├── images └── crosshair.jpg ├── README.asciidoc ├── package.xml ├── scripts ├── wheel_scaler.py ├── twist_to_motors.py ├── wheel_loopback.py ├── virtual_joystick.py ├── pid_velocity.py └── diff_tf.py ├── CMakeLists.txt └── LICENSE /images/crosshair.jpg: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jfstepha/differential-drive/HEAD/images/crosshair.jpg -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /README.asciidoc: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | = differential-drive 2 | 3 | This is the `differential_drive` ROS package written by Jon Stephan. 4 | The originally published version of the package was released on 5 | Google Code. When Google Code was archived, a copy was pulled into 6 | GitHub. 7 | 8 | The original package was written for ROS Groovy. In 2015 Mark Rose 9 | made minor source changes to update the package for ROS Hydro and above, 10 | moving to catkin, removing code warnings, 11 | and changing the package layout to match current ROS guidelines. 12 | 13 | ROS package page:: 14 | http://wiki.ros.org/differential_drive 15 | 16 | Jon Stephan’s repository location:: 17 | https://github.com/jfstepha/differential-drive 18 | 19 | Original, archived code repository:: 20 | https://code.google.com/p/differential-drive/ 21 | 22 | == API Docs 23 | 24 | Please refer to the ROS Wiki page for this package for API information: 25 | http://wiki.ros.org/differential_drive. 26 | 27 | == License 28 | 29 | The code is licensed under the terms of the Gnu General Public 30 | License, Version 3. See the file `LICENSE` for details. 31 | 32 | 33 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /package.xml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 2 | 3 | differential_drive 4 | 0.1.0 5 | 6 | The differential_drive packageProvides some basic tools for interfacing a differential-drive 7 | robot with the ROS navigation stack. The intent is to make this 8 | independent of specific robot implementation. 9 | 10 | 11 | Jon Stephan 12 | 13 | GPLv3 14 | 15 | https://github.com/jstepha/differential_drive 16 | https://code.google.com/p/differential-drive/ 17 | 18 | Jon Stephan 19 | Mark Rose 20 | 21 | catkin 22 | rospy 23 | std_msgs 24 | tf 25 | rospy 26 | std_msgs 27 | tf 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /scripts/wheel_scaler.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python 2 | 3 | """ 4 | wheel_scaler 5 | scales the wheel readings (and inverts the sign) 6 | 7 | Copyright (C) 2012 Jon Stephan. 8 | 9 | This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify 10 | it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by 11 | the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or 12 | (at your option) any later version. 13 | 14 | This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 15 | but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 16 | MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 17 | GNU General Public License for more details. 18 | 19 | You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 20 | along with this program. If not, see . 21 | 22 | """ 23 | 24 | import rospy 25 | import roslib 26 | 27 | from std_msgs.msg import Int16 28 | 29 | def scaleWheel(): 30 | rospy.init_node("wheel_scaler") 31 | rospy.loginfo("wheel_scaler started") 32 | 33 | scale = rospy.get_param('distance_scale', 1) 34 | rospy.loginfo("wheel_scaler scale: %0.2f", scale) 35 | 36 | rospy.Subscriber("lwheel", Int16, lwheelCallback) 37 | rospy.Subscriber("rwheel", Int16, rwheelCallback) 38 | 39 | lscaled_pub = rospy.Publisher("lwheel_scaled", Int16, queue_size=10) 40 | rscaled_pub = rospy.Publisher("rwheel_scaled", Int16, queue_size=10) 41 | 42 | ### testing sleep CPU usage 43 | r = rospy.Rate(50) 44 | while not rospy.is_shutdown: 45 | r.sleep() 46 | 47 | rospy.spin() 48 | 49 | def lwheelCallback(msg): 50 | lscaled_pub.publish( msg.data * -1 * scale) 51 | 52 | def rwheelCallback(msg): 53 | rscaled_pub.publish( msg.data * -1 * scale) 54 | 55 | 56 | if __name__ == '__main__': 57 | """main""" 58 | try: 59 | scaleWheel() 60 | except rospy.ROSInterruptException: 61 | pass 62 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /scripts/twist_to_motors.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python 2 | """ 3 | twist_to_motors - converts a twist message to motor commands. Needed for navigation stack 4 | 5 | 6 | Copyright (C) 2012 Jon Stephan. 7 | 8 | This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify 9 | it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by 10 | the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or 11 | (at your option) any later version. 12 | 13 | This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 14 | but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 15 | MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 16 | GNU General Public License for more details. 17 | 18 | You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 19 | along with this program. If not, see . 20 | """ 21 | 22 | import rospy 23 | import roslib 24 | from std_msgs.msg import Float32 25 | from geometry_msgs.msg import Twist 26 | 27 | ############################################################# 28 | ############################################################# 29 | class TwistToMotors(): 30 | ############################################################# 31 | ############################################################# 32 | 33 | ############################################################# 34 | def __init__(self): 35 | ############################################################# 36 | rospy.init_node("twist_to_motors") 37 | nodename = rospy.get_name() 38 | rospy.loginfo("%s started" % nodename) 39 | 40 | self.w = rospy.get_param("~base_width", 0.2) 41 | 42 | self.pub_lmotor = rospy.Publisher('lwheel_vtarget', Float32, queue_size=10) 43 | self.pub_rmotor = rospy.Publisher('rwheel_vtarget', Float32, queue_size=10) 44 | rospy.Subscriber('twist', Twist, self.twistCallback) 45 | 46 | 47 | self.rate = rospy.get_param("~rate", 50) 48 | self.timeout_ticks = rospy.get_param("~timeout_ticks", 2) 49 | self.left = 0 50 | self.right = 0 51 | 52 | ############################################################# 53 | def spin(self): 54 | ############################################################# 55 | 56 | r = rospy.Rate(self.rate) 57 | idle = rospy.Rate(10) 58 | then = rospy.Time.now() 59 | self.ticks_since_target = self.timeout_ticks 60 | 61 | ###### main loop ###### 62 | while not rospy.is_shutdown(): 63 | 64 | while not rospy.is_shutdown() and self.ticks_since_target < self.timeout_ticks: 65 | self.spinOnce() 66 | r.sleep() 67 | idle.sleep() 68 | 69 | ############################################################# 70 | def spinOnce(self): 71 | ############################################################# 72 | 73 | # dx = (l + r) / 2 74 | # dr = (r - l) / w 75 | 76 | self.right = 1.0 * self.dx + self.dr * self.w / 2 77 | self.left = 1.0 * self.dx - self.dr * self.w / 2 78 | # rospy.loginfo("publishing: (%d, %d)", left, right) 79 | 80 | self.pub_lmotor.publish(self.left) 81 | self.pub_rmotor.publish(self.right) 82 | 83 | self.ticks_since_target += 1 84 | 85 | ############################################################# 86 | def twistCallback(self,msg): 87 | ############################################################# 88 | # rospy.loginfo("-D- twistCallback: %s" % str(msg)) 89 | self.ticks_since_target = 0 90 | self.dx = msg.linear.x 91 | self.dr = msg.angular.z 92 | self.dy = msg.linear.y 93 | 94 | ############################################################# 95 | ############################################################# 96 | if __name__ == '__main__': 97 | """ main """ 98 | try: 99 | twistToMotors = TwistToMotors() 100 | twistToMotors.spin() 101 | except rospy.ROSInterruptException: 102 | pass 103 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /scripts/wheel_loopback.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python 2 | """ 3 | wheel_loopback - simulates a wheel - just for testing 4 | 5 | """ 6 | 7 | #!/usr/bin/env python 8 | # Copyright 2012 Jon Stephan 9 | # jfstepha@gmail.com 10 | # 11 | # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify 12 | # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by 13 | # the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or 14 | # (at your option) any later version. 15 | # 16 | # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 17 | # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 18 | # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 19 | # GNU General Public License for more details. 20 | # 21 | # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 22 | # along with this program. If not, see . 23 | 24 | import rospy 25 | import roslib 26 | from std_msgs.msg import Float32 27 | from std_msgs.msg import Int16 28 | 29 | ################################################ 30 | ################################################ 31 | class WheelLoopback(): 32 | ################################################ 33 | ################################################ 34 | 35 | ############################################### 36 | def __init__(self): 37 | ############################################### 38 | rospy.init_node("wheel_loopback"); 39 | self.nodename = rospy.get_name() 40 | rospy.loginfo("%s started" % self.nodename) 41 | 42 | self.rate = rospy.get_param("~rate", 200) 43 | self.timeout_secs = rospy.get_param("~timeout_secs", 0.5) 44 | self.ticks_meter = float(rospy.get_param('~ticks_meter', 50)) 45 | self.velocity_scale = float(rospy.get_param('~velocity_scale', 255)) 46 | self.latest_motor = 0 47 | 48 | self.wheel = 0 49 | 50 | rospy.Subscriber('motor', Int16, self.motor_callback) 51 | 52 | self.pub_wheel = rospy.Publisher('wheel', Int16, queue_size=10) 53 | 54 | ############################################### 55 | def spin(self): 56 | ############################################### 57 | r = rospy.Rate 58 | self.secs_since_target = self.timeout_secs 59 | self.then = rospy.Time.now() 60 | self.latest_msg_time = rospy.Time.now() 61 | rospy.loginfo("-D- spinning") 62 | 63 | ###### main loop ######### 64 | while not rospy.is_shutdown(): 65 | while not rospy.is_shutdown() and self.secs_since_target < self.timeout_secs: 66 | self.spinOnce() 67 | r.sleep 68 | self.secs_since_target = rospy.Time.now() - self.latest_msg_time 69 | self.secs_since_target = self.secs_since_target.to_sec() 70 | #rospy.loginfo(" inside: secs_since_target: %0.3f" % self.secs_since_target) 71 | 72 | # it's been more than timeout_ticks since we recieved a message 73 | self.secs_since_target = rospy.Time.now() - self.latest_msg_time 74 | self.secs_since_target = self.secs_since_target.to_sec() 75 | # rospy.loginfo(" outside: secs_since_target: %0.3f" % self.secs_since_target) 76 | self.velocity = 0 77 | r.sleep 78 | 79 | ############################################### 80 | def spinOnce(self): 81 | ############################################### 82 | self.velocity = self.latest_motor / self.velocity_scale 83 | if abs(self.velocity) > 0: 84 | self.seconds_per_tick = abs( 1 / (self.velocity * self.ticks_meter)) 85 | elapsed = rospy.Time.now() - self.then 86 | elapsed = elapsed.to_sec() 87 | rospy.loginfo("spinOnce: vel=%0.3f sec/tick=%0.3f elapsed:%0.3f" % (self.velocity, self.seconds_per_tick, elapsed)) 88 | 89 | if (elapsed > self.seconds_per_tick): 90 | rospy.loginfo("incrementing wheel") 91 | if self.velocity > 0: 92 | self.wheel += 1 93 | else: 94 | self.wheel -= 1 95 | self.pub_wheel.publish(self.wheel) 96 | self.then = rospy.Time.now() 97 | 98 | 99 | 100 | ############################################### 101 | def motor_callback(self, msg): 102 | ############################################### 103 | # rospy.loginfo("%s recieved %d" % (self.nodename, msg.data)) 104 | self.latest_motor = msg.data 105 | self.latest_msg_time = rospy.Time.now() 106 | 107 | 108 | 109 | ################################################ 110 | ################################################ 111 | if __name__ == '__main__': 112 | """ main """ 113 | try: 114 | wheelLoopback = WheelLoopback() 115 | wheelLoopback.spin() 116 | except rospy.ROSInterruptException: 117 | pass 118 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /scripts/virtual_joystick.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python 2 | 3 | """ 4 | 5 | Copyright (C) 2012 Jon Stephan. 6 | 7 | This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify 8 | it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by 9 | the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or 10 | (at your option) any later version. 11 | 12 | This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 13 | but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 14 | MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 15 | GNU General Public License for more details. 16 | 17 | You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 18 | along with this program. If not, see . 19 | 20 | """ 21 | import sys 22 | 23 | import roslib; roslib.load_manifest('differential_drive') 24 | import rospy 25 | from geometry_msgs.msg import Twist 26 | import inspect, os 27 | 28 | 29 | from PySide import QtGui, QtCore 30 | 31 | ########################################################################## 32 | ########################################################################## 33 | class MainWindow(QtGui.QMainWindow): 34 | ########################################################################## 35 | ########################################################################## 36 | 37 | ##################################################################### 38 | def __init__(self): 39 | ##################################################################### 40 | super(MainWindow, self).__init__() 41 | self.timer_rate = rospy.get_param('~publish_rate', 50) 42 | self.pub_twist = rospy.Publisher('twist', Twist, queue_size=10) 43 | 44 | self.initUI() 45 | 46 | ##################################################################### 47 | def initUI(self): 48 | ##################################################################### 49 | 50 | img_path = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(inspect.getfile(inspect.currentframe()))) + "/../images/crosshair.jpg" 51 | rospy.loginfo("initUI img_path: %s" % img_path) 52 | 53 | self.statusBar() 54 | 55 | self.setStyleSheet("QMainWindow { border-image: url(%s); }" % img_path) 56 | 57 | 58 | self.setGeometry(0, 600, 200, 200) 59 | self.setWindowTitle('Virtual Joystick') 60 | self.show() 61 | self.timer = QtCore.QBasicTimer() 62 | 63 | self.statusBar().showMessage('started') 64 | 65 | ##################################################################### 66 | def mousePressEvent(self, event): 67 | ##################################################################### 68 | self.statusBar().showMessage('mouse clicked') 69 | self.timer.start(self.timer_rate, self) 70 | self.get_position(event) 71 | 72 | ##################################################################### 73 | def mouseReleaseEvent(self, event): 74 | ##################################################################### 75 | self.statusBar().showMessage('mouse released') 76 | self.timer.stop() 77 | 78 | ##################################################################### 79 | def mouseMoveEvent(self, event): 80 | ##################################################################### 81 | self.get_position(event) 82 | 83 | ##################################################################### 84 | def get_position(self, event): 85 | ##################################################################### 86 | s = self.size() 87 | s_w = s.width() 88 | s_h = s.height() 89 | pos = event.pos() 90 | self.x = 1.0 * pos.x() / s_w 91 | self.y = 1.0 * pos.y() / s_h 92 | 93 | self.statusBar().showMessage('point (%0.2f, %0.2f)' % (self.x,self.y)) 94 | 95 | ##################################################################### 96 | def timerEvent(self, event): 97 | ##################################################################### 98 | # self.statusBar().showMessage("timer tick") 99 | self.pubTwist() 100 | 101 | ####################################################### 102 | def pubTwist(self): 103 | ####################################################### 104 | # rospy.loginfo("publishing twist from (%0.3f,%0.3f)" %(self.x,self.y)) 105 | self.twist = Twist() 106 | self.twist.linear.x = (1-self.y) * (x_max - x_min) + x_min 107 | self.twist.linear.y = 0 108 | self.twist.linear.z = 0 109 | self.twist.angular.x = 0 110 | self.twist.angular.y = 0 111 | self.twist.angular.z = (1-self.x) * (r_max - r_min) + r_min 112 | 113 | if self.twist.linear.x > x_max: 114 | self.twist.linear.x = x_max 115 | if self.twist.linear.x < x_min: 116 | self.twist.linear.x = x_min 117 | if self.twist.angular.z > r_max: 118 | self.twist.angular.z = r_max 119 | if self.twist.angular.z < r_min: 120 | self.twist.angular.z = r_min 121 | 122 | self.pub_twist.publish( self.twist ) 123 | 124 | ########################################################################## 125 | ########################################################################## 126 | def main(): 127 | ########################################################################## 128 | ########################################################################## 129 | rospy.init_node('virtual_joystick') 130 | rospy.loginfo('virtual_joystick started') 131 | global x_min 132 | global x_max 133 | global r_min 134 | global r_max 135 | 136 | x_min = rospy.get_param("~x_min", -0.20) 137 | x_max = rospy.get_param("~x_max", 0.20) 138 | r_min = rospy.get_param("~r_min", -1.0) 139 | r_max = rospy.get_param("~r_max", 1.0) 140 | 141 | app = QtGui.QApplication(sys.argv) 142 | ex = MainWindow() 143 | sys.exit(app.exec_()) 144 | 145 | if __name__ == '__main__': 146 | try: 147 | main() 148 | except rospy.ROSInterruptException: pass 149 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /CMakeLists.txt: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8.3) 2 | project(differential_drive) 3 | 4 | ## Find catkin macros and libraries 5 | ## if COMPONENTS list like find_package(catkin REQUIRED COMPONENTS xyz) 6 | ## is used, also find other catkin packages 7 | find_package(catkin REQUIRED) 8 | 9 | ## System dependencies are found with CMake's conventions 10 | # find_package(Boost REQUIRED COMPONENTS system) 11 | 12 | 13 | ## Uncomment this if the package has a setup.py. This macro ensures 14 | ## modules and global scripts declared therein get installed 15 | ## See http://ros.org/doc/api/catkin/html/user_guide/setup_dot_py.html 16 | # catkin_python_setup() 17 | 18 | ################################################ 19 | ## Declare ROS messages, services and actions ## 20 | ################################################ 21 | 22 | ## To declare and build messages, services or actions from within this 23 | ## package, follow these steps: 24 | ## * Let MSG_DEP_SET be the set of packages whose message types you use in 25 | ## your messages/services/actions (e.g. std_msgs, actionlib_msgs, ...). 26 | ## * In the file package.xml: 27 | ## * add a build_depend tag for "message_generation" 28 | ## * add a build_depend and a run_depend tag for each package in MSG_DEP_SET 29 | ## * If MSG_DEP_SET isn't empty the following dependency has been pulled in 30 | ## but can be declared for certainty nonetheless: 31 | ## * add a run_depend tag for "message_runtime" 32 | ## * In this file (CMakeLists.txt): 33 | ## * add "message_generation" and every package in MSG_DEP_SET to 34 | ## find_package(catkin REQUIRED COMPONENTS ...) 35 | ## * add "message_runtime" and every package in MSG_DEP_SET to 36 | ## catkin_package(CATKIN_DEPENDS ...) 37 | ## * uncomment the add_*_files sections below as needed 38 | ## and list every .msg/.srv/.action file to be processed 39 | ## * uncomment the generate_messages entry below 40 | ## * add every package in MSG_DEP_SET to generate_messages(DEPENDENCIES ...) 41 | 42 | ## Generate messages in the 'msg' folder 43 | # add_message_files( 44 | # FILES 45 | # Message1.msg 46 | # Message2.msg 47 | # ) 48 | 49 | ## Generate services in the 'srv' folder 50 | # add_service_files( 51 | # FILES 52 | # Service1.srv 53 | # Service2.srv 54 | # ) 55 | 56 | ## Generate actions in the 'action' folder 57 | # add_action_files( 58 | # FILES 59 | # Action1.action 60 | # Action2.action 61 | # ) 62 | 63 | ## Generate added messages and services with any dependencies listed here 64 | # generate_messages( 65 | # DEPENDENCIES 66 | # std_msgs # Or other packages containing msgs 67 | # ) 68 | 69 | ################################################ 70 | ## Declare ROS dynamic reconfigure parameters ## 71 | ################################################ 72 | 73 | ## To declare and build dynamic reconfigure parameters within this 74 | ## package, follow these steps: 75 | ## * In the file package.xml: 76 | ## * add a build_depend and a run_depend tag for "dynamic_reconfigure" 77 | ## * In this file (CMakeLists.txt): 78 | ## * add "dynamic_reconfigure" to 79 | ## find_package(catkin REQUIRED COMPONENTS ...) 80 | ## * uncomment the "generate_dynamic_reconfigure_options" section below 81 | ## and list every .cfg file to be processed 82 | 83 | ## Generate dynamic reconfigure parameters in the 'cfg' folder 84 | # generate_dynamic_reconfigure_options( 85 | # cfg/DynReconf1.cfg 86 | # cfg/DynReconf2.cfg 87 | # ) 88 | 89 | ################################### 90 | ## catkin specific configuration ## 91 | ################################### 92 | ## The catkin_package macro generates cmake config files for your package 93 | ## Declare things to be passed to dependent projects 94 | ## INCLUDE_DIRS: uncomment this if you package contains header files 95 | ## LIBRARIES: libraries you create in this project that dependent projects also need 96 | ## CATKIN_DEPENDS: catkin_packages dependent projects also need 97 | ## DEPENDS: system dependencies of this project that dependent projects also need 98 | catkin_package( 99 | # INCLUDE_DIRS include 100 | # LIBRARIES differential_drive 101 | # CATKIN_DEPENDS other_catkin_pkg 102 | # DEPENDS system_lib 103 | ) 104 | 105 | ########### 106 | ## Build ## 107 | ########### 108 | 109 | ## Specify additional locations of header files 110 | ## Your package locations should be listed before other locations 111 | # include_directories(include) 112 | 113 | ## Declare a C++ library 114 | # add_library(differential_drive 115 | # src/${PROJECT_NAME}/differential_drive.cpp 116 | # ) 117 | 118 | ## Add cmake target dependencies of the library 119 | ## as an example, code may need to be generated before libraries 120 | ## either from message generation or dynamic reconfigure 121 | # add_dependencies(differential_drive ${${PROJECT_NAME}_EXPORTED_TARGETS} ${catkin_EXPORTED_TARGETS}) 122 | 123 | ## Declare a C++ executable 124 | # add_executable(differential_drive_node src/differential_drive_node.cpp) 125 | 126 | ## Add cmake target dependencies of the executable 127 | ## same as for the library above 128 | # add_dependencies(differential_drive_node ${${PROJECT_NAME}_EXPORTED_TARGETS} ${catkin_EXPORTED_TARGETS}) 129 | 130 | ## Specify libraries to link a library or executable target against 131 | # target_link_libraries(differential_drive_node 132 | # ${catkin_LIBRARIES} 133 | # ) 134 | 135 | ############# 136 | ## Install ## 137 | ############# 138 | 139 | # all install targets should use catkin DESTINATION variables 140 | # See http://ros.org/doc/api/catkin/html/adv_user_guide/variables.html 141 | 142 | ## Mark executable scripts (Python etc.) for installation 143 | ## in contrast to setup.py, you can choose the destination 144 | # install(PROGRAMS 145 | # scripts/my_python_script 146 | # DESTINATION ${CATKIN_PACKAGE_BIN_DESTINATION} 147 | # ) 148 | 149 | ## Mark executables and/or libraries for installation 150 | # install(TARGETS differential_drive differential_drive_node 151 | # ARCHIVE DESTINATION ${CATKIN_PACKAGE_LIB_DESTINATION} 152 | # LIBRARY DESTINATION ${CATKIN_PACKAGE_LIB_DESTINATION} 153 | # RUNTIME DESTINATION ${CATKIN_PACKAGE_BIN_DESTINATION} 154 | # ) 155 | 156 | ## Mark cpp header files for installation 157 | # install(DIRECTORY include/${PROJECT_NAME}/ 158 | # DESTINATION ${CATKIN_PACKAGE_INCLUDE_DESTINATION} 159 | # FILES_MATCHING PATTERN "*.h" 160 | # PATTERN ".svn" EXCLUDE 161 | # ) 162 | 163 | ## Mark other files for installation (e.g. launch and bag files, etc.) 164 | # install(FILES 165 | # # myfile1 166 | # # myfile2 167 | # DESTINATION ${CATKIN_PACKAGE_SHARE_DESTINATION} 168 | # ) 169 | 170 | ############# 171 | ## Testing ## 172 | ############# 173 | 174 | ## Add gtest based cpp test target and link libraries 175 | # catkin_add_gtest(${PROJECT_NAME}-test test/test_differential_drive.cpp) 176 | # if(TARGET ${PROJECT_NAME}-test) 177 | # target_link_libraries(${PROJECT_NAME}-test ${PROJECT_NAME}) 178 | # endif() 179 | 180 | ## Add folders to be run by python nosetests 181 | # catkin_add_nosetests(test) 182 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /scripts/pid_velocity.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python 2 | """ 3 | pid_velocity - takes messages on wheel_vtarget 4 | target velocities for the wheels and monitors wheel for feedback 5 | 6 | Copyright (C) 2012 Jon Stephan. 7 | 8 | This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify 9 | it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by 10 | the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or 11 | (at your option) any later version. 12 | 13 | This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 14 | but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 15 | MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 16 | GNU General Public License for more details. 17 | 18 | You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 19 | along with this program. If not, see . 20 | """ 21 | 22 | import rospy 23 | import roslib 24 | 25 | from std_msgs.msg import Int16 26 | from std_msgs.msg import Float32 27 | from numpy import array 28 | 29 | 30 | ###################################################### 31 | ###################################################### 32 | class PidVelocity(): 33 | ###################################################### 34 | ###################################################### 35 | 36 | 37 | ##################################################### 38 | def __init__(self): 39 | ##################################################### 40 | rospy.init_node("pid_velocity") 41 | self.nodename = rospy.get_name() 42 | rospy.loginfo("%s started" % self.nodename) 43 | 44 | ### initialize variables 45 | self.target = 0 46 | self.motor = 0 47 | self.vel = 0 48 | self.integral = 0 49 | self.error = 0 50 | self.derivative = 0 51 | self.previous_error = 0 52 | self.wheel_prev = 0 53 | self.wheel_latest = 0 54 | self.then = rospy.Time.now() 55 | self.wheel_mult = 0 56 | self.prev_encoder = 0 57 | 58 | ### get parameters #### 59 | self.Kp = rospy.get_param('~Kp',10) 60 | self.Ki = rospy.get_param('~Ki',10) 61 | self.Kd = rospy.get_param('~Kd',0.001) 62 | self.out_min = rospy.get_param('~out_min',-255) 63 | self.out_max = rospy.get_param('~out_max',255) 64 | self.rate = rospy.get_param('~rate',30) 65 | self.rolling_pts = rospy.get_param('~rolling_pts',2) 66 | self.timeout_ticks = rospy.get_param('~timeout_ticks',4) 67 | self.ticks_per_meter = rospy.get_param('ticks_meter', 20) 68 | self.vel_threshold = rospy.get_param('~vel_threshold', 0.001) 69 | self.encoder_min = rospy.get_param('encoder_min', -32768) 70 | self.encoder_max = rospy.get_param('encoder_max', 32768) 71 | self.encoder_low_wrap = rospy.get_param('wheel_low_wrap', (self.encoder_max - self.encoder_min) * 0.3 + self.encoder_min ) 72 | self.encoder_high_wrap = rospy.get_param('wheel_high_wrap', (self.encoder_max - self.encoder_min) * 0.7 + self.encoder_min ) 73 | self.prev_vel = [0.0] * self.rolling_pts 74 | self.wheel_latest = 0.0 75 | self.prev_pid_time = rospy.Time.now() 76 | rospy.logdebug("%s got Kp:%0.3f Ki:%0.3f Kd:%0.3f tpm:%0.3f" % (self.nodename, self.Kp, self.Ki, self.Kd, self.ticks_per_meter)) 77 | 78 | #### subscribers/publishers 79 | rospy.Subscriber("wheel", Int16, self.wheelCallback) 80 | rospy.Subscriber("wheel_vtarget", Float32, self.targetCallback) 81 | self.pub_motor = rospy.Publisher('motor_cmd',Float32, queue_size=10) 82 | self.pub_vel = rospy.Publisher('wheel_vel', Float32, queue_size=10) 83 | 84 | 85 | ##################################################### 86 | def spin(self): 87 | ##################################################### 88 | self.r = rospy.Rate(self.rate) 89 | self.then = rospy.Time.now() 90 | self.ticks_since_target = self.timeout_ticks 91 | self.wheel_prev = self.wheel_latest 92 | self.then = rospy.Time.now() 93 | while not rospy.is_shutdown(): 94 | self.spinOnce() 95 | self.r.sleep() 96 | 97 | ##################################################### 98 | def spinOnce(self): 99 | ##################################################### 100 | self.previous_error = 0.0 101 | self.prev_vel = [0.0] * self.rolling_pts 102 | self.integral = 0.0 103 | self.error = 0.0 104 | self.derivative = 0.0 105 | self.vel = 0.0 106 | 107 | # only do the loop if we've recently recieved a target velocity message 108 | while not rospy.is_shutdown() and self.ticks_since_target < self.timeout_ticks: 109 | self.calcVelocity() 110 | self.doPid() 111 | self.pub_motor.publish(self.motor) 112 | self.r.sleep() 113 | self.ticks_since_target += 1 114 | if self.ticks_since_target == self.timeout_ticks: 115 | self.pub_motor.publish(0) 116 | 117 | ##################################################### 118 | def calcVelocity(self): 119 | ##################################################### 120 | self.dt_duration = rospy.Time.now() - self.then 121 | self.dt = self.dt_duration.to_sec() 122 | rospy.logdebug("-D- %s caclVelocity dt=%0.3f wheel_latest=%0.3f wheel_prev=%0.3f" % (self.nodename, self.dt, self.wheel_latest, self.wheel_prev)) 123 | 124 | if (self.wheel_latest == self.wheel_prev): 125 | # we haven't received an updated wheel lately 126 | cur_vel = (1 / self.ticks_per_meter) / self.dt # if we got a tick right now, this would be the velocity 127 | if abs(cur_vel) < self.vel_threshold: 128 | # if the velocity is < threshold, consider our velocity 0 129 | rospy.logdebug("-D- %s below threshold cur_vel=%0.3f vel=0" % (self.nodename, cur_vel)) 130 | self.appendVel(0) 131 | self.calcRollingVel() 132 | else: 133 | rospy.logdebug("-D- %s above threshold cur_vel=%0.3f" % (self.nodename, cur_vel)) 134 | if abs(cur_vel) < self.vel: 135 | rospy.logdebug("-D- %s cur_vel < self.vel" % self.nodename) 136 | # we know we're slower than what we're currently publishing as a velocity 137 | self.appendVel(cur_vel) 138 | self.calcRollingVel() 139 | 140 | else: 141 | # we received a new wheel value 142 | cur_vel = (self.wheel_latest - self.wheel_prev) / self.dt 143 | self.appendVel(cur_vel) 144 | self.calcRollingVel() 145 | rospy.logdebug("-D- %s **** wheel updated vel=%0.3f **** " % (self.nodename, self.vel)) 146 | self.wheel_prev = self.wheel_latest 147 | self.then = rospy.Time.now() 148 | 149 | self.pub_vel.publish(self.vel) 150 | 151 | ##################################################### 152 | def appendVel(self, val): 153 | ##################################################### 154 | self.prev_vel.append(val) 155 | del self.prev_vel[0] 156 | 157 | ##################################################### 158 | def calcRollingVel(self): 159 | ##################################################### 160 | p = array(self.prev_vel) 161 | self.vel = p.mean() 162 | 163 | ##################################################### 164 | def doPid(self): 165 | ##################################################### 166 | pid_dt_duration = rospy.Time.now() - self.prev_pid_time 167 | pid_dt = pid_dt_duration.to_sec() 168 | self.prev_pid_time = rospy.Time.now() 169 | 170 | self.error = self.target - self.vel 171 | self.integral = self.integral + (self.error * pid_dt) 172 | # rospy.loginfo("i = i + (e * dt): %0.3f = %0.3f + (%0.3f * %0.3f)" % (self.integral, self.integral, self.error, pid_dt)) 173 | self.derivative = (self.error - self.previous_error) / pid_dt 174 | self.previous_error = self.error 175 | 176 | self.motor = (self.Kp * self.error) + (self.Ki * self.integral) + (self.Kd * self.derivative) 177 | 178 | if self.motor > self.out_max: 179 | self.motor = self.out_max 180 | self.integral = self.integral - (self.error * pid_dt) 181 | if self.motor < self.out_min: 182 | self.motor = self.out_min 183 | self.integral = self.integral - (self.error * pid_dt) 184 | 185 | if (self.target == 0): 186 | self.motor = 0 187 | 188 | rospy.logdebug("vel:%0.2f tar:%0.2f err:%0.2f int:%0.2f der:%0.2f ## motor:%d " % 189 | (self.vel, self.target, self.error, self.integral, self.derivative, self.motor)) 190 | 191 | 192 | 193 | 194 | ##################################################### 195 | def wheelCallback(self, msg): 196 | ###################################################### 197 | enc = msg.data 198 | if (enc < self.encoder_low_wrap and self.prev_encoder > self.encoder_high_wrap) : 199 | self.wheel_mult = self.wheel_mult + 1 200 | 201 | if (enc > self.encoder_high_wrap and self.prev_encoder < self.encoder_low_wrap) : 202 | self.wheel_mult = self.wheel_mult - 1 203 | 204 | 205 | self.wheel_latest = 1.0 * (enc + self.wheel_mult * (self.encoder_max - self.encoder_min)) / self.ticks_per_meter 206 | self.prev_encoder = enc 207 | 208 | 209 | # rospy.logdebug("-D- %s wheelCallback msg.data= %0.3f wheel_latest = %0.3f mult=%0.3f" % (self.nodename, enc, self.wheel_latest, self.wheel_mult)) 210 | 211 | ###################################################### 212 | def targetCallback(self, msg): 213 | ###################################################### 214 | self.target = msg.data 215 | self.ticks_since_target = 0 216 | # rospy.logdebug("-D- %s targetCallback " % (self.nodename)) 217 | 218 | 219 | if __name__ == '__main__': 220 | """ main """ 221 | try: 222 | pidVelocity = PidVelocity() 223 | pidVelocity.spin() 224 | except rospy.ROSInterruptException: 225 | pass 226 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /scripts/diff_tf.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python 2 | 3 | """ 4 | diff_tf.py - follows the output of a wheel encoder and 5 | creates tf and odometry messages. 6 | some code borrowed from the arbotix diff_controller script 7 | A good reference: http://rossum.sourceforge.net/papers/DiffSteer/ 8 | 9 | Copyright (C) 2012 Jon Stephan. 10 | 11 | This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify 12 | it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by 13 | the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or 14 | (at your option) any later version. 15 | 16 | This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 17 | but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 18 | MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 19 | GNU General Public License for more details. 20 | 21 | You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 22 | along with this program. If not, see . 23 | 24 | ---------------------------------- 25 | Portions of this code borrowed from the arbotix_python diff_controller. 26 | 27 | diff_controller.py - controller for a differential drive 28 | Copyright (c) 2010-2011 Vanadium Labs LLC. All right reserved. 29 | 30 | Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 31 | modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 32 | * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 33 | notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 34 | * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 35 | notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 36 | documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 37 | * Neither the name of Vanadium Labs LLC nor the names of its 38 | contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived 39 | from this software without specific prior written permission. 40 | 41 | THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND 42 | ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED 43 | WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE 44 | DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL VANADIUM LABS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, 45 | INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT 46 | LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, 47 | OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF 48 | LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE 49 | OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF 50 | ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 51 | 52 | """ 53 | 54 | import rospy 55 | import roslib 56 | roslib.load_manifest('differential_drive') 57 | from math import sin, cos, pi 58 | 59 | from geometry_msgs.msg import Quaternion 60 | from geometry_msgs.msg import Twist 61 | from nav_msgs.msg import Odometry 62 | from tf.broadcaster import TransformBroadcaster 63 | from std_msgs.msg import Int16 64 | 65 | ############################################################################# 66 | class DiffTf: 67 | ############################################################################# 68 | 69 | ############################################################################# 70 | def __init__(self): 71 | ############################################################################# 72 | rospy.init_node("diff_tf") 73 | self.nodename = rospy.get_name() 74 | rospy.loginfo("-I- %s started" % self.nodename) 75 | 76 | #### parameters ####### 77 | self.rate = rospy.get_param('~rate',10.0) # the rate at which to publish the transform 78 | self.ticks_meter = float(rospy.get_param('ticks_meter', 50)) # The number of wheel encoder ticks per meter of travel 79 | self.base_width = float(rospy.get_param('~base_width', 0.245)) # The wheel base width in meters 80 | 81 | self.base_frame_id = rospy.get_param('~base_frame_id','base_link') # the name of the base frame of the robot 82 | self.odom_frame_id = rospy.get_param('~odom_frame_id', 'odom') # the name of the odometry reference frame 83 | 84 | self.encoder_min = rospy.get_param('encoder_min', -32768) 85 | self.encoder_max = rospy.get_param('encoder_max', 32768) 86 | self.encoder_low_wrap = rospy.get_param('wheel_low_wrap', (self.encoder_max - self.encoder_min) * 0.3 + self.encoder_min ) 87 | self.encoder_high_wrap = rospy.get_param('wheel_high_wrap', (self.encoder_max - self.encoder_min) * 0.7 + self.encoder_min ) 88 | 89 | self.t_delta = rospy.Duration(1.0/self.rate) 90 | self.t_next = rospy.Time.now() + self.t_delta 91 | 92 | # internal data 93 | self.enc_left = None # wheel encoder readings 94 | self.enc_right = None 95 | self.left = 0 # actual values coming back from robot 96 | self.right = 0 97 | self.lmult = 0 98 | self.rmult = 0 99 | self.prev_lencoder = 0 100 | self.prev_rencoder = 0 101 | self.x = 0 # position in xy plane 102 | self.y = 0 103 | self.th = 0 104 | self.dx = 0 # speeds in x/rotation 105 | self.dr = 0 106 | self.then = rospy.Time.now() 107 | 108 | # subscriptions 109 | rospy.Subscriber("lwheel", Int16, self.lwheelCallback) 110 | rospy.Subscriber("rwheel", Int16, self.rwheelCallback) 111 | self.odomPub = rospy.Publisher("odom", Odometry, queue_size=10) 112 | self.odomBroadcaster = TransformBroadcaster() 113 | 114 | ############################################################################# 115 | def spin(self): 116 | ############################################################################# 117 | r = rospy.Rate(self.rate) 118 | while not rospy.is_shutdown(): 119 | self.update() 120 | r.sleep() 121 | 122 | 123 | ############################################################################# 124 | def update(self): 125 | ############################################################################# 126 | now = rospy.Time.now() 127 | if now > self.t_next: 128 | elapsed = now - self.then 129 | self.then = now 130 | elapsed = elapsed.to_sec() 131 | 132 | # calculate odometry 133 | if self.enc_left == None: 134 | d_left = 0 135 | d_right = 0 136 | else: 137 | d_left = (self.left - self.enc_left) / self.ticks_meter 138 | d_right = (self.right - self.enc_right) / self.ticks_meter 139 | self.enc_left = self.left 140 | self.enc_right = self.right 141 | 142 | # distance traveled is the average of the two wheels 143 | d = ( d_left + d_right ) / 2 144 | # this approximation works (in radians) for small angles 145 | th = ( d_right - d_left ) / self.base_width 146 | # calculate velocities 147 | self.dx = d / elapsed 148 | self.dr = th / elapsed 149 | 150 | 151 | if (d != 0): 152 | # calculate distance traveled in x and y 153 | x = cos( th ) * d 154 | y = -sin( th ) * d 155 | # calculate the final position of the robot 156 | self.x = self.x + ( cos( self.th ) * x - sin( self.th ) * y ) 157 | self.y = self.y + ( sin( self.th ) * x + cos( self.th ) * y ) 158 | if( th != 0): 159 | self.th = self.th + th 160 | 161 | # publish the odom information 162 | quaternion = Quaternion() 163 | quaternion.x = 0.0 164 | quaternion.y = 0.0 165 | quaternion.z = sin( self.th / 2 ) 166 | quaternion.w = cos( self.th / 2 ) 167 | self.odomBroadcaster.sendTransform( 168 | (self.x, self.y, 0), 169 | (quaternion.x, quaternion.y, quaternion.z, quaternion.w), 170 | rospy.Time.now(), 171 | self.base_frame_id, 172 | self.odom_frame_id 173 | ) 174 | 175 | odom = Odometry() 176 | odom.header.stamp = now 177 | odom.header.frame_id = self.odom_frame_id 178 | odom.pose.pose.position.x = self.x 179 | odom.pose.pose.position.y = self.y 180 | odom.pose.pose.position.z = 0 181 | odom.pose.pose.orientation = quaternion 182 | odom.child_frame_id = self.base_frame_id 183 | odom.twist.twist.linear.x = self.dx 184 | odom.twist.twist.linear.y = 0 185 | odom.twist.twist.angular.z = self.dr 186 | self.odomPub.publish(odom) 187 | 188 | 189 | 190 | 191 | ############################################################################# 192 | def lwheelCallback(self, msg): 193 | ############################################################################# 194 | enc = msg.data 195 | if (enc < self.encoder_low_wrap and self.prev_lencoder > self.encoder_high_wrap): 196 | self.lmult = self.lmult + 1 197 | 198 | if (enc > self.encoder_high_wrap and self.prev_lencoder < self.encoder_low_wrap): 199 | self.lmult = self.lmult - 1 200 | 201 | self.left = 1.0 * (enc + self.lmult * (self.encoder_max - self.encoder_min)) 202 | self.prev_lencoder = enc 203 | 204 | ############################################################################# 205 | def rwheelCallback(self, msg): 206 | ############################################################################# 207 | enc = msg.data 208 | if(enc < self.encoder_low_wrap and self.prev_rencoder > self.encoder_high_wrap): 209 | self.rmult = self.rmult + 1 210 | 211 | if(enc > self.encoder_high_wrap and self.prev_rencoder < self.encoder_low_wrap): 212 | self.rmult = self.rmult - 1 213 | 214 | self.right = 1.0 * (enc + self.rmult * (self.encoder_max - self.encoder_min)) 215 | self.prev_rencoder = enc 216 | 217 | ############################################################################# 218 | ############################################################################# 219 | if __name__ == '__main__': 220 | """ main """ 221 | try: 222 | diffTf = DiffTf() 223 | diffTf.spin() 224 | except rospy.ROSInterruptException: 225 | pass 226 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /LICENSE: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE 2 | Version 3, 29 June 2007 3 | 4 | Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 5 | Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies 6 | of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 7 | 8 | Preamble 9 | 10 | The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for 11 | software and other kinds of works. 12 | 13 | The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed 14 | to take away your freedom to share and change the works. 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No Surrender of Others' Freedom. 541 | 542 | If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or 543 | otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not 544 | excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a 545 | covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this 546 | License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may 547 | not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you 548 | to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey 549 | the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this 550 | License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program. 551 | 552 | 13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License. 553 | 554 | Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have 555 | permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed 556 | under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single 557 | combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this 558 | License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work, 559 | but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License, 560 | section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the 561 | combination as such. 562 | 563 | 14. Revised Versions of this License. 564 | 565 | The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of 566 | the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will 567 | be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to 568 | address new problems or concerns. 569 | 570 | Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the 571 | Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General 572 | Public License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the 573 | option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered 574 | version or of any later version published by the Free Software 575 | Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the 576 | GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published 577 | by the Free Software Foundation. 578 | 579 | If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future 580 | versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's 581 | public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you 582 | to choose that version for the Program. 583 | 584 | Later license versions may give you additional or different 585 | permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any 586 | author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a 587 | later version. 588 | 589 | 15. Disclaimer of Warranty. 590 | 591 | THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY 592 | APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT 593 | HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY 594 | OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, 595 | THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR 596 | PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM 597 | IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF 598 | ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. 599 | 600 | 16. Limitation of Liability. 601 | 602 | IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING 603 | WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS 604 | THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY 605 | GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE 606 | USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF 607 | DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD 608 | PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), 609 | EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 610 | SUCH DAMAGES. 611 | 612 | 17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16. 613 | 614 | If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided 615 | above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, 616 | reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates 617 | an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the 618 | Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a 619 | copy of the Program in return for a fee. 620 | 621 | END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS 622 | 623 | How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs 624 | 625 | If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest 626 | possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it 627 | free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. 628 | 629 | To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest 630 | to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively 631 | state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least 632 | the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. 633 | 634 | {one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.} 635 | Copyright (C) {year} {name of author} 636 | 637 | This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify 638 | it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by 639 | the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or 640 | (at your option) any later version. 641 | 642 | This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 643 | but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 644 | MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 645 | GNU General Public License for more details. 646 | 647 | You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 648 | along with this program. If not, see . 649 | 650 | Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. 651 | 652 | If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short 653 | notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: 654 | 655 | {project} Copyright (C) {year} {fullname} 656 | This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. 657 | This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it 658 | under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. 659 | 660 | The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate 661 | parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands 662 | might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box". 663 | 664 | You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, 665 | if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. 666 | For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see 667 | . 668 | 669 | The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program 670 | into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you 671 | may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with 672 | the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General 673 | Public License instead of this License. But first, please read 674 | . 675 | 676 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------