├── .gitignore ├── .gitmodules ├── Dockerfile.lb ├── LICENSE ├── Makefile ├── README.MD ├── packetdrop_kern.c ├── xdp_kern.h ├── xdp_lb_kern.c ├── xdp_lb_kern.h ├── xdp_liz.h ├── xdp_liz_kern.c └── xdp_liz_user.c /.gitignore: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | *.o 2 | *.ll 3 | xdp_liz_user 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /.gitmodules: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | [submodule "libbpf"] 2 | path = libbpf 3 | url = git@github.com:libbpf/libbpf 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /Dockerfile.lb: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | FROM ubuntu:jammy 2 | RUN apt-get update 3 | RUN apt-get install -y clang llvm libelf-dev libpcap-dev build-essential make 4 | RUN apt-get install -y linux-tools-common -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /LICENSE: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE 2 | Version 3, 29 June 2007 3 | 4 | Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 5 | Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies 6 | of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 7 | 8 | Preamble 9 | 10 | The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for 11 | software and other kinds of works. 12 | 13 | The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed 14 | to take away your freedom to share and change the works. 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Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16. 613 | 614 | If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided 615 | above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, 616 | reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates 617 | an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the 618 | Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a 619 | copy of the Program in return for a fee. 620 | 621 | END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS 622 | 623 | How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs 624 | 625 | If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest 626 | possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it 627 | free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. 628 | 629 | To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest 630 | to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively 631 | state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least 632 | the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. 633 | 634 | 635 | Copyright (C) 636 | 637 | This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify 638 | it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by 639 | the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or 640 | (at your option) any later version. 641 | 642 | This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 643 | but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 644 | MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 645 | GNU General Public License for more details. 646 | 647 | You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 648 | along with this program. If not, see . 649 | 650 | Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. 651 | 652 | If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short 653 | notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: 654 | 655 | Copyright (C) 656 | This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. 657 | This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it 658 | under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. 659 | 660 | The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate 661 | parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands 662 | might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box". 663 | 664 | You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, 665 | if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. 666 | For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see 667 | . 668 | 669 | The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program 670 | into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you 671 | may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with 672 | the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General 673 | Public License instead of this License. But first, please read 674 | . 675 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /Makefile: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # TARGET = xdp_lb 2 | # TARGET = packetdrop 3 | TARGET = xdp_liz 4 | 5 | # For xdp_liz, make and also make user. The others don't have userspace programs 6 | 7 | USER_TARGET = ${TARGET:=_user} 8 | BPF_TARGET = ${TARGET:=_kern} 9 | BPF_C = ${BPF_TARGET:=.c} 10 | BPF_OBJ = ${BPF_C:.c=.o} 11 | 12 | xdp: $(BPF_OBJ) 13 | bpftool net detach xdpgeneric dev eth0 14 | rm -f /sys/fs/bpf/$(TARGET) 15 | bpftool prog load $(BPF_OBJ) /sys/fs/bpf/$(TARGET) 16 | bpftool net attach xdpgeneric pinned /sys/fs/bpf/$(TARGET) dev eth0 17 | 18 | user: $(USER_TARGET) 19 | 20 | $(USER_TARGET): %: %.c 21 | gcc -Wall $(CFLAGS) -Ilibbpf/src -Ilibbpf/src/include/uapi -Llibbpf/src -o $@ \ 22 | $< -l:libbpf.a -lelf -lz 23 | 24 | $(BPF_OBJ): %.o: %.c 25 | clang -S \ 26 | -target bpf \ 27 | -D __BPF_TRACING__ \ 28 | -Ilibbpf/src\ 29 | -Wall \ 30 | -Wno-unused-value \ 31 | -Wno-pointer-sign \ 32 | -Wno-compare-distinct-pointer-types \ 33 | -Werror \ 34 | -O2 -emit-llvm -c -o ${@:.o=.ll} $< 35 | llc -march=bpf -filetype=obj -o $@ ${@:.o=.ll} 36 | 37 | clean: 38 | bpftool net detach xdpgeneric dev eth0 39 | rm -f /sys/fs/bpf/$(TARGET) 40 | rm $(BPF_OBJ) 41 | rm ${BPF_OBJ:.o=.ll} 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /README.MD: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Network-related demos 2 | 3 | * Load Balancer from Scratch 4 | * Packetdrop 5 | * Packet counting 6 | 7 | ## An eBPF Load Balancer from scratch 8 | 9 | As seen at [eBPF Summit 2021](https://ebpf.io/summit-2021). This is not production ready :-) 10 | 11 | This uses `libbpf` as a git submodule. If you clone this repo you'll need to run 12 | `git submodule init` and `git submodule update` to get your copy of that repo. 13 | 14 | ## Load Balancer container 15 | 16 | In my demo I'm running all the components as containers. 17 | 18 | For the Load Balancer component itself you can build a Docker image from Dockerfile.lb, which starts from 19 | an `ubuntu` container with additional dependencies so that it can compile the eBPF code. 20 | 21 | ``` 22 | docker buildx create --name mybuilder --bootstrap --use 23 | docker buildx build --push --platform linux/arm64,linux/amd64 --tag lizrice/ubuntu-ebpf-lb -f Dockerfile.lb . 24 | ``` 25 | 26 | ```bash 27 | sudo apt install clang llvm libelf-dev libpcap-dev gcc-multilib build-essential make linux-tools-common 28 | ``` 29 | 30 | *Note: gcc-multilib is not currently available for ARM architectures on Ubuntu 22.04. I'm adding `/usr/include/$(shell uname -m)-linux-gnu` into the include path instead. See [this thread for more info](https://patchwork.ozlabs.org/project/netdev/patch/20200311123421.3634-1-tklauser@distanz.ch/).* 31 | 32 | My version of this container image is available at `lizrice/ubuntu-ebpf-lb`. 33 | 34 | Running it as privileged gives it permissions to load eBPF programs: 35 | 36 | ```bash 37 | docker run --rm -it -v ~/lb-from-scratch:/lb-from-scratch --privileged -h lb --name lb --env TERM=xterm-color lizrice/ubuntu-ebpf-lb 38 | ``` 39 | 40 | Exec into that container, `cd lb-from-scratch` and then `make` should build and 41 | install the load balancer onto the eth0 interface for that container. 42 | 43 | ## Demo containers 44 | 45 | Here's how I started the containers for the two backends and the client: 46 | 47 | ```bash 48 | docker run -d --rm --name backend-A -h backend-A --env TERM=xterm-color nginxdemos/hello:plain-text 49 | docker run -d --rm --name backend-B -h backend-B --env TERM=xterm-color nginxdemos/hello:plain-text 50 | docker run --rm -it -h client --name client --env TERM=xterm-color ubuntu 51 | ``` 52 | 53 | Exec into one of the backends and install tcpdump with `apk add tcpdump` if you want to see incoming 54 | traffic there. 55 | 56 | Run something on the host that tails the output from BPF trace (for example, my [hello 57 | world eBPF beginners examples](https://github.com/lizrice/libbpfgo-beginners)) 58 | or just `sudo cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace_pipe` 59 | 60 | ### IP addresses 61 | 62 | The IP addresses for the client, load balancer and two backends are hard-coded at the top of the .c file. You'll likely need to change these to match the addresses assigned to the containers you run. 63 | 64 | 65 | ## Packet drop - ping demo 66 | 67 | Install ping utils into the ubuntu-working container 68 | 69 | ```bash 70 | apt install iputils-ping 71 | ``` 72 | Save off into an image called ubuntu-pingbox: `docker commit ubuntu-pingbox` 73 | 74 | ```bash 75 | docker run --rm -it -v ~/ebpf-net-beginners:/ebpf-net-beginners --privileged -h pingbox --name pingbox --env TERM=xterm-color ubuntu-pingbox 76 | ``` 77 | 78 | Or use the version I pushed to Docker Hub 79 | ```bash 80 | docker run --rm -it -v ~/lb-from-scratch:/lb-from-scratch --privileged -h pingbox --env TERM=xterm-color lizrice/ubuntu-pingbox 81 | ``` 82 | 83 | Find its ip address (`ip a` from inside, or `docker inspect pingbox`) 84 | 85 | Check you can ping it from outside. 86 | 87 | ```bash 88 | cd ebpf-net-beginners 89 | ``` 90 | 91 | Comment in the `packetdrop` target in the Makefile and then `make` to load the 92 | program. Edit and make to drop or pass ICMP packets. 93 | 94 | Tracing: `cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace_pipe` on host 95 | 96 | Listen with `nc -l 80` 97 | Curl from host with `curl -v 172.17.0.2` (use verbose to see the response even 98 | if it's not valid HTML) 99 | 100 | ## xdp_liz 101 | 102 | Counts packets! 103 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /packetdrop_kern.c: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #include 2 | #include 3 | #include 4 | #include 5 | #include 6 | #include 7 | #include 8 | 9 | SEC("xdp/bye") 10 | int goodbye_ping(struct xdp_md *ctx) 11 | { 12 | void *data = (void *)(long)ctx->data; 13 | void *data_end = (void *)(long)ctx->data_end; 14 | 15 | struct ethhdr *eth = data; 16 | if (data + sizeof(struct ethhdr) > data_end) 17 | return XDP_ABORTED; 18 | 19 | if (bpf_ntohs(eth->h_proto) != ETH_P_IP) 20 | return XDP_PASS; 21 | 22 | struct iphdr *iph = data + sizeof(struct ethhdr); 23 | if (data + sizeof(struct ethhdr) + sizeof(struct iphdr) > data_end) 24 | return XDP_ABORTED; 25 | 26 | // This is a ping packet 27 | if (iph->protocol == IPPROTO_ICMP) { 28 | bpf_printk("Got ICMP packet\n"); 29 | return XDP_PASS; 30 | } 31 | 32 | if (iph->protocol == IPPROTO_TCP) 33 | bpf_printk("Got TCP packet\n"); 34 | 35 | return XDP_PASS; 36 | } 37 | 38 | char _license[] SEC("license") = "GPL"; 39 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /xdp_kern.h: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #include 2 | #include 3 | #include 4 | #include 5 | #include 6 | #include 7 | #include 8 | 9 | static __always_inline __u16 10 | csum_fold_helper(__u64 csum) 11 | { 12 | int i; 13 | #pragma unroll 14 | for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) 15 | { 16 | if (csum >> 16) 17 | csum = (csum & 0xffff) + (csum >> 16); 18 | } 19 | return ~csum; 20 | } 21 | 22 | static __always_inline __u16 23 | iph_csum(struct iphdr *iph) 24 | { 25 | iph->check = 0; 26 | unsigned long long csum = bpf_csum_diff(0, 0, (unsigned int *)iph, sizeof(struct iphdr), 0); 27 | return csum_fold_helper(csum); 28 | } 29 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /xdp_lb_kern.c: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #include "xdp_lb_kern.h" 2 | 3 | #define IP_ADDRESS(x) (unsigned int)(172 + (17 << 8) + (0 << 16) + (x << 24)) 4 | 5 | #define BACKEND_A 2 6 | #define BACKEND_B 3 7 | #define CLIENT 4 8 | #define LB 5 9 | 10 | SEC("xdp_lb") 11 | int xdp_load_balancer(struct xdp_md *ctx) 12 | { 13 | void *data = (void *)(long)ctx->data; 14 | void *data_end = (void *)(long)ctx->data_end; 15 | 16 | bpf_printk("got something"); 17 | 18 | struct ethhdr *eth = data; 19 | if (data + sizeof(struct ethhdr) > data_end) 20 | return XDP_ABORTED; 21 | 22 | if (bpf_ntohs(eth->h_proto) != ETH_P_IP) 23 | return XDP_PASS; 24 | 25 | struct iphdr *iph = data + sizeof(struct ethhdr); 26 | if (data + sizeof(struct ethhdr) + sizeof(struct iphdr) > data_end) 27 | return XDP_ABORTED; 28 | 29 | if (iph->protocol != IPPROTO_TCP) 30 | return XDP_PASS; 31 | 32 | bpf_printk("Got TCP packet from %x", iph->saddr); 33 | 34 | if (iph->saddr == IP_ADDRESS(CLIENT)) 35 | { 36 | char be = BACKEND_A; 37 | if (bpf_ktime_get_ns() % 2) 38 | be = BACKEND_B; 39 | 40 | iph->daddr = IP_ADDRESS(be); 41 | eth->h_dest[5] = be; 42 | } 43 | else 44 | { 45 | iph->daddr = IP_ADDRESS(CLIENT); 46 | eth->h_dest[5] = CLIENT; 47 | } 48 | iph->saddr = IP_ADDRESS(LB); 49 | eth->h_source[5] = LB; 50 | 51 | iph->check = iph_csum(iph); 52 | 53 | return XDP_TX; 54 | } 55 | 56 | char _license[] SEC("license") = "GPL"; 57 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /xdp_lb_kern.h: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #include 2 | #include 3 | #include 4 | #include 5 | #include 6 | #include 7 | #include 8 | 9 | static __always_inline __u16 10 | csum_fold_helper(__u64 csum) 11 | { 12 | int i; 13 | #pragma unroll 14 | for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) 15 | { 16 | if (csum >> 16) 17 | csum = (csum & 0xffff) + (csum >> 16); 18 | } 19 | return ~csum; 20 | } 21 | 22 | static __always_inline __u16 23 | iph_csum(struct iphdr *iph) 24 | { 25 | iph->check = 0; 26 | unsigned long long csum = bpf_csum_diff(0, 0, (unsigned int *)iph, sizeof(struct iphdr), 0); 27 | return csum_fold_helper(csum); 28 | } 29 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /xdp_liz.h: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | struct S 2 | { 3 | unsigned long long time; 4 | }; -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /xdp_liz_kern.c: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #include "xdp_kern.h" 2 | #include "xdp_liz.h" 3 | 4 | #define IP_ADDRESS(x) (unsigned int)(172 + (17 << 8) + (0 << 16) + (x << 24)) 5 | 6 | struct bpf_map_def SEC("maps") my_map = { 7 | .type = BPF_MAP_TYPE_PERF_EVENT_ARRAY, 8 | .key_size = sizeof(int), 9 | .value_size = sizeof(__u32), 10 | .max_entries = 128, 11 | }; 12 | 13 | SEC("xdp_liz") 14 | int xdp_liz_hello(struct xdp_md *ctx) 15 | { 16 | void *data = (void *)(long)ctx->data; 17 | void *data_end = (void *)(long)ctx->data_end; 18 | 19 | bpf_printk("Hey it's liz"); 20 | 21 | struct S trace; 22 | int ret; 23 | trace.time = bpf_ktime_get_ns(); 24 | ret = bpf_perf_event_output(ctx, &my_map, 0, &trace, sizeof(trace)); 25 | if (ret) 26 | bpf_printk("perf_event_output failed: %d\n", ret); 27 | 28 | struct ethhdr *eth = data; 29 | if (data + sizeof(struct ethhdr) > data_end) 30 | return XDP_ABORTED; 31 | 32 | if (bpf_ntohs(eth->h_proto) != ETH_P_IP) 33 | return XDP_PASS; 34 | 35 | struct iphdr *iph = data + sizeof(struct ethhdr); 36 | if (data + sizeof(struct ethhdr) + sizeof(struct iphdr) > data_end) 37 | return XDP_ABORTED; 38 | 39 | if (iph->protocol != IPPROTO_TCP) 40 | return XDP_PASS; 41 | 42 | bpf_printk("Got TCP packet from %x", iph->saddr); 43 | 44 | return XDP_PASS; 45 | } 46 | 47 | char _license[] SEC("license") = "GPL"; 48 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /xdp_liz_user.c: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #include 2 | #include 3 | #include 4 | #include 5 | #include 6 | #include 7 | #include "xdp_liz.h" 8 | 9 | static __u64 time_get_ns(void) 10 | { 11 | struct timespec ts; 12 | 13 | clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts); 14 | return ts.tv_sec * 1000000000ull + ts.tv_nsec; 15 | } 16 | 17 | static __u64 start_time; 18 | static __u64 cnt; 19 | 20 | #define MAX_CNT 100000ll 21 | 22 | static void print_bpf_output(void *ctx, int cpu, void *data, __u32 size) 23 | { 24 | struct S *trace = data; 25 | 26 | printf("%lld\n", trace->time); 27 | } 28 | 29 | int main(int argc, char **argv) 30 | { 31 | struct perf_buffer_opts pb_opts = {}; 32 | struct bpf_link *link = NULL; 33 | struct perf_buffer *pb; 34 | struct bpf_object *obj; 35 | int map_fd, ret = 0; 36 | FILE *f; 37 | 38 | obj = bpf_object__open_file("xdp_liz_kern.o", NULL); 39 | if (libbpf_get_error(obj)) 40 | { 41 | fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: opening BPF object file failed\n"); 42 | return 0; 43 | } 44 | 45 | /* load BPF program */ 46 | if (bpf_object__load(obj)) 47 | { 48 | fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: loading BPF object file failed\n"); 49 | goto cleanup; 50 | } 51 | 52 | map_fd = bpf_object__find_map_fd_by_name(obj, "my_map"); 53 | if (map_fd < 0) 54 | { 55 | fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: finding a map in obj file failed\n"); 56 | goto cleanup; 57 | } 58 | 59 | pb_opts.sample_cb = print_bpf_output; 60 | pb = perf_buffer__new(map_fd, 8, &pb_opts); 61 | ret = libbpf_get_error(pb); 62 | if (ret) 63 | { 64 | printf("failed to setup perf_buffer: %d\n", ret); 65 | return 1; 66 | } 67 | 68 | f = popen("taskset 1 dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null", "r"); 69 | (void)f; 70 | 71 | start_time = time_get_ns(); 72 | while ((ret = perf_buffer__poll(pb, 1000)) >= 0 && cnt < MAX_CNT) 73 | { 74 | } 75 | kill(0, SIGINT); 76 | 77 | cleanup: 78 | bpf_link__destroy(link); 79 | bpf_object__close(obj); 80 | return ret; 81 | } 82 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------