been proposed to their acceptance and of the spirit of accommodation to the
 454 | convenience of the Government with which they are actuated. The
 455 | subscriptions in the debts of the respective States as far as the
 456 | provisions of the law have permitted may be said to be yet more general.
 457 | The part of the debt of the United States which remains unsubscribed will
 458 | naturally engage your further deliberations.
 459 | 
 460 | It is particularly pleasing to me to be able to announce to you that the
 461 | revenues which have been established promise to be adequate to their
 462 | objects, and may be permitted, if no unforeseen exigency occurs, to
 463 | supersede for the present the necessity of any new burthens upon our
 464 | constituents.
 465 | 
 466 | An object which will claim your early attention is a provision for the
 467 | current service of the ensuing year, together with such ascertained demands
 468 | upon the Treasury as require to be immediately discharged, and such
 469 | casualties as may have arisen in the execution of the public business, for
 470 | which no specific appropriation may have yet been made; of all which a
 471 | proper estimate will be laid before you.
 472 | 
 473 | Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of Representatives:
 474 | 
 475 | I shall content myself with a general reference to former communications
 476 | for several objects upon which the urgency of other affairs has hitherto
 477 | postponed any definitive resolution. Their importance will recall them to
 478 | your attention, and I trust that the progress already made in the most
 479 | arduous arrangements of the Government will afford you leisure to resume
 480 | them to advantage.
 481 | 
 482 | These are, however, some of them of which I can not forbear a more
 483 | particular mention. These are the militia, the post office and post roads,
 484 | the mint, weights and measures, a provision for the sale of the vacant
 485 | lands of the United States.
 486 | 
 487 | The first is certainly an object of primary importance whether viewed in
 488 | reference to the national security to the satisfaction of the community or
 489 | to the preservation of order. In connection with this the establishment of
 490 | competent magazines and arsenals and the fortification of such places as
 491 | are peculiarly important and vulnerable naturally present themselves to
 492 | consideration. The safety of the United States under divine protection
 493 | ought to rest on the basis of systematic and solid arrangements, exposed as
 494 | little as possible to the hazards of fortuitous circumstances.
 495 | 
 496 | The importance of the post office and post roads on a plan sufficiently
 497 | liberal and comprehensive, as they respect the expedition, safety, and
 498 | facility of communication, is increased by their instrumentality in
 499 | diffusing a knowledge of the laws and proceedings of the Government, which,
 500 | while it contributes to the security of the people, serves also to guard
 501 | them against the effects of misrepresentation and misconception. The
 502 | establishment of additional cross posts, especially to some of the
 503 | important points in the Western and Northern parts of the Union, can not
 504 | fail to be of material utility.
 505 | 
 506 | The disorders in the existing currency, and especially the scarcity of
 507 | small change, a scarcity so peculiarly distressing to the poorer classes,
 508 | strongly recommend the carrying into immediate effect the resolution
 509 | already entered into concerning the establishment of a mint. Measures have
 510 | been taken pursuant to that resolution for procuring some of the most
 511 | necessary artists, together with the requisite apparatus.
 512 | 
 513 | An uniformity in the weights and measures of the country is among the
 514 | important objects submitted to you by the Constitution, and if it can be
 515 | derived from a standard at once invariable and universal, must be no less
 516 | honorable to the public councils than conducive to the public convenience.
 517 | 
 518 | A provision for the sale of the vacant lands of the United States is
 519 | particularly urged, among other reasons, by the important considerations
 520 | that they are pledged as a fund for reimbursing the public debt; that if
 521 | timely and judiciously applied they may save the necessity of burthening
 522 | our citizens with new taxes for the extinguishment of the principal; and
 523 | that being free to discharge the principal but in a limited proportion, no
 524 | opportunity ought to be lost for availing the public of its right.
 525 | 
 526 | GO. WASHINGTON
 527 | 
 528 | ***
 529 | 
 530 | State of the Union Address
 531 | George Washington
 532 | November 6, 1792
 533 | 
 534 | Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives:
 535 | 
 536 | It is some abatement of the satisfaction with which I meet you on the
 537 | present occasion that, in felicitating you on a continuance of the national
 538 | prosperity generally, I am not able to add to it information that the
 539 | Indian hostilities which have for some time past distressed our
 540 | Northwestern frontier have terminated.
 541 | 
 542 | You will, I am persuaded, learn with no less concern than I communicate it
 543 | that reiterated endeavors toward effecting a pacification have hitherto
 544 | issued only in new and outrageous proofs of persevering hostility on the
 545 | part of the tribes with whom we are in contest. An earnest desire to
 546 | procure tranquillity to the frontier, to stop the further effusion of
 547 | blood, to arrest the progress of expense, to forward the prevalent wish of
 548 | the nation for peace has led to strenuous efforts through various channels
 549 | to accomplish these desirable purposes; in making which efforts I consulted
 550 | less my own anticipations of the event, or the scruples which some
 551 | considerations were calculated to inspire, than the wish to find the object
 552 | attainable, or if not attainable, to ascertain unequivocally that such is
 553 | the case.
 554 | 
 555 | A detail of the measures which have been pursued and of their consequences,
 556 | which will be laid before you, while it will confirm to you the want of
 557 | success thus far, will, I trust, evince that means as proper and as
 558 | efficacious as could have been devised have been employed. The issue of
 559 | some of them, indeed, is still depending, but a favorable one, though not
 560 | to be despaired of, is not promised by anything that has yet happened.
 561 | 
 562 | In the course of the attempts which have been made some valuable citizens
 563 | have fallen victims to their zeal for the public service. A sanction
 564 | commonly respected even among savages has been found in this instance
 565 | insufficient to protect from massacre the emissaries of peace. It will, I
 566 | presume, be duly considered whether the occasion does not call for an
 567 | exercise of liberality toward the families of the deceased.
 568 | 
 569 | It must add to your concern to be informed that, besides the continuation
 570 | of hostile appearances among the tribes north of the Ohio, some threatening
 571 | symptoms have of late been revived among some of those south of it.
 572 | 
 573 | A part of the Cherokees, known by the name of Chickamaugas, inhabiting five
 574 | villages on the Tennessee River, have long been in the practice of
 575 | committing depredations on the neighboring settlements.
 576 | 
 577 | It was hoped that the treaty of Holston, made with the Cherokee Nation in
 578 | July, 1791, would have prevented a repetition of such depredations; but the
 579 | event has not answered this hope. The Chickamaugas, aided by some banditti
 580 | of another tribe in their vicinity, have recently perpetrated wanton and
 581 | unprovoked hostilities upon the citizens of the United States in that
 582 | quarter. The information which has been received on this subject will be
 583 | laid before you. Hitherto defensive precautions only have been strictly
 584 | enjoined and observed.
 585 | 
 586 | It is not understood that any breach of treaty or aggression whatsoever on
 587 | the part of the United States or their citizens is even alleged as a
 588 | pretext for the spirit of hostility in this quarter.
 589 | 
 590 | I have reason to believe that every practicable exertion has been made
 591 | (pursuant to the provision by law for that purpose) to be prepared for the
 592 | alternative of a prosecution of the war in the event of a failure of
 593 | pacific overtures. A large proportion of the troops authorized to be raised
 594 | have been recruited, though the number is still incomplete, and pains have
 595 | been taken to discipline and put them in condition for the particular kind
 596 | of service to be performed. A delay of operations (besides being dictated
 597 | by the measures which were pursuing toward a pacific termination of the
 598 | war) has been in itself deemed preferable to immature efforts. A statement
 599 | from the proper department with regard to the number of troops raised, and
 600 | some other points which have been suggested, will afford more precise
 601 | information as a guide to the legislative consultations, and among other
 602 | things will enable Congress to judge whether some additional stimulus to
 603 | the recruiting service may not be advisable.
 604 | 
 605 | In looking forward to the future expense of the operations which may be
 606 | found inevitable I derive consolation from the information I receive that
 607 | the product of the revenues for the present year is likely to supersede the
 608 | necessity of additional burthens on the community for the service of the
 609 | ensuing year. This, however, will be better ascertained in the course of
 610 | the session, and it is proper to add that the information alluded to
 611 | proceeds upon the supposition of no material extension of the spirit of
 612 | hostility.
 613 | 
 614 | I can not dismiss the subject of Indian affairs without again recommending
 615 | to your consideration the expediency of more adequate provision for giving
 616 | energy to the laws throughout our interior frontier and for restraining the
 617 | commission of outrages upon the Indians, without which all pacific plans
 618 | must prove nugatory. To enable, by competent rewards, the employment of
 619 | qualified and trusty persons to reside among them as agents would also
 620 | contribute to the preservation of peace and good neighborhood. If in
 621 | addition to these expedients an eligible plan could be devised for
 622 | promoting civilization among the friendly tribes and for carrying on trade
 623 | with them upon a scale equal to their wants and under regulations
 624 | calculated to protect them from imposition and extortion, its influence in
 625 | cementing their interest with ours could not but be considerable.
 626 | 
 627 | The prosperous state of our revenue has been intimated. This would be still
 628 | more the case were it not for the impediments which in some places continue
 629 | to embarrass the collection of the duties on spirits distilled within the
 630 | United States. These impediments have lessened and are lessening in local
 631 | extent, and, as applied to the community at large, the contentment with the
 632 | law appears to be progressive.
 633 | 
 634 | But symptoms of increased opposition having lately manifested themselves in
 635 | certain quarters, I judged a special interposition on my part proper and
 636 | advisable, and under this impression have issued a proclamation warning
 637 | against all unlawful combinations and proceedings having for their object
 638 | or tending to obstruct the operation of the law in question, and announcing
 639 | that all lawful ways and means would be strictly put in execution for
 640 | bringing to justice the infractors thereof and securing obedience thereto.
 641 | 
 642 | Measures have also been taken for the prosecution of offenders, and
 643 | Congress may be assured that nothing within constitutional and legal limits
 644 | which may depend upon me shall be wanting to assert and maintain the just
 645 | authority of the laws. In fulfilling this trust I shall count entirely upon
 646 | the full cooperation of the other departments of the Government and upon
 647 | the zealous support of all good citizens.
 648 | 
 649 | I can not forbear to bring again into the view of the Legislature the
 650 | subject of a revision of the judiciary system. A representation from the
 651 | judges of the Supreme Court, which will be laid before you, points out some
 652 | of the inconveniences that are experienced. In the course of the execution
 653 | of the laws considerations arise out of the structure of the system which
 654 | in some cases tend to relax their efficacy. As connected with this subject,
 655 | provisions to facilitate the taking of bail upon processes out of the
 656 | courts of the United States and a supplementary definition of offenses
 657 | against the Constitution and laws of the Union and of the punishment for
 658 | such offenses will, it is presumed, be found worthy of particular
 659 | attention.
 660 | 
 661 | Observations on the value of peace with other nations are unnecessary. It
 662 | would be wise, however, by timely provisions to guard against those acts of
 663 | our own citizens which might tend to disturb it, and to put ourselves in a
 664 | condition to give that satisfaction to foreign nations which we may
 665 | sometimes have occasion to require from them. I particularly recommend to
 666 | your consideration the means of preventing those aggressions by our
 667 | citizens on the territory of other nations, and other infractions of the
 668 | law of nations, which, furnishing just subject of complaint, might endanger
 669 | our peace with them; and, in general, the maintenance of a friendly
 670 | intercourse with foreign powers will be presented to your attention by the
 671 | expiration of the law for that purpose, which takes place, if not renewed,
 672 | at the close of the present session.
 673 | 
 674 | In execution of the authority given by the Legislature measures have been
 675 | taken for engaging some artists from abroad to aid in the establishment of
 676 | our mint. Others have been employed at home. Provision has been made of the
 677 | requisite buildings, and these are now putting into proper condition for
 678 | the purposes of the establishment. There has also been a small beginning in
 679 | the coinage of half dimes, the want of small coins in circulation calling
 680 | the first attention to them.
 681 | 
 682 | The regulation of foreign coins in correspondency with the principles of
 683 | our national coinage, as being essential to their due operation and to
 684 | order in our money concerns, will, I doubt not, be resumed and completed.
 685 | 
 686 | It is represented that some provisions in the law which establishes the
 687 | post office operate, in experiment, against the transmission of news papers
 688 | to distant parts of the country. Should this, upon due inquiry, be found to
 689 | be the fact, a full conviction of the importance of facilitating the
 690 | circulation of political intelligence and information will, I doubt not,
 691 | lead to the application of a remedy.
 692 | 
 693 | The adoption of a constitution for the State of Kentucky has been notified
 694 | to me. The Legislature will share with me in the satisfaction which arises
 695 | from an event interesting to the happiness of the part of the nation to
 696 | which it relates and conducive to the general order.
 697 | 
 698 | It is proper likewise to inform you that since my last communication on the
 699 | subject, and in further execution of the acts severally making provision
 700 | for the public debt and for the reduction thereof, three new loans have
 701 | been effected, each for 3,000,000 florins--one at Antwerp, at the annual
 702 | interest of 4.5%, with an allowance of 4% in lieu of all charges, in the
 703 | other 2 at Amsterdam, at the annual interest of 4%, with an allowance of
 704 | 5.5% in one case and of 5% in the other in lieu of all charges. The rates
 705 | of these loans and the circumstances under which they have been made are
 706 | confirmations of the high state of our credit abroad.
 707 | 
 708 | Among the objects to which these funds have been directed to be applied,
 709 | the payment of the debts due to certain foreign officers, according to the
 710 | provision made during the last session, has been embraced.
 711 | 
 712 | Gentlemen of the House of Representatives:
 713 | 
 714 | I entertain a strong hope that the state of the national finances is now
 715 | sufficiently matured to enable you to enter upon a systematic and effectual
 716 | arrangement for the regular redemption and discharge of the public debt,
 717 | according to the right which has been reserved to the Government. No
 718 | measure can be more desirable, whether viewed with an eye to its intrinsic
 719 | importance or to the general sentiment and wish of the nation.
 720 | 
 721 | Provision is likewise requisite for the reimbursement of the loan which has
 722 | been made of the Bank of the United States, pursuant to the eleventh
 723 | section of the act by which it is incorporated. In fulfilling the public
 724 | stipulations in this particular it is expected a valuable saving will be
 725 | made.
 726 | 
 727 | Appropriations for the current service of the ensuing year and for such
 728 | extraordinaries as may require provision will demand, and I doubt not will
 729 | engage, your early attention.
 730 | 
 731 | Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of Representatives:
 732 | 
 733 | I content myself with recalling your attention generally to such objects,
 734 | not particularized in my present, as have been suggested in my former
 735 | communications to you.
 736 | 
 737 | Various temporary laws will expire during the present session. Among these,
 738 | that which regulates trade and intercourse with the Indian tribes will
 739 | merit particular notice.
 740 | 
 741 | The results of your common deliberations hitherto will, I trust, be
 742 | productive of solid and durable advantages to our constituents, such as, by
 743 | conciliating more and more their ultimate suffrage, will tend to strengthen
 744 | and confirm their attachment to that Constitution of Government upon which,
 745 | under Divine Providence, materially depend their union, their safety, and
 746 | their happiness.
 747 | 
 748 | Still further to promote and secure these inestimable ends there is nothing
 749 | which can have a more powerful tendency than the careful cultivation of
 750 | harmony, combined with a due regard to stability, in the public councils.
 751 | 
 752 | GO. WASHINGTON
 753 | 
 754 | ***
 755 | 
 756 | State of the Union Address
 757 | George Washington
 758 | December 3, 1793
 759 | 
 760 | Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives:
 761 | 
 762 | Since the commencement of the term for which I have been again called into
 763 | office no fit occasion has arisen for expressing to my fellow citizens at
 764 | large the deep and respectful sense which I feel of the renewed testimony
 765 | of public approbation. While on the one hand it awakened my gratitude for
 766 | all those instances of affectionate partiality with which I have been
 767 | honored by my country, on the other it could not prevent an earnest wish
 768 | for that retirement from which no private consideration should ever have
 769 | torn me. But influenced by the belief that my conduct would be estimated
 770 | according to its real motives, and that the people, and the authorities
 771 | derived from them, would support exertions having nothing personal for
 772 | their object, I have obeyed the suffrage which commanded me to resume the
 773 | Executive power; and I humbly implore that Being on whose will the fate of
 774 | nations depends to crown with success our mutual endeavors for the general
 775 | happiness.
 776 | 
 777 | As soon as the war in Europe had embraced those powers with whom the United
 778 | States have the most extensive relations there was reason to apprehend that
 779 | our intercourse with them might be interrupted and our disposition for
 780 | peace drawn into question by the suspicions too often entertained by
 781 | belligerent nations. It seemed, therefore, to be my duty to admonish our
 782 | citizens of the consequences of a contraband trade and of hostile acts to
 783 | any of the parties, and to obtain by a declaration of the existing legal
 784 | state of things an easier admission of our right to the immunities
 785 | belonging to our situation. Under these impressions the proclamation which
 786 | will be laid before you was issued.
 787 | 
 788 | In this posture of affairs, both new and delicate, I resolved to adopt
 789 | general rules which should conform to the treaties and assert the
 790 | privileges of the United States. These were reduced into a system, which
 791 | will be communicated to you. Although I have not thought of myself at
 792 | liberty to forbid the sale of the prizes permitted by our treaty of
 793 | commerce with France to be brought into our ports, I have not refused to
 794 | cause them to be restored when they were taken within the protection of our
 795 | territory, or by vessels commissioned or equipped in a warlike form within
 796 | the limits of the United States.
 797 | 
 798 | It rests with the wisdom of Congress to correct, improve, or enforce this
 799 | plan of procedure; and it will probably be found expedient to extend the
 800 | legal code and the jurisdiction of the courts of the United States to many
 801 | cases which, though dependent on principles already recognized, demand some
 802 | further provisions.
 803 | 
 804 | Where individuals shall, within the United States, array themselves in
 805 | hostility against any of the powers at war, or enter upon military
 806 | expeditions or enterprises within the jurisdiction of the United States, or
 807 | usurp and exercise judicial authority within the United States, or where
 808 | the penalties on violations of the law of nations may have been
 809 | indistinctly marked, or are inadequate--these offenses can not receive too
 810 | early and close an attention, and require prompt and decisive remedies.
 811 | 
 812 | Whatsoever those remedies may be, they will be well administered by the
 813 | judiciary, who possess a long-established course of investigation,
 814 | effectual process, and officers in the habit of executing it.
 815 | 
 816 | In like manner, as several of the courts have doubted, under particular
 817 | circumstances, their power to liberate the vessels of a nation at peace,
 818 | and even of a citizen of the United States, although seized under a false
 819 | color of being hostile property, and have denied their power to liberate
 820 | certain captures within the protection of our territory, it would seem
 821 | proper to regulate their jurisdiction in these points. But if the Executive
 822 | is to be the resort in either of the two last-mentioned cases, it is hoped
 823 | that he will be authorized by law to have facts ascertained by the courts
 824 | when for his own information he shall request it.
 825 | 
 826 | I can not recommend to your notice measures for the fulfillment of our
 827 | duties to the rest of the world without again pressing upon you the
 828 | necessity of placing ourselves in a condition of complete defense and of
 829 | exacting from them the fulfillment of their duties toward us. The United
 830 | States ought not to indulge a persuasion that, contrary to the order of
 831 | human events, they will forever keep at a distance those painful appeals to
 832 | arms with which the history of every other nation abounds. There is a rank
 833 | due to the United States among nations which will be withheld, if not
 834 | absolutely lost, by the reputation of weakness. If we desire to avoid
 835 | insult, we must be able to repel it; if we desire to secure peace, one of
 836 | the most powerful instruments of our rising prosperity, it must be known
 837 | that we are at all times ready for war. The documents which will be
 838 | presented to you will shew the amount and kinds of arms and military stores
 839 | now in our magazines and arsenals; and yet an addition even to these
 840 | supplies can not with prudence be neglected, as it would leave nothing to
 841 | the uncertainty of procuring warlike apparatus in the moment of public
 842 | danger.
 843 | 
 844 | Nor can such arrangements, with such objects, be exposed to the censure or
 845 | jealousy of the warmest friends of republican government. They are
 846 | incapable of abuse in the hands of the militia, who ought to possess a
 847 | pride in being the depository of the force of the Republic, and may be
 848 | trained to a degree of energy equal to every military exigency of the
 849 | United States. But it is an inquiry which can not be too solemnly pursued,
 850 | whether the act "more effectually to provide for the national defense by
 851 | establishing an uniform militia throughout the United States" has organized
 852 | them so as to produce their full effect; whether your own experience in the
 853 | several States has not detected some imperfections in the scheme, and
 854 | whether a material feature in an improvement of it ought not to be to
 855 | afford an opportunity for the study of those branches of the military art
 856 | which can scarcely ever be attained by practice alone.
 857 | 
 858 | The connection of the United States with Europe has become extremely
 859 | interesting. The occurrences which relate to it and have passed under the
 860 | knowledge of the Executive will be exhibited to Congress in a subsequent
 861 | communication.
 862 | 
 863 | When we contemplate the war on our frontiers, it may be truly affirmed that
 864 | every reasonable effort has been made to adjust the causes of dissension
 865 | with the Indians north of the Ohio. The instructions given to the
 866 | commissioners evince a moderation and equity proceeding from a sincere love
 867 | of peace, and a liberality having no restriction but the essential
 868 | interests and dignity of the United States. The attempt, however, of an
 869 | amicable negotiation having been frustrated, the troops have marched to act
 870 | offensively. Although the proposed treaty did not arrest the progress of
 871 | military preparation, it is doubtful how far the advance of the season,
 872 | before good faith justified active movements, may retard them during the
 873 | remainder of the year. From the papers and intelligence which relate to
 874 | this important subject you will determine whether the deficiency in the
 875 | number of troops granted by law shall be compensated by succors of militia,
 876 | or additional encouragements shall be proposed to recruits.
 877 | 
 878 | An anxiety has been also demonstrated by the Executive for peace with the
 879 | Creeks and the Cherokees. The former have been relieved with corn and with
 880 | clothing, and offensive measures against them prohibited during the recess
 881 | of Congress. To satisfy the complaints of the latter, prosecutions have
 882 | been instituted for the violences committed upon them. But the papers which
 883 | will be delivered to you disclose the critical footing on which we stand in
 884 | regard to both those tribes, and it is with Congress to pronounce what
 885 | shall be done.
 886 | 
 887 | After they shall have provided for the present emergency, it will merit
 888 | their most serious labors to render tranquillity with the savages permanent
 889 | by creating ties of interest. Next to a rigorous execution of justice on
 890 | the violators of peace, the establishment of commerce with the Indian
 891 | nations in behalf of the United States is most likely to conciliate their
 892 | attachment. But it ought to be conducted without fraud, without extortion,
 893 | with constant and plentiful supplies, with a ready market for the
 894 | commodities of the Indians and a stated price for what they give in payment
 895 | and receive in exchange. Individuals will not pursue such a traffic unless
 896 | they be allured by the hope of profit; but it will be enough for the United
 897 | States to be reimbursed only. Should this recommendation accord with the
 898 | opinion of Congress, they will recollect that it can not be accomplished by
 899 | any means yet in the hands of the Executive.
 900 | 
 901 | Gentlemen of the House of Representatives:
 902 | 
 903 | The commissioners charged with the settlement of accounts between the
 904 | United States and individual States concluded their important function
 905 | within the time limited by law, and the balances struck in their report,
 906 | which will be laid before Congress, have been placed on the books of the
 907 | Treasury.
 908 | 
 909 | On the first day of June last an installment of 1,000,000 florins became
 910 | payable on the loans of the United States in Holland. This was adjusted by
 911 | a prolongation of the period of reimbursement in nature of a new loan at an
 912 | interest of 5% for the term of ten years, and the expenses of this
 913 | operation were a commission of 3%.
 914 | 
 915 | The first installment of the loan of $2,000,000 from the Bank of the United
 916 | States has been paid, as was directed by law. For the second it is
 917 | necessary that provision be made.
 918 | 
 919 | No pecuniary consideration is more urgent than the regular redemption and
 920 | discharge of the public debt. On none can delay be more injurious or an
 921 | economy of time more valuable.
 922 | 
 923 | The productiveness of the public revenues hitherto has continued to equal
 924 | the anticipations which were formed of it, but it is not expected to prove
 925 | commensurate with all the objects which have been suggested. Some auxiliary
 926 | provisions will therefore, it is presumed, be requisite, and it is hoped
 927 | that these may be made consistently with a due regard to the convenience of
 928 | our citizens, who can not but be sensible of the true wisdom of
 929 | encountering a small present addition to their contributions to obviate a
 930 | future accumulation of burthens.
 931 | 
 932 | But here I can not forbear to recommend a repeal of the tax on the
 933 | transportation of public prints. There is no resource so firm for the
 934 | Government of the United States as the affections of the people, guided by
 935 | an enlightened policy; and to this primary good nothing can conduce more
 936 | than a faithful representation of public proceedings, diffused without
 937 | restraint throughout the United States.
 938 | 
 939 | An estimate of the appropriations necessary for the current service of the
 940 | ensuing year and a statement of a purchase of arms and military stores made
 941 | during the recess will be presented to Congress.
 942 | 
 943 | Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of Representatives:
 944 | 
 945 | The several subjects to which I have now referred open a wide range to your
 946 | deliberations and involve some of the choicest interests of our common
 947 | country. Permit me to bring to your remembrance the magnitude of your task.
 948 | Without an unprejudiced coolness the welfare of the Government may be
 949 | hazarded; without harmony as far as consists with freedom of sentiment its
 950 | dignity may be lost. But as the legislative proceedings of the United
 951 | States will never, I trust, be reproached for the want of temper or of
 952 | candor, so shall not the public happiness languish from the want of my
 953 | strenuous and warmest cooperation.
 954 | 
 955 | GO. WASHINGTON
 956 | 
 957 | ***
 958 | 
 959 | State of the Union Address
 960 | George Washington
 961 | November 19, 1794
 962 | 
 963 | Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives:
 964 | 
 965 | When we call to mind the gracious indulgence of Heaven by which the
 966 | American people became a nation; when we survey the general prosperity of
 967 | our country, and look forward to the riches, power, and happiness to which
 968 | it seems destined, with the deepest regret do I announce to you that during
 969 | your recess some of the citizens of the United States have been found
 970 | capable of insurrection. It is due, however, to the character of our
 971 | Government and to its stability, which can not be shaken by the enemies of
 972 | order, freely to unfold the course of this event.
 973 | 
 974 | During the session of the year 1790 it was expedient to exercise the
 975 | legislative power granted by the Constitution of the United States "to lay
 976 | and collect excises". In a majority of the States scarcely an objection was
 977 | heard to this mode of taxation. In some, indeed, alarms were at first
 978 | conceived, until they were banished by reason and patriotism. In the four
 979 | western counties of Pennsylvania a prejudice, fostered and imbittered by
 980 | the artifice of men who labored for an ascendency over the will of others
 981 | by the guidance of their passions, produced symptoms of riot and violence.
 982 | 
 983 | It is well known that Congress did not hesitate to examine the complaints
 984 | which were presented, and to relieve them as far as justice dictated or
 985 | general convenience would permit. But the impression which this moderation
 986 | made on the discontented did not correspond with what it deserved. The arts
 987 | of delusion were no longer confined to the efforts of designing
 988 | individuals. The very forbearance to press prosecutions was misinterpreted
 989 | into a fear of urging the execution of the laws, and associations of men
 990 | began to denounce threats against the officers employed. From a belief that
 991 | by a more formal concert their operation might be defeated, certain
 992 | self-created societies assumed the tone of condemnation. Hence, while the
 993 | greater part of Pennsylvania itself were conforming themselves to the acts
 994 | of excise, a few counties were resolved to frustrate them. It is now
 995 | perceived that every expectation from the tenderness which had been
 996 | hitherto pursued was unavailing, and that further delay could only create
 997 | an opinion of impotency or irresolution in the Government. Legal process
 998 | was therefore delivered to the marshal against the rioters and delinquent
 999 | distillers.
1000 | 
1001 | No sooner was he understood to be engaged in this duty than the vengeance
1002 | of armed men was aimed at his person and the person and property of the
1003 | inspector of the revenue. They fired upon the marshal, arrested him, and
1004 | detained him for some time as a prisoner. He was obliged, by the jeopardy
1005 | of his life, to renounce the service of other process on the west side of
1006 | the Allegheny Mountain, and a deputation was afterwards sent to him to
1007 | demand a surrender of that which he had served. A numerous body repeatedly
1008 | attacked the house of the inspector, seized his papers of office, and
1009 | finally destroyed by fire his buildings and whatsoever they contained. Both
1010 | of these officers, from a just regard to their safety, fled to the seat of
1011 | Government, it being avowed that the motives to such outrages were to
1012 | compel the resignation of the inspector, to withstand by force of arms the
1013 | authority of the United States, and thereby to extort a repeal of the laws
1014 | of excise and an alteration in the conduct of Government.
1015 | 
1016 | Upon testimony of these facts an associate justice of the Supreme Court of
1017 | the United States notified to me that "in the counties of Washington and
1018 | Allegheny, in Pennsylvania, laws of the United States were opposed, and the
1019 | execution thereof obstructed, by combinations too powerful to be suppressed
1020 | by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings or by the powers vested in
1021 | the marshal of that district".
1022 | 
1023 | On this call, momentous in the extreme, I sought and weighted what might
1024 | best subdue the crisis. On the one hand the judiciary was pronounced to be
1025 | stripped of its capacity to enforce the laws; crimes which reached the very
1026 | existence of social order were perpetrated without control; the friends of
1027 | Government were insulted, abused, and overawed into silence or an apparent
1028 | acquiescence; and to yield to the treasonable fury of so small a portion of
1029 | the United States would be to violate the fundamental principle of our
1030 | Constitution, which enjoins that the will of the majority shall prevail. On
1031 | the other, to array citizen against citizen, to publish the dishonor of
1032 | such excesses, to encounter the expense and other embarrassments of so
1033 | distant an expedition, were steps too delicate, too closely interwoven with
1034 | many affecting considerations, to be lightly adopted.
1035 | 
1036 | I postponed, therefore, the summoning of the militia immediately into the
1037 | field, but I required them to be held in readiness, that if my anxious
1038 | endeavors to reclaim the deluded and to convince the malignant of their
1039 | danger should be fruitless, military force might be prepared to act before
1040 | the season should be too far advanced.
1041 | 
1042 | My proclamation of the 7th of August last was accordingly issued, and
1043 | accompanied by the appointment of commissioners, who were charged to
1044 | repair to the scene of insurrection. They were authorized to confer
1045 | with any bodies of men or individuals. They were instructed to be
1046 | candid and explicit in stating the sensations which had been excited in the
1047 | Executive, and his earnest wish to avoid a resort to coercion; to
1048 | represent, however, that, without submission, coercion must be the resort;
1049 | but to invite them, at the same time, to return to the demeanor of faithful
1050 | citizens, by such accommodations as lay within the sphere of Executive
1051 | power. Pardon, too, was tendered to them by the Government of the United
1052 | States and that of Pennsylvania, upon no other condition than a
1053 | satisfactory assurance of obedience to the laws.
1054 | 
1055 | Although the report of the commissioners marks their firmness and
1056 | abilities, and must unite all virtuous men, by shewing that the means of
1057 | conciliation have been exhausted, all of those who had committed or abetted
1058 | the tumults did not subscribe the mild form which was proposed as the
1059 | atonement, and the indications of a peaceable temper were neither
1060 | sufficiently general nor conclusive to recommend or warrant the further
1061 | suspension of the march of the militia.
1062 | 
1063 | Thus the painful alternative could not be discarded. I ordered the militia
1064 | to march, after once more admonishing the insurgents in my proclamation of
1065 | the 25th of September last.
1066 | 
1067 | It was a task too difficult to ascertain with precision the lowest degree
1068 | of force competent to the quelling of the insurrection. From a respect,
1069 | indeed, to economy and the ease of my fellow citizens belonging to the
1070 | militia, it would have gratified me to accomplish such an estimate. My very
1071 | reluctance to ascribe too much importance to the opposition, had its extent
1072 | been accurately seen, would have been a decided inducement to the smallest
1073 | efficient numbers. In this uncertainty, therefore, I put into motion fifteen
1074 | thousand men, as being an army which, according to all human calculation,
1075 | would be prompt and adequate in every view, and might, perhaps, by rendering
1076 | resistance desperate, prevent the effusion of blood. Quotas had been
1077 | assigned to the States of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia,
1078 | the governor of Pennsylvania having declared on this occasion an opinion
1079 | which justified a requisition to the other States.
1080 | 
1081 | As commander in chief of the militia when called into the actual service of
1082 | the United States, I have visited the places of general rendezvous to
1083 | obtain more exact information and to direct a plan for ulterior movements.
1084 | Had there been room for a persuasion that the laws were secure from
1085 | obstruction; that the civil magistrate was able to bring to justice such of
1086 | the most culpable as have not embraced the proffered terms of amnesty, and
1087 | may be deemed fit objects of example; that the friends to peace and good
1088 | government were not in need of that aid and countenance which they ought
1089 | always to receive, and, I trust, ever will receive, against the vicious and
1090 | turbulent, I should have caught with avidity the opportunity of restoring
1091 | the militia to their families and homes. But succeeding intelligence has
1092 | tended to manifest the necessity of what has been done, it being now
1093 | confessed by those who were not inclined to exaggerate the ill conduct of
1094 | the insurgents that their malevolence was not pointed merely to a
1095 | particular law, but that a spirit inimical to all order has actuated many
1096 | of the offenders. If the state of things had afforded reason for the
1097 | continuance of my presence with the army, it would not have been
1098 | withholden. But every appearance assuring such an issue as will redound to
1099 | the reputation and strength of the United States, I have judged it most
1100 | proper to resume my duties at the seat of Government, leaving the chief
1101 | command with the governor of Virginia.
1102 | 
1103 | Still, however, as it is probable that in a commotion like the present,
1104 | whatsoever may be the pretense, the purposes of mischief and revenge may
1105 | not be laid aside, the stationing of a small force for a certain period in
1106 | the four western counties of Pennsylvania will be indispensable, whether we
1107 | contemplate the situation of those who are connected with the execution of
1108 | the laws or of others who may have exposed themselves by an honorable
1109 | attachment to them. Thirty days from the commencement of this session being
1110 | the legal limitation of the employment of the militia, Congress can not be
1111 | too early occupied with this subject.
1112 | 
1113 | Among the discussions which may arise from this aspect of our affairs, and
1114 | from the documents which will be submitted to Congress, it will not escape
1115 | their observation that not only the inspector of the revenue, but other
1116 | officers of the United States in Pennsylvania have, from their fidelity in
1117 | the discharge of their functions, sustained material injuries to their
1118 | property. The obligation and policy of indemnifying them are strong and
1119 | obvious. It may also merit attention whether policy will not enlarge this
1120 | provision to the retribution of other citizens who, though not under the
1121 | ties of office, may have suffered damage by their generous exertions for
1122 | upholding the Constitution and the laws. The amount, even if all the
1123 | injured were included, would not be great, and on future emergencies the
1124 | Government would be amply repaid by the influence of an example that he who
1125 | incurs a loss in its defense shall find a recompense in its liberality.
1126 | 
1127 | While there is cause to lament that occurrences of this nature should have
1128 | disgraced the name or interrupted the tranquillity of any part of our
1129 | community, or should have diverted to a new application any portion of the
1130 | public resources, there are not wanting real and substantial consolations
1131 | for the misfortune. It has demonstrated that our prosperity rests on solid
1132 | foundations, by furnishing an additional proof that my fellow citizens
1133 | understand the true principles of government and liberty; that they feel
1134 | their inseparable union; that notwithstanding all the devices which have
1135 | been used to sway them from their interest and duty, they are not as ready
1136 | to maintain the authority of the laws against licentious invasions as they
1137 | were to defend their rights against usurpation. It has been a spectacle
1138 | displaying to the highest advantage of republican government to behold the
1139 | most and the least wealthy of our citizens standing in the same ranks as
1140 | private soldiers, preeminently distinguished by being the army of the
1141 | Constitution--undeterred by a march of 300 miles over rugged mountains, by
1142 | approach of an inclement season, or by any other discouragement. Nor ought
1143 | I to omit to acknowledge the efficacious and patriotic cooperation which I
1144 | have experienced from the chief magistrates of the States to which my
1145 | requisitions have been addressed.
1146 | 
1147 | To every description of citizens, let praise be given, but let them
1148 | persevere in their affectionate vigilance over that precious depository of
1149 | American happiness, the Constitution of the United States. Let them cherish
1150 | it, too, for the sake of those who, from every clime, are daily seeking a
1151 | dwelling in our land. And when in the calm moments of reflection they shall
1152 | have retraced the origin and progress of the insurrection, let them
1153 | determine whether it has not been fomented by combinations of men who,
1154 | careless of consequences and disregarding the unerring truth that those who
1155 | rouse can not always appease a civil convulsion, have disseminated, from an
1156 | ignorance or perversion of facts, suspicions, jealousies, and accusations
1157 | of the whole Government.
1158 | 
1159 | Having thus fulfilled the engagement which I took when I entered into
1160 | office, "to the best of my ability to preserve, protect, and defend the
1161 | Constitution of the United States", on you, gentlemen, and the people by
1162 | whom you are deputed, I rely for support.
1163 | 
1164 | In the arrangement to which the possibility of a similar contingency will
1165 | naturally draw your attention it ought not to be forgotten that the militia
1166 | laws have exhibited such striking defects as could not have been supplied
1167 | by the zeal of our citizens. Besides the extraordinary expense and waste,
1168 | which are not the least of the defects, every appeal to those laws is
1169 | attended with a doubt on its success.
1170 | 
1171 | The devising and establishing of a well regulated militia would be a
1172 | genuine source of legislative honor and a perfect title to public
1173 | gratitude. I therefore entertain a hope that the present session will not
1174 | pass without carrying to its full energy the power of organizing, arming,
1175 | and disciplining the militia, and thus providing, in the language of the
1176 | Constitution, for calling them forth to execute the laws of the Union,
1177 | suppress insurrections, and repel invasions.
1178 | 
1179 | As auxiliary to the state of our defense, to which Congress can never too
1180 | frequently recur, they will not omit to inquire whether the fortifications
1181 | which have been already licensed by law be commensurate with our
1182 | exigencies.
1183 | 
1184 | The intelligence from the army under the command of General Wayne is a
1185 | happy presage to our military operations against the hostile Indians north
1186 | of the Ohio. From the advices which have been forwarded, the advance which
1187 | he has made must have damped the ardor of the savages and weakened their
1188 | obstinacy in waging war against the United States. And yet, even at this
1189 | late hour, when our power to punish them can not be questioned, we shall
1190 | not be unwilling to cement a lasting peace upon terms of candor, equity,
1191 | and good neighborhood.
1192 | 
1193 | Toward none of the Indian tribes have overtures of friendship been spared.
1194 | The Creeks in particular are covered from encroachment by the imposition of
1195 | the General Government and that of Georgia. From a desire also to remove
1196 | the discontents of the Six Nations, a settlement mediated at Presque Isle,
1197 | on Lake Erie, has been suspended, and an agent is now endeavoring to
1198 | rectify any misconception into which they may have fallen. But I can not
1199 | refrain from again pressing upon your deliberations the plan which I
1200 | recommended at the last session for the improvement of harmony with all the
1201 | Indians within our limits by the fixing and conducting of trading houses
1202 | upon the principles then expressed.
1203 | 
1204 | Gentlemen of the House of Representatives:
1205 | 
1206 | The time which has elapsed since the commencement of our fiscal measures
1207 | has developed our pecuniary resources so as to open the way for a definite
1208 | plan for the redemption of the public debt. It is believed that the result
1209 | is such as to encourage Congress to consummate this work without delay.
1210 | Nothing can more promote the permanent welfare of the nation and nothing
1211 | would be more grateful to our constituents. Indeed, whatsoever is
1212 | unfinished of our system of public credit can not be benefited by
1213 | procrastination; and as far as may be practicable we ought to place that
1214 | credit on grounds which can not be disturbed, and to prevent that
1215 | progressive accumulation of debt which must ultimately endanger all
1216 | governments.
1217 | 
1218 | An estimate of the necessary appropriations, including the expenditures
1219 | into which we have been driven by the insurrection, will be submitted to
1220 | Congress.
1221 | 
1222 | Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of Representatives:
1223 | 
1224 | The Mint of the United States has entered upon the coinage of the precious
1225 | metals, and considerable sums of defective coins and bullion have been
1226 | lodged with the Director by individuals. There is a pleasing prospect that
1227 | the institution will at no remote day realize the expectation which was
1228 | originally formed of its utility.
1229 | 
1230 | In subsequent communications certain circumstances of our intercourse with
1231 | foreign nations will be transmitted to Congress. However, it may not be
1232 | unseasonable to announce that my policy in our foreign transactions has
1233 | been to cultivate peace with all the world; to observe the treaties with
1234 | pure and absolute faith; to check every deviation from the line of
1235 | impartiality; to explain what may have been misapprehended and correct what
1236 | may have been injurious to any nation, and having thus acquired the right,
1237 | to lose no time in acquiring the ability to insist upon justice being done
1238 | to ourselves.
1239 | 
1240 | Let us unite, therefore, in imploring the Supreme Ruler of Nations to
1241 | spread his holy protection over these United States; to turn the
1242 | machinations of the wicked to the confirming of our Constitution; to enable
1243 | us at all times to root out internal sedition and put invasion to flight;
1244 | to perpetuate to our country that prosperity which his goodness has already
1245 | conferred, and to verify the anticipations of this Government being a
1246 | safeguard of human rights.
1247 | 
1248 | GO. WASHINGTON
1249 | 
1250 | ***
1251 | 
1252 | State of the Union Address
1253 | George Washington
1254 | December 8, 1795
1255 | 
1256 | Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives:
1257 | 
1258 | I trust I do not deceive myself when I indulge the persuasion that I have
1259 | never met you at any period when more than at the present the situation of
1260 | our public affairs has afforded just cause for mutual congratulation, and
1261 | for inviting you to join with me in profound gratitude to the Author of all
1262 | Good for the numerous and extraordinary blessings we enjoy.
1263 | 
1264 | The termination of the long, expensive, and distressing war in which we
1265 | have been engaged with certain Indians northwest of the Ohio is placed in
1266 | the option of the United States by a treaty which the commander of our army
1267 | has concluded provisionally with the hostile tribes in that region.
1268 | 
1269 | In the adjustment of the terms the satisfaction of the Indians was deemed
1270 | worthy no less of the policy than of the liberality of the United States as
1271 | the necessary basis of durable tranquillity. The object, it is believed,
1272 | has been fully attained. The articles agreed upon will immediately be laid
1273 | before the Senate for their consideration.
1274 | 
1275 | The Creek and Cherokee Indians, who alone of the Southern tribes had
1276 | annoyed our frontiers, have lately confirmed their preexisting treaties
1277 | with us, and were giving evidence of a sincere disposition to carry them
1278 | into effect by the surrender of the prisoners and property they had taken.
1279 | But we have to lament that the fair prospect in this quarter has been once
1280 | more clouded by wanton murders, which some citizens of Georgia are
1281 | represented to have recently perpetrated on hunting parties of the Creeks,
1282 | which have again subjected that frontier to disquietude and danger, which
1283 | will be productive of further expense, and may occasion more effusion of
1284 | blood. Measures are pursuing to prevent or mitigate the usual consequences
1285 | of such outrages, and with the hope of their succeeding at least to avert
1286 | general hostility.
1287 | 
1288 | A letter from the Emperor of Morocco announces to me his recognition of our
1289 | treaty made with his father, the late Emperor, and consequently the
1290 | continuance of peace with that power. With peculiar satisfaction I add that
1291 | information has been received from an agent deputed on our part to Algiers
1292 | importing that the terms of the treaty with the Dey and Regency of that
1293 | country had been adjusted in such a manner as to authorize the expectation
1294 | of a speedy peace and the restoration of our unfortunate fellow citizens
1295 | from a grievous captivity.
1296 | 
1297 | The latest advices from our envoy at the Court of Madrid give, moreover,
1298 | the pleasing information that he had assurances of a speedy and
1299 | satisfactory conclusion of his negotiation. While the event depending upon
1300 | unadjusted particulars can not be regarded as ascertained, it is agreeable
1301 | to cherish the expectation of an issue which, securing amicably very
1302 | essential interests of the United States, will at the same time lay the
1303 | foundation of lasting harmony with a power whose friendship we have
1304 | uniformly and sincerely desired to cultivate.
1305 | 
1306 | Though not before officially disclosed to the House of Representatives,
1307 | you, gentlemen, are all apprised that a treaty of amity, commerce, and
1308 | navigation has been negotiated with Great Britain, and that the Senate have
1309 | advised and consented to its ratification upon a condition which excepts
1310 | part of one article. Agreeably thereto, and to the best judgment I was able
1311 | to form of the public interest after full and mature deliberation, I have
1312 | added my sanction. The result on the part of His Britannic Majesty is
1313 | unknown. When received, the subject will without delay be placed before
1314 | Congress.
1315 | 
1316 | This interesting summary of our affairs with regard to the foreign powers
1317 | between whom and the United States controversies have subsisted, and with
1318 | regard also to those of our Indian neighbors with whom we have been in a
1319 | state of enmity or misunderstanding, opens a wide field for consoling and
1320 | gratifying reflections. If by prudence and moderation on every side the
1321 | extinguishment of all the causes of external discord which have heretofore
1322 | menaced our tranquillity, on terms compatible with our national rights and
1323 | honor, shall be the happy result, how firm and how precious a foundation
1324 | will have been laid for accelerating, maturing, and establishing the
1325 | prosperity of our country.
1326 | 
1327 | Contemplating the internal situation as well as the external relations of
1328 | the United States, we discover equal cause for contentment and
1329 | satisfaction. While many of the nations of Europe, with their American
1330 | dependencies, have been involved in a contest unusually bloody, exhausting,
1331 | and calamitous, in which the evils of foreign war have been aggravated by
1332 | domestic convulsion and insurrection; in which many of the arts most useful
1333 | to society have been exposed to discouragement and decay; in which scarcity
1334 | of subsistence has imbittered other sufferings; while even the
1335 | anticipations of a return of the blessings of peace and repose are alloyed
1336 | by the sense of heavy and accumulating burthens, which press upon all the
1337 | departments of industry and threaten to clog the future springs of
1338 | government, our favored country, happy in a striking contrast, has enjoyed
1339 | tranquillity--a tranquillity the more satisfactory because maintained at
1340 | the expense of no duty. Faithful to ourselves, we have violated no
1341 | obligation to others.
1342 | 
1343 | Our agriculture, commerce, and manufactures prosper beyond former example,
1344 | the molestations of our trade (to prevent a continuance of which, however,
1345 | very pointed remonstrances have been made) being overbalanced by the
1346 | aggregate benefits which it derives from a neutral position. Our population
1347 | advances with a celerity which, exceeding the most sanguine calculations,
1348 | proportionally augments our strength and resources, and guarantees our
1349 | future security.
1350 | 
1351 | Every part of the Union displays indications of rapid and various
1352 | improvement; and with burthens so light as scarcely to be perceived, with
1353 | resources fully adequate to our present exigencies, with governments
1354 | founded on the genuine principles of rational liberty, and with mild and
1355 | wholesome laws, is it too much to say that our country exhibits a spectacle
1356 | of national happiness never surpassed, if ever before equaled?
1357 | 
1358 | Placed in a situation every way so auspicious, motives of commanding force
1359 | impel us, with sincere acknowledgment to Heaven and pure love to our
1360 | country, to unite our efforts to preserve, prolong, and improve our immense
1361 | advantages. To cooperate with you in this desirable work is a fervent and
1362 | favorite wish of my heart.
1363 | 
1364 | It is a valuable ingredient in the general estimate of our welfare that the
1365 | part of our country which was lately the scene of disorder and insurrection
1366 | now enjoys the blessings of quiet and order. The misled have abandoned
1367 | their errors, and pay the respect to our Constitution and laws which is due
1368 | from good citizens to the public authorities of the society. These
1369 | circumstances have induced me to pardon generally the offenders here
1370 | referred to, and to extend forgiveness to those who had been adjudged to
1371 | capital punishment. For though I shall always think it a sacred duty to
1372 | exercise with firmness and energy the constitutional powers with which I am
1373 | vested, yet it appears to me no less consistent with the public good than
1374 | it is with my personal feelings to mingle in the operations of Government
1375 | every degree of moderation and tenderness which the national justice,
1376 | dignity, and safety may permit.
1377 | 
1378 | Gentlemen: Among the objects which will claim your attention in the course
1379 | of the session, a review of our military establishment is not the least
1380 | important. It is called for by the events which have changed, and may be
1381 | expected still further to change, the relative situation of our frontiers.
1382 | In this review you will doubtless allow due weight to the considerations
1383 | that the questions between us and certain foreign powers are not yet
1384 | finally adjusted, that the war in Europe is not yet terminated, and that
1385 | our Western posts, when recovered, will demand provision for garrisoning
1386 | and securing them. A statement of our present military force will be laid
1387 | before you by the Department of War.
1388 | 
1389 | With the review of our Army establishment is naturally connected that of
1390 | the militia. It will merit inquiry what imperfections in the existing plan
1391 | further experience may have unfolded. The subject is of so much moment in
1392 | my estimation as to excite a constant solicitude that the consideration of
1393 | it may be renewed until the greatest attainable perfection shall be
1394 | accomplished. Time is wearing away some advantages for forwarding the
1395 | object, while none better deserves the persevering attention of the public
1396 | councils.
1397 | 
1398 | While we indulge the satisfaction which the actual condition of our Western
1399 | borders so well authorizes, it is necessary that we should not lose sight
1400 | of an important truth which continually receives new confirmations, namely,
1401 | that the provisions heretofore made with a view to the protection of the
1402 | Indians from the violences of the lawless part of our frontier inhabitants
1403 | are insufficient. It is demonstrated that these violences can now be
1404 | perpetrated with impunity, and it can need no argument to prove that unless
1405 | the murdering of Indians can be restrained by bringing the murderers to
1406 | condign punishment, all the exertions of the Government to prevent
1407 | destructive retaliations by the Indians will prove fruitless and all our
1408 | present agreeable prospects illusory. The frequent destruction of innocent
1409 | women and children, who are chiefly the victims of retaliation, must
1410 | continue to shock humanity, and an enormous expense to drain the Treasury
1411 | of the Union.
1412 | 
1413 | To enforce upon the Indians the observance of justice it is indispensable
1414 | that there shall be competent means of rendering justice to them. If these
1415 | means can be devised by the wisdom of Congress, and especially if there can
1416 | be added an adequate provision for supplying the necessities of the Indians
1417 | on reasonable terms (a measure the mention of which I the more readily
1418 | repeat, as in all the conferences with them they urge it with solicitude),
1419 | I should not hesitate to entertain a strong hope of rendering our
1420 | tranquillity permanent. I add with pleasure that the probability even of
1421 | their civilization is not diminished by the experiments which have been
1422 | thus far made under the auspices of Government. The accomplishment of this
1423 | work, if practicable, will reflect undecaying luster on our national
1424 | character and administer the most grateful consolations that virtuous minds
1425 | can know.
1426 | 
1427 | Gentlemen of the House of Representatives:
1428 | 
1429 | The state of our revenue, with the sums which have been borrowed and
1430 | reimbursed pursuant to different acts of Congress, will be submitted from
1431 | the proper Department, together with an estimate of the appropriations
1432 | necessary to be made for the service of the ensuing year.
1433 | 
1434 | Whether measures may not be advisable to reinforce the provision of the
1435 | redemption of the public debt will naturally engage your examination.
1436 | Congress have demonstrated their sense to be, and it were superfluous to
1437 | repeat mine, that whatsoever will tend to accelerate the honorable
1438 | extinction of our public debt accords as much with the true interest of our
1439 | country as with the general sense of our constituents.
1440 | 
1441 | Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of Representatives:
1442 | 
1443 | The statements which will be laid before you relative to the Mint will shew
1444 | the situation of that institution and the necessity of some further
1445 | legislative provisions for carrying the business of it more completely into
1446 | effect, and for checking abuses which appear to be arising in particular
1447 | quarters.
1448 | 
1449 | The progress in providing materials for the frigates and in building them,
1450 | the state of the fortifications of our harbors, the measures which have
1451 | been pursued for obtaining proper sites for arsenals and for replenishing
1452 | our magazines with military stores, and the steps which have been taken
1453 | toward the execution of the law for opening a trade with the Indians will
1454 | likewise be presented for the information of Congress.
1455 | 
1456 | Temperate discussion of the important subjects which may arise in the
1457 | course of the session and mutual forbearance where there is a difference of
1458 | opinion are too obvious and necessary for the peace, happiness, and welfare
1459 | of our country to need any recommendation of mine.
1460 | 
1461 | GO. WASHINGTON
1462 | 
1463 | ***
1464 | 
1465 | State of the Union Address
1466 | George Washington
1467 | December 7, 1796
1468 | 
1469 | Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives:
1470 | 
1471 | In recurring to the internal situation of our country since I had last the
1472 | pleasure to address you, I find ample reason for a renewed expression of
1473 | that gratitude to the Ruler of the Universe which a continued series of
1474 | prosperity has so often and so justly called forth.
1475 | 
1476 | The acts of the last session which required special arrangements have been
1477 | as far as circumstances would admit carried into operation.
1478 | 
1479 | Measures calculated to insure a continuance of the friendship of the
1480 | Indians and to preserve peace along the extent of our interior frontier
1481 | have been digested and adopted. In the framing of these care has been taken
1482 | to guard on the one hand our advanced settlements from the predatory
1483 | incursions of those unruly individuals who can not be restrained by their
1484 | tribes, and on the other hand to protect the rights secured to the Indians
1485 | by treaty--to draw them nearer to the civilized state and inspire them
1486 | with correct conceptions of the power as well as justice of the
1487 | Government.
1488 | 
1489 | The meeting of the deputies from the Creek Nation at Colerain, in the State
1490 | of Georgia, which had for a principal object the purchase of a parcel of
1491 | their land by that State, broke up without its being accomplished, the
1492 | nation having previous to their departure instructed them against making
1493 | any sale. The occasion, however, has been improved to confirm by a new
1494 | treaty with the Creeks their preexisting engagements with the United
1495 | States, and to obtain their consent to the establishment of trading houses
1496 | and military posts within their boundary, by means of which their
1497 | friendship and the general peace may be more effectually secured.
1498 | 
1499 | The period during the late session at which the appropriation was passed
1500 | for carrying into effect the treaty of amity, commerce, and navigation
1501 | between the United States and His Brittanic Majesty necessarily
1502 | procrastinated the reception of the posts stipulated to be delivered beyond
1503 | the date assigned for that event. As soon, however, as the Governor-General
1504 | of Canada could be addressed with propriety on the subject, arrangements
1505 | were cordially and promptly concluded for their evacuation, and the United
1506 | States took possession of the principal of them, comprehending Oswego,
1507 | Niagara, Detroit, Michilimackinac, and Fort Miami, where such repairs and
1508 | additions have been ordered to be made as appeared indispensable.
1509 | 
1510 | The commissioners appointed on the part of the United States and of Great
1511 | Britain to determine which is the river St. Croix mentioned in the treaty
1512 | of peace of 1783, agreed in the choice of Egbert Benson, esq., of New York,
1513 | for the 3rd commissioner. The whole met at St. Andrew's, in Passamaquoddy
1514 | Bay, in the beginning of October, and directed surveys to be made of the
1515 | rivers in dispute; but deeming it impracticable to have these surveys
1516 | completed before the next year, they adjourned to meet at Boston in August,
1517 | 1797, for the final decision of the question.
1518 | 
1519 | Other commissioners appointed on the part of the United States, agreeably
1520 | to the 7th article of the treaty with Great Britain, relative to captures
1521 | and condemnation of vessels and other property, met the commissioners of
1522 | His Britannic Majesty in London in August last, when John Trumbull, esq.,
1523 | was chosen by lot for the 5th commissioner. In October following the board
1524 | were to proceed to business. As yet there has been no communication of
1525 | commissioners on the part of Great Britain to unite with those who have
1526 | been appointed on the part of the United States for carrying into effect
1527 | the 6th article of the treaty.
1528 | 
1529 | The treaty with Spain required that the commissioners for running the
1530 | boundary line between the territory of the United States and His Catholic
1531 | Majesty's provinces of East and West Florida should meet at the Natchez
1532 | before the expiration of 6 months after the exchange of the ratifications,
1533 | which was effected at Aranjuez on the 25th day of April; and the
1534 | troops of His Catholic Majesty occupying any posts within the limits of
1535 | the United States were within the same time period to be withdrawn. The
1536 | commissioner of the United States therefore commenced his journey for the
1537 | Natchez in September, and troops were ordered to occupy the posts from
1538 | which the Spanish garrisons should be withdrawn. Information has been
1539 | recently received of the appointment of a commissioner on the part of His
1540 | Catholic Majesty for running the boundary line, but none of any appointment
1541 | for the adjustment of the claims of our citizens whose vessels were
1542 | captured by the armed vessels of Spain.
1543 | 
1544 | In pursuance of the act of Congress passed in the last session for the
1545 | protection and relief of American sea-men, agents were appointed, one to
1546 | reside in Great Britain and the other in the West Indies. The effects of
1547 | the agency in the West Indies are not yet fully ascertained, but those
1548 | which have been communicated afford grounds to believe the measure will be
1549 | beneficial. The agent destined to reside in Great Britain declining to
1550 | accept the appointment, the business has consequently devolved on the
1551 | minister of the United States in London, and will command his attention
1552 | until a new agent shall be appointed.
1553 | 
1554 | After many delays and disappointments arising out of the European war, the
1555 | final arrangements for fulfilling the engagements made to the Dey and
1556 | Regency of Algiers will in all present appearance be crowned with success,
1557 | but under great, though inevitable, disadvantages in the pecuniary
1558 | transactions occasioned by that war, which will render further provision
1559 | necessary. The actual liberation of all our citizens who were prisoners in
1560 | Algiers, while it gratifies every feeling of heart, is itself an earnest of
1561 | a satisfactory termination of the whole negotiation. Measures are in
1562 | operation for effecting treaties with the Regencies of Tunis and Tripoli.
1563 | 
1564 | To an active external commerce the protection of a naval force is
1565 | indispensable. This is manifest with regard to wars in which a State is
1566 | itself a party. But besides this, it is in our own experience that the most
1567 | sincere neutrality is not a sufficient guard against the depredations of
1568 | nations at war. To secure respect to a neutral flag requires a naval force
1569 | organized and ready to vindicate it from insult or aggression. This may
1570 | even prevent the necessity of going to war by discouraging belligerent
1571 | powers from committing such violations of the rights of the neutral party
1572 | as may, first or last, leave no other option. From the best information I
1573 | have been able to obtain it would seem as if our trade to the Mediterranean
1574 | without a protecting force will always be insecure and our citizens exposed
1575 | to the calamities from which numbers of them have but just been relieved.
1576 | 
1577 | These considerations invite the United States to look to the means, and to
1578 | set about the gradual creation of a navy. The increasing progress of their
1579 | navigation promises them at no distant period the requisite supply of
1580 | sea-men, and their means in other respects favor the undertaking. It is an
1581 | encouragement, likewise, that their particular situation will give weight
1582 | and influence to a moderate naval force in their hands. Will it not, then,
1583 | be advisable to begin without delay to provide and lay up the materials for
1584 | the building and equipping of ships of war, and to proceed in the work by
1585 | degrees, in proportion as our resources shall render it practicable without
1586 | inconvenience, so that a future war of Europe may not find our commerce in
1587 | the same unprotected state in which it was found by the present?
1588 | 
1589 | Congress have repeatedly, and not without success, directed their attention
1590 | to the encouragement of manufactures. The object is of too much consequence
1591 | not to insure a continuance of their efforts in every way which shall
1592 | appear eligible. As a general rule, manufactures on public account are
1593 | inexpedient; but where the state of things in a country leaves little hope
1594 | that certain branches of manufacture will for a great length of time
1595 | obtain, when these are of a nature essential to the furnishing and
1596 | equipping of the public force in time of war, are not establishments for
1597 | procuring them on public account to the extent of the ordinary demand for
1598 | the public service recommended by strong considerations of national policy
1599 | as an exception to the general rule?
1600 | 
1601 | Ought our country to remain in such cases dependent on foreign supply,
1602 | precarious because liable to be interrupted? If the necessary article
1603 | should in this mode cost more in time of peace, will not the security and
1604 | independence thence arising form an ample compensation?
1605 | 
1606 | Establishments of this sort, commensurate only with the calls of the public
1607 | service in time of peace, will in time of war easily be extended in
1608 | proportion to the exigencies of the Government, and may even perhaps be
1609 | made to yield a surplus for the supply of our citizens at large, so as to
1610 | mitigate the privations from the interruption of their trade. If adopted,
1611 | the plan ought to exclude all those branches which are already, or likely
1612 | soon to be, established in the country, in order that there may be no danger
1613 | of interference with pursuits of individual industry.
1614 | 
1615 | It will not be doubted that with reference either to individual or national
1616 | welfare agriculture is of primary importance. In proportion as nations
1617 | advance in population and other circumstances of maturity this truth
1618 | becomes more apparent, and renders the cultivation of the soil more and
1619 | more an object of public patronage. Institutions for promoting it grow up,
1620 | supported by the public purse; and to what object can it be dedicated with
1621 | greater propriety?
1622 | 
1623 | Among the means which have been employed to this end none have been
1624 | attended with greater success than the establishment of boards (composed of
1625 | proper characters) charged with collecting and diffusing information, and
1626 | enabled by premiums and small pecuniary aids to encourage and assist a
1627 | spirit of discovery and improvement. This species of establishment
1628 | contributes doubly to the increase of improvement by stimulating to
1629 | enterprise and experiment, and by drawing to a common center the results
1630 | everywhere of individual skill and observation, and spreading them thence
1631 | over the whole nation. Experience accordingly has shewn that they are very
1632 | cheap instruments of immense national benefits.
1633 | 
1634 | I have heretofore proposed to the consideration of Congress the expediency
1635 | of establishing a national university and also a military academy. The
1636 | desirableness of both these institutions has so constantly increased with
1637 | every new view I have taken of the subject that I can not omit the
1638 | opportunity of once for all recalling your attention to them.
1639 | 
1640 | The assembly to which I address myself is too enlightened not to be fully
1641 | sensible how much a flourishing state of the arts and sciences contributes
1642 | to national prosperity and reputation.
1643 | 
1644 | True it is that our country, much to its honor, contains many seminaries of
1645 | learning highly repeatable and useful; but the funds upon which they rest
1646 | are too narrow to command the ablest professors in the different
1647 | departments of liberal knowledge for the institution contemplated, though
1648 | they would be excellent auxiliaries.
1649 | 
1650 | Amongst the motives to such an institution, the assimilation of the
1651 | principles, opinions, and manners of our country-men by the common
1652 | education of a portion of our youth from every quarter well deserves
1653 | attention. The more homogenous our citizens can be made in these
1654 | particulars the greater will be our prospect of permanent union; and a
1655 | primary object of such a national institution should be the education of
1656 | our youth in the science of government. In a republic what species of
1657 | knowledge can be equally important and what duty more pressing on its
1658 | legislature than to patronize a plan for communicating it to those who are
1659 | to be the future guardians of the liberties of the country?
1660 | 
1661 | The institution of a military academy is also recommended by cogent
1662 | reasons. However pacific the general policy of a nation may be, it ought
1663 | never to be without an adequate stock of military knowledge for
1664 | emergencies. The first would impair the energy of its character, and both
1665 | would hazard its safety or expose it to greater evils when war could not be
1666 | avoided; besides that, war might often not depend upon its own choice. In
1667 | proportion as the observance of pacific maxims might exempt a nation from
1668 | the necessity of practicing the rules of the military art ought to be its
1669 | care in preserving and transmitting, by proper establishments, the
1670 | knowledge of that art.
1671 | 
1672 | Whatever argument may be drawn from particular examples superficially
1673 | viewed, a thorough examination of the subject will evince that the art of
1674 | war is at once comprehensive and complicated, that it demands much previous
1675 | study, and that the possession of it in its most improved and perfect state
1676 | is always of great moment to the security of a nation. This, therefore,
1677 | ought to be a serious care of every government, and for this purpose an
1678 | academy where a regular course of instruction is given is an obvious
1679 | expedient which different nations have successfully employed.
1680 | 
1681 | The compensation to the officers of the United States in various instances,
1682 | and in none more than in respect to the most important stations, appear to
1683 | call for legislative revision. The consequences of a defective provision
1684 | are of serious import to the Government. If private wealth is to supply the
1685 | defect of public retribution, it will greatly contract the sphere within
1686 | which the selection of character for office is to be made, and will
1687 | proportionally diminish the probability of a choice of men able as well as
1688 | upright. Besides that, it should be repugnant to the vital principles of
1689 | our Government virtually to exclude from public trusts talents and virtue
1690 | unless accompanied by wealth.
1691 | 
1692 | While in our external relations some serious inconveniences and
1693 | embarrassments have been overcome and others lessened, it is with much pain
1694 | and deep regret I mention that circumstances of a very unwelcome nature
1695 | have lately occurred. Our trade has suffered and is suffering extensive
1696 | injuries in the West Indies from the cruisers and agents of the French
1697 | Republic, and communications have been received from its minister here
1698 | which indicate the danger of a further disturbance of our commerce by its
1699 | authority, and which are in other respects far from agreeable.
1700 | 
1701 | It has been my constant, sincere, and earnest wish, in conformity with that
1702 | of our nation, to maintain cordial harmony and a perfectly friendly
1703 | understanding with that Republic. This wish remains unabated, and I shall
1704 | persevere in the endeavor to fulfill it to the utmost extent of what shall
1705 | be consistent with a just and indispensable regard to the rights and honor
1706 | of our country; nor will I easily cease to cherish the expectation that a
1707 | spirit of justice, candor, and friendship on the part of the Republic will
1708 | eventually insure success.
1709 | 
1710 | In pursuing this course, however, I can not forget what is due to the
1711 | character of our Government and nation, or to a full and entire confidence
1712 | in the good sense, patriotism, self-respect, and fortitude of my
1713 | country-men.
1714 | 
1715 | I reserve for a special message a more particular communication on this
1716 | interesting subject.
1717 | 
1718 | Gentlemen of the House of Representatives:
1719 | 
1720 | I have directed an estimate of the appropriations necessary for the service
1721 | of the ensuing year to be submitted from the proper Department, with a view
1722 | of the public receipts and expenditures to the latest period to which an
1723 | account can be prepared.
1724 | 
1725 | It is with satisfaction I am able to inform you that the revenues of the
1726 | United States continue in a state of progressive improvement.
1727 | 
1728 | A reenforcement of the existing provisions for discharging our public debt
1729 | was mentioned in my address at the opening of the last session. Some
1730 | preliminary steps were taken toward it, the maturing of which will no doubt
1731 | engage your zealous attention during the present. I will only add that it
1732 | will afford me a heart-felt satisfaction to concur in such further measures
1733 | as will ascertain to our country the prospect of a speedy extinguishment of
1734 | the debt. Posterity may have cause to regret if from any motive intervals
1735 | of tranquillity are left unimproved for accelerating this valuable end.
1736 | 
1737 | Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of Representatives:
1738 | 
1739 | My solicitude to see the militia of the United States placed on an
1740 | efficient establishment has been so often and so ardently expressed that I
1741 | shall but barely recall the subject to your view on the present occasion,
1742 | at the same time that I shall submit to your inquiry whether our harbors
1743 | are yet sufficiently secured.
1744 | 
1745 | The situation in which I now stand for the last time, in the midst of the
1746 | representatives of the people of the United States, naturally recalls the
1747 | period when the administration of the present form of government commenced,
1748 | and I can not omit the occasion to congratulate you and my country on the
1749 | success of the experiment, nor to repeat my fervent supplications to the
1750 | Supreme Ruler of the Universe and Sovereign Arbiter of Nations that His
1751 | providential care may still be extended to the United States, that the
1752 | virtue and happiness of the people may be preserved, and that the
1753 | Government which they have instituted for the protection of their liberties
1754 | may be perpetual.
1755 | 
1756 | GO. WASHINGTON
1757 | 


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