├── README.md
├── extract.jsh
├── files
    ├── assembly.rkt
    ├── assembly.m
    ├── assembly.v
    └── assembly.c
├── .gitignore
└── LICENSE


/README.md:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | # Copilot Learning Materials
 2 | 
 3 | My type-ups for copilot to learn from. I'm uploading these text documents because I felt a great pain when writing them down and I wish this can help people. Please _don't_ use them for unethical purposes.
 4 | 
 5 | ## How to generate your own "copilot learning materials"?
 6 | 
 7 | Use Java >= 11, run
 8 | 
 9 | ```
10 | jshell extract.jsh
11 | ```
12 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/extract.jsh:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | import java.io.IOException;
 2 | import java.nio.file.*;
 3 | import java.nio.file.attribute.BasicFileAttributes;
 4 | import java.util.*;
 5 | import java.util.function.Function;
 6 | import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 7 | import java.util.stream.Stream;
 8 | var exts = Stream.of("rkt", "md", "tex", "m", "v", "c").collect(Collectors.toMap(Function.identity(), o -> new ArrayList<String>()));
 9 | var target = Paths.get("files");
10 | if (Files.notExists(target)) Files.createDirectory(target);
11 | Files.walkFileTree(target, new SimpleFileVisitor<>() {
12 |   @Override
13 |   public FileVisitResult visitFile(Path file, BasicFileAttributes attrs) throws IOException {
14 |     if (attrs.isRegularFile()) Files.deleteIfExists(file);
15 |     return FileVisitResult.CONTINUE;
16 |   }
17 | });
18 | Files.walkFileTree(Paths.get("."), new SimpleFileVisitor<>() {
19 |   @Override
20 |   public FileVisitResult visitFile(Path p, BasicFileAttributes attrs) throws IOException {
21 |     var fileName = p.toString();
22 |     var ext = fileName.substring(fileName.lastIndexOf('.') + 1);
23 |     if (!exts.containsKey(ext)) return FileVisitResult.CONTINUE;
24 |     var content = Files.readString(p)
25 |         .replaceAll("yqz5714", "")
26 |         .replaceAll("(Stat|Math|Cmpsc|Cmpen)\\d+", "")
27 |         .replaceAll("\r", "")
28 |         .replaceAll("Tesla[()\\w ]+Zhang", "")
29 |         .replaceAll("Zihui[()\\w ]+Xie", "")
30 |         .replaceAll("Yuanxiang[()\\w ]+Wang", "")
31 |         .replaceAll("Yinsen[()\\w ]+Zhang", "");
32 |     exts.get(ext).addAll(List.of(content.split("\\R\\R+")));
33 |     return FileVisitResult.CONTINUE;
34 |   }
35 | })
36 | for (var entry : exts.entrySet()) {
37 |   var ext = entry.getKey();
38 |   var v = entry.getValue();
39 |   Collections.sort(v);
40 |   var content = String.join("\n\n", new HashSet<>(v));
41 |   var newPath = Paths.get("files", "assembly.%s".formatted(ext));
42 |   System.out.println(newPath + ": " + content.length());
43 |   Files.writeString(newPath, content, StandardOpenOption.CREATE_NEW, StandardOpenOption.WRITE);
44 | }
45 | /exit


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/files/assembly.rkt:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1 | ;; Problem 1
 2 | (define (ackermann m n)
 3 |   (cond
 4 |     [(= m 0) (+ n 1)]
 5 |     [(> m 0) (ackermann (- m 1)
 6 |      (cond
 7 |        [(= n 0) 1]
 8 |        [(> n 0) (ackermann m (- n 1))]))]))
 9 | 
10 | #lang racket
11 | ;; Problem 2
12 | (define (sum a b) (if (= a b) a (+ b (sum a (- b 1)))))
13 | 
14 | ;; Problem 4
15 | (define zero-to-20
16 |   (list
17 |    '(0 zero) '(1 one) '(2 two) '(3 three) '(4 four) '(5 five)
18 |    '(6 six) '(7 seven) '(8 eight) '(9 nine) '(10 ten)
19 |    '(11 eleven) '(12 twelve) '(13 thirteen) '(14 fourteen) '(15 fifteen)
20 |    '(16 sixteen) '(17 seventeen) '(18 eighteen) '(19 nineteen)))
21 | (define tens
22 |   (list
23 |    '(2 twenty) '(3 thirty) '(4 forty) '(5 fifty)
24 |    '(6 sixty) '(7 seventy) '(8 eighty) '(9 ninety)))
25 | (define (to-words n)
26 |   (cond
27 |     ((< n 0) 'error)
28 |     ((< n 20) (cdr (assoc n zero-to-20)))
29 |     ((< n 100) (append (cdr (assoc (quotient n 10) tens))
30 |                        (let ([q (remainder n 10)]) (if (= 0 q) '() (to-words q)))))
31 |     ((< n 200) (append (to-words (quotient n 100)) '(hundred and) (to-words (remainder n 100))))
32 |     (else 'error)))
33 | 
34 | ;; Problem 5
35 | (define (initialWIList xs) (for/list ([i (in-naturals 0)] [x xs]) (list x i)))
36 | (define (mergeWI x xs) (if (assoc (car x) xs) xs (append xs (list x))))
37 | (define (mergeByWord xs) (reverse (foldr mergeWI '() xs)))
38 | (define wordMaxIndex (compose mergeByWord initialWIList))
39 | 
40 | ;; Problem 3
41 | (define (h-f n) (if (= 0 n) 1 (- n (h-m (h-f (- n 1))))))
42 | (define (h-m n) (if (= 0 n) 0 (- n (h-f (h-m (- n 1))))))
43 | 
44 | ;; Problem 2
45 | (define (minInt_helper k x)
46 |   (cond ((null? x) k)
47 |         ((> k (car x)) (minInt_helper (car x) (cdr x)))
48 |         (else (minInt_helper k (cdr x)))))
49 | (define (minInt x) (if (null? x) 0 (minInt_helper (car x) (cdr x))))
50 | 
51 | ;; Problem 3
52 | (define (manycall n f x)
53 |   (if (<= n 1) x (manycall (- n 2) f (f (f x)))))
54 | 
55 | (define (bind k v al)
56 |   (append (list (list k v)) al))
57 | (define (lookup k al)
58 |   (let [(look (assoc k al))]
59 |     (if look (cadr look) look)))
60 | (define al '())
61 | 
62 | ;; Problem 1
63 | (define (remove-when f x)
64 |   (cond ((null? x) '())
65 |         ((f (car x)) (remove-when f (cdr x)))
66 |         (else (cons (car x) (remove-when f (cdr x))))))
67 | 
68 | ;; Problem 2
69 | (define (construct_mem f)
70 |   (let ((al '()))
71 |     (lambda (m n)
72 |       (let* [(mn (list m n))
73 |              (look (lookup mn al))]
74 |         (if look
75 |             (begin (display "memoization hit\n") look)
76 |             (let [(feizhu (f m n))]
77 |               (begin (set! al (bind mn feizhu al))
78 |                      feizhu)))))))
79 | 
80 | (define (ackermann_mem m n)
81 |   (let* [(mn (list m n))
82 |          (look (lookup mn al))]
83 |     (if look
84 |         (begin (display "memoization hit\n") look)
85 |         (let [(feizhu (ackermann m n))]
86 |           (begin (set! al (bind mn feizhu al))
87 |                  feizhu)))))
88 | 
89 | #lang racket
90 | 
91 | ;; Problem 4
92 | (define (reward amt)
93 |   (cond
94 |     [(<= amt 2000) (* 0.01 amt)]
95 |     [(<= amt 4000) (+ 20 (* 0.015 (- amt 2000)))]
96 |     [(<= amt 5500) (+ 20 30 (* 0.02 (- amt 4000)))]
97 |     [else          (+ 20 30 30 (* 0.025 (- amt 5500)))]))


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/.gitignore:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1 | ## Core latex/pdflatex auxiliary files:
  2 | *.aux
  3 | *.lof
  4 | *.log
  5 | *.lot
  6 | *.fls
  7 | *.out
  8 | *.toc
  9 | *.fmt
 10 | *.fot
 11 | *.cb
 12 | *.cb2
 13 | .*.lb
 14 | 
 15 | ## Intermediate documents:
 16 | *.dvi
 17 | *.xdv
 18 | *-converted-to.*
 19 | # these rules might exclude image files for figures etc.
 20 | # *.ps
 21 | # *.eps
 22 | # *.pdf
 23 | 
 24 | ## Generated if empty string is given at "Please type another file name for output:"
 25 | .pdf
 26 | 
 27 | ## Bibliography auxiliary files (bibtex/biblatex/biber):
 28 | *.bbl
 29 | *.bcf
 30 | *.blg
 31 | *-blx.aux
 32 | *-blx.bib
 33 | *.run.xml
 34 | 
 35 | ## Build tool auxiliary files:
 36 | *.fdb_latexmk
 37 | *.synctex
 38 | *.synctex(busy)
 39 | *.synctex.gz
 40 | *.synctex.gz(busy)
 41 | *.pdfsync
 42 | 
 43 | ## Build tool directories for auxiliary files
 44 | # latexrun
 45 | latex.out/
 46 | 
 47 | ## Auxiliary and intermediate files from other packages:
 48 | # algorithms
 49 | *.alg
 50 | *.loa
 51 | 
 52 | # achemso
 53 | acs-*.bib
 54 | 
 55 | # amsthm
 56 | *.thm
 57 | 
 58 | # beamer
 59 | *.nav
 60 | *.pre
 61 | *.snm
 62 | *.vrb
 63 | 
 64 | # changes
 65 | *.soc
 66 | 
 67 | # comment
 68 | *.cut
 69 | 
 70 | # cprotect
 71 | *.cpt
 72 | 
 73 | # elsarticle (documentclass of Elsevier journals)
 74 | *.spl
 75 | 
 76 | # endnotes
 77 | *.ent
 78 | 
 79 | # fixme
 80 | *.lox
 81 | 
 82 | # feynmf/feynmp
 83 | *.mf
 84 | *.mp
 85 | *.t[1-9]
 86 | *.t[1-9][0-9]
 87 | *.tfm
 88 | 
 89 | #(r)(e)ledmac/(r)(e)ledpar
 90 | *.end
 91 | *.?end
 92 | *.[1-9]
 93 | *.[1-9][0-9]
 94 | *.[1-9][0-9][0-9]
 95 | *.[1-9]R
 96 | *.[1-9][0-9]R
 97 | *.[1-9][0-9][0-9]R
 98 | *.eledsec[1-9]
 99 | *.eledsec[1-9]R
100 | *.eledsec[1-9][0-9]
101 | *.eledsec[1-9][0-9]R
102 | *.eledsec[1-9][0-9][0-9]
103 | *.eledsec[1-9][0-9][0-9]R
104 | 
105 | # glossaries
106 | *.acn
107 | *.acr
108 | *.glg
109 | *.glo
110 | *.gls
111 | *.glsdefs
112 | *.lzo
113 | *.lzs
114 | 
115 | # uncomment this for glossaries-extra (will ignore makeindex's style files!)
116 | # *.ist
117 | 
118 | # gnuplottex
119 | *-gnuplottex-*
120 | 
121 | # gregoriotex
122 | *.gaux
123 | *.gtex
124 | 
125 | # htlatex
126 | *.4ct
127 | *.4tc
128 | *.idv
129 | *.lg
130 | *.trc
131 | *.xref
132 | 
133 | # hyperref
134 | *.brf
135 | 
136 | # knitr
137 | *-concordance.tex
138 | # TODO Comment the next line if you want to keep your tikz graphics files
139 | *.tikz
140 | *-tikzDictionary
141 | 
142 | # listings
143 | *.lol
144 | 
145 | # luatexja-ruby
146 | *.ltjruby
147 | 
148 | # makeidx
149 | *.idx
150 | *.ilg
151 | *.ind
152 | 
153 | # minitoc
154 | *.maf
155 | *.mlf
156 | *.mlt
157 | *.mtc[0-9]*
158 | *.slf[0-9]*
159 | *.slt[0-9]*
160 | *.stc[0-9]*
161 | 
162 | # minted
163 | _minted*
164 | *.pyg
165 | 
166 | # morewrites
167 | *.mw
168 | 
169 | # nomencl
170 | *.nlg
171 | *.nlo
172 | *.nls
173 | 
174 | # pax
175 | *.pax
176 | 
177 | # pdfpcnotes
178 | *.pdfpc
179 | 
180 | # sagetex
181 | *.sagetex.sage
182 | *.sagetex.py
183 | *.sagetex.scmd
184 | 
185 | # scrwfile
186 | *.wrt
187 | 
188 | # sympy
189 | *.sout
190 | *.sympy
191 | sympy-plots-for-*.tex/
192 | 
193 | # pdfcomment
194 | *.upa
195 | *.upb
196 | 
197 | # pythontex
198 | *.pytxcode
199 | pythontex-files-*/
200 | 
201 | # tcolorbox
202 | *.listing
203 | 
204 | # thmtools
205 | *.loe
206 | 
207 | # TikZ & PGF
208 | *.dpth
209 | *.md5
210 | *.auxlock
211 | 
212 | # todonotes
213 | *.tdo
214 | 
215 | # vhistory
216 | *.hst
217 | *.ver
218 | 
219 | # easy-todo
220 | *.lod
221 | 
222 | # xcolor
223 | *.xcp
224 | 
225 | # xmpincl
226 | *.xmpi
227 | 
228 | # xindy
229 | *.xdy
230 | 
231 | # xypic precompiled matrices and outlines
232 | *.xyc
233 | *.xyd
234 | 
235 | # endfloat
236 | *.ttt
237 | *.fff
238 | 
239 | # Latexian
240 | TSWLatexianTemp*
241 | 
242 | ## Editors:
243 | # WinEdt
244 | *.bak
245 | *.sav
246 | 
247 | # Texpad
248 | .texpadtmp
249 | 
250 | # LyX
251 | *.lyx~
252 | 
253 | # Kile
254 | *.backup
255 | 
256 | # gummi
257 | .*.swp
258 | 
259 | # KBibTeX
260 | *~[0-9]*
261 | 
262 | # TeXnicCenter
263 | *.tps
264 | 
265 | # auto folder when using emacs and auctex
266 | ./auto/*
267 | *.el
268 | 
269 | # expex forward references with \gathertags
270 | *-tags.tex
271 | 
272 | # standalone packages
273 | *.sta
274 | 
275 | # Makeindex log files
276 | *.lpz
277 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/LICENSE:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/files/assembly.m:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1 |   
  2 | 
  3 | function S = cspline_eval(t,y,z,x_vec)
  4 | % function S = cspline_eval(t,y,z,x_vec)
  5 | % compute the value of the natural cubic spline at the points x_vec when
  6 | % t,y,z are given
  7 | %
  8 | % Example:   t = [0.9,1.3,1.9,2.1];
  9 | %            y = [1.3,1.5,1.85,2.1]
 10 | %            z = cspline(t,y)
 11 | %            x = [0.9:0.1:2.1]
 12 | %            v = cspline_eval(t,y,z,x)
 13 | 
 14 |   for j = 2:n
 15 |     % 2 to n column
 16 |     for i = j:n
 17 |       p = R(i, j - 1) - R(i - 1, j - 1);
 18 |       R(i, j) = R(i, j - 1) + p / (4^(j - 1) - 1);
 19 |     end
 20 |   end
 21 | end
 22 | 
 23 | 
 24 | m = length(x_vec);
 25 | S = zeros(size(x_vec));  
 26 | n = length(t);
 27 | for j=1:m
 28 |   x = x_vec(j);
 29 |   for i=n-1:-1:1
 30 |     if (x-t(i)) >= 0
 31 |       break
 32 |     end
 33 |   end
 34 |   h = t(i+1)-t(i);
 35 |   S(j) = z(i+1)/(6*h)*(x-t(i))^3-z(i)/(6*h)*(x-t(i+1))^3 ...
 36 |        +(y(i+1)/h-z(i+1)*h/6)*(x-t(i)) - (y(i)/h-z(i)*h/6)*(x-t(i+1));
 37 | end
 38 | 
 39 | 
 40 | function GXExp(n, d, a, b)
 41 |   A = sparse(zeros(n, n));
 42 | 
 43 | function A = divdiff(x, y)
 44 | % input: x, y: the data set to be interpolated
 45 | % output: A: table for Newton's divided differences.
 46 |   [~, n] = size(x);
 47 |   A = zeros(n, n);
 48 |   A(:, 1) = transpose(y);
 49 |   % k: from left to right
 50 |   for k = 2 : n
 51 |     % i: from top to bottom
 52 |     for i = k : n
 53 |       % above /: the left one subtract its upstairs
 54 |       above = A(i, k - 1) - A(i - 1, k - 1);
 55 |       % below /: the leftmost one subtract its upstairs
 56 |       below = x(i) - x(i - k + 1);
 57 |       A(i, k) = above / below;
 58 |     end
 59 |   end
 60 | end
 61 | 
 62 | 
 63 | function x = mysecant(f, x0, x1, tol, nmax)
 64 |   % input variables:
 65 |   % f is the function,
 66 |   % x0, x1 are the initial guesses,
 67 |   % tol is the error tolerance,
 68 |   % and nmax is the maximum number of iterations.
 69 |   % The output variable:
 70 |   % x is the result of the Newton iterations.
 71 |   x = x1;
 72 |   fprintf('x = %g\n', x);
 73 |   if nmax <= 0
 74 |     return;
 75 |   end
 76 | 
 77 | % >> [r1, r2] = quadroots(2, 6, -3)
 78 | 
 79 | function R = romberg(f, a, b, n)
 80 |   % feval(s, a): call the function `f(a)`
 81 |   % [a, b]: the interval of integration
 82 |   R = zeros(n, n);
 83 |   h = b - a;
 84 |   R(1, 1) = (feval(f, a) + feval(f, b)) * h / 2;
 85 | 
 86 |   fx = feval(f, x);
 87 |   if abs(fx) < tol
 88 |     return;
 89 |   end
 90 | 
 91 | % >> [r1, r2] = smartquadroots(3, -123454321, 2)
 92 | 
 93 | % >> roots([3, -123454321, 2])
 94 | 
 95 | function [x, nit] = gs(A, b, x0, tol, nmax)
 96 |   % tol: error tolerance
 97 |   % nmax: max number of iterations
 98 |   % A, b: the matrix system
 99 |   % x: solution
100 |   % nit: number of iterations used
101 |   x = x0;
102 |   n = length(x);
103 |   nit = 0;
104 | 
105 |   % Backward substitution
106 |   x = zeros(1, n);
107 |   x(n) = b(n) / A(n, n);
108 |   for i = n - 1:-1:1
109 |     x(i) = (b(i) - sum(A(i, i + 1:n) .* x(i + 1:n))) / A(i, i);
110 |   end
111 |   disp(x);
112 | end
113 | 
114 |   dx = fx / feval(df, x);
115 |   x = mynewton(f, df, x - dx, tol, nmax - 1);
116 | end
117 | 
118 | 
119 | %    1.7385e-08
120 | 
121 | %    4.1151e+07
122 | 
123 | 
124 |     x = y;
125 |     % fprintf("\\item $%.4f, %.4f$\n", x(1), x(2));
126 |     disp(x);
127 |     nit = nit + 1;
128 |   end
129 | end
130 | 
131 | 
132 |   if fr * fa < 0
133 |     r = bisection(f, a, r, tol, nmax - 1);
134 |   else
135 |     r = bisection(f, r, b, tol, nmax - 1);
136 |   end
137 | end
138 | 
139 | 
140 | function ls = lspline(t, y, x)
141 | % lspline computes the linear spline
142 | % Inputs:
143 | % t: vector, contains the knots
144 | % y: vector, contains the interpolating values at knots
145 | % x: vector, contains points where the lspline function
146 | % should be evaluated and plotted
147 | % Output:
148 | % ls: vector, contains the values of lspline at points x
149 |   m = length(x);
150 |   n = length(t);
151 |   ls = zeros(size(t));
152 |   for j = 1 : m
153 |     xx = x(j);
154 |     for i = n - 1 : -1 : 1
155 |       if (xx - t(i)) >= 0
156 |         break
157 |       end
158 |     end
159 |     yd = y(i + 1) - y(i);
160 |     td = t(i + 1) - t(i);
161 |     ls(j) = yd / td * (xx - t(i)) + y(i);
162 |   end
163 | end
164 | 
165 | n = length(t);
166 | z = zeros(n,1);
167 | h = zeros(n-1,1);
168 | b = zeros(n-1,1);
169 | u = zeros(n,1);
170 | v = zeros(n,1);
171 | 
172 |   for n = 1:N
173 |     k1 = feval(f, t(n), x(:, n));
174 |     k2 = feval(f, t(n) + 0.5 * h, x(:, n) + 0.5 * h * k1);
175 |     k3 = feval(f, t(n) + 0.5 * h, x(:, n) + 0.5 * h * k2);
176 |     k4 = feval(f, t(n) + h, x(:, n) + h * k3);
177 |     x(:, n + 1) = x(:, n) + h / 6 * (k1 + 2 * (k2 + k3) + k4);
178 |   end
179 | end
180 | 
181 | 
182 |     for k = 1:2^(i - 1)
183 |       R(i + 1, 1) = R(i + 1, 1) + h * feval(f, a + (2 * k - 1) * h);
184 |     end
185 |   end
186 | 
187 |   for i = 1:n - 1
188 |     % 1st column recursive trapezoid
189 |     R(i + 1, 1) = R(i, 1) / 2;
190 |     h = h / 2;
191 | 
192 | %     4.1151
193 | %     0.0000
194 | 
195 | 
196 | end
197 | 
198 | 
199 | %     0.4365
200 | 
201 | % r2 =
202 | 
203 | function v = funItg3(x)
204 |     v = sqrt(1 - x.^2) - x;
205 | end
206 | 
207 | 
208 | function v = polyvalue(a, x, t)
209 | % input: a= Newton's divided differences
210 | % x= the points for the data set to interpolate,
211 | % same as in divdiff.
212 | % t= the points where the polynomial should be evaluated
213 | % output: v= value of polynomial at the points in t
214 |   ax = diag(a);
215 |   t_size = size(t);
216 |   [~, x_size] = size(x);
217 |   v = zeros(t_size) + ax(1);
218 |   cul = ones(t_size);
219 |   for i = 2 : x_size
220 |     cul = cul .* (t - x(i - 1));
221 |     v = v + ax(i) * cul;
222 |   end
223 | end
224 | 
225 | % ans =
226 | 
227 | function v = funItg2(x)
228 |     v = 3 .* x.^2;
229 | end
230 | 
231 | 
232 | for i=n-1:-1:2
233 |   z(i) = (v(i)-h(i)*z(i+1))/u(i);
234 | end
235 | 
236 | 
237 | function x = GaussianX(n, d, a, b)
238 |   % function x=GaussianX(n,d,a,b)
239 |   % input: n: system size, must be odd
240 |   %        (d,a,b): vectors of length n
241 |   % output: x=solution
242 |   x = zeros(1, n);
243 |   m = (n + 1) / 2;
244 |   x(m) = b(m) / d(m);
245 | 
246 |   fr = feval(f, r);
247 |   if abs(fr) < tol
248 |     return;
249 |   end
250 | 
251 |   while nit < nmax && norm(A * x - b) > tol
252 |     y = zeros(n, 1);
253 | 
254 | for k=1:n-1
255 |   for i=k+1:n
256 |     xmult = A(i,k)/A(k,k);
257 |     A(i,k) = xmult;
258 |     for j=k+1:n
259 |       A(i,j) = A(i,j)-xmult*A(k,j);
260 |     end
261 |     b(i) = b(i)-xmult*b(k);
262 |   end
263 | end
264 | disp(A);
265 | disp(b);
266 | x(n) = b(n)/A(n,n);
267 | for i=n-1:-1:1
268 |   sum = b(i);
269 |   for j=i+1:n
270 |     sum = sum-A(i,j)*x(j);
271 |   end
272 |   x(i) = sum/A(i,i);
273 | end
274 | 
275 | % result:
276 | %
277 | % >> myValue(1:10, -4:5)
278 | %         2629
279 | 
280 | function r = bisection(f, a, b, tol, nmax)
281 |   % function r=bisection(f,a,b,tol,nmax)
282 |   % inputs: f: function handle or string
283 |   % a,b: the interval where there is a root
284 |   % tol: error tolerance
285 |   % nmax: max number of iterations
286 |   % output: r: a root
287 |   fa = feval(f, a);
288 |   if fa * feval(f, b) > 0
289 |     error('f(a) * f(b) > 0');
290 |   end
291 | 
292 | function x = mynewton(f, df, x0, tol, nmax)
293 |   % input variables:
294 |   % f,df are the function f and its derivative f',
295 |   % x0 is the initial guess,
296 |   % tol is the error tolerance,
297 |   % and nmax is the maximum number of iterations.
298 |   % The output variable:
299 |   % x is the result of the Newton iterations.
300 |   x = x0;
301 |   fprintf('x = %g\n', x);
302 |   if nmax <= 0
303 |     return;
304 |   end
305 | 
306 |   for i = 1:m - 1
307 |     j = n - i + 1;
308 |     sol = [d(i) a(j); a(i) d(j)] \ [b(i); b(j)];
309 |     x(i) = sol(1);
310 |     x(j) = sol(2);
311 |   end
312 | end
313 | 
314 | 
315 | function v = myValue(a, b)
316 | % input: a: vector
317 | % b: vector (same length as a)
318 | % output: v: the computed value
319 |   res = 0;
320 |   for i = 1:length(a)
321 |     for j = 1:i
322 |       res = res + b(i) * b(i) * a(j);
323 |     end
324 |   end
325 |   v = res;
326 | end
327 | 
328 | u(2) = 2*(h(1)+h(2));
329 | v(2) = 6*(b(2)-b(1));
330 | for i=3:n-1  % solve the tri-diag system
331 |   u(i) = 2*(h(i)+h(i-1))-h(i-1)^2/u(i-1);
332 |   v(i) = 6*(b(i)-b(i-1))-h(i-1)*v(i-1)/u(i-1);
333 | end
334 | 
335 |   fx1 = feval(f, x1);
336 |   if abs(fx1) < tol
337 |     return;
338 |   end
339 | 
340 |   r = sum([a, b]) / 2;
341 |   if nmax <= 0
342 |     return;
343 |   end
344 | 
345 |   fx0 = feval(f, x0);
346 |   fr = (x1 - x0) / (fx1 - fx0);
347 |   x = mysecant(f, x1, x - fr * fx1, tol, nmax - 1);
348 | end
349 | 
350 | 
351 | function [r1, r2] = smartquadroots(a, b, c)
352 | % input: a, b, c: coefficients for the polynomial ax^2+bx+c=0.
353 | % output: r1, r2: The two roots for the polynomial.
354 |   rt = sqrt(b^2 - 4 * a * c);
355 |   r1 =- (b + rt) / (2 * a);
356 |   r2 = c / (a * r1);
357 | end
358 | 
359 | %     -1
360 | 
361 | %    -3.4365
362 | 
363 | %    3.8348e+07
364 | 
365 | %      7
366 | 
367 |   while nit < nmax && norm(A * x - b) > tol
368 |     for i = 1:n
369 |       aii = A(i, i);
370 |       s1 = sum(A(i, 1:i - 1)' .* x(1:i - 1));
371 |       s2 = sum(A(i, i + 1:n)' .* x(i + 1:n));
372 |       sigma = s1 + s2;
373 |       x(i) = (b(i) - sigma) / aii;
374 |     end
375 |     % fprintf("\\item $%.4f, %.4f, %.4f$\n", x(1), x(2), x(3));
376 |     disp(x);
377 |     nit = nit + 1;
378 |   end
379 | 
380 | % >> [r1, r2] = quadroots(1, -14, 49)
381 | 
382 | %      2
383 | 
384 | %      1
385 | 
386 |     for i = 1:n
387 |       aii = A(i, i);
388 |       sigma = sum(A(i, 1:n)' .* x) - aii * x(i);
389 |       y(i) = (b(i) - sigma) / aii;
390 |     end
391 | 
392 | % >> [r1, r2] = quadroots(1, -3, 2)
393 | 
394 | function v = funItg(x)
395 |   v=(x+1).^(-1);
396 | end
397 | 
398 | 
399 | %    1.0e+07 *
400 | 
401 | function v = funItg4(x)
402 |     if x == 0
403 |         v = 1;
404 |     else
405 |         v = sin(x) ./ x;
406 |     end
407 | end
408 | 
409 | 
410 | function v = trapezoid(s, a, b, n)
411 |     % feval(s, a): call the function `f(a)`
412 |     % [a, b]: the interval of integration
413 |     % n: # of subintervals, so n+1 points
414 |     h = (b - a) / n;
415 |     x = a + h:h:b - h;
416 |     v = ((feval(s, a) + feval(s, b)) / 2 + sum(feval(s, x))) * h;
417 | end
418 | 
419 | 
420 |   % Forward elimination
421 |   for j = 1:n - 1
422 |     for i = j + 1:n
423 |       p = A(i, j) / A(j, j);
424 |       A(i, j:n) = A(i, j:n) - p * A(j, j:n);
425 |       b(i) = b(i) - p * b(j);
426 |     end
427 |   end
428 |   disp(full(A));
429 | 
430 | function [x, nit] = jacobi(A, b, x0, tol, nmax)
431 |   % tol: error tolerance
432 |   % nmax: max number of iterations
433 |   % A, b: the matrix system
434 |   % x0: initial guess
435 |   % x: solution
436 |   % nit: number of iterations used
437 |   x = x0;
438 |   n = length(x);
439 |   nit = 0;
440 | 
441 | function [x, nit] = sor(A, b, x0, w, d, tol, nmax)
442 |   % SOR : solve linear system with SOR iteration
443 |   % Usage: [x,nit]=sor(A,b,x0,omega,d,tol,nmax)
444 |   % Inputs:
445 |   % A : an n x n-matrix,
446 |   % b : the rhs vector, with length n
447 |   % x0 : the start vector for the iteration
448 |   % tol: error tolerance
449 |   % w: relaxation parameter, (1 < w < 2),
450 |   % d : band width of A.
451 |   % Outputs::
452 |   % x : the solution vector
453 |   % nit: number of iterations
454 |   x = x0;
455 |   n = length(x);
456 |   nit = 0;
457 | 
458 | h = t(2:n)-t(1:n-1);
459 | b = (y(2:n)-y(1:n-1))./h;
460 | 
461 | % r1 =
462 | 
463 | %      7
464 |  
465 | % >> [r1, r2] = quadroots(3, -123454321, 2)
466 | 
467 | % x^2 + 2x + 1 ==> r1, r2 = -1
468 | % x^2 - 3x + 2 ==> r1 = 1, r2 = -2
469 | 
470 | function [t, x] = rk4(f, t0, x0, tend, N)
471 |   % f : Differential equation xp = f(t,x)
472 |   % x0 : initial condition
473 |   % t0,tend : initial and final time
474 |   % N : number of time steps
475 |   h = (tend - t0) / N;
476 |   t = [t0:h:tend];
477 |   s = length(x0); % x0 can be a vector
478 |   x = zeros(s, N + 1);
479 |   x(:, 1) = x0;
480 | 
481 | function z = cspline(t,y)
482 | % function z = cspline(t,y)
483 | % compute z-coefficients for natural cubic spline
484 | % where t is a vector with knots, and y is the interpolating values
485 | % z is the output vector
486 | 
487 |   for i = 1:n
488 |     A(i, n - i + 1) = a(n - i + 1);
489 |     A(i, i) = d(i);
490 |   end
491 | 
492 | % >> [r1, r2] = quadroots(1, 2, 1)
493 | 
494 |   while nit < nmax && norm(A * x - b) > tol
495 |     for i = 1:n
496 |       aii = A(i, i);
497 |       s1 = sum(A(i, 1:i - 1)' .* x(1:i - 1));
498 |       s2 = sum(A(i, i + 1:n)' .* x(i + 1:n));
499 |       sigma = s1 + s2;
500 |       new = (b(i) - sigma) / aii;
501 |       x(i) = x(i) * (1 - w) + w * new;
502 |     end
503 |     disp(x);
504 |     nit = nit + 1;
505 |   end
506 | end
507 | 
508 | 
509 | function x = naiv_gauss(A,b)
510 | n = length(b);
511 | x = zeros(n,1);
512 | 
513 | function [r1, r2] = quadroots(a, b, c)
514 | % input: a, b, c: coefficients for the polynomial ax^2+bx+c=0.
515 | % output: r1, r2: The two roots for the polynomial.
516 |   rt = sqrt(b^2 - 4 * a * c);
517 |   r1 =- (b + rt) / (2 * a);
518 |   r2 =- (b - rt) / (2 * a);
519 | end


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/files/assembly.v:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1 | module DataPath(
  2 |   input clk,
  3 |   output [31:0] pc_r,
  4 |   output ewreg,
  5 |   output em2reg,
  6 |   output ewmem,
  7 |   output ealuimm,
  8 |   output [3:0] ealuc,
  9 |   output [4:0] edest_reg,
 10 |   output [31:0] eqa,
 11 |   output [31:0] eqb,
 12 |   output [31:0] eimm32,
 13 |   output mwreg,
 14 |   output mm2reg,
 15 |   output mwmem,
 16 |   output [31:0] mr,
 17 |   output [31:0] mqb,
 18 |   output [4:0] mdestreg,
 19 |   output wwreg,
 20 |   output wm2reg,
 21 |   output [4:0] wdestreg,
 22 |   output [31:0] wr,
 23 |   output [31:0] wdo
 24 | );
 25 |   wire [31:0] add_rs, inst, dinst;
 26 |   wire wreg, m2reg, wmem, aluimm, regrt;
 27 |   wire [3:0] aluc_dp;
 28 |   wire [4:0] dest_reg;
 29 |   wire [31:0] qa_dp, qb_dp, imm32;
 30 |   wire [31:0] mdo;
 31 | 
 32 | module Immediate_Extender(
 33 |   input [31:0] dinst_out,
 34 |   output reg [31:0] imm32
 35 | );
 36 |   wire [15:0] imm = dinst_out[15:0];
 37 |   always@(imm) begin
 38 |     imm32 <= {{16{imm[15]}}, imm[15:0]};
 39 |   end
 40 | endmodule
 41 | 
 42 | `timescale 1ns / 1ps
 43 | //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 44 | // Company: 
 45 | // Engineer: 
 46 | // 
 47 | // Create Date: 05/18/2020 12:27:00 PM
 48 | // Design Name: 
 49 | // Module Name: testbench
 50 | // Project Name: 7 segment display
 51 | // Target Devices: 
 52 | // Tool Versions: 
 53 | // Description: 
 54 | // 
 55 | // Dependencies: 
 56 | // 
 57 | // Revision:
 58 | // Revision 0.01 - File Created
 59 | // Additional Comments:
 60 | // 
 61 | //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 62 | 
 63 | `timescale 1ns / 1ps
 64 | //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 65 | // Create Date: 2022/02/06 21:23:55
 66 | // Module Name: test_bench
 67 | // 
 68 | //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 69 | 
 70 | // "Instruction memory"
 71 | module InstMem(input [31:0] pc, output reg [31:0] inst_out);
 72 |   reg [31:0] memory [0:63];
 73 |   initial begin
 74 |     memory[25] <= 32'b10001100001000100000000000000000;
 75 |     memory[26] <= 32'b10001100001000110000000000000100;    
 76 |   end  
 77 |   always @ (pc)
 78 |   begin
 79 |     inst_out <= memory[pc[31:2]];
 80 |   end
 81 | endmodule
 82 | 
 83 | module Register_File(
 84 |   input clk,
 85 |   input [4:0] wdestreg,
 86 |   input [31:0] wbdata,
 87 |   input wwreg,
 88 |   input [31:0] dinst_out,
 89 |   output reg [31:0] qa,
 90 |   output reg [31:0] qb
 91 | );
 92 |   reg [31:0] registers;
 93 |   integer i;
 94 | 
 95 | module DataPath(
 96 |   input clk,
 97 |   output [31:0] pc_r,
 98 |   output ewreg,
 99 |   output em2reg,
100 |   output ewmem,
101 |   output ealuimm,
102 |   output [3:0] ealuc,
103 |   output [4:0] edest_reg,
104 |   output [31:0] eqa,
105 |   output [31:0] eqb,
106 |   output [31:0] eimm32,
107 |   output mwreg,
108 |   output mm2reg,
109 |   output mwmem,
110 |   output [31:0] mr,
111 |   output [31:0] mqb,
112 |   output [4:0] mdestreg,
113 |   output wwreg,
114 |   output wm2reg,
115 |   output [4:0] wdestreg,
116 |   output [31:0] wr,
117 |   output [31:0] wdo
118 | );
119 |   wire [31:0] add_rs, inst, dinst;
120 |   wire wreg, m2reg, wmem, aluimm, regrt;
121 |   wire [3:0] aluc_dp;
122 |   wire [4:0] dest_reg;
123 |   wire [31:0] qa_dp, qb_dp, imm32;
124 |   wire [31:0] mdo;
125 |   wire [31:0] wb_out;
126 | 
127 | // Module      : Up/Down Counter
128 | // Description : Combinational circuit that generates the next state and LED control signals based on input u
129 | // Input(s)    : 3-bit Current State, 1-bit u
130 | // Output(s)   : 3-bit Next State, 7 1-bit segments of the LED
131 | module counter(input [2:0] q, input u, output reg [2:0] ns, 
132 |        output reg a, output reg b, output reg c, output reg d, output reg e, output reg f, output reg g );
133 |    always @(*)
134 |         begin     
135 |             if (u == 1) begin  
136 |                 if (q == 3'b101) begin
137 |                     ns <= 3'b000;
138 |                 end
139 |                 else begin 
140 |                     ns <= q + 1;
141 |                 end
142 |             end
143 |             else begin 
144 |                 if (q == 3'b000) begin
145 |                     ns <= 3'b101;
146 |                 end
147 |                 else begin 
148 |                     ns <= q - 1;
149 |                 end
150 |             end      
151 |         case(q)
152 |             3'b000: begin
153 |                 g=1'b1;  f=1'b0;  e=1'b0;  d=1'b0;  c=1'b0;  b=1'b0;  a=1'b0;
154 |             end
155 |             3'b001: begin
156 |                 g=1'b1;  f=1'b1;  e=1'b1;  d=1'b1;  c=1'b0;  b=1'b0;  a=1'b1;
157 |             end
158 |             3'b010: begin
159 |                 g=1'b0;  f=1'b1;  e=1'b0;  d=1'b0;  c=1'b1  ;b=1'b0;  a=1'b0;
160 |             end
161 |             3'b011: begin 
162 |                 g=1'b0;  f=1'b1;  e=1'b1;  d=1'b0;  c=1'b0;  b=1'b0;  a=1'b0;
163 |             end
164 |             3'b100: begin
165 |                 g=1'b0;  f=1'b0;  e=1'b1;  d=1'b1;  c=1'b0;  b=1'b0;  a=1'b1;
166 |             end
167 |             3'b101: begin
168 |                 g=1'b0;  f=1'b0;  e=1'b1;  d=1'b0;  c=1'b0;  b=1'b1;  a=1'b0;
169 |             end       
170 |         endcase
171 |    end
172 | endmodule
173 | 
174 | // Module      : Testbench
175 | // Description : Using the test sequence given generate the output of the 7 segment display by calling dff3 and counter modules
176 | module testbench();
177 |     reg clrn_tb;
178 |     reg clk_tb;
179 |     reg u_tb;
180 |     wire [2:0] q_tb;
181 |     wire [2:0] ns_tb;
182 |     wire a,b,c,d,e,f,g;
183 |     dff3 dff3_tb(ns_tb, clrn_tb, clk_tb, q_tb);
184 |     counter counter_tb(q_tb, u_tb, ns_tb, a, b, c, d, e, f, g);
185 |     initial begin
186 |         clrn_tb = 0;        
187 |         clk_tb = 1;
188 |         u_tb = 1; 
189 |         #1 clrn_tb = 1;
190 |         #16 u_tb = 0;        
191 |     end   
192 |     always begin
193 |         #1;
194 |         clk_tb = ~clk_tb;
195 |     end
196 | endmodule
197 | 
198 | module PC_Adder(
199 |   input [31:0] pc,
200 |   output reg [31:0] new
201 | );
202 |   initial begin
203 |     new <= 32'd100;
204 |   end
205 |   always @(pc) begin
206 |     new <= pc + 32'd4;
207 |   end
208 | endmodule
209 | 
210 |   // ===== Lab 4 =====
211 |   wire mwreg, mm2reg, mwmem;
212 |   wire [31:0] mr, mqb;
213 |   wire [4:0] mdestreg;
214 |   wire wwreg, wm2reg;
215 |   wire [31:0] wr, wdo;
216 |   wire [4:0] wdestreg;
217 |   // ===== Lab 4 =====
218 | 
219 | module Register_File(
220 |   input [31:0] dinst_out,
221 |   output reg [31:0] qa,
222 |   output reg [31:0] qb
223 | );
224 |   reg [31:0] registers;
225 |   integer i;
226 | 
227 |   PC pc_dp(clk, add_rs, pc_r);
228 |   PC_Adder adder_dp(pc_r, add_rs);
229 |   InstMem im_dp(pc_r, inst);
230 |   IF_ID ifid_dp(clk, inst, dinst);
231 |   Control_Unit cu_dp(dinst, wreg, m2reg, wmem, aluc_dp, aluimm, regrt);
232 |   Regrt_Multiplexer mult_dp(dinst, regrt, dest_reg);
233 |   Register_File rf_dp(dinst, qa_dp, qb_dp);
234 |   Immediate_Extender ie_dp(dinst, imm32);
235 |   ID_EXE idexe_dp(clk, wreg, m2reg, wmem, aluc_dp, aluimm, dest_reg, qa_dp, qb_dp, imm32, ewreg, em2reg, ewmem, ealuc, ealuimm, edest_reg, eqa, eqb, eimm32);
236 | endmodule
237 | 
238 | 
239 | // Program counter
240 | module PC(
241 |   input clk,
242 |   input [31:0] new_addr,
243 |   output reg [31:0] pc
244 | );
245 |   always @(posedge clk) begin
246 |     pc <= new_addr;
247 |   end
248 | endmodule
249 | 
250 | module Control_Unit(
251 |   // Decomposed into op and func
252 |   input [31:0] dinst_out,
253 |   output reg wreg,
254 |   output reg m2reg,
255 |   output reg wmem,
256 |   output reg [3:0] aluc,
257 |   output reg aluimm,
258 |   output reg regrt
259 | );
260 |   reg [5:0] op;
261 |   reg [5:0] func;
262 |   always @ (dinst_out) begin
263 |     op <= dinst_out[31:26];
264 |     func <= dinst_out[5:0];
265 |     case(op)
266 |       // r-type
267 |       6'b000000: begin
268 |         case(func)
269 |           // TODO
270 |         endcase
271 |       end
272 |       // lw
273 |       6'b100011: begin
274 |         wreg = 1'b1;
275 |         m2reg = 1'b1;
276 |         wmem = 1'b0;
277 |         aluc = 4'b0010;
278 |         aluimm = 1'b1;
279 |         regrt = 1'b1;
280 |       end
281 |     endcase
282 |   end
283 | endmodule
284 | 
285 | module ID_EXE(
286 |   input clk,
287 |   input wreg,
288 |   input m2reg,
289 |   input wmem,
290 |   input [3:0] aluc,
291 |   input aluimm,
292 |   input [4:0] dest_reg,
293 |   input [4:0] qa,
294 |   input [4:0] qb,
295 |   input [31:0] imm32,
296 |   output reg ewreg,
297 |   output reg em2reg,
298 |   output reg ewmem,
299 |   output reg [3:0] ealuc,
300 |   output reg ealuimm, 
301 |   output reg [4:0] edest_reg,
302 |   output reg [31:0] eqa,
303 |   output reg [31:0] eqb,
304 |   output reg [31:0] eimm32
305 | );
306 |   always@(posedge clk) begin
307 |     ewreg <= wreg;
308 |     em2reg <= m2reg;
309 |     ewmem <= wmem;
310 |     ealuc <= aluc;
311 |     ealuimm <= aluimm;
312 |     edest_reg <= dest_reg;
313 |     eqa <= qa;
314 |     eqb <= qb;
315 |     eimm32 <= imm32;
316 |   end
317 | endmodule
318 | 
319 | module ExememPipe(
320 |   input clk,
321 |   input ewreg,
322 |   input em2reg,
323 |   input ewmem,
324 |   input [4:0] edestreg,
325 |   input [31:0] alul_out,
326 |   input [31:0] eqb,
327 |   output reg mwreg,
328 |   output reg mm2reg,
329 |   output reg mwmem,
330 |   output reg [4:0] mdestreg,
331 |   output reg [31:0] mr,
332 |   output reg [31:0] mqb
333 | );
334 |   always @(posedge clk) begin
335 |     mwreg = ewreg;
336 |     mm2reg = em2reg;
337 |     mwmem = ewmem;
338 |     mdestreg = edestreg;
339 |     mr = alul_out;
340 |     mqb = eqb;
341 |   end
342 | endmodule 
343 | 
344 | module ALU_Logic(
345 |   input [31:0] eqa,
346 |   input [31:0] alu_out,
347 |   input [3:0] ealuc,
348 |   output reg [31:0] alul_out
349 | );
350 |   always @(*) begin
351 |     if (ealuc == 4'b0000) begin
352 |       alul_out <= eqa & alu_out;
353 |     end else if (ealuc == 4'b0001) begin
354 |       alul_out <= eqa | alu_out;
355 |     end else if (ealuc == 4'b0010) begin
356 |       alul_out <= eqa + alu_out;
357 |     end else if (ealuc == 4'b0110) begin
358 |       alul_out <= eqa - alu_out;
359 |     end else if (ealuc == 4'b0111) begin
360 |       alul_out <= eqa < alu_out ? 1:0;
361 |     end else if (ealuc == 4'b1100) begin
362 |       alul_out <= ~(eqa | alu_out);
363 |     end
364 |   end
365 | endmodule 
366 | 
367 |   PC pc_dp(clk, add_rs, pc_r);
368 |   PC_Adder adder_dp(pc_r, add_rs);
369 |   InstMem im_dp(pc_r, inst);
370 |   IF_ID ifid_dp(clk, inst, dinst);
371 |   Control_Unit cu_dp(dinst, wreg, m2reg, wmem, aluc_dp, aluimm, regrt);
372 |   Regrt_Multiplexer mult_dp(dinst, regrt, dest_reg);
373 |   Register_File rf_dp(clk, wdestreg, wb_out, wwreg, dinst, qa_dp, qb_dp);
374 |   WriteBack_Mux wb(wm2reg, wr, wdo, wb_out);
375 |   Immediate_Extender ie_dp(dinst, imm32);
376 |   ID_EXE idexe_dp(clk, wreg, m2reg, wmem, aluc_dp, aluimm, dest_reg, qa_dp, qb_dp, imm32, ewreg, em2reg, ewmem, ealuc, ealuimm, edest_reg, eqa, eqb, eimm32);
377 | 
378 | module DataPath(
379 |   input clk,
380 |   output [31:0] pc_r,
381 |   output ewreg,
382 |   output em2reg,
383 |   output ewmem,
384 |   output ealuimm,
385 |   output [3:0] ealuc,
386 |   output [4:0] edest_reg,
387 |   output [31:0] eqa,
388 |   output [31:0] eqb,
389 |   output [31:0] eimm32
390 | );
391 |   wire [31:0] add_rs, inst, dinst;
392 |   wire wreg, m2reg, wmem, aluimm, regrt;
393 |   wire [3:0] aluc_dp;
394 |   wire [4:0] dest_reg;
395 |   wire [31:0] qa_dp, qb_dp, imm32;
396 | 
397 | module MEMWB(
398 |   input clk,
399 |   input mwreg,
400 |   input mm2reg,
401 |   input [4:0] mdestreg,
402 |   input [31:0] mr,
403 |   input [31:0] mdo,
404 |   output reg wwreg,
405 |   output reg wm2reg,
406 |   output reg [4:0] wdestreg,
407 |   output reg [31:0] wr,
408 |   output reg [31:0] wdo
409 | );
410 |   always @(posedge clk) begin
411 |     wwreg = mwreg;
412 |     wm2reg = mm2reg;
413 |     wdestreg = mdestreg;
414 |     wr = mr;
415 |     wdo = mdo;
416 |   end 
417 | endmodule 
418 | 
419 |   // Local states
420 |   reg [31:0] reg_q;
421 |   reg [15:0] reg_r;
422 |   reg [15:0] reg_b;
423 |   reg [4:0] count;
424 | 
425 | `timescale 1ns / 1ps
426 | // Module      : D flip-flop
427 | // Description : At the positive edge of the clock, set the current state based on the clear
428 | // Input(s)    : 3-bit Next State, Clear and Clock
429 | // Output(s)   : 3-bit Current State
430 | module dff3(input [2:0] ns, input clrn, input clk, output reg [2:0] q);
431 |     always @ (posedge clk)
432 |         begin
433 |             if (clrn == 1) begin
434 |                 q <= ns;
435 |             end
436 |             else begin
437 |                 q <= 3'b000;
438 |             end
439 |         end
440 | endmodule
441 | 
442 | module test_bench();
443 |   reg clr, start, clk;
444 |   reg [31:0] a;
445 |   reg [15:0] b;
446 |   wire [31:0] q;
447 |   wire [15:0] r;
448 |   wire busy, ready;
449 |   wire [4:0] count;
450 |   main divider(a, b, q, r, start, clk, clr, busy, ready, count);
451 |   initial begin
452 |     clr <= 0;
453 |     start <= 0;
454 |     // As described in the lab instructions
455 |     a <= 32'h4c7f228a;
456 |     b <= 16'h6a0e;
457 |     clk <= 1;
458 |     // Run simulation
459 |     #5 clr <= 1;
460 |     #0 start <= 1;
461 |     #10 start <= 0;
462 |   end
463 |   always begin
464 |     // Negate the clock
465 |     #5 clk = ~clk;
466 |   end
467 | endmodule
468 | 
469 | 
470 | module WriteBack_Mux(
471 |   input wm2reg,
472 |   input [31:0] wr,
473 |   input [31:0] wdo,
474 |   output reg [31:0] wb_out
475 | );
476 | 	always@(*) begin
477 |     if (wm2reg == 0) begin
478 |       wb_out <= wr;
479 |     end else begin
480 |       wb_out <= wdo;
481 |     end
482 |   end
483 | endmodule
484 | 
485 |   PC pc_dp(clk, add_rs, pc_r);
486 |   PC_Adder adder_dp(pc_r, add_rs);
487 |   InstMem im_dp(pc_r, inst);
488 |   IF_ID ifid_dp(clk, inst, dinst);
489 |   Control_Unit cu_dp(dinst, wreg, m2reg, wmem, aluc_dp, aluimm, regrt);
490 |   Regrt_Multiplexer mult_dp(dinst, regrt, dest_reg);
491 |   Register_File rf_dp(dinst, qa_dp, qb_dp);
492 |   Immediate_Extender ie_dp(dinst, imm32);
493 |   ID_EXE idexe_dp(clk, wreg, m2reg, wmem, aluc_dp, aluimm, dest_reg, qa_dp, qb_dp, imm32, ewreg, em2reg, ewmem, ealuc, ealuimm, edest_reg, eqa, eqb, eimm32);
494 | 
495 |   always @(posedge clk or negedge clr) begin
496 |     if (!clr) begin
497 |       busy <= 0;
498 |       ready <= 0;
499 |     end else begin
500 |       if (start) begin
501 |         // Initialize in parallel
502 |         reg_q <= a;
503 |         reg_b <= b;
504 |         reg_r <= 0;
505 |         busy <= 1;
506 |         ready <= 0;
507 |         count <= 0;
508 |       end else if (busy) begin
509 |          reg_q <= {reg_q[30:0], ~sub_out[16]};
510 |         reg_r <= mux_out;
511 |         count <= count + 5'b1;
512 |         // Computation completed.
513 |         if (count + 1 == 5'b0) begin
514 |           busy <= 0;
515 |           ready <= 1;
516 |         end
517 |       end
518 |     end
519 |   end
520 | endmodule
521 | 
522 | 
523 | module ALU(input [31:0] eqb, input [31:0] eimm32, input ealuimm, output reg [31:0] alu_out);
524 |   always @(*) begin
525 |     if (ealuimm) begin
526 |       alu_out = eimm32;
527 |     end else begin
528 |       alu_out = eqb;
529 |     end
530 |   end
531 | endmodule 
532 | 
533 | `timescale 1ns / 1ps
534 | // Create Date: 2022/03/20 21:22:36
535 | module tb();
536 |   reg clk;
537 |   wire [31:0] pc_r;
538 |   wire ewreg;
539 |   wire em2reg;
540 |   wire ewmem;
541 |   wire ealuimm;
542 |   wire [3:0] ealuc;
543 |   wire [4:0] edest_reg;
544 |   wire [31:0] eimm32, eqa, eqb;
545 |   initial begin
546 |     clk = 1;
547 |   end
548 |   DataPath dp(clk, pc_r, ewreg, em2reg, ewmem, ealuimm, ealuc, edest_reg, eqa, eqb, eimm32);
549 |   always begin
550 |     #5 clk = ~clk;
551 |   end
552 | endmodule
553 | 
554 | 
555 |   initial begin
556 |     for (i = 0; i < 32; i = i + 1) begin
557 |       registers[i] <= 32'b0;
558 |     end
559 |   end
560 | 
561 | module Regrt_Multiplexer(
562 |   input [31:0] dinst_out,
563 |   input regrt,
564 |   output reg [4:0] dest_reg
565 | );
566 |   always @ (*) begin
567 |     if (regrt == 0) begin
568 |       // rd
569 |       dest_reg <= dinst_out[15:11];
570 |     end else begin
571 |       // rt
572 |       dest_reg <= dinst_out[20:16];
573 |     end
574 |   end
575 | endmodule
576 | 
577 | `timescale 1ns / 1ps
578 | // Create Date: 2022/03/20 21:22:36
579 | module tb();
580 |   reg clk;
581 |   wire [31:0] pc_r;
582 |   wire ewreg;
583 |   wire em2reg;
584 |   wire ewmem;
585 |   wire ealuimm;
586 |   wire [3:0] ealuc;
587 |   wire [4:0] edest_reg;
588 |   wire [31:0] eimm32, eqa, eqb;
589 | 
590 |   always @ (dinst_out) begin
591 |     qa <= registers[dinst_out[25:21]];
592 |     qb <= registers[dinst_out[20:16]];
593 |   end
594 | endmodule
595 | 
596 | module IF_ID(input clk, input [31:0] inst_out, output reg [31:0] dinst_out);
597 |   always@(posedge clk)
598 |   begin
599 |     dinst_out <= inst_out;
600 |   end
601 | endmodule
602 | 
603 |   wire [31:0] alu_out;
604 |   wire [31:0] alul_out;
605 |   ALU alu_mux(eqb, eimm32, ealuimm, alu_out);
606 |   ALU_Logic alu(eqa, alu_out, ealuc, alul_out);
607 |   ExememPipe pipe(clk, ewreg, em2reg, ewmem, edestreg, alul_out, eqb, mwreg, mm2reg, mwmem, mdestreg, mr, mqb);
608 |   MEMWB mb(clk, mwreg, mm2reg, mdestreg, mr, mdo, wwreg, wm2reg, wdestreg, wr, wdo);
609 | endmodule
610 | 
611 | 
612 |   initial begin
613 |     clk = 1;
614 |   end
615 |   DataPath dp(clk, pc_r,
616 |     ewreg, em2reg, ewmem, ealuimm, ealuc, edest_reg, eqa, eqb, eimm32,
617 |     mwreg, mm2reg, mwmem, mr, mqb, mdestreg, wwreg, wm2reg, wdestreg, wr, wdo
618 |   );
619 |   always begin
620 |     #5 clk = ~clk;
621 |   end
622 | endmodule
623 | 
624 | 
625 |   // Subtract r and q with 0 and b
626 |   wire [16:0] sub_out = {reg_r, reg_q[31]} - {1'b0, reg_b};
627 |   // Controlled
628 |   wire [15:0] mux_out = sub_out[16] ? {reg_r[14:0], reg_q[31]} : sub_out[15:0];
629 |   assign q = reg_q;
630 |   assign r = reg_r;
631 | 
632 | `timescale 1ns / 1ps
633 | //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
634 | // Company: 
635 | // Engineer: 
636 | // 
637 | // Create Date: 2022/02/06 20:16:41
638 | // Design Name: 
639 | // Module Name: main
640 | // Project Name: Cmpen 331 Lab 1
641 | // Target Devices: As described on PDF
642 | // Description: division
643 | // 
644 | //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
645 | 
646 | module DataMem(input [31:0] mr, input [31:0] mqb, input mwmem, input clk, output reg [31:0] mdo);
647 |   reg [31:0] data [0:63];
648 |   initial begin
649 |       data[0] = 32'hA00000AA;
650 |       data[4] = 32'h10000011;
651 |       data[8] = 32'h20000022;
652 |       data[12] = 32'h30000033;
653 |       data[16] = 32'h40000044;
654 |       data[20] = 32'h50000055;
655 |       data[24] = 32'h60000066;
656 |       data[28] = 32'h70000077;
657 |       data[32] = 32'h80000088;
658 |       data[36] = 32'h90000099;
659 |   end
660 |   always @(*) begin
661 |     mdo = data[mr];
662 |   end
663 |   always @(negedge clk)begin
664 |     if (mwmem == 1) begin
665 |       data[mr] = mqb;
666 |     end
667 |   end
668 | endmodule 
669 | 
670 |   initial begin
671 |     clk = 1;
672 |   end
673 |   DataPath dp(clk,
674 |     // pc_r,
675 |     // ewreg, em2reg, ewmem, ealuimm, ealuc, edest_reg, eqa, eqb, eimm32,
676 |     // mwreg, mm2reg, mwmem, mr, mqb, mdestreg, wwreg, wm2reg, wdestreg,
677 |      wwreg, wm2reg,
678 |  wdestreg,
679 |  wr, wdo
680 |  wbdataout, r_s, r_t, qa, qb,r
681 |   );
682 |   always begin
683 |     #5 clk = ~clk;
684 |   end
685 | endmodule
686 | 
687 | 
688 | // "Instruction memory"
689 | module InstMem(input [31:0] pc, output reg [31:0] inst_out);
690 |   reg [31:0] memory [0:63];
691 |   initial begin
692 |     memory[25] <= 32'b10001100001000100000000000000000;
693 |     memory[26] <= 32'b10001100001000110000000000000100;    
694 |     memory[27] <= 32'b10001100001001000000000000001000;    
695 |     memory[28] <= 32'b10001100001001010000000000001100;    
696 |   end  
697 |   always @ (pc)
698 |   begin
699 |     inst_out <= memory[pc[31:2]];
700 |   end
701 | endmodule
702 | 
703 |   // Implementation details
704 |   input start, clk, clr;
705 |   output reg busy, ready;
706 |   output [4:0] count;
707 | 
708 | `timescale 1ns / 1ps
709 | // Create Date: 2022/03/20 14:43:52
710 | // Design Name: 
711 | 
712 | module main(a, b, q, r, start, clk, clr, busy, ready, count);
713 |   // "Intended to be seen by other modules" I/O
714 |   input [31:0] a;
715 |   input [15:0] b;
716 |   output [31:0] q;
717 |   output [15:0] r;
718 | 
719 | module Control_Unit(
720 |   // Decomposed into op and func
721 |   input [31:0] dinst_out,
722 |   output reg wreg,
723 |   output reg m2reg,
724 |   output reg wmem,
725 |   output reg [3:0] aluc,
726 |   output reg aluimm,
727 |   output reg regrt
728 | );
729 |   reg [5:0] op;
730 |   reg [5:0] func;
731 |   always @ (dinst_out) begin
732 |     op <= dinst_out[31:26];
733 |     func <= dinst_out[5:0];
734 |     case(op)
735 |       // r-type
736 |       6'b000000: begin
737 |         // TODO
738 |       end
739 |       // lw
740 |       6'b100011: begin
741 |         wreg = 1'b1;
742 |         m2reg = 1'b1;
743 |         wmem = 1'b0;
744 |         aluc = 4'b0010;
745 |         aluimm = 1'b1;
746 |         regrt = 1'b1;
747 |       end
748 |     endcase
749 |   end
750 | endmodule


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/files/assembly.c:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   1 | /**
   2 |  * Initialize: returns false on error, true on success.
   3 |  */
   4 | bool mm_init(void) {
   5 |   heap_data = mem_sbrk((intptr_t) align(sizeof(*heap_data)) + 8);
   6 |   if (is_sbrk_invalid(heap_data)) return false;
   7 |   if (DEBUG) printf("Init 88: the heap is being created, heap_data = %p\n", heap_data);
   8 |   heap_data->free_block_count = 0;
   9 |   heap_data->head = NULL;
  10 |   heap_data->tail = NULL;
  11 |   heap_data->last_block = NULL;
  12 |   heap_data->first_block = ((word_t *) heap_data) + 0xFFFF;
  13 |   heap_data->alloc_unit = 1 << 14;
  14 |   word_t *root = grow_heap(0);
  15 |   if (!root) return false;
  16 |   heap_data->first_block = root;
  17 |   heap_data->head = root;
  18 |   return true;
  19 | }
  20 | 
  21 | /**
  22 |  * realloc
  23 |  */
  24 | void *realloc(void *oldptr, size_t size) {
  25 |   if (!size) {
  26 |     free(oldptr);
  27 |     return NULL;
  28 |   }
  29 |   word_t *base_addr = ((word_t *) oldptr) - 1;
  30 |   word_t old_size = information(base_addr).size;
  31 |   if (DEBUG) printf("Realloc: base_addr = %p, size = %zu -> %zu\n", base_addr, old_size, size);
  32 |   if (old_size >= size) {
  33 |     // TODO: for enhancement, we can shrink the block.
  34 |     return oldptr;
  35 |   }
  36 |   // New pointer
  37 |   word_t *atarashi = malloc(size);
  38 |   // Copy old data to new pointer
  39 |   mem_memcpy(atarashi, oldptr, size);
  40 |   free(oldptr);
  41 |   return atarashi;
  42 | }
  43 | 
  44 |   if (already_closed(buffer)) return CLOSED_ERROR;
  45 |   size_t msg_size = my_get_msg_size(data);
  46 | 
  47 | /// Remove base_addr from the free list.
  48 | static void remove_block(const word_t *base_addr) {
  49 |   word_t *ptr_prev = prev_block(base_addr);
  50 |   word_t *ptr_next = next_block(base_addr);
  51 |   // Reconnect
  52 |   insert_before(ptr_prev, ptr_next);
  53 |   // Check head
  54 |   if (heap_data->head == base_addr) {
  55 |     heap_data->head = ptr_next;
  56 |   }
  57 |   // Check tail
  58 |   if (heap_data->tail == base_addr) {
  59 |     heap_data->tail = ptr_prev;
  60 |   }
  61 |   heap_data->free_block_count--;
  62 | }
  63 | 
  64 | JBOD from_command(jbod_cmd_t cmd) {
  65 |   JBOD jbod;
  66 |   jbod.command = cmd;
  67 |   return jbod;
  68 | }
  69 | 
  70 | /**
  71 |  * Returns whether the pointer is aligned.
  72 |  * May be useful for debugging.
  73 |  */
  74 | static bool aligned(const void *p) {
  75 |   size_t ip = (size_t) p;
  76 |   return align(ip) == ip;
  77 | }
  78 | 
  79 | enum buffer_status buffer_receive(state_t *buffer, void **data) {
  80 |   enum buffer_status status;
  81 | 
  82 |   if (!buffer->isopen) {
  83 |     // already closed, unlock in reverse order
  84 |     run_both(pthread_mutex_unlock, &buffer->chmutex, &buffer->chclose);
  85 |     return CLOSED_ERROR;
  86 |   }
  87 |   buffer->isopen = false;
  88 | 
  89 | // Takes an array of integers and the length of the array as input, and returns the smallest integer in the array
  90 | int smallest(int array[], int length) {
  91 | 	// Simple traversal with empty array special case
  92 | 	if (length <= 0) return 0;
  93 | 	int smallest = array[0], i;
  94 | 	for (i = 1; i < length; ++i) smallest = smallest < array[i] ? smallest : array[i];
  95 | 	return smallest;
  96 | }
  97 | 
  98 | // Any formatter will break this gorgeous, beautiful typsetting
  99 | // Please be merciful formatting this document
 100 | bool invalid_state(int disk_num, int block_num, const uint8_t *buf) {
 101 |   return !cache || !buf
 102 |       || disk_num < 0 || block_num < 0
 103 |       || disk_num >= JBOD_NUM_DISKS || block_num >= JBOD_BLOCK_SIZE;
 104 | }
 105 | 
 106 | void cache_print_hit_rate(void) {
 107 |   fprintf(stderr, "Hit rate: %5.1f%%\n", 100 * (float) num_hits / num_queries);
 108 | }
 109 | 
 110 | 
 111 | /// Just a synonym
 112 | int apply_cmd(JBOD cmd, uint8_t *buf) {
 113 |   return jbod_client_operation(*((uint32_t*) &cmd), buf);
 114 | }
 115 | 
 116 |   while (msg_size >= fifo_avail_size(buffer->fifoQ)) {
 117 |     pthread_cond_wait(&buffer->chconsend, &buffer->chmutex);
 118 | 
 119 | #include "cache.h"
 120 | 
 121 | // Two typos in the above comment
 122 | 
 123 | /// Because the teaching team is not capable of using Clang-Tidy
 124 | ///  or realize that this is a narrowing conversion, we have our own version
 125 | ///  of get_msg_size
 126 | size_t my_get_msg_size(char *data) {
 127 |   return sizeof(int) + strlen(data) + 1;
 128 | }
 129 | 
 130 |   if (BUFFER_SUCCESS == (status = buffer_add_Q(buffer, data))) {
 131 |     pthread_cond_signal(&buffer->chconrec);
 132 |   }
 133 | 
 134 |   uint8_t cache[JBOD_BLOCK_SIZE];
 135 |   uint32_t read_len = len;
 136 |   while (read_len > 0) {
 137 |     if (cached_read(cache, cmd, true)) return -1;
 138 |     uint32_t current_read_len = read_len > JBOD_BLOCK_SIZE ? JBOD_BLOCK_SIZE : read_len;
 139 |     if (block_offset > 0) {
 140 |       uint32_t max_can_read = JBOD_BLOCK_SIZE - block_offset;
 141 |       if (max_can_read < current_read_len) current_read_len = max_can_read;
 142 |       memcpy(buf, cache + block_offset, current_read_len);
 143 |       block_offset = 0;
 144 |     } else memcpy(buf, cache, current_read_len);
 145 |     buf += current_read_len;
 146 |     read_len -= current_read_len;
 147 |     if (inc_block(&cmd)) return -1;
 148 |   }
 149 |   return len;
 150 | }
 151 | 
 152 | /// Just a wrapper of unpack
 153 | static block_info information(const word_t *base_addr) {
 154 |   return unpack(*base_addr);
 155 | }
 156 | 
 157 | /// Modify the pointer to the previous block.
 158 | inline static void modify_prev(word_t *base_addr, const word_t *pointed_addr) {
 159 |   *(base_addr + 2) = (word_t) pointed_addr;
 160 | }
 161 | 
 162 | // Frees all the memory allocated to the buffer , using own version of sem flags
 163 | // The caller is responsible for calling buffer_close and waiting for all threads to finish their tasks before calling buffer_destroy
 164 | // Returns BUFFER_SUCCESS if destroy is successful,
 165 | // DESTROY_ERROR if buffer_destroy is called on an open buffer, and
 166 | // BUFFER_ERROR in any other error case
 167 | 
 168 |   // lock mutex for close and buffer
 169 |   run_both(pthread_mutex_lock, &buffer->chclose, &buffer->chmutex);
 170 | 
 171 | /// Insert ptr_middle to the place before ptr_next (usually heap_data->head).
 172 | static void insert_before(word_t *ptr_middle, word_t *ptr_next) {
 173 |   if (ptr_middle) modify_next(ptr_middle, ptr_next);
 174 |   if (ptr_next) {
 175 |     modify_prev(ptr_next, ptr_middle);
 176 |     // (*heap_data).head
 177 |     if (heap_data->head == ptr_next && ptr_middle) {
 178 |       heap_data->head = ptr_middle;
 179 |     }
 180 |   } else if (ptr_middle) {
 181 |     heap_data->tail = ptr_middle;
 182 |   }
 183 | }
 184 | 
 185 | // A naive algorithm for testing prime numbers
 186 | int is_prime(int n) {
 187 | 	int i;
 188 | 	if (n < 0) return 0;
 189 | 	for (i = 2; i * i <= n; ++i)
 190 | 		// Not a prime
 191 | 		if (n % i == 0) return 0;
 192 | 	// Is a prime
 193 | 	return 1;
 194 | }
 195 | 
 196 |   // wait for messages
 197 |   while (buffer->fifoQ->avilSize >= buffer->fifoQ->size) {
 198 |     pthread_cond_wait(&buffer->chconrec, &buffer->chmutex);
 199 | 
 200 | /// Inserts a block into the free list, between ptr_prev and ptr_next.
 201 | static void insert(word_t *ptr_middle, word_t *ptr_prev, word_t *ptr_next) {
 202 |   if (ptr_middle) {
 203 |     modify_prev(ptr_middle, ptr_prev);
 204 |     if (ptr_prev) {
 205 |       modify_next(ptr_prev, ptr_middle);
 206 |     } else {
 207 |       heap_data->head = ptr_middle;
 208 |     }
 209 |   }
 210 |   insert_before(ptr_middle, ptr_next);
 211 | }
 212 | 
 213 | /**
 214 |  * malloc
 215 |  */
 216 | void *malloc(size_t size) {
 217 |   if (size == 0) return NULL;
 218 |   // Translate from bytes to words
 219 |   size = align(size) / 8 + INFO_SIZE;
 220 |   if (DEBUG) printf("Malloc: size in words: %zu\n", size);
 221 |   // From now on, size is the size of the requested block.
 222 |   word_t *ptr = heap_data->head;
 223 |   block_info info;
 224 |   // Trick: the first free block available
 225 |   word_t *ptr_first = NULL;
 226 |   block_info info_first;
 227 |   // This initialization is useless, we write it to make gcc happy
 228 |   info_first.size = 0;
 229 |   info_first.occupied = 0;
 230 |   while (true) {
 231 |     // Just in case the head is also null, we check it first
 232 |     if (!ptr) {
 233 |       // Only one block is available
 234 |       if (ptr_first) {
 235 |         ptr = ptr_first;
 236 |         info = info_first;
 237 |         break;
 238 |       }
 239 |       ptr = grow_heap(size);
 240 |     }
 241 |     if (!ptr) return NULL;
 242 |     info = information(ptr);
 243 |     // Lucky
 244 |     if (info.size >= size) {
 245 |       if (!ptr_first) {
 246 |         // This is the first block we've found
 247 |         ptr_first = ptr;
 248 |         info_first = info;
 249 |       } else {
 250 |         // Found 2 blocks, choose the smaller one
 251 |         if (info_first.size < info.size) {
 252 |           ptr = ptr_first;
 253 |           info = info_first;
 254 |         }
 255 |         break;
 256 |       }
 257 |     }
 258 |     ptr = next_block(ptr);
 259 |   }
 260 |   if (!heap_data->head) heap_data->head = ptr;
 261 |   if (DEBUG) printf("Malloc: chosen ptr = %p, size = %lu, occ = %i\n", ptr, info.size, info.occupied);
 262 |   // info.size - size is always positive
 263 |   size_t rest_size = info.size - size;
 264 |   if (rest_size <= MIN_BLOCK_SIZE) {
 265 |     // Do not split the block.
 266 |     remove_block(ptr);
 267 |     modify_size_info(ptr, info.size, true);
 268 |   } else {
 269 |     // Split the block.
 270 |     word_t *rest = ptr + size / sizeof(char);
 271 |     modify_size_info(ptr, size, true);
 272 |     modify_size_info(rest, rest_size, false);
 273 |     replace(ptr, rest);
 274 |     if (heap_data->tail == ptr) {
 275 |       heap_data->tail = rest;
 276 |     }
 277 |   }
 278 |   return ptr + 1;
 279 | }
 280 | 
 281 |     // the thread is woken up, check whether buffer closed
 282 |     if (already_closed(buffer)) return CLOSED_ERROR;
 283 |   }
 284 | 
 285 | /// We separate size and "a" (occupied) from allocator.
 286 | static block_info unpack(word_t word) {
 287 |   block_info info;
 288 |   info.occupied = word & 1;
 289 |   info.size = info.occupied ? word - 1:word;
 290 |   return info;
 291 | }
 292 | 
 293 | /*
 294 |  * mm.c
 295 |  *
 296 |  * NAMES:
 297 |  *
 298 |  * The whole file is written by , , and .
 299 |  * The whole project realizes functions such as malloc, free, realloc, calloc, and memalign.
 300 |  * The project also includes a function to print the heap.
 301 |  * We debug based on checkpoint files and gdb commands.
 302 |  * Implementation method:
 303 |  *  + Data structure: implicit list of blocks + explicit free list
 304 |     + Alignment: 16 bytes, or 2 words
 305 |     + Coalesces adjacent free blocks
 306 |     + Check heap function validates the linked list and the consecutive-ness of the blocks
 307 |     + Malloc splits block if the available block is very large, using a first-fit strategy
 308 |  */
 309 | 
 310 | /* sends the JBOD operation to the server (use the send_packet function) and receives 
 311 | (use the recv_packet function) and processes the response. 
 312 | 
 313 |     if (already_closed(buffer)) return CLOSED_ERROR;
 314 |   }
 315 | 
 316 | ///Used for debugging.
 317 | static struct {
 318 |   uint32_t free_block_count;
 319 |   word_t *head;
 320 |   word_t *tail;
 321 |   word_t *first_block;
 322 |   word_t *last_block;
 323 |   word_t alloc_unit;
 324 | } *heap_data;
 325 | 
 326 | int mdadm_unmount(void) {
 327 |   monad_apply(from_command(JBOD_UNMOUNT), NULL);
 328 |   return 1;
 329 | }
 330 | 
 331 | #include <stdlib.h>
 332 | #include <string.h>
 333 | #include <stdio.h>
 334 | 
 335 | int mdadm_write(uint32_t addr, uint32_t len, const uint8_t *buf) {
 336 |   // printf("addr = %u, len = %u\n", addr, len);
 337 |   if (addr < 0 || addr + len > 1048576 || len > 1024) return -1;
 338 |   if (!len) return len;
 339 |   if (!buf) return -1;
 340 | 
 341 | // Sorts an array in descending order
 342 | void sort(int array[], int length) {
 343 | 	// Bubble sort, using swap I implemented just now :)
 344 | 	int i, j;
 345 | 	for (i = 0; i < length - 1; ++i)
 346 | 		for (j = 0; j < length - i - 1; j++)
 347 | 			if (array[j] < array[j + 1])
 348 | 					swap(array + j, array + j + 1);
 349 | }
 350 | 
 351 | /// Information about a block, see unpack.
 352 | typedef struct {
 353 |   word_t size;
 354 |   bool occupied;
 355 | } block_info;
 356 | 
 357 | #define unpack(cmd) cmd.disk_id, cmd.block_id
 358 | void cached_write(const uint8_t *buf, JBOD cmd) {
 359 |   if (!cache_enabled()) return;
 360 |   if (cache_insert(unpack(cmd), buf) == -1)
 361 |     cache_update(unpack(cmd), buf);
 362 | }
 363 | 
 364 | // Takes an array of integers and the length of the array as input and double every positive element of the array that is an Armstrong number.
 365 | void double_armstrongs(int array[], int length) {
 366 | 	int i;
 367 | 	for (i = 0; i < length; ++i) if (is_arm(array[i])) array[i] = 2 * (array[i]);
 368 | }
 369 | 
 370 | int seek(JBOD cmd) {
 371 |   cmd.command = JBOD_SEEK_TO_DISK;
 372 |   monad_apply(cmd, NULL);
 373 |   cmd.command = JBOD_SEEK_TO_BLOCK;
 374 |   monad_apply(cmd, NULL);
 375 |   return 0;
 376 | }
 377 | 
 378 | /// Given A's pointer, returns the address of the next block.
 379 | static word_t *next_block(const word_t *base_addr) {
 380 |   return *(word_t **) (base_addr + 1);
 381 | }
 382 | 
 383 | int inc_block(JBOD *cmd) {
 384 |   cmd->block_id++;
 385 |   if (!cmd->block_id) {
 386 |     cmd->disk_id++;
 387 |     if (seek(*cmd)) return -1;
 388 |   }
 389 |   return 0;
 390 | }
 391 | 
 392 | JBOD compute_cmd(uint32_t addr, uint32_t len) {
 393 |   JBOD cmd;
 394 |   cmd.disk_id = addr / JBOD_DISK_SIZE;
 395 |   cmd.block_id = (addr % JBOD_DISK_SIZE) / JBOD_BLOCK_SIZE;
 396 |   return cmd;
 397 | }
 398 | 
 399 | /**
 400 |  * mm_checkheap
 401 |  * Validates a heap.
 402 |  */
 403 | bool mm_checkheap(int lineno) {
 404 |   if (!heap_data) return true;
 405 |   return !(check_free_blocks(lineno) || check_heap(lineno));
 406 | }
 407 | 
 408 | /** rounds up to the nearest multiple of ALIGNMENT */
 409 | static size_t align(size_t x) {
 410 |   return ALIGNMENT * ((x + ALIGNMENT - 1) / ALIGNMENT);
 411 | }
 412 | 
 413 | /// Modify the pointer to the next block.
 414 | inline static void modify_next(word_t *base_addr, const word_t *pointed_addr) {
 415 |   *(base_addr + 1) = (word_t) pointed_addr;
 416 | }
 417 | 
 418 | // Returns 0 on success
 419 | int cached_read(uint8_t *buf, JBOD cmd, bool insert) {
 420 |   if (cache_lookup(unpack(cmd), buf) == -1) {
 421 |     // Lookup cache failed
 422 |     if (seek(cmd)) return -1;
 423 |     monad_apply(from_command(JBOD_READ_BLOCK), buf);
 424 |     // If lookup failed, it means a cache miss, we update cache to reflect that
 425 |     if (insert) cached_write(buf, cmd);
 426 |   }
 427 |   return 0;
 428 | }
 429 | 
 430 | /* disconnects from the server and resets cli_sd */
 431 | void jbod_disconnect(void) {
 432 |   close(cli_sd);
 433 |   cli_sd = -1;
 434 | }
 435 | 
 436 | #define apply_data(i, buf) \
 437 |   memcpy(cache[i].block, buf, JBOD_BLOCK_SIZE); \
 438 |   cache[i].access_time = clock++; \
 439 |   cache[i].valid = true; \
 440 |   cache[i].disk_num = disk_num; \
 441 |   cache[i].block_num = block_num;
 442 | 
 443 |   uint8_t cache[JBOD_BLOCK_SIZE];
 444 |   uint32_t write_len = len;
 445 |   while (write_len > 0) {
 446 |     if (block_offset > 0 || write_len < JBOD_BLOCK_SIZE) {
 447 |       if (cached_read(cache, cmd, false)) return -1;
 448 |       if (seek(cmd)) return -1;
 449 |     }
 450 |     uint32_t current_write_len = write_len > JBOD_BLOCK_SIZE ? JBOD_BLOCK_SIZE : write_len;
 451 |     if (block_offset > 0) {
 452 |       uint32_t max_can_read = JBOD_BLOCK_SIZE - block_offset;
 453 |       if (max_can_read < current_write_len) current_write_len = max_can_read;
 454 |       memcpy(cache + block_offset, buf, current_write_len);
 455 |       block_offset = 0;
 456 |     } else memcpy(cache, buf, current_write_len);
 457 |     monad_apply(from_command(JBOD_WRITE_BLOCK), cache);
 458 |     cached_write(cache, cmd);
 459 |     buf += current_write_len;
 460 |     write_len -= current_write_len;
 461 |     if (inc_block(&cmd)) return -1;
 462 |   }
 463 |   return len;
 464 | }
 465 | 
 466 | void cache_update(int disk_num, int block_num, const uint8_t *buf) {
 467 |   cache_entry_t *entry = find_cache(disk_num, block_num);
 468 |   if (entry) {
 469 |     memcpy(entry->block, buf, JBOD_BLOCK_SIZE);
 470 |     entry->access_time = clock++;
 471 |   }
 472 | }
 473 | 
 474 | #include "mm.h"
 475 | #include "memlib.h"
 476 | 
 477 | }
 478 | 
 479 | /* the client socket descriptor for the connection to the server */
 480 | int cli_sd = -1;
 481 | 
 482 | /// Check the return value of sbrk
 483 | static bool is_sbrk_invalid(void *ptr) {
 484 |   return ptr == (void *) -1;
 485 | }
 486 | 
 487 |   return status;
 488 | }
 489 | 
 490 |   if (already_closed(buffer)) return CLOSED_ERROR;
 491 | 
 492 | /* do not change the following! */
 493 | #ifdef DRIVER
 494 | /* create aliases for driver tests */
 495 | #define malloc mm_malloc
 496 | #define free mm_free
 497 | #define realloc mm_realloc
 498 | #define calloc mm_calloc
 499 | #define memset mem_memset
 500 | #define memcpy mem_memcpy
 501 | #endif /* DRIVER */
 502 | 
 503 | /// As the name suggests :)
 504 | /// Assumes: ptr is already in the free list
 505 | static word_t *free_and_coalesce(word_t *ptr, word_t size) {
 506 |   heap_data->free_block_count++;
 507 |   word_t *ptr_prev = ptr > heap_data->first_block ? ptr - information(ptr - 1).size : NULL;
 508 |   word_t *ptr_next = ptr < heap_data->last_block ? ptr + size : NULL;
 509 |   word_t prev_size = release_free_block(ptr_prev);
 510 |   // What is the size of the coalesced block?
 511 |   word_t new_size = size + prev_size + release_free_block(ptr_next);
 512 |   // What is the starting address of the coalesced block?
 513 |   word_t *base_addr = prev_size > 0 ? ptr_prev : ptr;
 514 |   if (DEBUG && new_size != size) {
 515 |     printf("Coalesce: at %p -> %p, size %lu -> %lu\n", ptr, base_addr, size, new_size);
 516 |   }
 517 |   // Refresh the size information
 518 |   modify_size_info(base_addr, new_size, false);
 519 |   // Add the new block to the head
 520 |   if (base_addr != heap_data->head)
 521 |     insert_before(base_addr, heap_data->head);
 522 |   // The "prev" of the new head is NULL, of course
 523 |   modify_prev(base_addr, NULL);
 524 |   return base_addr;
 525 | }
 526 | 
 527 | bool already_closed(const state_t *buffer) {
 528 |   if (!buffer->isopen) {
 529 |     pthread_mutex_unlock(&buffer->chmutex);
 530 |     return true;
 531 |   }
 532 |   return false;
 533 | }
 534 | 
 535 |   return BUFFER_SUCCESS;
 536 | 
 537 | /* Lab- 1 Due by 11th Feb 2022
 538 |    Make sure your code looks clean
 539 |    Write comments with your code
 540 |    Do not foget to 'push' your code github reglarly
 541 |    */
 542 | 
 543 |   JBOD cmd = compute_cmd(addr, len);
 544 |   uint32_t block_offset = addr % JBOD_BLOCK_SIZE;
 545 |   if (seek(cmd)) return -1;
 546 | 
 547 | int cache_destroy(void) {
 548 |   if (!cache) return -1;
 549 |   free(cache);
 550 |   cache = NULL;
 551 |   cache_size = 0;
 552 |   return 1;
 553 | }
 554 | 
 555 | // Takes an array of integers and the length of the array as input, and returns the sum of the integers in the array.
 556 | int sum(int array[], int length)  {
 557 | 	// Straightforward logic
 558 | 	int all = 0, i;
 559 | 	for (i = 0; i < length; ++i) all += array[i];
 560 | 	return all;
 561 | }
 562 | 
 563 | bool cache_enabled(void) {
 564 |   return cache_size >= 2;
 565 | }
 566 | 
 567 | #include "buffer.h"
 568 | 
 569 | /**
 570 |  * free
 571 |  */
 572 | void free(void *ptr) {
 573 |   word_t *base_addr = ((word_t *) ptr) - 1;
 574 |   block_info info = information(base_addr);
 575 |   if (DEBUG) printf("Free: base_addr = %p, size = %zu, occ = %i\n", base_addr, info.size, info.occupied);
 576 |   free_and_coalesce(base_addr, info.size);
 577 | }
 578 | 
 579 | int mdadm_mount(void) {
 580 |   monad_apply(from_command(JBOD_MOUNT), NULL);
 581 |   return 1;
 582 | }
 583 | 
 584 | // const size_t LARGE_UNIT = 2048;
 585 | /// In case size==0, we grow by a default size.
 586 | /// Assume the unit of size is word.
 587 | static word_t *grow_heap(size_t words) {
 588 |   // If the last block is free, we may request a
 589 |   // smaller block and coalease to get an appropriate block
 590 |   if (heap_data->last_block) {
 591 |     block_info info = information(heap_data->last_block);
 592 |     if (!info.occupied && info.size < words) {
 593 |       words -= info.size;
 594 |     }
 595 |   }
 596 |   // How many bytes to sbrk when the heapsize is not enough?
 597 |   if (words <= heap_data->alloc_unit) words = heap_data->alloc_unit;
 598 |   // if (heap_data->alloc_unit == (1 << 15)) heap_data->alloc_unit = 1 << 14;
 599 |   // else if (words <= LARGE_UNIT) words = LARGE_UNIT;
 600 |   // else: words = words
 601 |   if (DEBUG) printf("Grow: words = %zu\n", words);
 602 |   word_t *ptr = mem_sbrk((intptr_t) (words * sizeof(word_t)));
 603 |   if (is_sbrk_invalid(ptr)) return NULL;
 604 |   heap_data->last_block = ptr;
 605 |   return free_and_coalesce(ptr, words);
 606 | }
 607 | 
 608 |   pthread_mutex_unlock(&buffer->chmutex);
 609 | 
 610 | static cache_entry_t *cache = NULL;
 611 | static int cache_size = 0;
 612 | static int clock = 0;
 613 | static int num_queries = 0;
 614 | static int num_hits = 0;
 615 | 
 616 | #endif
 617 | 
 618 | 
 619 | /* attempts to connect to server and set the global cli_sd variable to the
 620 |  * socket; returns true if successful and false if not. 
 621 |  * this function will be invoked by tester to connect to the server at given ip and port.
 622 |  * you will not call it in mdadm.c
 623 | */
 624 | bool jbod_connect(const char *ip, uint16_t port) {
 625 |   cli_sd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
 626 |   if (cli_sd < 0) return false;
 627 |   struct sockaddr_in serv_addr;
 628 |   serv_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
 629 |   serv_addr.sin_port = htons(port);
 630 |   if (!inet_aton(ip, &serv_addr.sin_addr))
 631 |     return false;
 632 |   return !connect(cli_sd, (const struct sockaddr *) &serv_addr, sizeof(serv_addr));
 633 | }
 634 | 
 635 | /// Prints a heap.
 636 | void print_free_blocks(int lineno) {
 637 |   printf("Check: at line %i ==============\n", lineno);
 638 |   for (word_t *node = heap_data->head; node;) {
 639 |     block_info info = information(node);
 640 |     printf("Node at: %p, size = %7lu, occ = %i", node, info.size, info.occupied);
 641 |     if (!info.occupied) {
 642 |       word_t *next = next_block(node);
 643 |       printf(", next = %p, prev = %p\n", next, prev_block(node));
 644 |       if (next && next != node) node = next;
 645 |       else break;
 646 |     } else {
 647 |       puts("");
 648 |       break;
 649 |     }
 650 |   }
 651 |   printf("Heap tail: %p\n", heap_data->tail);
 652 | }
 653 | 
 654 | // Takes pointers to two integers and swaps the values of integers
 655 | void swap(int *a, int *b) {
 656 | 	// The obvious implementation
 657 | 	int t = *a;
 658 | 	*a = *b;
 659 | 	*b = t;
 660 | }
 661 | 
 662 | // 
 663 | // @psu.edu
 664 | 
 665 | /// Returns the address of the previous block.
 666 | static word_t *prev_block(const word_t *base_addr) {
 667 |   return *(word_t **) (base_addr + 2);
 668 | }
 669 | 
 670 | #include <assert.h>
 671 | #include <stdio.h>
 672 | #include <stdlib.h>
 673 | #include <string.h>
 674 | #include <unistd.h>
 675 | #include <stdbool.h>
 676 | #include <stdint.h>
 677 | 
 678 | /** What is the correct alignment? */
 679 | const size_t ALIGNMENT = 16;
 680 | typedef uint64_t word_t;
 681 | /// Size of two words, at the beginning and the end of the block.
 682 | const size_t INFO_SIZE = 2;
 683 | /// Size of an empty block.
 684 | const size_t MIN_BLOCK_SIZE = 4;
 685 | const bool DEBUG = false;
 686 | 
 687 | int cache_insert(int disk_num, int block_num, const uint8_t *buf) {
 688 |   if (invalid_state(disk_num, block_num, buf)) return -1;
 689 |   int index = 0;
 690 |   int oldest_clock = clock;
 691 |   for_caches(i) {
 692 |     if (block_matches(i)) {
 693 |       // Found an existing cache
 694 |       return -1;
 695 |     } else if (!cache[i].valid) {
 696 |       // Still have space for new caches
 697 |       apply_data(i, buf);
 698 |       return 1;
 699 |     } else {
 700 |       int new_clock = cache[i].access_time;
 701 |       if (new_clock < oldest_clock) {
 702 |         index = i;
 703 |         oldest_clock = new_clock;
 704 |       }
 705 |     }
 706 |   }
 707 |   // Overwrite an old cache
 708 |   apply_data(index, buf);
 709 |   return 1;
 710 | }
 711 | 
 712 | #include <stdio.h>
 713 | #include <string.h>
 714 | #include <assert.h>
 715 | 
 716 | // Closes the buffer and informs all the blocking send/receive/select calls to return with CLOSED_ERROR
 717 | // Once the buffer is closed, send/receive/select operations will cease to function and just return CLOSED_ERROR
 718 | // Returns BUFFER_SUCCESS if close is successful,
 719 | // CLOSED_ERROR if the buffer is already closed, and
 720 | // BUFFER_ERROR in any other error case
 721 | enum buffer_status buffer_close(state_t *buffer) {
 722 | 
 723 |   // receive messages
 724 |   if (BUFFER_SUCCESS == (status = buffer_remove_Q(buffer, data))) {
 725 |     // check whether is special message
 726 |     if (strcmp((const char *) data, "splmsg") == 0) {
 727 |       puts("Special message. What?");
 728 |       status = BUFFER_SPECIAL_MESSSAGE;
 729 |     }
 730 | 
 731 | The meaning of each parameter is the same as in the original jbod_operation function. 
 732 | return: 0 means success, -1 means failure.
 733 | */
 734 | #define BOKI_WRITE(msg) write(cli_sd, &msg, sizeof(msg))
 735 | #define BOKI_READ(msg) if (read(cli_sd, &msg, sizeof(msg)) <= 0) return -1;
 736 | int jbod_client_operation(uint32_t op, uint8_t *block) {
 737 |   uint16_t length;
 738 |   op = htonl(op);
 739 |   uint16_t ret_code = htons(0);
 740 |   if (block) { // block != NULL
 741 |     length = htons(HEADER_LEN + JBOD_BLOCK_SIZE);
 742 |     BOKI_WRITE(length);
 743 |     BOKI_WRITE(op);
 744 |     BOKI_WRITE(ret_code);
 745 |     write(cli_sd, block, JBOD_BLOCK_SIZE);
 746 |   } else {
 747 |     length = htons(HEADER_LEN);
 748 |     BOKI_WRITE(length);
 749 |     BOKI_WRITE(op);
 750 |     BOKI_WRITE(ret_code);
 751 |   }
 752 |   BOKI_READ(length);
 753 |   BOKI_READ(op);
 754 |   BOKI_READ(ret_code);
 755 |   length = ntohs(length);
 756 |   ret_code = ntohs(ret_code);
 757 |   if (length > HEADER_LEN) {
 758 |     // printf("Len = %u\n", length);
 759 |     read(cli_sd, block, JBOD_BLOCK_SIZE);
 760 |   }
 761 |   return 0;
 762 | }
 763 | 
 764 | 
 765 | /// A reconstruction of uint32_t that fits our need
 766 | typedef struct {
 767 |   uint32_t block_id : 8;
 768 |   uint32_t reserved : 14;
 769 |   uint32_t disk_id : 4;
 770 |   jbod_cmd_t command : 6;
 771 | } JBOD;
 772 | 
 773 | #include "mdadm.h"
 774 | #include "jbod.h"
 775 | #include "net.h"
 776 | 
 777 | /// Remove the block from linked list when necessary
 778 | /// Returns: the released block size,
 779 | ///  positive if ptr != null and it is free
 780 | ///  0 if ptr == null or it is occupied
 781 | static word_t release_free_block(word_t *ptr) {
 782 |   if (!ptr) return 0;
 783 |   block_info info = information(ptr);
 784 |   if (!info.occupied) {
 785 |     remove_block(ptr);
 786 |     return info.size;
 787 |   }
 788 |   return 0;
 789 | }
 790 | 
 791 | // Writes data to the given buffer
 792 | // This is a blocking call i.e., the function only returns on a successful completion of send
 793 | // In case the buffer is full, the function waits till the buffer has space to write the new data
 794 | // Returns BUFFER_SUCCESS for successfully writing data to the buffer,
 795 | // CLOSED_ERROR if the buffer is closed, and
 796 | // BUFFER_ERROR on encountering any other generic error of any sort
 797 | enum buffer_status buffer_send(state_t *buffer, void *data) {
 798 |   enum buffer_status status;
 799 |   pthread_mutex_lock(&buffer->chmutex);
 800 | 
 801 | // Power helpers
 802 | int sq(int i) { return i * i; }
 803 | int cb(int i) { return i * i * i; }
 804 | int pwr(int n, int i) { return i ? n * pwr(n, i - 1) : 1; }
 805 | 
 806 | #define for_caches(i) \
 807 |   int i;              \
 808 |   for (i = 0; i < cache_size; ++i)
 809 | #define block_matches(i) \
 810 |   cache[i].valid && cache[i].block_num == block_num &&cache[i].disk_num == disk_num
 811 | 
 812 | /**
 813 |  * Returns whether the pointer is in the heap.
 814 |  * May be useful for debugging.
 815 |  */
 816 | static bool in_heap(const void *p) {
 817 |   return p <= mem_heap_hi() && p >= mem_heap_lo();
 818 | }
 819 | 
 820 | int cache_lookup(int disk_num, int block_num, uint8_t *buf) {
 821 |   if (invalid_state(disk_num, block_num, buf)) return -1;
 822 |   num_queries++;
 823 |   cache_entry_t *entry = find_cache(disk_num, block_num);
 824 |   if (entry) {
 825 |     memcpy(buf, entry->block, JBOD_BLOCK_SIZE);
 826 |     entry->access_time = clock++;
 827 |     num_hits++;
 828 |     return 1;
 829 |   } else
 830 |     return -1;
 831 | }
 832 | 
 833 | // Creates a buffer with the given capacity
 834 | state_t *buffer_create(int capacity) {
 835 |   state_t *buffer = (state_t *) malloc(sizeof(state_t));
 836 |   buffer->fifoQ = (fifo_t *) malloc(sizeof(fifo_t));
 837 |   fifo_init(buffer->fifoQ, capacity);
 838 |   buffer->isopen = true;
 839 |   if (pthread_mutex_init(&buffer->chclose, NULL)
 840 |       && pthread_cond_init(&buffer->chconsend, NULL)
 841 |       && pthread_mutex_init(&buffer->chmutex, NULL)
 842 |       && pthread_cond_init(&buffer->chconrec, NULL) != 0) {
 843 |     puts("Failed to initialize buffer");
 844 |     // Don't expect this to happen
 845 |   }
 846 |   return buffer;
 847 | }
 848 | 
 849 |   // wake up all threads and close them
 850 |   run_both(pthread_cond_broadcast, &buffer->chconsend, &buffer->chconrec);
 851 |   run_both(pthread_mutex_unlock, &buffer->chmutex, &buffer->chclose);
 852 | 
 853 | /// A monadic syntax for applying a command
 854 | #define monad_apply(cmd, buf) { if (apply_cmd(cmd, buf)) return -1; }
 855 | 
 856 | // Rotate values of integers
 857 | void rotate(int *a, int *b, int *c) {
 858 | 	// What else can I do
 859 | 	swap(a, b);
 860 | 	swap(a, c);
 861 | }
 862 | 
 863 |     pthread_cond_signal(&buffer->chconsend);
 864 |   }
 865 | 
 866 |   pthread_mutex_lock(&buffer->chmutex);
 867 | 
 868 |   return status;
 869 | }
 870 | // test_send_correctness 1
 871 | // Reads data from the given buffer and stores it in the function’s input parameter, data (Note that it is a double pointer).
 872 | // This is a blocking call i.e., the function only returns on a successful completion of receive
 873 | // In case the buffer is empty, the function waits till the buffer has some data to read
 874 | // Return BUFFER_SPECIAL_MESSSAGE for successful retrieval of special data "splmsg"
 875 | // Returns BUFFER_SUCCESS for successful retrieval of any data other than "splmsg"
 876 | // CLOSED_ERROR if the buffer is closed, and
 877 | // BUFFER_ERROR on encountering any other generic error of any sort
 878 | 
 879 | int cache_create(int num_entries) {
 880 |   if (cache || num_entries < 2 || num_entries > 4096) return -1;
 881 |   size_t size = sizeof(cache_entry_t) * num_entries;
 882 |   cache = malloc(size);
 883 |   memset(cache, 0, size);
 884 |   cache_size = num_entries;
 885 |   clock = 0;
 886 |   return 1;
 887 | }
 888 | 
 889 | /// Replace base_addr with new_addr in the free list.
 890 | static void replace(const word_t *base_addr, word_t *new_addr) {
 891 |   word_t *ptr_prev = prev_block(base_addr);
 892 |   word_t *ptr_next = next_block(base_addr);
 893 |   // Reconnect
 894 |   insert(new_addr, ptr_prev, ptr_next);
 895 | }
 896 | 
 897 | int is_arm(int n) {
 898 | 	if (n <= 0) return 0;
 899 | 	int all = 0, m = n, pw = 0;
 900 | 	// Calculate pw: the number of digits in n
 901 | 	while (m) { ++pw; m /= 10; }
 902 | 	m = n;
 903 | 	while (n > 0) {
 904 | 		// Sum up
 905 | 		all += pwr(n % 10, pw);
 906 | 		n /= 10;
 907 | 	}
 908 | 	// Is it armstrong?
 909 | 	return all == m;
 910 | }
 911 | 
 912 | cache_entry_t *find_cache(int disk_num, int block_num) {
 913 |   for_caches(i) {
 914 |     if (block_matches(i))
 915 |       return &cache[i];
 916 |   }
 917 |   return NULL;
 918 | }
 919 | 
 920 | #include <stdbool.h>
 921 | #include <stdlib.h>
 922 | #include <string.h>
 923 | #include <unistd.h>
 924 | #include <stdio.h>
 925 | #include <errno.h>
 926 | #include <err.h>
 927 | #include <sys/socket.h>
 928 | #include <sys/types.h>
 929 | #include <arpa/inet.h>
 930 | #include "net.h"
 931 | #include "jbod.h"
 932 | // #include <assert.h>
 933 | // static_assert(sizeof(MsgHead) == HEADER_LEN);
 934 | 
 935 | //Takes an array of integers and the length of the array as input and cubes  every prime element of the array
 936 | void cube_primes(int array[], int length) {
 937 | 	int i;
 938 | 	for (i = 0; i < length; ++i) if (is_prime(array[i])) array[i] = cb(array[i]);
 939 | }
 940 | 
 941 | /**
 942 |  * calloc
 943 |  * This function is not tested by mdriver, and has been implemented for you.
 944 |  */
 945 | void *calloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size) {
 946 |   void *ptr;
 947 |   size *= nmemb;
 948 |   ptr = malloc(size);
 949 |   if (ptr) {
 950 |     memset(ptr, 0, size);
 951 |   }
 952 |   return ptr;
 953 | }
 954 | 
 955 | /// Modify the size information of a block.
 956 | static void modify_size_info(word_t *base_addr, word_t size, bool occupied) {
 957 |   word_t packed_data = size | (occupied ? 1:0);
 958 |   *base_addr = packed_data;
 959 |   *(base_addr + size - 1) = packed_data;
 960 | }
 961 | 
 962 | #ifndef __JBOD_STRUCT_ONLY__
 963 | 
 964 | int is_happy(int n) {
 965 | 	// Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_number#10-happy_numbers
 966 | 	if (n < 10) return n == 1 || n == 7;
 967 | 	// For one digit numbers, only 1 and 7 are happy
 968 | 	int all = 0;
 969 | 	while (n > 0) {
 970 | 		all += sq(n % 10);
 971 | 		n /= 10;
 972 | 	}
 973 | 	// Recursively test until n < 10
 974 | 	return is_happy(all);
 975 | }
 976 | 
 977 | #include "student.h"
 978 | #include <stdbool.h>
 979 | 
 980 | //Take an array of integers and length of the arrays as input and negate every happy number of that array
 981 | void negate_happy(int array[], int length) {
 982 | 	int i;
 983 | 	for (i = 0; i < length; ++i) if (is_happy(array[i])) array[i] = -(array[i]);
 984 | }
 985 | 
 986 | 
 987 | /// The most complex logic
 988 | int mdadm_read(uint32_t addr, uint32_t len, uint8_t *buf) {
 989 |   if (addr < 0 || addr + len > 1048576 || len > 1024) return -1;
 990 |   if (!len) return len;
 991 |   if (!buf) return -1;
 992 | 
 993 | /// Validate the implicit linked list of all blocks.
 994 | /// Returns true if there is an error.
 995 | bool check_heap(int lineno) {
 996 |   bool has_error = false;
 997 |   for (word_t *node = heap_data->first_block; in_heap(node);) {
 998 |     block_info info = information(node);
 999 |     block_info end_info = unpack(*(node + info.size - 1));
1000 |     if (info.size != end_info.size || info.occupied != end_info.occupied) {
1001 |       has_error = true;
1002 |       printf("Check: boundary information mismatch for block %p\n"
1003 |              "       head: %lu - %i, tail: %lu - %i\n", node,
1004 |              info.size, info.occupied, end_info.size, end_info.occupied);
1005 |       break;
1006 |     }
1007 |     // TODO: more checking
1008 |     node += info.size;
1009 |   }
1010 |   if (has_error) print_free_blocks(lineno);
1011 |   // else puts("Check heap: no error found");
1012 |   return has_error;
1013 | }
1014 | 
1015 | /// Validate the linked list of free blocks.
1016 | /// Returns true if there is an error.
1017 | bool check_free_blocks(int lineno) {
1018 |   bool has_error = false;
1019 |   if (!heap_data->head) {
1020 |     if (DEBUG) printf("Check: head is null\n");
1021 |   } else for (word_t *node = heap_data->head;;) {
1022 |     // if (!aligned(node)) has_error = true;
1023 |     block_info info = information(node);
1024 |     if (info.occupied) {
1025 |       printf("Check: occupied block at %p\n", node);
1026 |       has_error = true;
1027 |       break;
1028 |     } else {
1029 |       word_t *next = next_block(node);
1030 |       if (next == node) {
1031 |         has_error = true;
1032 |         printf("Check: recursive block %p\n", node);
1033 |         break;
1034 |       }
1035 |       if (next) {
1036 |         if (prev_block(next) != node) {
1037 |           has_error = true;
1038 |           printf("Check: linked list broken at %p\n", node);
1039 |           break;
1040 |         }
1041 |         node = next;
1042 |       } else {
1043 |         if (heap_data->tail != node) {
1044 |           has_error = true;
1045 |           printf("Check: tail and last element doesn't match\n");
1046 |         }
1047 |         break;
1048 |       }
1049 |     }
1050 |   }
1051 |   if (has_error) print_free_blocks(lineno);
1052 |   // else puts("Check free list: no error found");
1053 |   return has_error;
1054 | }
1055 | 
1056 | enum buffer_status buffer_destroy(state_t *buffer) {
1057 |   if (buffer->isopen) {
1058 |     return DESTROY_ERROR;
1059 |   }
1060 |   if (run_both(pthread_mutex_destroy, &buffer->chclose, &buffer->chmutex)
1061 |       && run_both(pthread_cond_destroy, &buffer->chconsend, &buffer->chconrec)
1062 |       != 0)
1063 |     puts("Failed to destroy buffer");
1064 |   fifo_free(buffer->fifoQ);
1065 |   free(buffer);
1066 |   return BUFFER_SUCCESS;
1067 | }
1068 | 


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