├── .gitattributes ├── .gitignore ├── HW1 └── code_supplement_HW1.R ├── HW2 ├── .Rhistory ├── CF_rate_trustworthiness.csv ├── negative-words.txt ├── p4k_reviews.csv ├── positive-words.txt └── treaties.rdata ├── HW3 ├── HW_3.pdf └── custom_stopwords.RData ├── LaverGarry.cat ├── RID.CAT ├── bullying.csv ├── cons ├── Con1918.txt ├── Con1922.txt ├── Con1923.txt ├── Con1924.txt ├── Con1929.txt ├── Con1931.txt ├── Con1935.txt ├── Con1945.txt ├── Con1950.txt ├── Con1951.txt ├── Con1955.txt ├── Con1959.txt ├── Con1964.txt ├── Con1966.txt ├── Con1970.txt ├── Con1974a.txt ├── Con1974b.txt ├── Con1979.txt ├── Con1983.txt ├── Con1987.txt ├── Con1992.txt ├── Con1997.txt └── Con2001.txt ├── cons_lab ├── Con1918.txt ├── Con1922.txt ├── Con1923.txt ├── Con1924.txt ├── Con1929.txt ├── Con1931.txt ├── Con1935.txt ├── Con1945.txt ├── Con1950.txt ├── Con1951.txt ├── Con1955.txt ├── Con1959.txt ├── Con1964.txt ├── Con1966.txt ├── Con1970.txt ├── Con1974a.txt ├── Con1974b.txt ├── Con1979.txt ├── Con1983.txt ├── Con1987.txt ├── Con1992.txt ├── Con1997.txt ├── Con2001.txt ├── Lab1918.txt ├── Lab1922.txt ├── Lab1923.txt ├── Lab1924.txt ├── Lab1929.txt ├── Lab1931.txt ├── Lab1935.txt ├── Lab1945.txt ├── Lab1950.txt ├── Lab1951.txt ├── Lab1955.txt ├── Lab1959.txt ├── Lab1964.txt ├── Lab1966.txt ├── Lab1970.txt ├── Lab1974a.txt ├── Lab1974b.txt ├── Lab1979.txt ├── Lab1983.txt ├── Lab1987.txt ├── Lab1992.txt ├── Lab1997.txt └── Lab2001.txt ├── dickens_austen ├── .Rhistory ├── austen_emma.txt ├── austen_northanger.txt ├── austen_persuasion.txt ├── austen_pride.txt ├── austen_sense.txt ├── dickens_bleak.txt ├── dickens_copperfield.txt ├── dickens_great.txt ├── dickens_oliver.txt ├── dickens_tale.txt └── mystery.txt ├── example_crowdsourcing.csv ├── example_crowdsourcing.ods ├── govdates ├── 2013-12-19_govlim.txt ├── 2013-12-20_govlim.txt ├── 2013-12-21_govlim.txt ├── 2013-12-22_govlim.txt ├── 2013-12-23_govlim.txt ├── 2013-12-24_govlim.txt ├── 2013-12-25_govlim.txt ├── 2013-12-26_govlim.txt ├── 2013-12-27_govlim.txt ├── 2013-12-28_govlim.txt ├── 2013-12-29_govlim.txt ├── 2013-12-30_govlim.txt ├── 2013-12-31_govlim.txt ├── 2014-01-01_govlim.txt ├── 2014-01-02_govlim.txt ├── 2014-01-03_govlim.txt ├── 2014-01-04_govlim.txt ├── 2014-01-05_govlim.txt ├── 2014-01-06_govlim.txt ├── 2014-01-07_govlim.txt ├── 2014-01-08_govlim.txt ├── 2014-01-09_govlim.txt ├── 2014-01-10_govlim.txt ├── 2014-01-11_govlim.txt ├── 2014-01-12_govlim.txt ├── 2014-01-13_govlim.txt ├── 2014-01-14_govlim.txt ├── 2014-01-15_govlim.txt ├── 2014-01-16_govlim.txt ├── 2014-01-17_govlim.txt ├── 2014-01-18_govlim.txt ├── 2014-01-19_govlim.txt ├── 2014-01-20_govlim.txt ├── 2014-01-21_govlim.txt ├── 2014-01-22_govlim.txt ├── 2014-01-23_govlim.txt ├── 2014-01-24_govlim.txt ├── 2014-01-25_govlim.txt ├── 2014-01-26_govlim.txt ├── 2014-01-27_govlim.txt ├── 2014-01-28_govlim.txt ├── 2014-01-29_govlim.txt ├── 2014-01-30_govlim.txt ├── 2014-01-31_govlim.txt ├── 2014-02-01_govlim.txt ├── 2014-02-02_govlim.txt ├── 2014-02-03_govlim.txt ├── 2014-02-04_govlim.txt ├── 2014-02-05_govlim.txt ├── 2014-02-06_govlim.txt ├── 2014-02-07_govlim.txt ├── 2014-02-08_govlim.txt ├── 2014-02-09_govlim.txt ├── 2014-02-10_govlim.txt ├── 2014-02-11_govlim.txt ├── 2014-02-12_govlim.txt ├── 2014-02-13_govlim.txt ├── 2014-02-14_govlim.txt ├── 2014-02-15_govlim.txt ├── 2014-02-16_govlim.txt ├── 2014-02-17_govlim.txt ├── 2014-02-18_govlim.txt ├── 2014-02-19_govlim.txt ├── 2014-02-20_govlim.txt ├── 2014-02-21_govlim.txt ├── 2014-02-22_govlim.txt ├── 2014-02-23_govlim.txt ├── 2014-02-24_govlim.txt ├── 2014-02-25_govlim.txt ├── 2014-02-26_govlim.txt ├── 2014-02-27_govlim.txt ├── 2014-02-28_govlim.txt ├── 2014-03-01_govlim.txt ├── 2014-03-02_govlim.txt ├── 2014-03-03_govlim.txt ├── 2014-03-04_govlim.txt ├── 2014-03-05_govlim.txt ├── 2014-03-06_govlim.txt ├── 2014-03-07_govlim.txt ├── 2014-03-08_govlim.txt ├── 2014-03-09_govlim.txt ├── 2014-03-10_govlim.txt ├── 2014-03-11_govlim.txt ├── 2014-03-12_govlim.txt ├── 2014-03-13_govlim.txt ├── 2014-03-14_govlim.txt ├── 2014-03-15_govlim.txt ├── 2014-03-16_govlim.txt ├── 2014-03-17_govlim.txt ├── 2014-03-18_govlim.txt ├── 2014-03-19_govlim.txt ├── 2014-03-20_govlim.txt ├── 2014-03-21_govlim.txt ├── 2014-03-22_govlim.txt ├── 2014-03-23_govlim.txt ├── 2014-03-24_govlim.txt ├── 2014-03-25_govlim.txt ├── 2014-03-26_govlim.txt ├── 2014-03-27_govlim.txt ├── 2014-03-28_govlim.txt ├── 2014-03-29_govlim.txt ├── 2014-03-30_govlim.txt ├── 2014-03-31_govlim.txt ├── 2014-04-01_govlim.txt ├── 2014-04-02_govlim.txt ├── 2014-04-03_govlim.txt ├── 2014-04-04_govlim.txt ├── 2014-04-05_govlim.txt ├── 2014-04-06_govlim.txt ├── 2014-04-07_govlim.txt ├── 2014-04-08_govlim.txt ├── 2014-04-09_govlim.txt ├── 2014-04-10_govlim.txt ├── 2014-04-11_govlim.txt ├── 2014-04-12_govlim.txt ├── 2014-04-13_govlim.txt ├── 2014-04-14_govlim.txt ├── 2014-04-15_govlim.txt ├── 2014-04-16_govlim.txt ├── 2014-04-17_govlim.txt ├── 2014-04-18_govlim.txt ├── 2014-04-19_govlim.txt ├── 2014-04-20_govlim.txt ├── 2014-04-21_govlim.txt ├── 2014-04-22_govlim.txt ├── 2014-04-23_govlim.txt ├── 2014-04-24_govlim.txt ├── 2014-04-25_govlim.txt ├── 2014-04-26_govlim.txt ├── 2014-04-27_govlim.txt ├── 2014-04-28_govlim.txt ├── 2014-04-29_govlim.txt ├── 2014-04-30_govlim.txt ├── 2014-05-01_govlim.txt ├── 2014-05-02_govlim.txt ├── 2014-05-03_govlim.txt ├── 2014-05-04_govlim.txt ├── 2014-05-05_govlim.txt ├── 2014-05-06_govlim.txt ├── 2014-05-07_govlim.txt ├── 2014-05-08_govlim.txt ├── 2014-05-09_govlim.txt ├── 2014-05-10_govlim.txt ├── 2014-05-11_govlim.txt ├── 2014-05-12_govlim.txt ├── 2014-05-13_govlim.txt ├── 2014-05-14_govlim.txt ├── 2014-05-15_govlim.txt ├── 2014-05-16_govlim.txt ├── 2014-05-17_govlim.txt ├── 2014-05-18_govlim.txt ├── 2014-05-19_govlim.txt ├── 2014-05-20_govlim.txt ├── 2014-05-21_govlim.txt ├── 2014-05-22_govlim.txt ├── 2014-05-23_govlim.txt ├── 2014-05-24_govlim.txt ├── 2014-05-25_govlim.txt ├── 2014-05-26_govlim.txt ├── 2014-05-27_govlim.txt ├── 2014-05-28_govlim.txt └── 2014-05-29_govlim.txt ├── nyt-fb.csv ├── oppdates ├── 2013-12-19_opp.txt ├── 2013-12-20_opp.txt ├── 2013-12-21_opp.txt ├── 2013-12-22_opp.txt ├── 2013-12-23_opp.txt ├── 2013-12-24_opp.txt ├── 2013-12-25_opp.txt ├── 2013-12-26_opp.txt ├── 2013-12-27_opp.txt ├── 2013-12-28_opp.txt ├── 2013-12-29_opp.txt ├── 2013-12-30_opp.txt ├── 2013-12-31_opp.txt ├── 2014-01-01_opp.txt ├── 2014-01-02_opp.txt ├── 2014-01-03_opp.txt ├── 2014-01-04_opp.txt ├── 2014-01-05_opp.txt ├── 2014-01-06_opp.txt ├── 2014-01-07_opp.txt ├── 2014-01-08_opp.txt ├── 2014-01-09_opp.txt ├── 2014-01-10_opp.txt ├── 2014-01-11_opp.txt ├── 2014-01-12_opp.txt ├── 2014-01-13_opp.txt ├── 2014-01-14_opp.txt ├── 2014-01-15_opp.txt ├── 2014-01-16_opp.txt ├── 2014-01-17_opp.txt ├── 2014-01-18_opp.txt ├── 2014-01-19_opp.txt ├── 2014-01-20_opp.txt ├── 2014-01-21_opp.txt ├── 2014-01-22_opp.txt ├── 2014-01-23_opp.txt ├── 2014-01-24_opp.txt ├── 2014-01-25_opp.txt ├── 2014-01-26_opp.txt ├── 2014-01-27_opp.txt ├── 2014-01-28_opp.txt ├── 2014-01-29_opp.txt ├── 2014-01-30_opp.txt ├── 2014-01-31_opp.txt ├── 2014-02-01_opp.txt ├── 2014-02-02_opp.txt ├── 2014-02-03_opp.txt ├── 2014-02-04_opp.txt ├── 2014-02-05_opp.txt ├── 2014-02-06_opp.txt ├── 2014-02-07_opp.txt ├── 2014-02-08_opp.txt ├── 2014-02-09_opp.txt ├── 2014-02-10_opp.txt ├── 2014-02-11_opp.txt ├── 2014-02-12_opp.txt ├── 2014-02-13_opp.txt ├── 2014-02-14_opp.txt ├── 2014-02-15_opp.txt ├── 2014-02-16_opp.txt ├── 2014-02-17_opp.txt ├── 2014-02-18_opp.txt ├── 2014-02-19_opp.txt ├── 2014-02-20_opp.txt ├── 2014-02-21_opp.txt ├── 2014-02-22_opp.txt ├── 2014-02-23_opp.txt ├── 2014-02-24_opp.txt ├── 2014-02-25_opp.txt ├── 2014-02-26_opp.txt ├── 2014-02-27_opp.txt ├── 2014-02-28_opp.txt ├── 2014-03-01_opp.txt ├── 2014-03-02_opp.txt ├── 2014-03-03_opp.txt ├── 2014-03-04_opp.txt ├── 2014-03-05_opp.txt ├── 2014-03-06_opp.txt ├── 2014-03-07_opp.txt ├── 2014-03-08_opp.txt ├── 2014-03-09_opp.txt ├── 2014-03-10_opp.txt ├── 2014-03-11_opp.txt ├── 2014-03-12_opp.txt ├── 2014-03-13_opp.txt ├── 2014-03-14_opp.txt ├── 2014-03-15_opp.txt ├── 2014-03-16_opp.txt ├── 2014-03-17_opp.txt ├── 2014-03-18_opp.txt ├── 2014-03-19_opp.txt ├── 2014-03-20_opp.txt ├── 2014-03-21_opp.txt ├── 2014-03-22_opp.txt ├── 2014-03-23_opp.txt ├── 2014-03-24_opp.txt ├── 2014-03-25_opp.txt ├── 2014-03-26_opp.txt ├── 2014-03-27_opp.txt ├── 2014-03-28_opp.txt ├── 2014-03-29_opp.txt ├── 2014-03-30_opp.txt ├── 2014-03-31_opp.txt ├── 2014-04-01_opp.txt ├── 2014-04-02_opp.txt ├── 2014-04-03_opp.txt ├── 2014-04-04_opp.txt ├── 2014-04-05_opp.txt ├── 2014-04-06_opp.txt ├── 2014-04-07_opp.txt ├── 2014-04-08_opp.txt ├── 2014-04-09_opp.txt ├── 2014-04-10_opp.txt ├── 2014-04-11_opp.txt ├── 2014-04-12_opp.txt ├── 2014-04-13_opp.txt ├── 2014-04-14_opp.txt ├── 2014-04-15_opp.txt ├── 2014-04-16_opp.txt ├── 2014-04-17_opp.txt ├── 2014-04-18_opp.txt ├── 2014-04-19_opp.txt ├── 2014-04-20_opp.txt ├── 2014-04-21_opp.txt ├── 2014-04-22_opp.txt ├── 2014-04-23_opp.txt ├── 2014-04-24_opp.txt ├── 2014-04-25_opp.txt ├── 2014-04-26_opp.txt ├── 2014-04-27_opp.txt ├── 2014-04-28_opp.txt ├── 2014-04-29_opp.txt ├── 2014-04-30_opp.txt ├── 2014-05-01_opp.txt ├── 2014-05-02_opp.txt ├── 2014-05-03_opp.txt ├── 2014-05-04_opp.txt ├── 2014-05-05_opp.txt ├── 2014-05-06_opp.txt ├── 2014-05-07_opp.txt ├── 2014-05-08_opp.txt ├── 2014-05-09_opp.txt ├── 2014-05-10_opp.txt ├── 2014-05-11_opp.txt ├── 2014-05-12_opp.txt ├── 2014-05-13_opp.txt ├── 2014-05-14_opp.txt ├── 2014-05-15_opp.txt ├── 2014-05-16_opp.txt ├── 2014-05-17_opp.txt ├── 2014-05-18_opp.txt ├── 2014-05-19_opp.txt ├── 2014-05-20_opp.txt ├── 2014-05-21_opp.txt ├── 2014-05-22_opp.txt ├── 2014-05-23_opp.txt ├── 2014-05-24_opp.txt ├── 2014-05-25_opp.txt ├── 2014-05-26_opp.txt ├── 2014-05-27_opp.txt ├── 2014-05-28_opp.txt └── 2014-05-29_opp.txt ├── recitation_1.R ├── recitation_2.R ├── recitation_3.R ├── recitation_4.R ├── recitation_4a.R ├── recitation_5.R ├── recitation_6.R ├── recitation_7.R ├── recitation_8.R ├── recitation_9.R └── treaties.rdata /.gitattributes: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Auto detect text files and perform LF normalization 2 | * text=auto 3 | 4 | # Custom for Visual Studio 5 | *.cs diff=csharp 6 | 7 | # Standard to msysgit 8 | *.doc diff=astextplain 9 | *.DOC diff=astextplain 10 | *.docx diff=astextplain 11 | *.DOCX diff=astextplain 12 | *.dot diff=astextplain 13 | *.DOT diff=astextplain 14 | *.pdf diff=astextplain 15 | *.PDF diff=astextplain 16 | *.rtf diff=astextplain 17 | *.RTF diff=astextplain 18 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /.gitignore: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Windows image file caches 2 | Thumbs.db 3 | ehthumbs.db 4 | 5 | # Folder config file 6 | Desktop.ini 7 | 8 | # Recycle Bin used on file shares 9 | $RECYCLE.BIN/ 10 | 11 | # Windows Installer files 12 | *.cab 13 | *.msi 14 | *.msm 15 | *.msp 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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kmunger/Text_as_Data/42496529e812ddc6a7c2000c2a8d876bbbd896bf/HW3/custom_stopwords.RData -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /LaverGarry.cat: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | CULTURE 2 | CULTURE-HIGH 3 | ART (1) 4 | ARTISTIC (1) 5 | DANCE (1) 6 | GALLER* (1) 7 | MUSEUM* (1) 8 | MUSIC* (1) 9 | OPERA* (1) 10 | THEATRE* (1) 11 | CULTURE-POPULAR 12 | MEDIA (1) 13 | SPORT 14 | ANGLER* (1) 15 | PEOPLE (1) 16 | WAR_IN_IRAQ (1) 17 | CIVIL_WAR (1) 18 | ECONOMY 19 | +STATE+ 20 | ACCOMMODATION (1) 21 | AGE (1) 22 | AMBULANCE (1) 23 | ASSIST (1) 24 | BENEFIT (1) 25 | CARE (1) 26 | CARER* (1) 27 | CHILD* (1) 28 | CLASS (1) 29 | CLASSES (1) 30 | CLINICS (1) 31 | COLLECTIVE* (1) 32 | CONTRIBUTION* (1) 33 | COOPERATIVE* (1) 34 | CO-OPERATIVE* (1) 35 | DEPRIVATION (1) 36 | DISABILITIES (1) 37 | DISADVANTAGED (1) 38 | EDUCAT* (1) 39 | ELDERLY (1) 40 | EQUAL* (1) 41 | ESTABLISH (1) 42 | FAIR* (1) 43 | GUARANTEE* (1) 44 | HARDSHIP (1) 45 | HEALTH* (1) 46 | HOMELESS* (1) 47 | HOSPITAL* (1) 48 | HUNGER (1) 49 | INEQUAL* (1) 50 | INVEST (1) 51 | INVESTING (1) 52 | INVESTMENT (1) 53 | MEANS-TEST* (1) 54 | NURSE* (1) 55 | PATIENTS (1) 56 | PENSION (1) 57 | POOR (1) 58 | POORER (1) 59 | POOREST (1) 60 | POVERTY (1) 61 | REHOUSE* (1) 62 | RE-HOUSE* (1) 63 | SCHOOL (1) 64 | TEACH* (1) 65 | TRANSPORT (1) 66 | UNDERFUND* (1) 67 | UNEMPLOY* (1) 68 | VULNERABLE (1) 69 | WIDOW* (1) 70 | =STATE= 71 | ACCOUNTANT (1) 72 | ACCOUNTING (1) 73 | ACCOUNTS (1) 74 | ADVERT* (1) 75 | AIRLINE* (1) 76 | AIRPORT* (1) 77 | AUDIT* (1) 78 | BANK* (1) 79 | BARGAINING (1) 80 | BREADWINNER* (1) 81 | BUDGET* (1) 82 | BUY* (1) 83 | CARTEL* (1) 84 | CASH* (1) 85 | CHARGE* (1) 86 | COMMERCE* (1) 87 | COMPENSAT* (1) 88 | CONSUM* (1) 89 | COST* (1) 90 | CREDIT* (1) 91 | CUSTOMER* (1) 92 | DEBT* (1) 93 | DEFICIT* (1) 94 | DWELLING* (1) 95 | EARN* (1) 96 | ECON* (1) 97 | ELECTRICITY (1) 98 | ESTATE* (1) 99 | EXPORT* (1) 100 | FEE (1) 101 | FEES (1) 102 | FINANC* (1) 103 | HOUS* (1) 104 | IMPORT (1) 105 | IMPORTS (1) 106 | INDUSTR* (1) 107 | JOBS (1) 108 | LEASE* (1) 109 | LOAN* (1) 110 | MANUFACTUR* (1) 111 | MORTGAGE* (1) 112 | NEGOTIAT* (1) 113 | OPPORTUNITY (1) 114 | PARTNERSHIP* (1) 115 | PASSENGER* (1) 116 | PAY* (1) 117 | PERFORMANCE (1) 118 | PORT* (1) 119 | PRODUCTIVITY (1) 120 | PROFESSION* (1) 121 | PURCHAS* (1) 122 | RAILWAY* (1) 123 | REBATE* (1) 124 | RECESSION* (1) 125 | RESEARCH* (1) 126 | REVENUE* (1) 127 | SALAR* (1) 128 | SELL* (1) 129 | SETTLEMENT (1) 130 | SOFTWARE (1) 131 | SUPPLIER* (1) 132 | SUPPLY (1) 133 | TELECOM* (1) 134 | TELEPHON* (1) 135 | TENAN* (1) 136 | TOURIS* (1) 137 | TRADE (1) 138 | TRAIN* (1) 139 | WAGE* (1) 140 | WELFARE (1) 141 | WORK* (1) 142 | -STATE- 143 | ASSETS (1) 144 | AUTONOMY (1) 145 | BARRIER* (1) 146 | BID (1) 147 | BIDDERS (1) 148 | BIDDING (1) 149 | BURDEN* (1) 150 | CHARIT* (1) 151 | CHOICE* (1) 152 | COMPET* (1) 153 | CONFIDENCE (1) 154 | CONFISCATORY (1) 155 | CONSTRAIN* (1) 156 | CONTRACTING* (1) 157 | CONTRACTOR* (1) 158 | CONTROLLED (1) 159 | CONTROLLING (1) 160 | CONTROLS (1) 161 | CORPORATE (1) 162 | CORPORATION* (1) 163 | DEREGULATING (1) 164 | DISMANTL* (1) 165 | ENTREPRENEUR* (1) 166 | EXPENSIVE (1) 167 | FLEXIB* (1) 168 | FRANCHISE* (1) 169 | FUNDHOLD* (1) 170 | FUND-HOLDING (1) 171 | HOMESTEAD* (1) 172 | INITIATIVE (1) 173 | INTRUSIVE (1) 174 | INVESTOR* (1) 175 | LIBERALI* (1) 176 | MARKET* (1) 177 | MONETARY (1) 178 | MONEY (1) 179 | OWN* (1) 180 | PRIVATE (1) 181 | PRIVATELY (1) 182 | PRIVATISATIONS (1) 183 | PRIVATISED (1) 184 | PRIVATISING (1) 185 | PRODUCE* (1) 186 | PROFITABLE (1) 187 | REGULAT* (1) 188 | RETAIL* (1) 189 | RISK (1) 190 | RISKS (1) 191 | SAVINGS (1) 192 | SELL* (1) 193 | SHARES (1) 194 | SIMPLIF* (1) 195 | SPEND* (1) 196 | SPONSORSHIP (1) 197 | TAXABLE (1) 198 | TAXES (1) 199 | TAX-FREE (1) 200 | THRIFT* (1) 201 | TRADING (1) 202 | VALUE (1) 203 | VOLUNT* (1) 204 | VOUCHER* (1) 205 | ENVIRONMENT 206 | CON ENVIRONMENT 207 | PRODUC* (1) 208 | PRO ENVIRONMENT 209 | CAR (1) 210 | CATALYTIC (1) 211 | CHEMICAL* (1) 212 | CHIMNEY* (1) 213 | CLEAN* (1) 214 | CONGESTION (1) 215 | CYCLIST* (1) 216 | DEPLET* (1) 217 | ECOLOG* (1) 218 | EMISSION* (1) 219 | ENERGY-SAVING (1) 220 | ENVIRONMENT* (1) 221 | FUR (1) 222 | GREEN (1) 223 | HABITAT* (1) 224 | HEDGEROW* (1) 225 | HUSBANDED (1) 226 | LITTER* (1) 227 | OPENCAST (1) 228 | OPEN-CAST* (1) 229 | OZONE (1) 230 | PLANET (1) 231 | POPULATION (1) 232 | RECYCL* (1) 233 | RE-CYCL* (1) 234 | RE-USE (1) 235 | TOXIC (1) 236 | WARMING (1) 237 | GROUPS 238 | ETHNIC 239 | ASIAN* (1) 240 | BUDDHIST* (1) 241 | ETHNIC* (1) 242 | RACE (1) 243 | RACI* (1) 244 | WOMEN 245 | GIRLS (1) 246 | WOMAN (1) 247 | WOMEN (1) 248 | INSTITUTIONS 249 | CONSERVATIVE 250 | AUTHORITY (1) 251 | CONTINU* (1) 252 | DISRUPT* (1) 253 | INSPECT* (1) 254 | JURISDICTION* 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(1) 306 | DEMOCRATIC* (1) 307 | ELECT* (1) 308 | IMPLEMENT* (1) 309 | MODERN* (1) 310 | MONITOR* (1) 311 | REBUILD* (1) 312 | REEXAMINE* (1) 313 | REFORM* (1) 314 | RE-ORGANI* (1) 315 | REPEAL* (1) 316 | REPLACE* (1) 317 | REPRESENTAT* (1) 318 | SCANDAL* (1) 319 | SCRAP (1) 320 | SCRAP* (1) 321 | SCRUTIN* (1) 322 | TRANSFORM* (1) 323 | VOICE* (1) 324 | LAW_AND_ORDER 325 | LAW-CONSERVATIVE 326 | ASSAULTS (1) 327 | BAIL (1) 328 | BURGLAR* (1) 329 | CONSTAB* (1) 330 | CONVICT* (1) 331 | COURT (1) 332 | COURTS (1) 333 | CUSTOD* (1) 334 | DEALING (1) 335 | DELINQUEN* (1) 336 | DETER (1) 337 | DETER* (1) 338 | DISORDER (1) 339 | DRUG* (1) 340 | FINE (1) 341 | FINES (1) 342 | FIRMNESS (1) 343 | FORCE* (1) 344 | FRAUD* (1) 345 | GUARD* (1) 346 | HOOLIGAN* (1) 347 | ILLEGAL* (1) 348 | INTIMIDAT* (1) 349 | JOY-RIDE* (1) 350 | LAWLESS* (1) 351 | MAGISTRAT* (1) 352 | OFFENCE* (1) 353 | OFFICER* (1) 354 | PENAL* (1) 355 | POLICE (1) 356 | POLICEMEN (1) 357 | POLICING (1) 358 | PRISON* (1) 359 | PROBATION (1) 360 | PROSECUTION (1) 361 | PUNISH* (1) 362 | RE-OFFEND (1) 363 | RUC (1) 364 | SEIZ* (1) 365 | SENTENCE* (1) 366 | SHOP-LIFTING (1) 367 | SQUATTING (1) 368 | TERROR* (1) 369 | THEFT* (1) 370 | THUG* (1) 371 | TOUGH* (1) 372 | TRAFFICKER* (1) 373 | UNIFORMED (1) 374 | UNLAWFUL (1) 375 | VANDAL* (1) 376 | VICTIM* (1) 377 | VIGILAN* (1) 378 | LAW-LIBERAL 379 | HARASSMENT (1) 380 | NON-CUSTODIAL (1) 381 | RURAL 382 | AGRICULTUR* (1) 383 | BADGERS (1) 384 | BIRD* (1) 385 | COUNTRYSIDE (1) 386 | FARM* (1) 387 | FEED (1) 388 | FISH* (1) 389 | FOREST* (1) 390 | HENS (1) 391 | HORSE* (1) 392 | LANDSCAPE* (1) 393 | LANE* (1) 394 | LIVESTOCK (1) 395 | MEADOWS (1) 396 | VILLAGE* (1) 397 | WILDLIFE (1) 398 | URBAN 399 | TOWN* (1) 400 | VALUES 401 | CONSERVATIVE 402 | DEFEND (1) 403 | DEFENDED (1) 404 | DEFENDING (1) 405 | DISCIPLINE (1) 406 | GLORIES (1) 407 | GLORIOUS (1) 408 | GRAMMAR (1) 409 | HERITAGE (1) 410 | HISTOR* (1) 411 | HONOUR* (1) 412 | IMMIGRA* (1) 413 | INHERIT* (1) 414 | INTEGRITY (1) 415 | JUBILEE* (1) 416 | LEADER* (1) 417 | MAINTAIN (1) 418 | MAJESTY (1) 419 | MARRIAGE (1) 420 | OBSCEN* (1) 421 | PAST (1) 422 | PORNOGRAPH* (1) 423 | PRESERV* (1) 424 | PRIDE (1) 425 | PRINCIPL* (1) 426 | PROBITY (1) 427 | PROFESSIONALISM (1) 428 | PROUD (1) 429 | PUNCTUAL* (1) 430 | RECAPTURE* (1) 431 | RELIAB* (1) 432 | THREAT* (1) 433 | TRADITION* (1) 434 | LIBERAL 435 | CRUEL* (1) 436 | DISCRIMINAT* (1) 437 | HUMAN* (1) 438 | INJUSTICE* (1) 439 | INNOCENT (1) 440 | INTER_RACIAL (1) 441 | MINORIT* (1) 442 | REPRESSI* (1) 443 | RIGHTS (1) 444 | SEX* (1) 445 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /cons/Con1922.txt: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 1922 Conservative Party General Election Manifesto 2 | Andrew Bonar Law's Election Address 3 | 4 | His Majesty has been graciously pleased to appoint me First Minister of the Crown. I appeal to you to renew your confidence in myself as your representative, and to give your support to the new Government of which I am the head. The crisis which has arisen so suddenly has made it absolutely necessary that an immediate appeal should be made to the people, and in consequence it has been impossible to have an examination with my colleagues into the many questions with which we have to deal. Of necessity, therefore, the outlines of policy which I now submit to you cannot be as definite and precide as in other circumstances would have been possible. 5 | 6 | The crying need of the nation at this moment - a need which in my judgement far exceeds any other - is that we should have tranquility and stability both at home and abroad so that free scope should be given to the initative and enterprise of our citizens, for it is in that way far more than by any action of the Government that we can hope to recover from the economic and social results of the war. 7 | 8 | With this in view I think it is of the utmost importance that we should return as quickly as possible, to the normal procedure which existed before the war. In pursuance of this aim I am satisfied that the time has now come when a change should be made in the machinery of the central Government. Some of the work which has hitherto been done by the Cabinet Secretariat is essential and must be continued, but we intend to bring that body in its present form to an end, and I am certain that the necessary work can be continued, and the invaluable services of the present Secretary retained, in connection with the Treasury, which in the past has always been the central department of Government. As an illustration of the changes which we contemplate, instructions have been already given to transfer to the Foreign Office the machinery of the League of Nations, and in the same way to arrange, as regards any future International Conferences, that even where it is necessary that I as Prime Minister should be present, the machinery of the Conferences and the preliminary work in connection with them will be performed not by the Cabinet Secretariat but by the Foreign Office itself. 9 | 10 | At the present moment the first foreign interest not alone of Great Britain and of the British Empire, but of the world, is the re-establishment of peace. In all our foreign relations we intend to pursue an even course, loyally fulfilling the obligations we have undertaken, but resolutely determined not to extend our commitments, and should reasonable occasion arise to curtail them. It was by wholehearted co-operation, often under great difficulty, and with great differences of opinion, that we won the war. It is only by the same frank and full co-operation, conducted in the same spirit, with France and our other great Allies, that we can hope to solve the difficult problems with which we are not confronted. It is my confident hope that under the well-tried guidance of the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs the negotiations for the settlement of the Near Eastern crisis will result in a true and lasting peace, conducing both to the political tranquillity of the Near and Middle East, with which so many of our Imperial interests are bound up, and to the personal security and happiness of the inhabitants of all races and creeds in the regions which have been the scene of so much disturbance and suffering. 11 | 12 | During the war the feeling supreme in the minds of men and women throughout the world was that a similar calamity should never again be allowed to fall upon mankind. It was to meet this feeling that the League of Nations was instituted, and it will be our earnest aim to give it wholehearted and practical support. The maintenance of our friendship and good understanding with the United States, based not on any formal friendship and good understanding with the United States, beased not on any formal friendship and good understanding with the United States, beased not on any formal alliance but on community of inherited ideals as well as on recent comradeship in arms, must always be a princial aim of British policy. Above all, we mean, in all matters affecting the external policy or security of the Empire, to act in close and continuous consultation with the Governments of the Dominions and of India in order to ensure that our policy shall keep fully in view both the interests and sentiments of our fellow subjects overseas, and at all times have behind it the moral support of the whole British Commonwealth. 13 | 14 | Our first task, if returned to power, will be the ratification of the Irish Treaty. We are prepared to take our part in making good that Treaty, both in the letter and in the spirit, and to co-operate with the Irish Government in the new relationship within the Empire which the Treaty will have created. We are equally pledged to safeguard the freedom of choice and the security of the Parliament and Government of Northern Ireland. We earnestly hope that further progress will be made in dealing with the anarchy in the South, and that both in the North and in the South it will be realised that the prosperity of Ireland as a whole can only be achieved by good will between the Governments and peoples of the two portions of that country. The position of the innocent victims of recent disturbances is a matter of the gravest concern to the people of this country, and it will be the duty of the Government to keep in the closest touch with the Government of the Irish Free State on this matter, so that just claims for compensation may have sympathetic consideration. 15 | 16 | We desire to promote the quiet and orderly development of India under the constitution which was conferred on her by the Act of 1919. The co-operation of all classes and sections is essential to the progress and prosperity of India, and, if that be secured, we can look forward with confidence to an industrial development which will add to her resources and give increased stability to her economic structure. 17 | 18 | At home our chief preoccupation at this time is the state of trade and employment. The immediate problem of unemployment this winter will call for emergency measures. Plans for dealing with the situation have already been considered by the late Government. They will be examined afresh by us with a view of seeing whether any improvements are possible, and the necessary steps will then be taken with the least avoidable delay. Such remedies, however, can only be palliatives, and the real recovery will not come except from the revival of trade and industry. To secure this result, the first eessential is to reduce expenditure to the lowest attainable level in the hope that the taxpayer may find some relief from the burden fo taxation which not only presses so heavily upon individuals, but is the greatest clog upon the wheels of national industry. 19 | 20 | Every Candidate, in every constituency, will, as I do, make retrenchment an essential part of his programme. All that I can possibly say, knowing how great are the difficulties, is that we should do our best to secure it. It will also be our endeavour in any way in our power to help trade, and the method of doing this, which seems to me most helpful, is the development of trade within the Empire itself. The markets, which for the time at least, as a consequence of the war, we have lost in Europe, can best be replaced by further development of trade with overseas countries, and especially of trade within the British Empire. We propose, therefore, immediately to consult the Governments of the self-governing Dominions and, if they approve, to summon, as early as possible, an Economic Conference with the view of finding in what way by mutual co-operation we can best develop the vast trade of which, in my opinion, the resources of the Empire admit. 21 | 22 | There is one branch of industry to which I must specially refer. As a consequence of the war, agriculture, the greatest of our national industries, is in a most serious condition, and demands the practical sympathy of the Government. It is not easy to specify the exact method by which that sympathy can be shown, but we shall immediately examine the whole problem afresh in the hope of making proposals which will assist the agricultural community to overcome the difficulties that now confront them. 23 | 24 | There are many measures of legislative and administrative importance which, in themselves, would be desirable, and which, in other electorate. But I do not feel that they can, at this moment, claim precedence over the nation's first need, which is, in every walk of life, to get on with its work with the minimum of interference at home and of disturbance abroad. 25 | Conservative Party Manifestos 26 | 27 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /cons/Con1923.txt: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 1923 Conservative Party General Election Manifesto 2 | Stanley Baldwin's Election Address 3 | 4 | In submitting myself to you for re-election, I propose frankly to put before you the present situation as I see it, and the measures which in the opinion of myself and my colleagues are necessary adequately to deal with it. 5 | 6 | 1. The unemployment and under-employment which our working people and our great national industries are now facing for the fourth winter in succession, on a scale unparalleled in our history, having created a problem which calls urgently for a solution. Their indefinite continuance threatens to impair permanently the trained skill and the independent spirit of our workers, to disorganise the whole fabric of industry and credit, and, by eating away the sources of revenue, to undermine the very foundations of our national and municipal life. 7 | 2. In large measure this state of affairs is due to the political and economic disorganisation of Europe consequent on the Great War. In accordance with the policy affirmed by the Imperial Conference we shall continue to devote every effort through the League of Nations and by every other practical means, to the restoration of a true peace in Europe. But that at the best must take time. A year ago Mr Bonar Law could still hope that a more settled condition of affairs was in prospect, absence of any modification of fiscal policy, of the ultimate necessity of which he himself was always convinced. Since the occupation of the Ruhr it has become evident that we are confronted by a situation which, even if it does not become worse, is not likely to be normal for years to come. 8 | 3. The disorganisation and poverty of Europe, accompanied by broken exchanges and by higher tariffs all the world over, have directly and indirectly narrowed the whole field of our foreign trade. In our own home market the bounty given to the importation of foreign goods by depreciated currencies, and by the reduced standard of living in many European countries, has exposed us to a competition which is essentially unfair and is paralysing enterprise and initiative. It is under such conditions that we have to find work for a population which, largely owing to the cessation during the war period of the normal flow of migration to the Dominions, has in the last census period increased by over a million and three quarter souls. 9 | 4. No Government with any sense of responsibility could continue to sit with tied hands watching the unequal struggle of our industries or content itself with palliatives which, valuable as they are to mitigate the hardship to individuals, must inevitably add to the burden of rates and taxes and thereby still further weaken our whole economic structure. Drastic measures have become necessary for dealing with present conditions as long as they continue. 10 | 5. The present Government hold themselves pledged by Mr Bonar Law not to make any fundamental change in the fiscal system of the country without consulting the electorate. Convinced, as I am, that only by such a change can a remedy be found, and that no partial measures such as the extension of the Safeguarding of Industries Act, can meet the situation, I am in honour bound to ask the people to release us from this pledge without further prejudicing the situation by any delay. That is the reason, and the only reason, which has made this election necessary. 11 | 6. What we propose to do for the assistance of employment in industry, if the nation approves, is to impose duties on imported manufactured goods, with the following objects:- 12 | * to raise revenue by methods less unfair to our own home production which at present bears the whole burden of local and national taxation, including the cost of relieving unemployment. 13 | * to give special assistance to industries which are suffering under unfair foreign competition; 14 | * to utilise these duties in order to negotiate for a reduction of foreign tariffs in those directions which would most benefit our export trade; 15 | * to give substantial preference to the Empire on the whole range of our duties with a view to promoting the continued extension of the principle of mutual preference which has already done so much for the expansion of our trade, and the development, in co-operation with the other Governments of the Empire, of the boundless resources of our common heritage. 16 | 7. Such a policy will defend our industries during the present emergency and will enable us, as more normal conditions return, to work effectively to secure a greater measure of real Free Trade both within the Empire and with foreign countries. Trade which is subject to the arbitrary interference of every foreign tariff, and at the mercy of every disturbance arising from the distractions of Europe, is in no sense free, and is certainly not fair to our own people. 17 | 8. It is not our intention, in any circumstances, to impose any duties on wheat, flour, oats, meat (including bacon and ham), cheese, butter or eggs. 18 | 9. While assisting the manufacturing industries of the country we propose also to give a direct measure of support to agriculture. Agriculture is not only, in itself, the greatest and most important of our national industries, but is of especial value as supplying the most stable and essentially complementary home market for our manufacturers. 19 | 10. We propose to afford this assistance by a bounty of £1 an acre on all holdings of arable land exceeding one acre. The main object of that bounty is to maintain employment on the land and so keep up the wages of agricultural labour. In order to make sure of this we shall decline to pay the bounty to any employer who pays less than 30/- a week to an able-bodied labourer. 20 | 11. The exclusion from any import duties of the essential foodstuffs which I have mentioned, as well as of raw materials, undoubtedly imposes a certain limitation upon the fullest extension of Imperial Preference. But even the preferences agreed to at the recent Economic Conference within our existing fiscal system, have been acknowledged as of the greatest value by the Dominion representatives, and our present proposals will offer a much wider field, the value of which will be progressively enhanced by the increasing range and variety of Empire production. 21 | 12. Moreover in the field of Empire development, as well as in that of home agriculture, we are not confined to the assistance furnished by duties. We have already given an earnest of our desire to promote a better distribution of the population of the Empire through the Empire Settlement Act, and at the Economic Conference we have undertaken to co-operate effectively with the Government of any part of the Empire in schemes of economic development. More especially do we intend to devote our attention to the development of cottom growing within the Empire, in order to keep down the cost of a raw material essential to our greatest exporting industry. 22 | 13. These measures constitute a single comprehensive and inter-dependent policy. Without additional revenue we cannot assist agriculture at home, but the income derived from the tariff will provide for this and leave us with means which can be devoted to cotton growing and other development in the Empire, and to the reduction of the duties on tea and sugar which fall so directly upon the working class household. 23 | 14. For the present emergency, and pending the introduction of our more extended proposals, we are making, and shall continue to make, every effort to increase the volume of work for our people. The Government are spending very large sums on every measure of emergency relief that can help in this direction. Further, the local Authorities of all kinds throughout the country, and great individual enterprises, such as the railways, with the assistance of the Government, or on its invitation, are co-operating wholeheartedly in the national endeavour to increase the volume of employment. This great combined effort of the Government, of the Local Authorities, and of individual enterprises, represents an expenditure of no less than £100 millions sterling. 24 | 15. The position of shipbuilding, one of the hardest hit of all our industries, is peculiar. It can only recover as shipping revives with the development of Empire and foreign trade which we believe will follow from our measures. We propose in the meantime to give it special assistance by accelerating the programme of light cruiser construction which will in any case become necessary in the near future. We are informed by our Naval advisers that some light cruisers will be required during the next few years in replacement of the County class, as well as a variety of smaller and auxiliary craft, and we intend that a substantial proportion of these shall be laid down as soon as the designs are ready and Parliamentary sanction secured. 25 | 16. The solution of the unemployment problem is the key to every necessary social reform. But I should like to repeat my convictino that we should aim aim at the reorganisatino of our various schemes of insurance against old age, ill-health and unemployment. More particularly should we devote our attention to investigating the possibilities of getting rid of the inconsistencies and the discouragement of thrift at present associated with the working of the Old Age Pensions Act. The encouragement of thrift and independence must be the underlying principle of all our social reforms. 26 | 27 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /cons/Con1931.txt: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 1931 Conservative Party General Election Manifesto 2 | The nation's duty: Stanley Baldwin's Election Message 3 | 4 | It is barely two months since my decision to join the National Government was unanimously endorsed at a meeting of Members of Parliament and Candidates held at the Kingsway Hall in London. At that time we expected that the co-operation then secured would last only a few weeks, but recent events have rendered it necessary, in my view, that the period of this co-operation should be extended. The Budget has been balanced. Borrowing has been stopped at the cost of sacrifices from every class of the community, sacrifices which are heavy but which, I hope and believe, as the result of a continuance of our policy may be temporary. But we have not yet balanced the Trade Account of the Nation: in other words, we are not yet earning enough to pay for what we have to buy from Overseas. Unless this position can be altered nothing can save us from ultimate bankruptcy. 5 | Our Country's Safety 6 | 7 | We must shrink from no steps to prove the stability of our country and to save our people from the disaster attaching to a currency fluctuating and falling through lack of confidence at home and abroad. 8 | A National Mandate 9 | 10 | To complete this work it is imperative that the Government should have a national mandate giving it freedom to use whatever means may be found necessary after careful examination to effect the end in view. It is necessary that in place of a small Parliamentary majority we should have a stable Government with a large majority backed by the resolution of a great majority of the electors. The country must show in no uncertain matter that it will have nothing to do with a party whose programme could only convert a situation grave already into one of chaos and catastrophe. Some of the problems that lie before us are wide as the world itself. Some are peculiar to ourselves. 11 | 12 | In the international field we have to consider war debts and reparations, disarmament, the unequal distribution of the world supply of gold and the mutual financial dependence of the countries of the world. Those questions may well tax the statesmanship of all nations. 13 | 14 | At home the paramount question is that of the adverse Balance of Trade, the redress of which is essential to secure our financial stability. This can be accomplished only be reducing imports, by increasing exports, or by a combination of both. 15 | Tariffs Essential 16 | 17 | I am prepared to examine any method which can effect what is required. I recognised that the situation is altered by the devaluation of the pound, but in my view the effect of that devaluation can be no valid substitute for a tariff, carefully designed and adjusted to meet the present situation. I shall, therefore, continue to press upon the electors that in my view the tariff is the quickest and most effective weapon not only to reduce excessive imports but to enable us to induce other countries to lower their tariff walls. 18 | 19 | The position of Agriculture is one which in my judgement is so desperate as to call for immediate and far-reaching measures of relief. To this end the first step should be assistance to cereal farmers, and we have in no way changed our view that the best form of assistance is by means of a quota and guaranteed price for wheat. 20 | 'Farmers Must be Secured Against Dumping' 21 | 22 | Farmers must be secured against dumping, which has brought so many branches of their industry to ruin. The production of food at home should be increased and the drain of men from the land stopped, and to this end and to make Imperial treaties which may be of enormous value to us as a nation we shall require such a fee hand as will allow us to use prohibitions, quotas or duties as may seem most effective in the circumstances. 23 | Empire Economic Unity 24 | 25 | The Problem of the Empire is to secure that economic unity for which we have so long striven. I hope that the reasons which led to a suspension of the Ottawa Conference have been overcome, and that it will be possible for the Canadian Government to renew its invitation. We shall then have a unique opportunity before us in the fact that it will fall to the National Government to accept that invitation. 26 | 27 | The ideal of Imperial Economic Unity is widespread today, and I am confident that the foundation of such unity will be well and truly laid with such general assent of our people as would have seemed impossible but a few short years ago. 28 | All must Help 29 | 30 | The National Government has with your help accomplished the first part of its work. We are passing through stern and difficult times; our task will be impossible without the support of the nation. 31 | 32 | For that support we appeal with confidence, and in the winning of that support I believe a great part will be played by those I am proud to lead. 33 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /cons_lab/Con1922.txt: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 1922 Conservative Party General Election Manifesto 2 | Andrew Bonar Law's Election Address 3 | 4 | His Majesty has been graciously pleased to appoint me First Minister of the Crown. I appeal to you to renew your confidence in myself as your representative, and to give your support to the new Government of which I am the head. The crisis which has arisen so suddenly has made it absolutely necessary that an immediate appeal should be made to the people, and in consequence it has been impossible to have an examination with my colleagues into the many questions with which we have to deal. Of necessity, therefore, the outlines of policy which I now submit to you cannot be as definite and precide as in other circumstances would have been possible. 5 | 6 | The crying need of the nation at this moment - a need which in my judgement far exceeds any other - is that we should have tranquility and stability both at home and abroad so that free scope should be given to the initative and enterprise of our citizens, for it is in that way far more than by any action of the Government that we can hope to recover from the economic and social results of the war. 7 | 8 | With this in view I think it is of the utmost importance that we should return as quickly as possible, to the normal procedure which existed before the war. In pursuance of this aim I am satisfied that the time has now come when a change should be made in the machinery of the central Government. Some of the work which has hitherto been done by the Cabinet Secretariat is essential and must be continued, but we intend to bring that body in its present form to an end, and I am certain that the necessary work can be continued, and the invaluable services of the present Secretary retained, in connection with the Treasury, which in the past has always been the central department of Government. As an illustration of the changes which we contemplate, instructions have been already given to transfer to the Foreign Office the machinery of the League of Nations, and in the same way to arrange, as regards any future International Conferences, that even where it is necessary that I as Prime Minister should be present, the machinery of the Conferences and the preliminary work in connection with them will be performed not by the Cabinet Secretariat but by the Foreign Office itself. 9 | 10 | At the present moment the first foreign interest not alone of Great Britain and of the British Empire, but of the world, is the re-establishment of peace. In all our foreign relations we intend to pursue an even course, loyally fulfilling the obligations we have undertaken, but resolutely determined not to extend our commitments, and should reasonable occasion arise to curtail them. It was by wholehearted co-operation, often under great difficulty, and with great differences of opinion, that we won the war. It is only by the same frank and full co-operation, conducted in the same spirit, with France and our other great Allies, that we can hope to solve the difficult problems with which we are not confronted. It is my confident hope that under the well-tried guidance of the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs the negotiations for the settlement of the Near Eastern crisis will result in a true and lasting peace, conducing both to the political tranquillity of the Near and Middle East, with which so many of our Imperial interests are bound up, and to the personal security and happiness of the inhabitants of all races and creeds in the regions which have been the scene of so much disturbance and suffering. 11 | 12 | During the war the feeling supreme in the minds of men and women throughout the world was that a similar calamity should never again be allowed to fall upon mankind. It was to meet this feeling that the League of Nations was instituted, and it will be our earnest aim to give it wholehearted and practical support. The maintenance of our friendship and good understanding with the United States, based not on any formal friendship and good understanding with the United States, beased not on any formal friendship and good understanding with the United States, beased not on any formal alliance but on community of inherited ideals as well as on recent comradeship in arms, must always be a princial aim of British policy. Above all, we mean, in all matters affecting the external policy or security of the Empire, to act in close and continuous consultation with the Governments of the Dominions and of India in order to ensure that our policy shall keep fully in view both the interests and sentiments of our fellow subjects overseas, and at all times have behind it the moral support of the whole British Commonwealth. 13 | 14 | Our first task, if returned to power, will be the ratification of the Irish Treaty. We are prepared to take our part in making good that Treaty, both in the letter and in the spirit, and to co-operate with the Irish Government in the new relationship within the Empire which the Treaty will have created. We are equally pledged to safeguard the freedom of choice and the security of the Parliament and Government of Northern Ireland. We earnestly hope that further progress will be made in dealing with the anarchy in the South, and that both in the North and in the South it will be realised that the prosperity of Ireland as a whole can only be achieved by good will between the Governments and peoples of the two portions of that country. The position of the innocent victims of recent disturbances is a matter of the gravest concern to the people of this country, and it will be the duty of the Government to keep in the closest touch with the Government of the Irish Free State on this matter, so that just claims for compensation may have sympathetic consideration. 15 | 16 | We desire to promote the quiet and orderly development of India under the constitution which was conferred on her by the Act of 1919. The co-operation of all classes and sections is essential to the progress and prosperity of India, and, if that be secured, we can look forward with confidence to an industrial development which will add to her resources and give increased stability to her economic structure. 17 | 18 | At home our chief preoccupation at this time is the state of trade and employment. The immediate problem of unemployment this winter will call for emergency measures. Plans for dealing with the situation have already been considered by the late Government. They will be examined afresh by us with a view of seeing whether any improvements are possible, and the necessary steps will then be taken with the least avoidable delay. Such remedies, however, can only be palliatives, and the real recovery will not come except from the revival of trade and industry. To secure this result, the first eessential is to reduce expenditure to the lowest attainable level in the hope that the taxpayer may find some relief from the burden fo taxation which not only presses so heavily upon individuals, but is the greatest clog upon the wheels of national industry. 19 | 20 | Every Candidate, in every constituency, will, as I do, make retrenchment an essential part of his programme. All that I can possibly say, knowing how great are the difficulties, is that we should do our best to secure it. It will also be our endeavour in any way in our power to help trade, and the method of doing this, which seems to me most helpful, is the development of trade within the Empire itself. The markets, which for the time at least, as a consequence of the war, we have lost in Europe, can best be replaced by further development of trade with overseas countries, and especially of trade within the British Empire. We propose, therefore, immediately to consult the Governments of the self-governing Dominions and, if they approve, to summon, as early as possible, an Economic Conference with the view of finding in what way by mutual co-operation we can best develop the vast trade of which, in my opinion, the resources of the Empire admit. 21 | 22 | There is one branch of industry to which I must specially refer. As a consequence of the war, agriculture, the greatest of our national industries, is in a most serious condition, and demands the practical sympathy of the Government. It is not easy to specify the exact method by which that sympathy can be shown, but we shall immediately examine the whole problem afresh in the hope of making proposals which will assist the agricultural community to overcome the difficulties that now confront them. 23 | 24 | There are many measures of legislative and administrative importance which, in themselves, would be desirable, and which, in other electorate. But I do not feel that they can, at this moment, claim precedence over the nation's first need, which is, in every walk of life, to get on with its work with the minimum of interference at home and of disturbance abroad. 25 | Conservative Party Manifestos 26 | 27 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /cons_lab/Con1923.txt: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 1923 Conservative Party General Election Manifesto 2 | Stanley Baldwin's Election Address 3 | 4 | In submitting myself to you for re-election, I propose frankly to put before you the present situation as I see it, and the measures which in the opinion of myself and my colleagues are necessary adequately to deal with it. 5 | 6 | 1. The unemployment and under-employment which our working people and our great national industries are now facing for the fourth winter in succession, on a scale unparalleled in our history, having created a problem which calls urgently for a solution. Their indefinite continuance threatens to impair permanently the trained skill and the independent spirit of our workers, to disorganise the whole fabric of industry and credit, and, by eating away the sources of revenue, to undermine the very foundations of our national and municipal life. 7 | 2. In large measure this state of affairs is due to the political and economic disorganisation of Europe consequent on the Great War. In accordance with the policy affirmed by the Imperial Conference we shall continue to devote every effort through the League of Nations and by every other practical means, to the restoration of a true peace in Europe. But that at the best must take time. A year ago Mr Bonar Law could still hope that a more settled condition of affairs was in prospect, absence of any modification of fiscal policy, of the ultimate necessity of which he himself was always convinced. Since the occupation of the Ruhr it has become evident that we are confronted by a situation which, even if it does not become worse, is not likely to be normal for years to come. 8 | 3. The disorganisation and poverty of Europe, accompanied by broken exchanges and by higher tariffs all the world over, have directly and indirectly narrowed the whole field of our foreign trade. In our own home market the bounty given to the importation of foreign goods by depreciated currencies, and by the reduced standard of living in many European countries, has exposed us to a competition which is essentially unfair and is paralysing enterprise and initiative. It is under such conditions that we have to find work for a population which, largely owing to the cessation during the war period of the normal flow of migration to the Dominions, has in the last census period increased by over a million and three quarter souls. 9 | 4. No Government with any sense of responsibility could continue to sit with tied hands watching the unequal struggle of our industries or content itself with palliatives which, valuable as they are to mitigate the hardship to individuals, must inevitably add to the burden of rates and taxes and thereby still further weaken our whole economic structure. Drastic measures have become necessary for dealing with present conditions as long as they continue. 10 | 5. The present Government hold themselves pledged by Mr Bonar Law not to make any fundamental change in the fiscal system of the country without consulting the electorate. Convinced, as I am, that only by such a change can a remedy be found, and that no partial measures such as the extension of the Safeguarding of Industries Act, can meet the situation, I am in honour bound to ask the people to release us from this pledge without further prejudicing the situation by any delay. That is the reason, and the only reason, which has made this election necessary. 11 | 6. What we propose to do for the assistance of employment in industry, if the nation approves, is to impose duties on imported manufactured goods, with the following objects:- 12 | * to raise revenue by methods less unfair to our own home production which at present bears the whole burden of local and national taxation, including the cost of relieving unemployment. 13 | * to give special assistance to industries which are suffering under unfair foreign competition; 14 | * to utilise these duties in order to negotiate for a reduction of foreign tariffs in those directions which would most benefit our export trade; 15 | * to give substantial preference to the Empire on the whole range of our duties with a view to promoting the continued extension of the principle of mutual preference which has already done so much for the expansion of our trade, and the development, in co-operation with the other Governments of the Empire, of the boundless resources of our common heritage. 16 | 7. Such a policy will defend our industries during the present emergency and will enable us, as more normal conditions return, to work effectively to secure a greater measure of real Free Trade both within the Empire and with foreign countries. Trade which is subject to the arbitrary interference of every foreign tariff, and at the mercy of every disturbance arising from the distractions of Europe, is in no sense free, and is certainly not fair to our own people. 17 | 8. It is not our intention, in any circumstances, to impose any duties on wheat, flour, oats, meat (including bacon and ham), cheese, butter or eggs. 18 | 9. While assisting the manufacturing industries of the country we propose also to give a direct measure of support to agriculture. Agriculture is not only, in itself, the greatest and most important of our national industries, but is of especial value as supplying the most stable and essentially complementary home market for our manufacturers. 19 | 10. We propose to afford this assistance by a bounty of £1 an acre on all holdings of arable land exceeding one acre. The main object of that bounty is to maintain employment on the land and so keep up the wages of agricultural labour. In order to make sure of this we shall decline to pay the bounty to any employer who pays less than 30/- a week to an able-bodied labourer. 20 | 11. The exclusion from any import duties of the essential foodstuffs which I have mentioned, as well as of raw materials, undoubtedly imposes a certain limitation upon the fullest extension of Imperial Preference. But even the preferences agreed to at the recent Economic Conference within our existing fiscal system, have been acknowledged as of the greatest value by the Dominion representatives, and our present proposals will offer a much wider field, the value of which will be progressively enhanced by the increasing range and variety of Empire production. 21 | 12. Moreover in the field of Empire development, as well as in that of home agriculture, we are not confined to the assistance furnished by duties. We have already given an earnest of our desire to promote a better distribution of the population of the Empire through the Empire Settlement Act, and at the Economic Conference we have undertaken to co-operate effectively with the Government of any part of the Empire in schemes of economic development. More especially do we intend to devote our attention to the development of cottom growing within the Empire, in order to keep down the cost of a raw material essential to our greatest exporting industry. 22 | 13. These measures constitute a single comprehensive and inter-dependent policy. Without additional revenue we cannot assist agriculture at home, but the income derived from the tariff will provide for this and leave us with means which can be devoted to cotton growing and other development in the Empire, and to the reduction of the duties on tea and sugar which fall so directly upon the working class household. 23 | 14. For the present emergency, and pending the introduction of our more extended proposals, we are making, and shall continue to make, every effort to increase the volume of work for our people. The Government are spending very large sums on every measure of emergency relief that can help in this direction. Further, the local Authorities of all kinds throughout the country, and great individual enterprises, such as the railways, with the assistance of the Government, or on its invitation, are co-operating wholeheartedly in the national endeavour to increase the volume of employment. This great combined effort of the Government, of the Local Authorities, and of individual enterprises, represents an expenditure of no less than £100 millions sterling. 24 | 15. The position of shipbuilding, one of the hardest hit of all our industries, is peculiar. It can only recover as shipping revives with the development of Empire and foreign trade which we believe will follow from our measures. We propose in the meantime to give it special assistance by accelerating the programme of light cruiser construction which will in any case become necessary in the near future. We are informed by our Naval advisers that some light cruisers will be required during the next few years in replacement of the County class, as well as a variety of smaller and auxiliary craft, and we intend that a substantial proportion of these shall be laid down as soon as the designs are ready and Parliamentary sanction secured. 25 | 16. The solution of the unemployment problem is the key to every necessary social reform. But I should like to repeat my convictino that we should aim aim at the reorganisatino of our various schemes of insurance against old age, ill-health and unemployment. More particularly should we devote our attention to investigating the possibilities of getting rid of the inconsistencies and the discouragement of thrift at present associated with the working of the Old Age Pensions Act. The encouragement of thrift and independence must be the underlying principle of all our social reforms. 26 | 27 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /cons_lab/Con1931.txt: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 1931 Conservative Party General Election Manifesto 2 | The nation's duty: Stanley Baldwin's Election Message 3 | 4 | It is barely two months since my decision to join the National Government was unanimously endorsed at a meeting of Members of Parliament and Candidates held at the Kingsway Hall in London. At that time we expected that the co-operation then secured would last only a few weeks, but recent events have rendered it necessary, in my view, that the period of this co-operation should be extended. The Budget has been balanced. Borrowing has been stopped at the cost of sacrifices from every class of the community, sacrifices which are heavy but which, I hope and believe, as the result of a continuance of our policy may be temporary. But we have not yet balanced the Trade Account of the Nation: in other words, we are not yet earning enough to pay for what we have to buy from Overseas. Unless this position can be altered nothing can save us from ultimate bankruptcy. 5 | Our Country's Safety 6 | 7 | We must shrink from no steps to prove the stability of our country and to save our people from the disaster attaching to a currency fluctuating and falling through lack of confidence at home and abroad. 8 | A National Mandate 9 | 10 | To complete this work it is imperative that the Government should have a national mandate giving it freedom to use whatever means may be found necessary after careful examination to effect the end in view. It is necessary that in place of a small Parliamentary majority we should have a stable Government with a large majority backed by the resolution of a great majority of the electors. The country must show in no uncertain matter that it will have nothing to do with a party whose programme could only convert a situation grave already into one of chaos and catastrophe. Some of the problems that lie before us are wide as the world itself. Some are peculiar to ourselves. 11 | 12 | In the international field we have to consider war debts and reparations, disarmament, the unequal distribution of the world supply of gold and the mutual financial dependence of the countries of the world. Those questions may well tax the statesmanship of all nations. 13 | 14 | At home the paramount question is that of the adverse Balance of Trade, the redress of which is essential to secure our financial stability. This can be accomplished only be reducing imports, by increasing exports, or by a combination of both. 15 | Tariffs Essential 16 | 17 | I am prepared to examine any method which can effect what is required. I recognised that the situation is altered by the devaluation of the pound, but in my view the effect of that devaluation can be no valid substitute for a tariff, carefully designed and adjusted to meet the present situation. I shall, therefore, continue to press upon the electors that in my view the tariff is the quickest and most effective weapon not only to reduce excessive imports but to enable us to induce other countries to lower their tariff walls. 18 | 19 | The position of Agriculture is one which in my judgement is so desperate as to call for immediate and far-reaching measures of relief. To this end the first step should be assistance to cereal farmers, and we have in no way changed our view that the best form of assistance is by means of a quota and guaranteed price for wheat. 20 | 'Farmers Must be Secured Against Dumping' 21 | 22 | Farmers must be secured against dumping, which has brought so many branches of their industry to ruin. The production of food at home should be increased and the drain of men from the land stopped, and to this end and to make Imperial treaties which may be of enormous value to us as a nation we shall require such a fee hand as will allow us to use prohibitions, quotas or duties as may seem most effective in the circumstances. 23 | Empire Economic Unity 24 | 25 | The Problem of the Empire is to secure that economic unity for which we have so long striven. I hope that the reasons which led to a suspension of the Ottawa Conference have been overcome, and that it will be possible for the Canadian Government to renew its invitation. We shall then have a unique opportunity before us in the fact that it will fall to the National Government to accept that invitation. 26 | 27 | The ideal of Imperial Economic Unity is widespread today, and I am confident that the foundation of such unity will be well and truly laid with such general assent of our people as would have seemed impossible but a few short years ago. 28 | All must Help 29 | 30 | The National Government has with your help accomplished the first part of its work. We are passing through stern and difficult times; our task will be impossible without the support of the nation. 31 | 32 | For that support we appeal with confidence, and in the winning of that support I believe a great part will be played by those I am proud to lead. 33 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /cons_lab/Lab1918.txt: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 1918 Labour Party General Election Manifesto 2 | Labour's call to the people 3 | 4 | The Labour Party has left the Coalition, and is appealing to the men and women of the country with a programme that is a challenge to reaction. 5 | A peace of reconciliation 6 | 7 | Victory has been achieved, and Labour claims no mean share in its achievement. Not only have the workers supplied the vast majority of our soldiers and sailors, and sustained the burden of war at home; the democratic diplomacy which found expression in the War Aims of Labour has been one of the most powerful factors in winning the war, and must be the most powerful factor in the rebuilding of the world. The Peace which Labour demands is a Peace of International Co-operation. It declares absolutely against secret diplomacy and any form of economic war, and demands, as an essential part of the Peace Treaty, an International Labour Charter incorporated in the very structure of the League of Free Peoples. 8 | Hands off democracy! 9 | 10 | Labour welcomes the extension of liberty and democracy in Europe. It has warned the Coalition that opposition towards the young democracies of the Continent, and especially that intervention on the side of European reaction, will be disastrous. Labour demands the immediate withdrawal of the Allied forces from Russia. In the interest of world-democracy it stands for the immediate restoration of the Workers International. 11 | Freedom for Ireland 12 | 13 | The principles which Labour acclaims as Allied war aims it will apply to our own subject peoples. Freedom for Ireland and India it claims as democratic rights, and it will extend to all subject peoples the right of self-determination within the British Commonwealth of Free Nations. Labour's appeal to the people is not a sectional appeal, unless an appeal which excludes only militarists, profiteers, and place-hunters be regarded as sectional. It includes all who are determined that the fruits of victory shall not be wasted in the interests of riches or reaction. Especially does Labour appeal to two sections of the community - to the soldiers and sailors who have fought the nation's battles abroad, and to the men and women workers at home. 14 | No conscription 15 | 16 | The returning soldier or sailor will find himself once more a worker. His cause is one with that of the workers at home. Civil and industrial liberties have been largely suspended during the war; and soldier and worker want their liberties back now. The Labour Party stands for the destruction of all war-time measures in restraint of civil or industrial liberty, the repeal of the Defence of the Realm Act, the complete abolition of Conscription, and the release of all political prisoners. It stands for free citizenship, a Free Parliament, for Free Speech, and against the domination of the Press by sinister political influences. 17 | The land for the workers 18 | 19 | The Labour Party means to introduce large schemes of land reorganisation, and it is fully aware that this can only be done in the teeth of the most powerful vested interests. land nationalisation is a vital necessity; the land is the people's and must be developed so as to afford a high standard of life to a growing rural population not be subsidies or tariffs, but by scientific methods, and the freeing of the soil from landlordism and reaction. 20 | A million good houses 21 | 22 | Labour demands a substantial and permanent improvement in the housing of the whole people. At least a million new houses must be built at once at the State's expense, and let at fair rents, and these houses must be fit for men and women to live in. Labour will press for a really comprehensive Public Health Act co-ordinating all health authorities, based on prevention rather than cure, and free from servile or inquisitorial features. It will also press for real public education, free and open to all, with maintenance scholarships without distinction of class, and for justice to the teachers, upon whom education finally depends. 23 | A levy on capital 24 | 25 | Labour will resist every attempt to place burdens upon the porr by indirect taxation. Labour is firm against tariffs and for Free Trade. The way to deal with unfair competition of imports made under sweated conditions is not by tariffs, but by international labour legislation, which will make sweating impossible. In paying the War Debt, Labour will place the burden on the broadest backs by a special tax capital. Those who have made fortunes out of the war must pay for the war; and Labour will insist upon heavily graduated direct taxation with a raising of the exemption limit. That is what Labour means by the Conscription of Wealth. 26 | Industrial democracy 27 | 28 | In industry, Labour demands the immediate nationalisation and democratic control of vital public services, such as mines, railways, shipping, armaments, and electric power; the fullest recognition and utmost extension of trade unionism, both in private employment and in the public services. It works for an altogether higher status for labour, which will mean also better pay and conditions. The national minimum is a first step, and with this must go the abolition of the menace of unemployment, the recognition of the universal right to work or maintenance, the legal limitation of hours of labour, and the drastic amendment of the Acts dealing with factory conditions, safety, and workmen's compensation. 29 | The real Women's Party 30 | 31 | Labour has always stood for equal rights for both sexes, when other parties were ignoring or persecuting women. In politics, the Labour Party stands for complete adult suffrage, in industry for equal pay and the organisation of men and women workers in one trade union movement. To the woman worker and to the wife of the working man or the soldier, Labour can make a confident appeal. Better pay and pensions for the workman or soldier mean better conditions for his wife and family. There must be no sex party: the Labour Party is the Women's Party. Woman is the Chancellor of the Exchequer of the home. Labour stands with the Co-operative Movement in its insistence on reasonable food prices and fair distribution, and in its resistance to unfair taxation. The Labour Party will do all it can to aid co-operators in their struggle for a democratic food organisation and against unfair discrimination. Labour and Co-operation are a single movement, and in the coming battle with reaction they must fight side by side. 32 | 33 | Labour's programme is comprehensive and constructive. It is designed to build a new world, and to build it by constitutional means. It is a programme of national and international justice, founded on permanent democratic principles. Even in an election as sinister as this, in which a large part of the nation's youth is arbitrarily disfranchised by the Government, Labour confidently appeals to the country to support its programme of social justice and economic freedom. 34 | 35 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /cons_lab/Lab1922.txt: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | The Coalition has been destroyed and a Conservative Government has been formed to carry out a policy of naked reaction. Labour is appealing to the men and women of the country on a policy of International Peace and National Reconstruction. 2 | 3 | Peace and the League of Nations 4 | 5 | Revision of the Peace Treaties, which have caused greater international wrongs than they removed, is the first step to Peace. German reparations must be brought within Germany’s capacity to pay. Turkey’s relations with Europe and the Freedom of the Straits can only be dealt with in an International Conference attended by representatives of all countries concerned. 6 | 7 | Labour is working for an all-inclusive League of Nations with power to deal with international disputes by methods of judicial arbitration and conciliation. Through the League of Nations an agreement can be reached for a limitation of armaments, with general disarmament as the goal. 8 | 9 | Freedom in the Empire 10 | 11 | Labour advocates the recognition of the real independence of Egypt and self-government for India. 12 | 13 | Labour demands the prompt and cordial acceptance of the new constitution of the Irish Free State, and supports every effort to make Ireland united, prosperous, and contented. 14 | 15 | How to find the money 16 | 17 | Labour recognises the urgent need of lifting from the trade and industry of the country the deadweight burden of the National Debt. It therefore proposes the creation of a War Debt Redemption Fund, by a special graduated levy on fortunes exceeding £5000. Labour will not penalise thrift, but will require some restitution from the profiteers out of the huge fortunes made in the war. 18 | 19 | To secure the necessary annual revenue, Labour advocates a system of taxation which will distribute the burden fairly according to 'ability to pay'. 20 | 21 | It proposes an increase of the Death Duties on large estates and of the Super-Tax on large incomes; incomes below £250 a year would be exempt from taxation and there would be a reduction in the tax on all incomes under £500 a year, with a steeper graduation of the scale above that limit. 22 | 23 | Taxation of Land Values will secure to the community socially-created wealth now diverted to private hands. 24 | 25 | Labour is in principle opposed to indirect taxation. It stands for an untaxed breakfast table, and wishes to free trade and industry from all burdensome imposts, whether customs, excise, or stamp duties. 26 | 27 | No 'penny-wise' economy 28 | 29 | Labour attaches the utmost importance to economy in the public administration. But we do not believe in starving the public services, least of all do we countenance the notion of economics at the expense of the poor for the benefit of the rich. 30 | 31 | Reduced expenditure on the children's education and health, the safety of the workers, and the well-being of mothers and babies is the costliest kind of waste. 32 | 33 | By a revision of the National Grants in Aid to local Authorities, we believe an equitable reduction of rates in all the severely pressed districts can be secured. 34 | 35 | Policy for unemployment 36 | 37 | Unemployment and low wages, caused largely by the policy of the Liberal and Unionist Government, have brought distress to the bulk of the working people. 38 | 39 | Labour's policy is to provide work, or maintenance, for the unemployed by reopening trade with foreign countries, by the national organisation of production, and by a large programme of necessary and useful public works. 40 | 41 | Agriculture 42 | 43 | The plight of Agriculture can only be dealt with by a bold policy of reorganisation. Those who produce the nation's food must not go hungry. Labour proposes to require the landlords to sacrifice rents rather than to ask the farm-workers to accept starvation wages. 44 | 45 | We advocate the restoration of the Agricultural Wages Board to enforce an adequate national wages standard. 46 | 47 | We propose also the establishment of representative Councils of Agriculture to promote all-round improvements in the use of the land, the reduction of transport charges, the development of co-operative methods, and the fostering of rural industries. 48 | 49 | Revision of the Game Laws, improved school facilities, more and better cottages, increased hospital accommodation and fuller opportunities of recreation are included in Labour's rural policy. 50 | 51 | Industrial reorganisation 52 | 53 | Labour is resolved to change as speedily as possible by constructive measures the social and economic system which confers unfair privileges on the few, and unobserved hardship on the many. The working of this system has brought unemployment and reduced wages to the workers, suffering and starvation to their families, loss of opportunities for full method and physical development to their children, anxiety and worry to the salaried and professional workers and small traders. Labour means to bring about a more equitable distribution of the wealth produced by the common effort of the workers by hand and brain. 54 | 55 | Our industrial policy involves the prompt Nationalisation of Mines, as recommended by the Sankey Commission, and the Nationalisation of Railways, with an increased share of control for the workers, an improved Workmen's Compensation Act, and other measures for the protection of the workpeople. 56 | 57 | We oppose all attempts to interfere with the Trade Boards. 58 | 59 | Houses and Health 60 | 61 | Our social programme includes a national scheme of housing which will end the scandal of a homeless population and replace the slums by decent homes. 62 | 63 | Most generous provision for the Old Age Pensioners has been one of Labour's constant demands, and is one we shall continue to press. We shall also urge the removal of the present unjust deductions from Old Age Pensions where Friendly Society or Trade Union benefits or small savings exist, whereby thrift is at present penalised. We stand for the complete supersession of the Poor Law and the institution of a system of Pensions for Widowed Mothers. Labour will strive to stop the continued attempts now being made to cut off or cut down the ex-Service men's pensions; it demands the conversion of conditional into permanent pensions, and it will resist all attempts to transfer the mentally or physically infirm to the Poor Law. 64 | 65 | In our view, the rule to be applied by the Pensions Ministry throughout its administration should be 'Fit for service, fit for pension'. 66 | 67 | More power to democracy 68 | 69 | The Labour Party has always declared its opposition to measures which increase the power of the wealthier classes to frustrate the people's will. The Parliament Act must stand, and there must be no restoration of the Lord's veto. 70 | 71 | Our policy is to remove all existing disabilities affecting women as citizens, voters, and workers. Adult suffrage, reform of Parliamentary procedure, and control of Ministers by the House of Commons are included in our programme to make the people's will effective by constitutional means. In accordance with these democratic principles Labour must stand for the control of the Liquor Traffic according to the people's will. 72 | 73 | Higher standard of Life 74 | 75 | The task of government is to raise the standard of life and labour for those whose work of hand and brain increases the nation's wealth. 76 | 77 | Parliaments have in the past been too much concerned to protect the privileges and extend the power of the rich. Labour wants to increase the happiness and prosperity of the poor, by better housing, better schooling, better living, better health, more leisure, more freedom, more opportunities for enjoying the good things of life. 78 | 79 | We shall defend the school as we defend the home, and we aim at providing the rising generation with full protection from harmful and degrading moral and social conditions. 80 | 81 | Against revolution 82 | 83 | Labour's programme is the best bulwark against violent upheaval and class wars. Democratic government can be made effective in this country without bloodshed or violence. Labour's policy is to bring about a more equitable distribution of the nation's wealth by constitutional means. This is neither Bolshevism nor Communism, but common sense and justice. 84 | 85 | This is Labour's alternative to Reaction and Revolution. 86 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /cons_lab/Lab1923.txt: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 |  2 | 1923 Labour Party General Election Manifesto 3 | Labour's appeal to the nation 4 | 5 | After a year of barren effort, the Conservative Government has admitted its inability to cope with the problem of Unemployment, and is seeking to cover up its failure by putting the nation to the trouble and expense of an election on the Tariff issue. 6 | Tariffs no remedy 7 | 8 | The Labour Party challenges the Tariff policy and the whole conception of economic relations underlying it. Tariffs are not a remedy for Unemployment. They are an impediment to the free interchange of goods and services upon which civilised society rests. They foster a spirit of profiteering, materialism and selfishness, poison the life of nations, lead to corruption in politics, promote trusts and monopolies, and impoverish the people. They perpetuate inequalities in the distrubution of the world's wealth won by the labour of hands and brain. These inequalities the Labour Party means to remove. 9 | 'Work or maintenance' 10 | 11 | Unemployment is a recurrent feature of the existing economic system, common to every industrialised country, irrespective of whether it has Protection or Free Trade. The Labour Party alone has a positive remedy for it. We denounce as wholly inadequate and belated the programme of winter work produced by the Government, which offers the prospect of employment for only a fraction of the unemployed in a few industries; and in particular provides no relief for women and young persons. 12 | Labour's unemployment programme 13 | 14 | The Labour Party has urged the immediate adoption of national schemes of productive work, with adequate maintenance for those who cannot obtain employment to earn a livelihood for themselves and their families. The flow of young workers from the schools must be regulated to relieve the pressure on the labour market, and full educational training, with maintenance, must be provided for the young people who are now exposed to the perils and temptations of the streets. 15 | 16 | The Labour Programme of National Work includes the establishment of a National System of Electrical Power Supply, the development of Transport by road, rail and canal, and the improvement of national resources by Land Drainage, Reclamation, Afforestation, Town Planning and Housing Schemes. These not only provide a remedy for the present distress, but are also investments for the future. 17 | Help for agriculture 18 | 19 | Agriculture, as the largest and most essential of the nation's industries, calls for special measures to restore its prosperity and to give the land workers a living wage. The Labour Policy is one that will develop Agriculture and raise the standard of rural life by establishing machinery for regulating wages with an assured minimum, providing Credit and State Insurance facilities for Farmers and Small-holders, promoting and assisting Co-operative Methods in Production and Distribution, so as to help stabilise prices, and make the fullest use of the results of research. 20 | The Land 21 | 22 | The Labour Party proposes to restore to the people their lost rights in the Land, including Minerals, and to that end will work for re-equipping the Land Valuation Department, securing to the community the economic rent of land, and facilitating the acquisition of land for public use. 23 | Peace among the nations 24 | 25 | Labour's vision of an ordered world embraces the nations now torn with enmity and strife. It stands, therefore, for a policy of International Co-operation through a strengthened and enlarged League of Nations; the settlement of disputes by conciliation and judicial arbitration; the immediate calling by the British Government of an International Conference (including Germany on terms of equality) to deal with the Revision of the Versailles Treaty, especially Reparations and Debts; and the resumption of free economic and diplomatic relations with Russia. This will pave the way for Disarmament, the only security for the nations. 26 | Relief for the taxpayer 27 | 28 | Labour condemsn the failure of the Government to take steps to reduce the dead-weight War Debt. No effective reform of the National Finances can be attempted until the steady drain of a million pounds a day in interest is stopped. Treasury experts, in evidence before a Select Committee of the House of Commons, expressed their view that a Tax on War Fortunes could be levied, and have therefore admitted both the principle and its practicability. A labour Chancellor of the Exchequer, in consultation with Treasury experts, would at once work out a scheme to impose a non-recurring, graduated War Debt Redemption levy on all individual fortunes in excess of £5,000, to be devoted solely to the reduction of the Debt. 29 | 30 | The saving thus effected, with reduction of expenditure on armaments, other sane economies, and the increased revenue derived from Taxation of Land Values, would make it possible to reduce the burden of Income Tax, abolish not only the Food Duties, but also the Entertainments Tax and the Corporation Profits Tax, as well as provide money for necessary Social Services. 31 | The Commonwealth of Co-operative Service 32 | 33 | The Labour Party is working for the creation of a Commonwealth Co-operative Service. It believes that so far only a beginning has been made in the scientific organisation of industry. It will apply in a practical spirit the principle of Public Ownership and Control to the Mines, the Railway Service and the Electrical Power Stations, and the development of Municipal Services. It will make work safe for the worker by stricter Inspection of Workplaces, and more effective measures against Accidents and Industrial Diseases. It will provide fuller Compensation for the Workers and improve the Standard of Hours. 34 | The aged, the widows, the children 35 | 36 | Labour Policy is directed to the creation of a humane and civilised society. When Labour rules it will take care that little children shall not needlessly die; it will give to every child equality of opportunity in Education; it will make generous provision for the aged people, the widowed mothers, the sick and disabled citizens. 37 | 38 | It will abolish the slums, promptly build an adequate suppy of decent homes and resist decontrol till the shortage is satisfied. It will place the Drink Traffic under popular control. 39 | Ex-service men's pensions 40 | 41 | In accordance with its past actions inside and outside Parliament, the Labour Party will do its utmost to see that the Ex-Service men and their dependants have fair play. 42 | Equal rights 43 | 44 | Labour stands for equality between men and women: equal political and legal rights, equal rights and privileges in parenthood, equal pay for equal work. 45 | Labour's practical idealism 46 | 47 | The Labour Party submits to the men and women of the country its full programme. It urges them to refuse to make this General Election a wretched partisan squablle about mean and huckstering policies. It appeals to all citizens to take a generous and courageous stand for right and justice, to believe in the possibility of building up a sane and ordered society, to oppose the squalid materialism that dominates the world today, and to hold out their hands in friendship and good-will to the struggling people everywhere who want only freedom, security and a happier life. 48 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /cons_lab/Lab1935.txt: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 1935 Labour Party General Election Manifesto 2 | The Labour Party's call to power 3 | 4 | Four years have passed since the 'National' Government obtained a swollen majority in the House of Commons on a campaign of fraud, misrepresentation and panic. The Government has now decided to plunge the nation into an electoral struggle in the midst of an international crisis. 5 | 6 | The Labour Party deplores this attempt to exploit for partisan ends a situation of grave international anxiety. 7 | 8 | It accepts the challenge and enters the Election confident of victory. 9 | Four barren years 10 | 11 | At the end of four years the country faces the grim spectacle of two million workless with an army of well over a million and a half people on the Poor law, and with the deepening tragedy of the distressed areas. Whilst doles of varying kinds have been dispensed on a lavish scale to industry after industry, not a single constructive step has been taken to improve the lot of the people. 12 | 13 | * The Government has robbed the unemployed of benefit and subjected them to a harsh and cruel household means test. 14 | * It withdrew, under a storm of public indignation, its new Unemployment Regulations, and after nine months of reconsideration of this burning question it has ignominiously failed to produce any policy for the proper care of the unemployed. 15 | * It has retarded the building of houses to let, curtailed schemes on food and other necessaries of life and by deliberately organising restriction of supplies. 16 | 17 | The international situation 18 | 19 | The Government has a terrible responsibility for the present international situation. It did nothing to check the aggression of Japan in the Far East, and thus seriously discredited the League of Nations and undermined the Collective Peace System. 20 | 21 | It has wrecked the Disarmament Conference by resisting all the constructive proposals made by other States. As regards air armaments, in particular, Lord Londondery has boasted that he succeeded, though with great difficulty, in preventing an agreement for the complete abolition of all national air forces. 22 | 23 | The Government has helped to restart the arms race, and it failed to make Signor Mussolini understand that, if he broke the peace in Africa, Britain would join with other nations in upholding the authority of the League. 24 | 25 | Too late to stop the war, the Government ranged itself at the eleventh hour behind the Covenant at Geneva. Even so, its action has been slow and half-hearted. Whilst paying lip-service to the League it is planning a vast and expensive rearmament programme, which will only stimulate similar programmes elsewhere. This Government is a danger to the peace of the world and to the security of the country. 26 | Labour's peace policy 27 | 28 | The Labour Party calls for a reversal of this suicidal foreign policy. It seeks wholehearted co-operation with the League of nations and with all States outside the League which desire peace. It standard firmly for the Collective Peace System. It demands speedy action, through the League, to bring the war in Africa to an end, to be followed by an immediate resumption of negotiations for all-round disarmament. 29 | 30 | Labour will efficiently maintain such defence forces as are necessary and consistent with our membership of the League; the best defence is not huge competitive national armaments, but the organisation of collective security against any aggressor and the agreed reduction of national armaments everywhere. 31 | 32 | Labour will propose to other nations the complete abolition of all national air forces, the effective international control of civil aviation and the creation of an international air police force; large reductions by international agreement in naval and military forces; and the abolition of the private manufacture of, and trade in, arms. 33 | 34 | A Labour Government would also seek full international co-operation in economic and industrial questions, with a view to increasing trade and raising standards of living throughout the world, and removing the economic causes of war, through equitable arrangements for access to markets, for the international control of sources of supply of raw materials, and for the extension of the mandate system for colonial territories. 35 | A bold policy of Socialist Reconstruction 36 | 37 | At home, the Labour Party will pursue its policy of Socialist Reconstruction. Labour has already put before the country, boldly and clearly, schemes of public ownership for the efficient conduct, in the national interest, of banking, coal and its products, transport, electricity, iron and steel, and cotton. 38 | 39 | It has also declared for the public ownership of land, in order that the community should profit by its value and proper use, the reorganisation of agriculture, the introduction of unemployment insurance for farm workers, the abolition of the 'tied' cottage, and the provision of cheap cottages in the countryside. 40 | 41 | Labour is pledged to a comprehensive programme of industrial legislation, so as to secure reasonable hours and conditions of employment for all workers and adequate compensation for the accidents of working life. It would restore the freedom of Trade Unions lost through the Trade Disputes and the Trade Unions Act. It would repeal the unjust and penal tax which the Government has imposed upon Co-operative Societies. 42 | 43 | Labour in power will attack the problem of the distressed areas by special steps designed to deal with the root causes of their troubles, as part of a vigorous policy of national planning. Labour will sweep away the humiliating means test imposed by the 'National' Government and will provide adequately for the unemployed, but will seek above all to reabsorb idle workers into productive employment by far-reaching schemes of national development. The Labour Party stands for a big move forward in education, including the raising of the school-leaving age with adequate maintenance allowances. It will vigorously develop the health services, and, in particular, will treat as one of its immediate concerns the terrible and neglected problem of maternal mortality. It favours an increase in the amount of old age pensions and a lowering of the qualifying age. It will go ahead with the provision of healthy homes for the people at reasonable rents, until the needs of the nation are fully met. 44 | 45 | Labour seeks a mandate to carry out this programme by constitutional and democratic means, and with this end in view, it seeks power to abolish the House of Lords and improve the procedure of the House of Commons. 46 | 47 | Labour asks the Nation for a Parliamentary Majority to promote Socialism at home and Peace abroad. 48 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /example_crowdsourcing.ods: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kmunger/Text_as_Data/42496529e812ddc6a7c2000c2a8d876bbbd896bf/example_crowdsourcing.ods -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /govdates/2013-12-19_govlim.txt: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 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https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kmunger/Text_as_Data/42496529e812ddc6a7c2000c2a8d876bbbd896bf/oppdates/2014-05-27_opp.txt -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /oppdates/2014-05-28_opp.txt: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kmunger/Text_as_Data/42496529e812ddc6a7c2000c2a8d876bbbd896bf/oppdates/2014-05-28_opp.txt -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /oppdates/2014-05-29_opp.txt: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kmunger/Text_as_Data/42496529e812ddc6a7c2000c2a8d876bbbd896bf/oppdates/2014-05-29_opp.txt -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /recitation_1.R: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | ####Recitation 1: Introduction to the course 2 | 3 | ## Examples taken wholesale from Ken Benoit's NYU Dept. of Politics short course Fall 2014 4 | ## Avaliable on his website: www.kenbenoit.net 5 | 6 | 7 | ## be sure to install the latest version from GitHub, using dev branch: 8 | devtools::install_github("kbenoit/quanteda") 9 | ## and quantedaData 10 | devtools::install_github("kbenoit/quantedaData") 11 | 12 | library(quanteda) 13 | 14 | ##start with a short document 15 | sampletxt <- "The police with their policing strategy instituted a policy of general 16 | iterations at the Data Science Institute." 17 | 18 | #Let's tokenize 19 | tokens <- tokenize(sampletxt) 20 | ?tokenize 21 | 22 | tokens <- tokenize(sampletxt, removePunct=TRUE) 23 | 24 | 25 | ## stemming examples 26 | 27 | stems <- wordstem(tokens) 28 | ?wordstem 29 | 30 | # vector representations 31 | 32 | data("SOTUCorpus", package = "quantedaData") 33 | 34 | 35 | last_speech_text <- SOTUCorpus[ndoc(SOTUCorpus)] 36 | # same as 37 | last_speech_text <- texts(SOTUCorpus)[ndoc(SOTUCorpus)] 38 | 39 | obama_dfm <- dfm(last_speech_text) 40 | ?dfm 41 | 42 | ##stopwords example 43 | 44 | stopwords("english") 45 | 46 | obama_dfm <- dfm(last_speech_text, ignoredFeatures = stopwords("english")) 47 | 48 | 49 | ###full matrix of all speeches 50 | 51 | full_dfm <- dfm(SOTUCorpus, ignoredFeatures = stopwords("english")) 52 | 53 | topfeatures(full_dfm) 54 | 55 | plot(full_dfm, min.freq = 30) 56 | 57 | ##weighting--tfidf 58 | 59 | 60 | weighted_dfm <- tfidf(full_dfm) 61 | 62 | 63 | topfeatures(weighted_dfm) 64 | 65 | 66 | ##Think about what this means! 67 | 68 | 69 | 70 | normalized <- tfidf(full_dfm, normalize=TRUE) 71 | 72 | topfeatures(normalized) 73 | 74 | ## constructing bigrams 75 | collocations(last_speech_text) 76 | 77 | 78 | 79 | collocations(last_speech_text, size=3) 80 | 81 | ## detect collocations in overall 82 | 83 | colloc <- collocations(last_speech_text) 84 | 85 | 86 | ## remove any collocations containing a word in the stoplist 87 | # isStopwordList <- lapply(colloc$word1, `%in%`, stopwords("english")) 88 | # stopwordindex <- which(colloc$word1 %in% stopwords("english")| colloc$word2 %in% stopwords("english")) 89 | # colloc[-stopwordindex] # collocations not containing stopwords 90 | removeFeatures(colloc, stopwords("english")) 91 | 92 | 93 | ##now let's take a little look at regular expressions 94 | 95 | # regular expressions are a very powerful tool in wrangling text 96 | # not a focus of this class, but something to be aware of 97 | 98 | ?regex 99 | 100 | s_index <- grep(" s ", texts(SOTUCorpus)) 101 | 102 | ?grep 103 | 104 | # this returns every speech that contains " s " 105 | grep(" s ", texts(SOTUCorpus), value=TRUE) 106 | 107 | 108 | s_index <- grep(" s ", texts(SOTUCorpus)) 109 | 110 | 111 | 112 | no_s <- gsub(" s ", "", SOTUCorpus[s_index]) 113 | 114 | 115 | 116 | 117 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /recitation_2.R: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | ####Recitation 1: Introduction to the course 2 | 3 | ## Examples taken wholesale from Ken Benoit's NYU Dept. of Politics short course Fall 2014 4 | ## Avaliable on his website: www.kenbenoit.net 5 | 6 | 7 | ## be sure to install the latest version from GitHub, using dev branch: 8 | devtools::install_github("kbenoit/quanteda") 9 | ## and quantedaData 10 | devtools::install_github("kbenoit/quantedaData") 11 | 12 | library(quanteda) 13 | 14 | 15 | ## demonstrate Heap's law 16 | 17 | ## M = kT^b 18 | 19 | # M = vocab size 20 | # T = number of tokens 21 | # k, b are constants 22 | 23 | tokens <- tokenize(inaugCorpus, removePunct=TRUE) 24 | Tee <- lengths(tokens) 25 | Tee <- sum(Tee) 26 | 27 | mydfm <- dfm(inaugCorpus) 28 | ### nooooo 29 | M <- length(mydfm@Dimnames$features) 30 | ## yes 31 | M <- nfeature(mydfm) 32 | # Let's check using parameter values from MRS for a corpus with more than 100,000 tokens 33 | 34 | k <- 44 35 | b <- .49 36 | 37 | k * (Tee)^b 38 | 39 | 40 | ##Let's think about why 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 49 | 50 | 51 | inaugCorpus[1] 52 | 53 | inaugCorpus[57] 54 | 55 | ## demonstrate Zipf's law 56 | 57 | mydfm <- dfm(inaugCorpus) 58 | plot(log10(1:100), log10(topfeatures(mydfm, 100)), 59 | xlab="log10(rank)", ylab="log10(frequency)", main="Top 100 Words") 60 | # regression to check if slope is approx -1.0 61 | regression <- lm(log10(topfeatures(mydfm, 100)) ~ log10(1:100)) 62 | abline(regression, col="red") 63 | confint(regression) 64 | 65 | ##stopwords--do they matter? 66 | 67 | mydfm <- dfm(inaugCorpus, ignoredFeatures=stopwords("english")) 68 | plot(log10(1:100), log10(topfeatures(mydfm, 100)), 69 | xlab="log10(rank)", ylab="log10(frequency)", main="Top 100 Words") 70 | # regression to check if slope is approx -1.0 71 | regression <- lm(log10(topfeatures(mydfm, 100)) ~ log10(1:100)) 72 | abline(regression, col="red") 73 | confint(regression) 74 | 75 | ## let's look at co-locations 76 | 77 | last_speech_text <- inaugCorpus[57] 78 | 79 | collocations(last_speech_text) 80 | 81 | collocations(last_speech_text, size=3) 82 | 83 | 84 | ## remove any collocations containing a word in the stoplist 85 | colloc <- collocations(last_speech_text) 86 | 87 | # isStopwordList <- lapply(colloc$word1, `%in%`, stopwords("english")) 88 | # stopwordindex <- which(colloc$word1 %in% stopwords("english")| colloc$word2 %in% stopwords("english")) 89 | # colloc[-stopwordindex] # collocations not containing stopwords 90 | removeFeatures(colloc, stopwords("english")) 91 | 92 | 93 | ##that's not all we can do with collocations 94 | 95 | ##Key Words In Context (KWIC) is a good way to summarize info about a topic 96 | 97 | kwic(inaugCorpus, "terror", 3) 98 | 99 | 100 | ##any other terms y'all think are interesting? 101 | 102 | kwic(inaugCorpus, "angels", 3) 103 | 104 | kwic(inaugCorpus, "slavery", 3) 105 | 106 | ##Comparing two texts 107 | # this helps illustrate the value of the vector representation 108 | 109 | # cosine similarity--take the dot product of two vectors 110 | 111 | # x * y = |x||y|cos 112 | # cos = x*y/|x||y| 113 | 114 | x <- c(1,2,3) 115 | y <- c(1,2,3) 116 | 117 | ##define the norm 118 | norm_vec <- function(x) sqrt(sum(x^2)) 119 | 120 | 121 | x %*% y / (norm_vec(x)*norm_vec(y)) 122 | 123 | 124 | #what if they're different 125 | a <- c(1,2,3) 126 | b <- c(1,2,4000) 127 | 128 | a %*% b / (norm_vec(a)*norm_vec(b)) 129 | 130 | 131 | ##let's do it with texts 132 | last_speech_text <- inaugCorpus[ndoc(inaugCorpus)] 133 | first_speech_text <- inaugCorpus[1] 134 | 135 | ##make a dfm of these two 136 | inaug_dfm <- dfm(c(last_speech_text, first_speech_text), ignoredFeatures = stopwords("english"), stem = TRUE) 137 | 138 | #calculate similarity 139 | tmp <- similarity(inaug_dfm, margin = "documents") 140 | 141 | as.matrix(tmp) 142 | 143 | ##Let's see how stopwords/stemming affect this 144 | inaug_dfm <- dfm(c(last_speech_text, first_speech_text)) 145 | 146 | #calculate similarity 147 | tmp <- similarity(inaug_dfm, margin = "documents") 148 | 149 | as.matrix(tmp) 150 | 151 | 152 | 153 | 154 | ##make a dfm of a bunch 155 | inaug_dfm <- dfm(subset(inaugCorpus , Year > 1980),ignoredFeatures = stopwords("english"), stem = TRUE) 156 | 157 | #calculate similarity 158 | tmp <- similarity(inaug_dfm, margin = "documents") 159 | 160 | as.matrix(tmp) 161 | 162 | 163 | ##specific comparisons 164 | similarity(inaug_dfm, "2009-Obama", n = 5, margin = "documents") 165 | 166 | 167 | 168 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /recitation_3.R: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | ####Recitation 3 2 | 3 | ## Some Examples taken wholesale from Ken Benoit's NYU Dept. of Politics short course Fall 2014 4 | ## Avaliable on his website: www.kenbenoit.net 5 | 6 | 7 | library(quanteda) 8 | 9 | ##load data 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | ##load in data 15 | data(iebudgetsCorpus, package = "quantedaData") 16 | 17 | 18 | df <- texts(iebudgetsCorpus) 19 | 20 | ## Lexical diversity measures 21 | 22 | # TTR 23 | ## might want toLower(iebudgetsCorpus) 24 | tokens <- tokenize(iebudgetsCorpus, removePunct=TRUE) 25 | 26 | # tokenz <- lapply(tokens, length) 27 | tokenz <- lengths(tokens) 28 | 29 | # typez <- lapply(lapply(tokens, unique ), length) 30 | typez <- ntype(tokens) 31 | 32 | #TTRz <- mapply("/", typez, tokenz, SIMPLIFY = FALSE) 33 | 34 | # df$ttr<-unlist(TTRz) 35 | ttr <- typez / tokenz 36 | 37 | 38 | ##basic plot 39 | 40 | #plot(df$ttr) 41 | plot(ttr) 42 | 43 | ## 44 | 45 | #df$year<-as.numeric(df$year) 46 | 47 | #aggregate(df$ttr, by=list(df$year), FUN=mean) 48 | aggregate(ttr, by = list(iebudgetsCorpus[["year"]]), FUN = mean) 49 | 50 | # table(df$year) 51 | 52 | 53 | aggregate(ttr, by = list(iebudgetsCorpus[["party"]]), FUN = mean) 54 | 55 | 56 | 57 | #table(df$party) 58 | 59 | # another way: 60 | lexdiv(dfm(iebudgetsCorpus, groups = "year", verbose = FALSE)) 61 | lexdiv(dfm(iebudgetsCorpus, groups = "party", verbose = FALSE)) 62 | 63 | 64 | ##Let's think about if it matters 65 | 66 | 67 | #readability measure 68 | 69 | ?readability 70 | 71 | 72 | ##let's look at FRE 73 | #df$read_FRE<-readability(df$texts, "Flesch") 74 | readability(iebudgetsCorpus, "Flesch") 75 | 76 | #aggregate(df$read_FRE, by=list(df$year), FUN=mean) 77 | readability(texts(iebudgetsCorpus, groups = "year"), "Flesch") 78 | 79 | #aggregate(df$read_FRE, by=list(df$party), FUN=mean) 80 | readability(texts(iebudgetsCorpus, groups = "party"), "Flesch") 81 | 82 | 83 | ##Dale-Chall measure 84 | #df$read_DC<-readability(df$texts, "Dale.Chall") 85 | readability(iebudgetsCorpus, "Dale.Chall") 86 | 87 | 88 | #aggregate(df$read_DC, by=list(df$year), FUN=mean) 89 | readability(texts(iebudgetsCorpus, groups = "year"), "Dale.Chall") 90 | 91 | #aggregate(df$read_DC, by=list(df$party), FUN=mean) 92 | readability(texts(iebudgetsCorpus, groups = "party"), "Dale.Chall") 93 | 94 | ##let's look at all of em 95 | 96 | #read<-readability(df$texts) 97 | 98 | cor(readability(iebudgetsCorpus, c("Flesch", "Dale.Chall", "SMOG", "Coleman.Liau", "Fucks"))) 99 | 100 | #cor(read$Flesch, read$SMOG) 101 | 102 | #cor(read$Coleman.Liau, read$Dale.Chall) 103 | 104 | 105 | 106 | 107 | 108 | 109 | 110 | 111 | 112 | 113 | # cor(read$Fucks, read$Dale.Chall) 114 | 115 | 116 | ####Bootstrapping! 117 | 118 | # remove smaller parties 119 | iebudgetsCorpSub <- subset(iebudgetsCorpus, !(party %in% c("WUAG", "SOC", "PBPA" ))) 120 | 121 | library(boot) 122 | bsReadabilityByGroup <- function(x, i, groups = NULL, measure = "Flesch") 123 | readability(texts(x[i], groups = groups), measure) 124 | R <- 50 125 | 126 | # by party 127 | groups <- factor(iebudgetsCorpSub[["party"]]) 128 | b <- boot(texts(iebudgetsCorpSub), bsReadabilityByGroup, strata = groups, R = R, groups = groups) 129 | colnames(b$t) <- names(b$t0) 130 | apply(b$t, 2, quantile, c(.025, .5, .975)) 131 | 132 | # by year 133 | groups <- factor(iebudgetsCorpSub[["year"]]) 134 | b <- boot(texts(iebudgetsCorpSub), bsReadabilityByGroup, strata = groups, R = R, groups = groups) 135 | colnames(b$t) <- names(b$t0) 136 | apply(b$t, 2, quantile, c(.025, .5, .975)) 137 | 138 | ## can get the SEs the same way, from b$t 139 | 140 | 141 | 142 | 143 | #Let's consider the different speeches by different parties/years, say we want to get standard errors on Flesch scores 144 | 145 | library(dplyr) 146 | 147 | ##initialize data frames 148 | year_FRE <- data.frame(matrix(ncol = 5, nrow = 100)) 149 | 150 | 151 | #Let's filter out the parties with only one speech 152 | 153 | df <- filter(df, party != "WUAG" & party != "SOC" & party != "PBPA" ) 154 | 155 | party_FRE<-data.frame(matrix(ncol = 6, nrow = 100)) 156 | 157 | 158 | 159 | #run the bootstraps 160 | 161 | for(i in 1:100){ 162 | 163 | #sample 200 164 | bootstrapped<-sample_n(df, 200, replace=TRUE) 165 | 166 | bootstrapped$read_FRE<-readability(bootstrapped$texts, "Flesch") 167 | 168 | #store results 169 | 170 | year_FRE[i,]<-aggregate(bootstrapped$read_FRE, by=list(bootstrapped$year), FUN=mean)[,2] 171 | 172 | party_FRE[i,]<-aggregate(bootstrapped$read_FRE, by=list(bootstrapped$party), FUN=mean)[,2] 173 | 174 | } 175 | 176 | #name the data frames 177 | 178 | colnames(year_FRE)<-names(table(df$year)) 179 | colnames(party_FRE)<-names(table(df$party)) 180 | 181 | #define the standard error function 182 | std <- function(x) sd(x)/sqrt(length(x)) 183 | 184 | ##calculate standard errors and point estimates 185 | 186 | year_ses<-apply(year_FRE, 2, std) 187 | 188 | year_means<-apply(year_FRE, 2, mean) 189 | 190 | 191 | party_ses<-apply(party_FRE, 2, std) 192 | 193 | party_means<-apply(party_FRE, 2, mean) 194 | 195 | 196 | ###Plot results--year 197 | 198 | coefs<-year_means 199 | ses<-year_ses 200 | 201 | y.axis <- c(1:5) 202 | min <- min(coefs - 2*ses) 203 | max <- max(coefs + 2*ses) 204 | var.names <- colnames(year_FRE) 205 | adjust <- 0 206 | par(mar=c(2,8,2,2)) 207 | 208 | plot(coefs, y.axis, type = "p", axes = F, xlab = "", ylab = "", pch = 19, cex = .8, 209 | xlim=c(min,max),ylim = c(.5,6.5), main = "") 210 | rect(min,.5,max,1.5, col = c("grey97"), border="grey90", lty = 2) 211 | rect(min,1.5,max,2.5, col = c("grey95"), border="grey90", lty = 2) 212 | rect(min,2.5,max,3.5, col = c("grey97"), border="grey90", lty = 2) 213 | rect(min,3.5,max,4.5, col = c("grey95"), border="grey90", lty = 2) 214 | rect(min,4.5,max,5.5, col = c("grey97"), border="grey90", lty = 2) 215 | #rect(min,5.5,max,6.5, col = c("grey97"), border="grey90", lty = 2) 216 | 217 | axis(1, at = seq(min,max,(max-min)/10), 218 | labels = c(round(min+0*((max-min)/10),3), 219 | round(min+1*((max-min)/10),3), 220 | round(min+2*((max-min)/10),3), 221 | round(min+3*((max-min)/10),3), 222 | round(min+4*((max-min)/10),3), 223 | round(min+5*((max-min)/10),3), 224 | round(min+6*((max-min)/10),3), 225 | round(min+7*((max-min)/10),3), 226 | round(min+8*((max-min)/10),3), 227 | round(min+9*((max-min)/10),3), 228 | round(max,3)),tick = T,cex.axis = .75, mgp = c(2,.7,0)) 229 | axis(2, at = y.axis, label = var.names, las = 1, tick = FALSE, cex.axis =.8) 230 | abline(h = y.axis, lty = 2, lwd = .5, col = "white") 231 | segments(coefs-qnorm(.975)*ses, y.axis+2*adjust, coefs+qnorm(.975)*ses, y.axis+2*adjust, lwd = 1) 232 | 233 | segments(coefs-qnorm(.95)*ses, y.axis+2*adjust-.035, coefs-qnorm(.95)*ses, y.axis+2*adjust+.035, lwd = .9) 234 | segments(coefs+qnorm(.95)*ses, y.axis+2*adjust-.035, coefs+qnorm(.95)*ses, y.axis+2*adjust+.035, lwd = .9) 235 | points(coefs, y.axis+2*adjust,pch=21,cex=.8, bg="white") 236 | 237 | ##real world data 238 | table(df$year) 239 | 240 | observed<-aggregate(df$read_FRE, by=list(df$year), FUN=mean) 241 | 242 | 243 | ###Plot results--party 244 | 245 | coefs<-party_means 246 | ses<-party_ses 247 | 248 | y.axis <- c(1:6) 249 | min <- min(coefs - 2*ses) 250 | max <- max(coefs + 2*ses) 251 | var.names <- colnames(party_FRE) 252 | adjust <- 0 253 | par(mar=c(2,8,2,2)) 254 | 255 | plot(coefs, y.axis, type = "p", axes = F, xlab = "", ylab = "", pch = 19, cex = .8, 256 | xlim=c(min,max),ylim = c(.5,6.5), main = "") 257 | rect(min,.5,max,1.5, col = c("grey97"), border="grey90", lty = 2) 258 | rect(min,1.5,max,2.5, col = c("grey95"), border="grey90", lty = 2) 259 | rect(min,2.5,max,3.5, col = c("grey97"), border="grey90", lty = 2) 260 | rect(min,3.5,max,4.5, col = c("grey95"), border="grey90", lty = 2) 261 | rect(min,4.5,max,5.5, col = c("grey97"), border="grey90", lty = 2) 262 | rect(min,5.5,max,6.5, col = c("grey97"), border="grey90", lty = 2) 263 | 264 | axis(1, at = seq(min,max,(max-min)/10), 265 | labels = c(round(min+0*((max-min)/10),3), 266 | round(min+1*((max-min)/10),3), 267 | round(min+2*((max-min)/10),3), 268 | round(min+3*((max-min)/10),3), 269 | round(min+4*((max-min)/10),3), 270 | round(min+5*((max-min)/10),3), 271 | round(min+6*((max-min)/10),3), 272 | round(min+7*((max-min)/10),3), 273 | round(min+8*((max-min)/10),3), 274 | round(min+9*((max-min)/10),3), 275 | round(max,3)),tick = T,cex.axis = .75, mgp = c(2,.7,0)) 276 | axis(2, at = y.axis, label = var.names, las = 1, tick = FALSE, cex.axis =.8) 277 | abline(h = y.axis, lty = 2, lwd = .5, col = "white") 278 | segments(coefs-qnorm(.975)*ses, y.axis+2*adjust, coefs+qnorm(.975)*ses, y.axis+2*adjust, lwd = 1) 279 | 280 | segments(coefs-qnorm(.95)*ses, y.axis+2*adjust-.035, coefs-qnorm(.95)*ses, y.axis+2*adjust+.035, lwd = .9) 281 | segments(coefs+qnorm(.95)*ses, y.axis+2*adjust-.035, coefs+qnorm(.95)*ses, y.axis+2*adjust+.035, lwd = .9) 282 | points(coefs, y.axis+2*adjust,pch=21,cex=.8, bg="white") 283 | 284 | 285 | ##real world data 286 | table(df$party) 287 | aggregate(df$read_FRE, by=list(df$party), FUN=mean) 288 | 289 | 290 | df$ 291 | browseVignettes(package = "dplyr") 292 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /recitation_4.R: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kmunger/Text_as_Data/42496529e812ddc6a7c2000c2a8d876bbbd896bf/recitation_4.R -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /recitation_4a.R: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | ####Recitation 5 2 | 3 | ## Some Examples taken wholesale from Ken Benoit's NYU Dept. of Politics short course Fall 2014 4 | ## Avaliable on his website: www.kenbenoit.net 5 | 6 | ##load data 7 | 8 | library(quanteda) 9 | library(quantedaData) 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | ##Naie Bayes example 14 | 15 | ##Replication of 13.1 from IIR textbook 16 | 17 | trainingset <- matrix(0,ncol=6,nrow=5) 18 | trainingset[1,] <- c(1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0) 19 | trainingset[2,] <- c(0, 2, 0, 0, 1, 0) 20 | trainingset[3,] <- c(0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0) 21 | trainingset[4,] <- c(0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1) 22 | trainingset[5,] <- c(0, 3, 1, 0, 0, 1) 23 | colnames(trainingset) <- c("Beijing", "Chinese", "Japan", "Macao", "Shanghai", "Tokyo") 24 | rownames(trainingset) <- paste("d", 1:5, sep="") 25 | trainingset <- as.dfm(trainingset) 26 | trainingclass <- factor(c("Y", "Y", "Y", "N", NA), ordered=TRUE) 27 | 28 | 29 | ### replicate IIR p261 prediction for test set (document 5) 30 | nb.p261 <- textmodel_NB(x=trainingset, y=trainingclass, data=NULL, 31 | smooth=1, prior="docfreq") 32 | 33 | 34 | pr.p261 <- predict(nb.p261) 35 | pr.p261 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | ##read in conservative and labour manifestos 42 | 43 | setwd("C:/Users/k/Documents/GitHub/Text_as_Data/cons_lab/") 44 | 45 | ##read in the files 46 | files <- list.files( full.names=TRUE) 47 | text <- lapply(files, readLines) 48 | text<-unlist(lapply(text, function(x) paste(x, collapse = " "))) 49 | 50 | 51 | #name data 52 | files<-unlist(files) 53 | files<-gsub("./", "", files ) 54 | files<-gsub(".txt", "", files ) 55 | 56 | ##create metadata 57 | 58 | year<-unlist(strsplit(files, "[^0-9]+")) 59 | 60 | year<-year[year!=""] 61 | 62 | party<-unlist(strsplit(files, "[^A-z]+")) 63 | 64 | party<-party[party!="a" & party!="b"] 65 | 66 | 67 | 68 | #create data frame 69 | man_df<-data.frame(year = as.numeric(year), 70 | party = party, 71 | stringsAsFactors = TRUE) 72 | man_df$text<-text 73 | 74 | 75 | test_speech<-man_df[46,] 76 | 77 | training<-man_df[1:45,] 78 | 79 | ##do data frame 80 | 81 | lab_con_dfm<-dfm(training$text) 82 | 83 | test_dfm<-dfm(test_speech$text) 84 | 85 | ws_base<-textmodel(lab_con_dfm, y=2*(as.numeric(training$party)-1)-1, 86 | model="wordscores") 87 | ##look at strongest features 88 | lab_features<-sort(ws_base@Sw, decreasing=TRUE) 89 | 90 | lab_features[1:10] 91 | 92 | con_features<-sort(ws_base@Sw, decreasing=FALSE) 93 | 94 | con_features[1:10] 95 | 96 | ws_base@Sw[c("drugs", "minorities", "unemployment")] 97 | 98 | ##try it with smoothing 99 | ws_smooth<-textmodel(lab_con_dfm, y=2*(as.numeric(training$party)-1)-1, 100 | model="wordscores", smooth=1) 101 | 102 | ws_smooth@Sw[c("drugs", "minorities", "unemployment")] 103 | 104 | plot(ws_base@Sw, ws_smooth@Sw, xlim=c(-1, 1), 105 | xlab="No Smooth", ylab="Smooth") 106 | 107 | 108 | 109 | ## predict that last speech 110 | predict(ws_base, newdata = test_dfm, 111 | rescaling = "none", level = 0.95, verbose = TRUE) 112 | 113 | 114 | predict(ws_base, newdata = test_dfm, 115 | rescaling = "lbg", level = 0.95, verbose = TRUE) 116 | 117 | ### Amicus texts from Evans et al 118 | ### 119 | require(quantedaData) 120 | data(amicusCorpus) 121 | summary(amicusCorpus) 122 | amDfm <- dfm(amicusCorpus) 123 | 124 | 125 | amNBmodel <- textmodel(amDfm, docvars(amicusCorpus, "trainclass"), model="NB", smooth=1) 126 | print(amNBmodel, 10) 127 | (amNBpredict <- predict(amNBmodel)) 128 | # "confusion matrix" 129 | table(amNBpredict$docs$predicted, docvars(amicusCorpus, "testclass")) 130 | 131 | reference <- c(1, 1, -1, -1, rep(NA, 98)) 132 | amWSmodel <- textmodel(amDfm, reference, model="wordscores", smooth=1) 133 | plot(amWSmodel@Sw, c(1, -1) %*% amNBmodel$PcGw, xlab="Wordscore", ylab="Linear Posterior Class Pr. Diff") 134 | (amWSpredict <- predict(amWSmodel)) 135 | # "confusion matrix" 136 | table(amNBpredict$docs$ws.predicted, docvars(amicusCorpus, "testclass")) 137 | 138 | 139 | 140 | ## plot differences between wordscore and NB class prediction 141 | 142 | plot(jitter(amNBpredict$word$wordscore.word,20), 143 | jitter(amNBpredict$word$bayesscore.word,20), 144 | pch=19, cex=.6, main="(a) Word level", col="grey70", 145 | xlab="Wordscores", ylab="NB") 146 | plot(jitter(amNBpredict$docs$wordscore.doc[-c(1,2)],20), 147 | jitter(amNBpredict$docs$bayesscore.doc[-c(1,2)],20), 148 | pch=19, cex=.6, main="(b) Document level", 149 | col=ifelse(docvars(amicusCorpus, "testclass")=="AP", "blue", "red"), 150 | xlab="Wordscores", ylab="NB") 151 | abline(v=0, lty="dashed", col="grey80") 152 | abline(h=0, lty="dashed", col="grey80") 153 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /recitation_5.R: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | ####Recitation 5 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ###Bullying Data---Example from Pablo Barbera's Short Course on R, NYU 2016 6 | ## https://github.com/pablobarbera/data-science-workshop 7 | install.packages("tm") 8 | install.packages("NLP") 9 | library(NLP) 10 | library(tm) 11 | 12 | setwd("C:/Users/k/Documents/GitHub/Text_as_Data/") 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | df.tweets <- read.csv("bullying.csv", stringsAsFactors = FALSE) 18 | 19 | # Identify posts with and without bullying traces and create large documents 20 | no_bullying <- paste(df.tweets$text[df.tweets$bullying_traces=="n"], collapse=" ") 21 | yes_bullying <- paste(df.tweets$text[df.tweets$bullying_traces=="y"], collapse=" ") 22 | # Create DTM and preprocess 23 | groups <- VCorpus(VectorSource(c("No bullying" = no_bullying, "Yes bullying" = yes_bullying))) 24 | groups <- tm_map(groups, content_transformer(tolower)) 25 | groups <- tm_map(groups, removePunctuation) 26 | groups <- tm_map(groups, stripWhitespace) 27 | dtm <- DocumentTermMatrix(groups) 28 | ## Label the two groups 29 | dtm$dimnames$Docs = c("No bullying", "Yes bullying") 30 | ## Transpose matrix so that we can use it with comparison.cloud 31 | tdm <- t(dtm) 32 | ## Compute TF-IDF transformation 33 | tdm <- as.matrix(weightTfIdf(tdm)) 34 | 35 | ## Display the two word clouds 36 | library(wordcloud) 37 | comparison.cloud(tdm, max.words=100, colors=c("red", "blue")) 38 | 39 | 40 | ###Let's train an SVM 41 | 42 | 43 | df.tweets$type <- as.numeric(factor(df.tweets$bullying_traces)) 44 | training_break <- as.integer(0.9*nrow(df.tweets)) 45 | 46 | ##new package, better for SVM 47 | install.packages("RTextTools") 48 | library(RTextTools) 49 | 50 | 51 | ?create_matrix 52 | 53 | 54 | dtm <- create_matrix(df.tweets$text, language="english", stemWords = FALSE, 55 | weighting = weightTfIdf, removePunctuation = FALSE) 56 | 57 | 58 | 59 | ####Make it all in-sample 60 | container <- create_container(dtm, t(df.tweets$type), trainSize=1:length(df.tweets$type), 61 | virgin=FALSE) 62 | 63 | ##train the model 64 | cv.svm <- cross_validate(container, nfold=2, algorithm = 'SVM', kernel = 'linear') 65 | 66 | ?cross_validate 67 | 68 | 69 | 70 | ######## 71 | 72 | 73 | 74 | container <- create_container(dtm, t(df.tweets$type), trainSize=1:training_break, 75 | testSize=training_break:nrow(df), virgin=FALSE) 76 | 77 | ###Let's train the model 78 | 79 | 80 | cv.svm <- cross_validate(container, nfold=2, algorithm = 'SVM', kernel = 'linear') 81 | 82 | 83 | 84 | ##validate 85 | cv.svm$meanAccuracy 86 | 87 | 88 | prop.table(table(df.tweets$type)) # baseline 89 | 90 | 91 | 92 | ####################Let's try again with a different kernel 93 | 94 | cv.svm <- cross_validate(container, nfold=2, algorithm = 'SVM', kernel = 'radial') 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | #################What if we try with different % test/train 100 | 101 | 102 | training_break <- as.integer(0.5*nrow(df.tweets)) 103 | 104 | 105 | 106 | 107 | dtm <- create_matrix(df.tweets$text, language="english", stemWords = FALSE, 108 | weighting = weightTfIdf, removePunctuation = FALSE) 109 | ?create_matrix 110 | 111 | ### 112 | container <- create_container(dtm, t(df.tweets$type), trainSize=1:training_break, 113 | testSize=training_break:nrow(df.tweets), virgin=FALSE) 114 | 115 | 116 | ##validate 117 | 118 | cv.svm <- cross_validate(container, nfold=2, algorithm = 'SVM', kernel = 'linear') 119 | 120 | cv.svm$meanAccuracy 121 | 122 | 123 | prop.table(table(df.tweets$type)) # baseline 124 | 125 | 126 | 127 | 128 | 129 | #############Let's do this multinomially 130 | df.tweets <- read.csv("bullying.csv", stringsAsFactors = FALSE) 131 | 132 | 133 | table(df.tweets$type) 134 | 135 | ##filter to only those that are bullying 136 | 137 | df <- df.tweets[df.tweets$type!="",] 138 | 139 | df$type <- as.numeric(factor(df$type)) 140 | training_break <- as.integer(0.9*nrow(df)) 141 | 142 | 143 | dtm <- create_matrix(df$text, language="english", stemWords = FALSE, 144 | weighting = weightTfIdf, removePunctuation = FALSE) 145 | 146 | 147 | container <- create_container(dtm, t(df$type), trainSize=1:training_break, 148 | testSize=training_break:nrow(df), virgin=FALSE) 149 | 150 | ?create_container 151 | cv.svm <- cross_validate(container, nfold=5, algorithm = 'SVM', kernel = 'linear') 152 | 153 | cv.svm$meanAccuracy 154 | prop.table(table(df$type)) # baseline 155 | 156 | 157 | 158 | 159 | 160 | ################################Virality of stories from NYT 161 | 162 | 163 | 164 | 165 | nyt.fb <- read.csv("./nyt-fb.csv", stringsAsFactors=FALSE) 166 | 167 | 168 | str(nyt.fb) 169 | 170 | 171 | ##create variables for month and hour 172 | 173 | head(nyt.fb$created_time) 174 | 175 | month <- substr(nyt.fb$created_time, 6, 7) 176 | 177 | 178 | hour <- substr(nyt.fb$created_time, 12, 13) 179 | 180 | 181 | nyt.fb <- data.frame(nyt.fb, month, hour) 182 | 183 | 184 | 185 | ##########decide what constitutes ''viral" 186 | 187 | total.resp <- nyt.fb$likes_count + nyt.fb$shares_count + nyt.fb$comments_count 188 | 189 | ##look at the extreme of the distribution 190 | quantile(total.resp, .95) 191 | 192 | 193 | 194 | viral <- total.resp > 10000 195 | 196 | nyt.fb$viral <- viral 197 | 198 | 199 | 200 | ########### For the purposes of not destroying my laptop, let's choose a set of features 201 | 202 | nyt.fb$viral <- as.numeric(factor(nyt.fb$viral)) 203 | 204 | 205 | training_break <- as.integer(0.9*nrow(nyt.fb)) 206 | 207 | 208 | dtm <- create_matrix(nyt.fb$message, language="english", stemWords = FALSE, 209 | weighting = weightTfIdf, removePunctuation = FALSE) 210 | 211 | 212 | container <- create_container(dtm, t(nyt.fb$type), trainSize=1:training_break, 213 | testSize=training_break:nrow(nyt.fb), virgin=FALSE) 214 | 215 | 216 | 217 | cv.svm <- cross_validate(container, nfold=2, algorithm = 'SVM', kernel = 'linear') 218 | 219 | 220 | cv.svm$meanAccuracy 221 | 222 | prop.table(table(nyt.fb$viral)) 223 | 224 | 225 | 226 | ############relative to logistic regression 227 | 228 | message <- removePunctuation(tolower(nyt.fb$message)) 229 | nyt.fb$israel <- grepl("israel", message) 230 | nyt.fb$trump <- grepl("trump", message) 231 | nyt.fb$hillary <- grepl("hillary", message) 232 | nyt.fb$obama <- grepl("barack|obama", message) 233 | nyt.fb$terror <- grepl("terror|isis|isil|qaeda", message) 234 | nyt.fb$kill <- grepl("kill|murder|shot", message) 235 | nyt.fb$debate <- grepl("debat", message) 236 | 237 | 238 | # regression example 239 | glm.viral <- glm(as.factor(viral) ~ month + hour + 240 | israel + trump + hillary + obama + terror + kill + 241 | debate , data=nyt.fb, family=binomial(logit)) 242 | 243 | 244 | 245 | 246 | 247 | table(round(glm.viral$fitted.values)) 248 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /recitation_6.R: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kmunger/Text_as_Data/42496529e812ddc6a7c2000c2a8d876bbbd896bf/recitation_6.R -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /recitation_7.R: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | ####Recitation 7 (the 8th one, sorry) 2 | 3 | 4 | ##let's look at a few more unsupervised approaches 5 | 6 | ##Latent Semantic Analysis 7 | install.packages("lsa") 8 | 9 | 10 | library(quanteda) 11 | library(quantedaData) 12 | library(lsa) 13 | data("SOTUCorpus") 14 | 15 | ##use the real example from class 16 | 17 | SOTU_dfm<-dfm(SOTUCorpus[145:223,], stem = T, removePunct=T, ignoredFeatures = stopwords("english")) 18 | 19 | SOTU_dfm@Dimnames$docs 20 | 21 | 22 | ##check to see what a good number of dimensions is 23 | 24 | 25 | SOTU_dfm_lsa_svd<-svd(SOTU_dfm_lsa)$d 26 | 27 | 28 | dimcalc_share()(SOTU_dfm_lsa_svd) 29 | 30 | plot(SOTU_dfm_lsa_svd) 31 | 32 | 33 | ##default is .5 ; let's try .9 34 | 35 | dimcalc_share(share=0.9)(SOTU_dfm_lsa_svd) 36 | 37 | ##seems kinda silly 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | ##class example uses 5 43 | 44 | lsa_fit<-lsa(t(SOTU_dfm_lsa), 5 ) 45 | 46 | myNewMatrix = t(as.textmatrix(lsa_fit) ) 47 | 48 | 49 | ##compare features 50 | SOTU_dfm@Dimnames$docs[9] 51 | 52 | topfeatures(SOTU_dfm[9,]) 53 | 54 | sort(myNewMatrix[9,], decreasing=T)[1:10] 55 | 56 | 57 | 58 | SOTU_dfm@Dimnames$docs[55] 59 | 60 | topfeatures(SOTU_dfm[55,]) 61 | 62 | sort(myNewMatrix[55,], decreasing=T)[1:10] 63 | 64 | 65 | SOTU_dfm@Dimnames$docs[72] 66 | 67 | topfeatures(SOTU_dfm[72,]) 68 | 69 | sort(myNewMatrix[55,], decreasing=T)[1:10] 70 | 71 | ##see how it does at finding similar terms 72 | 73 | 74 | lsa_fit<-lsa(t(SOTU_dfm), 3 ) 75 | 76 | 77 | myNewMatrix = as.textmatrix(lsa_fit) 78 | 79 | 80 | china<-associate(myNewMatrix, "china", "cosine", threshold = .7) 81 | 82 | china[1:10] 83 | 84 | 85 | oil<-associate(myNewMatrix, "oil", "cosine", threshold = .7) 86 | 87 | oil[1:10] 88 | 89 | america<-associate(myNewMatrix, "america", "cosine", threshold = .7) 90 | 91 | america[1:10] 92 | 93 | health<-associate(myNewMatrix, "health", "cosine", threshold = .7) 94 | 95 | health[1:10] 96 | 97 | 98 | ##sort of similar to word2vec, but without taking account of word order 99 | 100 | 101 | 102 | 103 | ##let's talk about: WORDFISH 104 | 105 | ## how is it different from other approaches we've used for scaling? 106 | 107 | 108 | ##read in conservative and labour manifestos 109 | 110 | setwd("C:/Users/kevin/Documents/GitHub/Text_as_Data/cons_lab/") 111 | 112 | ##read in the files 113 | files <- list.files( full.names=TRUE) 114 | text <- lapply(files, readLines) 115 | text<-unlist(lapply(text, function(x) paste(x, collapse = " "))) 116 | 117 | 118 | #name data 119 | files<-unlist(files) 120 | files<-gsub("./", "", files ) 121 | files<-gsub(".txt", "", files ) 122 | 123 | ##create metadata 124 | 125 | year<-unlist(strsplit(files, "[^0-9]+")) 126 | 127 | year<-year[year!=""] 128 | 129 | party<-unlist(strsplit(files, "[^A-z]+")) 130 | 131 | party<-party[party!="a" & party!="b"] 132 | 133 | #create data frame 134 | man_df<-data.frame(year = as.numeric(year), 135 | party = party, 136 | stringsAsFactors = TRUE) 137 | man_df$text<-text 138 | 139 | 140 | lab_con_dfm<-dfm(man_df$text, stem=T, ignoredFeatures=stopwords("english")) 141 | 142 | 143 | 144 | ##fit wordfish 145 | 146 | ##setting the anchor on parties 147 | 148 | df_fit<-textmodel_wordfish(lab_con_dfm, c(1,24)) 149 | 150 | 151 | ?textmodel 152 | 153 | plot(year[1:23], df_fit@theta[1:23]) 154 | 155 | points(year[24:46], df_fit@theta[24:46], pch=8) 156 | ?plot 157 | 158 | plot(as.factor(party), df_fit@theta) 159 | 160 | 161 | ##most important features--word fixed effects 162 | 163 | 164 | words<-df_fit@psi 165 | names(words) <- df_fit@features 166 | 167 | sort(words)[1:50] 168 | 169 | sort(words, decreasing=T)[1:50] 170 | 171 | ##guitar plot 172 | 173 | 174 | weights<-df_fit@beta 175 | 176 | plot(weights, words) 177 | 178 | 179 | 180 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /recitation_8.R: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | ####Recitation 8 (the 9th one, sorry) 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | ###Running LDA 7 | 8 | 9 | ###Make sure you have the appropriate packages installed 10 | 11 | install.packages("quanteda") 12 | install.packages("topicmodels") 13 | install.packages("ggplot2") 14 | 15 | library(quanteda) 16 | library(topicmodels) 17 | library(ggplot2) 18 | 19 | ###First, you need to go to my github and download the data 20 | 21 | ###Save the two folders to your desktop 22 | 23 | 24 | setwd("C:/Users/kevin/Desktop") 25 | 26 | 27 | ###Get the list of files 28 | g1 <- list.files("MA paper/govdates/", full.names=TRUE) 29 | g2 <- list.files("MA paper/oppdates/", full.names=TRUE) 30 | files<-c(g1, g2) 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | ###read in the tweets 35 | tweets <- lapply(files, readLines) 36 | 37 | 38 | ##Combine all the tweets per day to form the documents 39 | tweets<-lapply(tweets, function(x) paste(x, collapse=" ")) 40 | txt <- unlist(tweets) 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | ##Tokenize and clean the text 45 | 46 | txt<-tokenize(txt, removePunct = TRUE, removeTwitter = FALSE ) 47 | 48 | 49 | 50 | ##Convert to Document Feature Matrix (AKA Document Term Matrix) 51 | 52 | mat <-dfm(txt, stem=TRUE, language = "spanish", ignoredFeatures = stopwords(kind="spanish"), toLower=T) 53 | 54 | 55 | 56 | ##Run LDA 57 | # 58 | best.model <- lapply(seq(20,100, by=5), function(k){LDA(mat, k)}) 59 | best.model.logLik <- as.data.frame(as.matrix(lapply(best.model, logLik))) 60 | 61 | best.model.logLik.df <- data.frame(topics=c(seq(20,100, by=5)), LL=as.numeric(as.matrix(best.model.logLik))) 62 | 63 | 64 | 65 | 66 | ##Set number of topics 67 | k <-50 68 | 69 | 70 | SEED<-2010 71 | 72 | ##Run the topic model 73 | TM<-list(Gibbs = LDA(mat, k = k, method = "Gibbs", control = list(seed = SEED, burnin = 3,thin = 30, iter = 30))) 74 | 75 | ##Store the results of the distribution of topics over documents 76 | doc_topics<-TM[["Gibbs"]]@gamma 77 | 78 | 79 | ##Store the results of words over topics 80 | 81 | words_topics<-TM[["Gibbs"]]@beta 82 | 83 | ###Look at a visualization of the topics 84 | 85 | ###transpose the data so that the days are columns 86 | 87 | 88 | doc_topics<-t(doc_topics) 89 | 90 | #arrange topics 91 | max<-apply(doc_topics, 1, which.max) 92 | 93 | ##write a function that finds the second max 94 | which.max2<-function(x){ 95 | which(x == sort(x,partial=(k-1))[k-1]) 96 | 97 | } 98 | 99 | max222<- apply(doc_topics, 1, which.max2) 100 | max222<-sapply(max222, max) 101 | 102 | 103 | ##combine data 104 | index<-seq(1:162) 105 | top2<-data.frame(max, max222, index) 106 | dates<-seq(as.Date("2013/12/18"), by="days", length=162) 107 | 108 | gov2<-data.frame(dates, max[1:162], max222[1:162]) 109 | opp2<-data.frame(dates, max[163:324], max222[163:324]) 110 | 111 | ####plot 112 | z<-ggplot(gov2, aes(x=index, y=max.1.162., pch="First")) 113 | 114 | z + geom_point(aes(x=index, y=max222.1.162., pch="Second") ) +theme_bw() + ylab("Topic Number") + ggtitle("Government") + 115 | xlab(NULL) + theme(axis.ticks = element_blank(), axis.text.x = element_blank()) + geom_point() + 116 | geom_vline(xintercept=57) + 117 | geom_vline(xintercept=143) + 118 | geom_vline(xintercept=114, linetype=2) + 119 | scale_shape_manual(values=c(18, 1), name = "Topic Rank") 120 | 121 | 122 | 123 | z<-ggplot(opp2, aes(x=index, y=max.163.324., pch="First")) 124 | 125 | z + geom_point(aes(x=index, y=max222.163.324., pch="Second") ) + ylab("Topic Number")+theme_bw() + ggtitle("Opposition") + 126 | xlab(NULL) + theme(axis.ticks = element_blank(), axis.text.x = element_blank()) + geom_point() + 127 | geom_vline(xintercept=57) + 128 | geom_vline(xintercept=143) + 129 | geom_vline(xintercept=114, linetype=2) + scale_shape_manual(values=c(18, 1), name = "Topic Rank") 130 | 131 | 132 | 133 | 134 | 135 | ###Now let's look at the words in each of these topics 136 | 137 | 138 | 139 | num.words <- 10 140 | 141 | normalized.topics <- exp(TM[["Gibbs"]]@beta) / rowSums(exp(TM[["Gibbs"]]@beta)) 142 | calculate.specificity <- function(mod) { 143 | if(!inherits(mod,"LDA") & !inherits(mod,"CTM") ) stop("mod object must inherit from LDA or CTM") 144 | terms <- posterior(mod)$terms 145 | topics <- posterior(mod)$topics 146 | Nwords<-ncol(terms) 147 | Ntopics<-ncol(topics) 148 | Ndocs<-nrow(topics) 149 | ptopic <- apply(topics,2,sum)/Ndocs 150 | pwords <- apply(terms,2,function(x) sum(x*ptopic)) 151 | numer <- terms*ptopic 152 | denom <- matrix(pwords,nrow=Ntopics,ncol=Nwords,byrow=TRUE) 153 | return(numer/denom) 154 | } 155 | K<-k 156 | normalized.words <- calculate.specificity(TM[["Gibbs"]]) 157 | normalized.words <- apply(exp(TM[["Gibbs"]]@beta), 2, function(x) x/sum(x)) 158 | 159 | scores <- apply(normalized.topics, 2, function(x) 160 | x * ( log(x + 1e-05) - sum(log(x + 1e-05))/length(x)) ) 161 | colnames(scores) <- TM[["Gibbs"]]@terms 162 | words <- apply(scores, 1, function(x) 163 | colnames(scores)[order(x, decreasing = TRUE)[1:num.words]]) 164 | f.scores <- apply(scores, 1, function(x) 165 | x[order(x, decreasing = TRUE)[1:num.words]]) 166 | n.topics <- rep(seq(1, K, 1), each=num.words) 167 | order.topics <- rep(seq(1, num.words, 1), times=K) 168 | info.df <- data.frame( 169 | topic = n.topics, 170 | word = c(words), 171 | order = as.character(order.topics), 172 | score = c(f.scores), 173 | stringsAsFactors=F) 174 | info.df$order <- factor(info.df$order, levels=as.character(10:1)) 175 | 176 | info.df$specificity <- NA 177 | for (i in 1:length(info.df$topic)){ 178 | info.df$specificity[i] <- normalized.words[info.df$topic[i], which(colnames(scores) %in% info.df$word[i])] 179 | } 180 | info.df$topic <- paste0("Topic ", info.df$topic) 181 | info.df$topic <- factor(info.df$topic, levels=paste0("Topic ", 1:K)) 182 | 183 | topten<-vector("list", K) 184 | 185 | for (i in 1:K){ 186 | j<-10*(i-1)+1 187 | m<-10*i 188 | topten[[i]]<-cbind(info.df$word[j:m]) 189 | } 190 | 191 | ####Now let's look at a few of the topics of interest 192 | 193 | gov1 194 | 195 | gov2 196 | 197 | topten[[?]] 198 | 199 | ##shannon entropy 200 | 201 | shanDiv <- function( pVec, zeroPad = 1e-100 ) { 202 | psum <- sum( pVec ) 203 | zeros <- which(pVec == 0) 204 | if (length(zeros) > 0) { 205 | ##print( "you can't take log of 0\n") 206 | pVec[zeros] <- zeroPad 207 | } 208 | if (psum != 1) { 209 | print( "your probabilities don't sum to 1 \n") 210 | } 211 | hvec <- pVec * log( pVec, base = 2) 212 | h <- -1.0 * sum( hvec ) 213 | return( h ) 214 | } 215 | 216 | 217 | 218 | ##look at diversity scores 219 | 220 | ##apply diversity scores by day 221 | doc_topics<-t(doc_topics) 222 | ndx<-apply(doc_topics, 2, sort, decreasing=TRUE) 223 | 224 | nd<-apply(ndx, 2, shanDiv) 225 | ###test<-apply(ndx, 2, sum) ##YES IT SUMS TO 1 226 | 227 | 228 | #divide into coalitions and by time 229 | govgammas<-nd[1:162] 230 | oppgammas<-nd[163:324] 231 | index<-seq(1:162) 232 | 233 | index1<-index 234 | 235 | Period<-ordered(index1) 236 | dates<-seq(as.Date("2013/12/18"), by="days", length=162) 237 | 238 | 239 | # 240 | install.packages("reshape2") 241 | library("reshape2") 242 | 243 | 244 | dat<-data.frame(dates,oppgammas, govgammas) 245 | alldens.mm = melt(dat, id.vars ="dates", measure.vars = c("oppgammas","govgammas")) 246 | alldens.mm$Faction<-alldens.mm$variable 247 | levels(alldens.mm$Faction)[levels(alldens.mm$Faction) =="oppgammas"]<-"Opposition" 248 | levels(alldens.mm$Faction)[levels(alldens.mm$Faction) =="govgammas"]<-"Regime" 249 | 250 | 251 | 252 | 253 | ###Plot results 254 | 255 | 256 | {ggplot(alldens.mm, aes(y=value, x=dates, pch = Faction, linetype=Faction)) + geom_point() + 257 | 258 | xlab(NULL) + ylab("Shannon Entropy") + scale_shape_manual(values=c(18, 1))+ 259 | stat_smooth(span=.5, se=TRUE)+ 260 | 261 | # geom_vline(xintercept=as.numeric(date[61])) + 262 | geom_vline(xintercept=as.numeric(dates[57])) + 263 | geom_vline(xintercept=as.numeric(dates[143])) + 264 | geom_vline(xintercept=as.numeric(dates[114]), linetype=2) 265 | 266 | } 267 | 268 | 269 | 270 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /recitation_9.R: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | ##Recitation 9 2 | 3 | # Kevin Munger 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | ###Running STM 9 | 10 | 11 | ###Make sure you have the appropriate packages installed 12 | 13 | install.packages("quanteda") 14 | install.packages("stm") 15 | install.packages("ggplot2") 16 | 17 | library(quanteda) 18 | library(stm) 19 | library(ggplot2) 20 | 21 | ###First, you need to go to my github and download the data 22 | 23 | ###Save the two folders to your desktop 24 | 25 | 26 | ###read in the tweets 27 | setwd("C:/Users/kevin/Desktop") 28 | 29 | 30 | ###Get the list of files 31 | g1 <- list.files("MA paper/govdates/", full.names=TRUE) 32 | g2 <- list.files("MA paper/oppdates/", full.names=TRUE) 33 | files<-c(g1, g2) 34 | tweets <- lapply(files, readLines) 35 | 36 | 37 | ##Combine all the tweets per day to form the documents 38 | tweets<-lapply(tweets, function(x) paste(x, collapse=" ")) 39 | txt <- unlist(tweets) 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | ###create covariates 46 | team<-rep("gov", 162) 47 | team[163:324]<-rep("opp", 162) 48 | dates<-seq(as.Date("2013/12/18"), by="days", length=162) 49 | 50 | days<-dates 51 | days[163:324]<-dates 52 | 53 | data<-data.frame(team, txt, days) 54 | 55 | ##use STM's cleaning functions 56 | 57 | 58 | processed <- textProcessor(data$txt, metadata=data, language="spanish", stem=TRUE) 59 | 60 | 61 | ##remove some words for speed purposes 62 | out_20 <- prepDocuments(processed$documents, processed$vocab, processed$meta, lower.thresh=20) 63 | 64 | 65 | ##Search K; we're not going to run this now 66 | 67 | model<-searchK(out_20$documents, out_20$vocab, K=c(25, 50, 75)) 68 | plot(model) 69 | 70 | ###Run the model with the same number of topics as before 71 | 72 | fitSpec50 <- stm(out_20$documents,out_20$vocab,K=50, init.type="LDA", 73 | content=~team, prevalence = ~team + as.numeric(days), max.em.its=30, data=out_20$meta, seed=5926696) 74 | 75 | fitSpec25 <- stm(out_20$documents,out_20$vocab,K=25, init.type="LDA", 76 | content=~team, prevalence = ~team + as.numeric(days), max.em.its=30, data=out_20$meta, seed=5926696) 77 | 78 | 79 | 80 | 81 | ##find biggest topics 82 | 83 | plot.STM(fitSpec25, type="summary") 84 | 85 | plot.STM(fitSpec50, type="summary") 86 | 87 | 88 | 89 | big_25<-c(15) 90 | 91 | big_50<-c(15) 92 | 93 | 94 | ###Words in those topics of interest 95 | 96 | labelTopics(fitSpec25, big_25) 97 | 98 | labelTopics(fitSpec50, big_50) 99 | 100 | ###Look at how content varies in these topics 101 | 102 | ##change data types 103 | out_20$meta$team<-as.factor(out_20$meta$team) 104 | out_20$meta$days<-as.numeric(out_20$meta$days) 105 | 106 | ##pick specifcation 107 | prep<-estimateEffect(big_25 ~ team , fitSpec25, meta=out_20$meta) 108 | 109 | 110 | ##plot effects 111 | plot.estimateEffect(prep, covariate="team", topics=big_25, model=out_20, method="difference", cov.value1 = "gov", cov.value2 = "opp", 112 | xlab = "More Opp......More Gov", xlim=c(-.1, .1)) 113 | 114 | 115 | 116 | ##pick specifcation----50 topics 117 | prep<-estimateEffect(big_50 ~ team , fitSpec50, meta=out_20$meta) 118 | 119 | 120 | ##plot effects 121 | plot.estimateEffect(prep, covariate="team", topics=big_50, model=out_20, method="difference", cov.value1 = "gov", cov.value2 = "opp", 122 | xlab = "More Opp......More Gov", xlim=c(-.1, .1)) 123 | 124 | 125 | 126 | 127 | 128 | ##pick specifcation--over time 129 | prep<-estimateEffect(big_25 ~ s(days) , fitSpec25, meta=out_20$meta) 130 | 131 | 132 | ##plot effects 133 | plot.estimateEffect(prep, covariate="days", topics=big_25, model=out_20, method="continuous") 134 | 135 | 136 | ##pick specifcation--over time--50 137 | prep<-estimateEffect(big_50 ~ s(days) , fitSpec50, meta=out_20$meta) 138 | 139 | 140 | ##plot effects 141 | plot.estimateEffect(prep, covariate="days", topics=big_50, model=out_20, method="continuous") 142 | 143 | 144 | 145 | 146 | 147 | 148 | ###Let's see how the terms used vary within a topic 149 | 150 | 151 | 152 | 153 | plot.STM(fitSpec25, type="perspectives", topics = 12) 154 | 155 | plot.STM(fitSpec25, type="perspectives", topics = xx) 156 | 157 | plot.STM(fitSpec25, type="perspectives", topics = xx) 158 | 159 | 160 | 161 | 162 | plot.STM(fitSpec50, type="perspectives", topics = xx) 163 | 164 | plot.STM(fitSpec50, type="perspectives", topics = xx) 165 | 166 | plot.STM(fitSpec50, type="perspectives", topics = xx) 167 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /treaties.rdata: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 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