├── aws_lambda_configure_trigger1.png
├── aws_lambda_configure_trigger2.png
├── Dashboard API - Amazon Alexa, Setup Guide.pptx
├── README.md
├── alexa_custom_skill_meraki_lambda_function.py
└── LICENSE


/aws_lambda_configure_trigger1.png:
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https://raw.githubusercontent.com/meraki/alexa-skill/HEAD/aws_lambda_configure_trigger1.png


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/aws_lambda_configure_trigger2.png:
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https://raw.githubusercontent.com/meraki/alexa-skill/HEAD/aws_lambda_configure_trigger2.png


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/Dashboard API - Amazon Alexa, Setup Guide.pptx:
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https://raw.githubusercontent.com/meraki/alexa-skill/HEAD/Dashboard API - Amazon Alexa, Setup Guide.pptx


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/README.md:
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 1 | # Alexa custom skill - Meraki
 2 | 
 3 | A sample custom skill using the Amazon Alexa Service with the Meraki Dashboard and Tropo API's
 4 | 
 5 | ## Resources used:
 6 |   * Amazon Alexa Skills Kit
 7 |     * developer.amazon.com/alexa-skills-kit
 8 |   * Amazon Web Services (AWS) Lambda
 9 |     * Screenshots of Lambda trigger configuration below
10 |   * Meraki Dashboard API
11 |     * developers.meraki.com
12 |   * Tropo API
13 |     * www.tropo.com/docs
14 | 
15 | ## Description
16 | The Alexa custom skill is tied to an AWS Lambda function (Python).
17 | 
18 | The Lambda function performs the fetching of information triggered by different matching "intents" configured under the custom skill in the Amazon developer console.
19 | 
20 | The returned information is parsed into 'speech_output' and read back by Alexa
21 | 
22 | ## Configuring the Lambda trigger
23 |   * Select the Alexa Skills Kit as the Lambda trigger:
24 | ![Lambda Trigger 1](aws_lambda_configure_trigger1.png)
25 | ![Lambda Trigger 2](aws_lambda_configure_trigger2.png)
26 | 
27 | 


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/alexa_custom_skill_meraki_lambda_function.py:
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  1 | from __future__ import print_function
  2 | # provides support for Python 3.x style printing
  3 | 
  4 | 
  5 | """
  6 | this sample demonstrates a simple custom skill built with the amazon alexa skills kit.
  7 | the intent schema, custom slots, and sample utterances for this skill, as well
  8 | as testing instructions are located at http://amzn.to/1LzFrj6
  9 | 
 10 | for additional samples, visit the alexa skills kit getting started guide:
 11 | http://amzn.to/1LGWsLG
 12 | """
 13 | 
 14 | 
 15 | from datetime import datetime, time, date
 16 | import merakiapi
 17 | # snmp_helper functions courtesy of Kirk Byers: https://github.com/ktbyers/pynet/blob/master/snmp/snmp_helper.py
 18 | import snmp_helper
 19 | import requests
 20 | import json
 21 | import meraki_info
 22 | import re
 23 | 
 24 | 
 25 | """
 26 | meraki_info.py is a simple definitions file containing private info that can be omitted from this file
 27 | 
 28 | example of meraki_info.py contents:
 29 | ***
 30 | api_key = '<your api key>'
 31 | my_org_id = '<your org id>'
 32 | snmp_port = 16100
 33 | ***
 34 | """
 35 | 
 36 | 
 37 | # global variables used in the script
 38 | my_api_key = meraki_info.api_key
 39 | my_org_id = meraki_info.org_id
 40 | my_net_id = meraki_info.net_id
 41 | base_url = meraki_info.base_url
 42 | org_url = meraki_info.org_url
 43 | ssid_url = meraki_info.ssid_url
 44 | alexa_appid = meraki_info.alexa_appid
 45 | tropo_api_url = meraki_info.tropo_api_url
 46 | my_tropo_token = meraki_info.tropo_token
 47 | my_tropo_phone = meraki_info.tropo_phone
 48 | lic_url = meraki_info.lic_url
 49 | bind_url = meraki_info.bind_url
 50 | unbind_url = meraki_info.unbind_url
 51 | template_data = json.dumps(meraki_info.template_data)
 52 | community_string = meraki_info.community_string
 53 | snmp_port = meraki_info.snmp_port
 54 | headers = {'X-Cisco-Meraki-API-Key': my_api_key,
 55 |            'Content-Type': 'application/json'
 56 |            }
 57 | tropo_headers = {'accept': 'application/json',
 58 |                  'Content-Type': 'application/json'
 59 |                  }
 60 | 
 61 | # --------------- alexa skills kit provided functions ------------------
 62 | """ this section is included in the baseline custom skill sample.
 63 | the lines of code added below are for the 'intents' defined for this custom
 64 | skill. matching intents are defined for the skill under the alexa section at developer.amazon.com.
 65 | """
 66 | 
 67 | 
 68 | def lambda_handler(event, context):
 69 |     """ Route the incoming request based on type (LaunchRequest, IntentRequest,
 70 |     etc.) The JSON body of the request is provided in the event parameter.
 71 |     """
 72 |     print("event.session.application.applicationId=" +
 73 |           event['session']['application']['applicationId'])
 74 | 
 75 |     """
 76 |     the if statement prevents unauthorized use of your lambda function
 77 |     by requiring an application id match. the application id can be found at developer.amazon.com
 78 |     in the skill information fields of the custom skill.
 79 |     """
 80 |     if (event['session']['application']['applicationId'] !=
 81 |             str(alexa_appid)):
 82 |         raise ValueError("Invalid Application ID")
 83 | 
 84 |     if event['session']['new']:
 85 |         on_session_started({'requestId': event['request']['requestId']},
 86 |                            event['session'])
 87 | 
 88 |     if event['request']['type'] == "LaunchRequest":
 89 |         return on_launch(event['request'], event['session'])
 90 |     elif event['request']['type'] == "IntentRequest":
 91 |         return on_intent(event['request'], event['session'])
 92 |     elif event['request']['type'] == "SessionEndedRequest":
 93 |         return on_session_ended(event['request'], event['session'])
 94 | 
 95 | 
 96 | def on_session_started(session_started_request, session):
 97 |     """ Called when the session starts """
 98 |     print("on_session_started requestId=" + session_started_request['requestId']
 99 |           + ", sessionId=" + session['sessionId'])
100 | 
101 | 
102 | def on_launch(launch_request, session):
103 |     """ Called when the user launches the skill without specifying what they
104 |     want
105 |     """
106 |     print("on_launch requestId=" + launch_request['requestId'] +
107 |           ", sessionId=" + session['sessionId'])
108 |     # Dispatch to your skill's launch
109 |     return get_welcome_response()
110 | 
111 | 
112 | def on_intent(intent_request, session):
113 |     """ Called when the user specifies an intent for this skill """
114 |     print("on_intent requestId=" + intent_request['requestId'] +
115 |           ", sessionId=" + session['sessionId'])
116 | 
117 |     # intent = intent_request['intent']
118 |     intent_name = intent_request['intent']['name']
119 | 
120 |     """ Dispatch to your skill's intent handlers based on the 'intent_name'
121 |     the Alexa service sends over. Example: If Alexa sends over an 'intent_name'
122 |     of "GetStatus", that will call the 'get_network_status' function defined
123 |     below.
124 |     """
125 |     # dashboard api - read the guest ssid pw and send it via sms using the tropo api
126 |     if intent_name == "GetWiFiPw":
127 |         return get_wifi_pw()
128 |     # dashboard api - read license state
129 |     elif intent_name == "GetLicense":
130 |         return get_license_report()
131 |     # snmp - snmp get oid for devStatus and respond with offline devices
132 |     elif intent_name == "GetStatus":
133 |         return get_network_status()
134 |     # meraki easter egg
135 |     elif intent_name == "GetRoadmap":
136 |         return get_roadmap()
137 |     # dashboard api - get device inventory and response with counts per-model type
138 |     elif intent_name == "GetInventory":
139 |         return get_inventory()
140 |     # dashboard api - disable wifi, custom script - turn on tp-link hs100 smart plug
141 |     elif intent_name == "CloseShop":
142 |         return close_shop()
143 |     # dashboard api - enable wifi, custom script - turn on tp-link hs100 smart plug
144 |     elif intent_name == "OpenShop":
145 |         return open_shop()
146 |     # dashboard api - determine ap's broadcasting guest ssid and count clients
147 |     elif intent_name == "GetGuestWifiUsers":
148 |         return get_guest_count()
149 |     elif intent_name == "AMAZON.HelpIntent":
150 |         return get_welcome_response()
151 |     else:
152 |         raise ValueError("Invalid intent")
153 | 
154 | 
155 | def on_session_ended(session_ended_request, session):
156 |     """ Called when the user ends the session.
157 |     Is not called when the skill returns should_end_session=true
158 |     """
159 |     print("on_session_ended requestId=" + session_ended_request['requestId'] +
160 |           ", sessionId=" + session['sessionId'])
161 |     # add cleanup logic here
162 | 
163 | 
164 | # --------------- alexa functions that control the skill's behavior ------------------
165 | 
166 | 
167 | """ the fun stuff... the 'get_welcome_response' function below
168 | is called when you say, "alexa, ask <my custom skill name>"
169 | if you do not include a spoken intent, the 'get_welcome_response' function is called.
170 | the custom skill name is defined at developer.amazon.com under the alexa section.
171 | the 'speech_output' variable is what alexa ultimately responds with.
172 | """
173 | 
174 | 
175 | def get_welcome_response():
176 |     """ If we wanted to initialize the session to have some attributes we could
177 |     add those here
178 |     """
179 |     session_attributes = {}
180 |     card_title = "Welcome"
181 |     speech_output = "Welcome to the Alexa Meraki Application. " \
182 |                     "You can ask me for network status, inventory, " \
183 |                     "and to open or close this shop. "
184 |     # If the user either does not reply to the welcome message or says something
185 |     # that is not understood, they will be prompted again with this text.
186 |     reprompt_text = "Please ask me to do something like, " \
187 |                     "what is the network status?"
188 |     should_end_session = False
189 |     return build_response(session_attributes, build_speechlet_response(
190 |         card_title, speech_output, reprompt_text, should_end_session))
191 | 
192 | 
193 | # -------- Helper functions -------------- #
194 | # including sample code provided by: Georg Prause & Rob Watt - https://github.com/meraki/provisioning-lib
195 | 
196 | 
197 | # Filter IDs of org dictionary
198 | def get_all_orgids():
199 |     all_org_ids = []
200 |     result = merakiapi.myorgaccess(my_api_key)
201 |     for row in result:
202 |         all_org_ids.append(row['id'])
203 |     return all_org_ids
204 | 
205 | 
206 | # Get the org-name
207 | def get_orgname(id):
208 |     """
209 |     This function returns the name of a given org id
210 |     """
211 |     result = merakiapi.getorg(my_api_key, id)
212 |     name = result['name']
213 |     return name
214 | 
215 | 
216 | # Get inventory and store models and their count in a dictionary
217 | def get_org_inv_count():
218 |     """
219 |     This function uses requests to GET the org inventory, counts the model
220 |     types, and writes them to a dictionary called org_inventory
221 |     """
222 |     # creates the dictionary called org_inventory to store key,value pairs
223 |     org_inventory = {}
224 |     result = merakiapi.getorginventory(my_api_key, my_org_id)
225 |     for row in result:
226 |         if row == 'errors':
227 |             return 'errors'
228 |         else:
229 |             # iterate through the json response from the GET inventory
230 |             """
231 |             if the model (example:'MX65') does not already exist in the dictionary: 'org_inventory',
232 |             set the value of org_inventory['MX65'] to 1 (for the first one). if 'MX65' is an existing
233 |             key in 'org_inventory', then +1 the value (count) of org_inventory['MX65'].
234 |             """
235 |             if not row['model'] in org_inventory:
236 |                 org_inventory[(row['model'])] = 1
237 |             else:
238 |                 org_inventory[(row['model'])] += 1
239 |     return org_inventory
240 | 
241 | 
242 | # Get network device inventory and create a list of MR's with the "guest_wireless" tag
243 | def get_guest_ap_list():
244 |     """
245 |     This function uses requests to GET a network's devices and creates a list of MR's
246 |     with the 'guest_wireless' device tag
247 |     """
248 |     # creates the dictionary called net_devices to store key,value pairs
249 |     serial_list = []
250 |     result = merakiapi.getnetworkdevices(my_api_key, my_net_id)
251 |     for row in result:
252 |         if row == 'errors':
253 |             return 'errors'
254 |         else:
255 |             # iterate through the json response from the GET inventory
256 |             guest_regex = re.compile('guest_wireless')
257 |             m = guest_regex.search(str(row['tags']))
258 |             model = row['model']
259 |             if model[:2] == 'MR' and m is not None:
260 |                 serial_list.append(row['serial'])
261 |             else:
262 |                 continue
263 |     return serial_list
264 | 
265 | # Custom function for the nested dictionary encountered in the license report function
266 | # nested key, values within a value
267 | def nested(d):
268 |     lic_dev = 0
269 |     for k, v in d.iteritems():
270 |         if k == 'expirationDate':
271 |             exp_date = v
272 |         elif k == 'licensedDeviceCounts':
273 |             lic_list = v
274 |             for y in lic_list.keys():
275 |                 if y == 'SM':
276 |                     # only including hardware in this function
277 |                     lic_list.pop(y)
278 |             for z in lic_list.values():
279 |                 lic_dev += z
280 |             return (lic_dev, exp_date)
281 |         else:
282 |             continue
283 | 
284 | 
285 | # --------------- Meraki custom functions ------------------
286 | 
287 | 
288 | # get the psk for a specific ssid
289 | def get_ssid_psk():
290 |     get_ssid_pw = merakiapi.getssiddetail(my_api_key, my_net_id, ssidnum=3)
291 |     pw = get_ssid_pw['psk']
292 |     return pw
293 | 
294 | # get the guest ssid pw and send to a tropo application to send the psk to 'my_tropo_phone' via sms
295 | def get_wifi_pw():
296 |     session_attributes = {}
297 |     card_title = "WiFi Password SMS"
298 |     # guest_pw = result of the get_wifi_pw function
299 |     guest_pw = get_ssid_psk()
300 | 
301 |     # the data that will be passed in the POST to Tropo
302 |     post_data = {"token": my_tropo_token,
303 |                  "pw": guest_pw,
304 |                  "number": my_tropo_phone
305 |                  }
306 |     # tropo_data = post_data jsonified
307 |     tropo_data = json.dumps(post_data)
308 | 
309 |     # issue the post and print the http response code and response
310 |     tropo_post = requests.post(tropo_api_url, headers=tropo_headers, data=tropo_data)
311 |     if tropo_post.status_code == 200:
312 |         speech_output = "OK"
313 |     else:
314 |         speech_output = "I'm sorry, there was an error"
315 |     reprompt_text = ""
316 |     should_end_session = True
317 |     return build_response(session_attributes, build_speechlet_response(
318 |         card_title, speech_output, reprompt_text, should_end_session))
319 | 
320 | # get all org license state and read back organization names with license expiration < 90 days
321 | def get_license_report():
322 |     session_attributes = {}
323 |     card_title = "License report"
324 | 
325 |     # Store the list of org id's in all_ids
326 |     all_ids = get_all_orgids()
327 | 
328 |     date_format = "%b %d, %Y %Z"
329 |     report_list = []
330 | 
331 |     # Loop through each org id to grab the name, license state, and device inventory
332 |     for i in all_ids:
333 |         org_name = get_orgname(i)
334 |         lic = merakiapi.getlicensestate(my_api_key, i)
335 |         lic_count = nested(lic)
336 |         if lic_count[1] == 'N/A':
337 |             continue
338 |         else:
339 |             a = datetime.strptime(lic_count[1], date_format)
340 |             b = datetime.today()
341 |             diff = a - b
342 |             if 0 < diff.days < 90:
343 |                 speech_output = "{0} expires in {1} days".format(str(org_name), diff.days)
344 |                 report_list.append(speech_output)
345 |             else:
346 |                 continue
347 | 
348 |     if not report_list:
349 |         speech_output = "No license issues to report"
350 | 
351 |     reprompt_text = ""
352 |     should_end_session = True
353 |     return build_response(session_attributes, build_speechlet_response(
354 |         card_title, speech_output, reprompt_text, should_end_session))
355 | 
356 | 
357 | # Get the devName and devStatus SNMP OIDs and respond with the names of offline devices
358 | def get_network_status():
359 |     """ Grabs network status (via SNMP for now) and creates the 'speech_output'
360 |     """
361 |     session_attributes = {}
362 |     card_title = "Network Status"
363 |     # creating a few lists to write things to
364 |     keys = []
365 |     values = []
366 |     list_offline = []
367 |     # community_string and snmp_port are set under global variables
368 |     device = ('snmp.meraki.com', community_string, snmp_port)
369 |     # snmp_data1 is the list of devNames in the SNMP get response
370 |     # snmp_helper is imported on line 25, see snmp_helper.py in the example
371 |     snmp_data1 = snmp_helper.snmp_get_oid(device, oid='.1.3.6.1.4.1.29671.1.1.4.1.2', display_errors=True)
372 |     # snmp_data2 is the 0 or 1 value that comes back from this OID indicating
373 |     # the device's online/offline status (0 = offline, 1 = online)
374 |     snmp_data2 = snmp_helper.snmp_get_oid(device, oid='.1.3.6.1.4.1.29671.1.1.4.1.3', display_errors=True)
375 | 
376 |     """
377 |     create a dictionary of device names and their online/offline status.
378 |     the following lines clean up the snmp responses in snmp_data1 and
379 |     snmp_data2 individually, then add the sanitized data points to
380 |     dict_status (snmp 'devName' and '0' or '1' for the status)
381 |     """
382 |     for i in snmp_data1:
383 |         k = snmp_helper.snmp_extract(i)
384 |         keys.append(k)
385 |     for j in snmp_data2:
386 |         m = snmp_helper.snmp_extract(j)
387 |         values.append(m)
388 |     # create a new dictionary 'dict_status' with the combined name and status
389 |     dict_status = dict(zip(keys, values))
390 |     # Now iterate through dict_status to capture offline devices
391 |     for key in dict_status:
392 |         value = dict_status[key]
393 |         if value == '0':
394 |             # below, 'devName' of offline devices (devStatus = 0) is appended to list_offline
395 |             list_offline.append(key)
396 |         else:
397 |             # skip over devices which are not offline (any value other than 0)
398 |             continue
399 |     # Finally, count the length of 'list_offline' to get the number of offline
400 |     # devices and read back each name in the list.
401 |     # The extra spaces around the comma help Alexa read the names back clearly.
402 |     # Adjustments may need to be made to fine tune the response.
403 |     speech_output = "{0} devices are offline, {1}. would you like me to dispatch a technician ?".format(
404 |                     len(list_offline), " , ".join(list_offline))
405 |     reprompt_text = ""
406 |     should_end_session = True
407 |     return build_response(session_attributes, build_speechlet_response(
408 |         card_title, speech_output, reprompt_text, should_end_session))
409 | 
410 | 
411 | # grabs inventory and creates a reply for the user
412 | def get_inventory():
413 |     session_attributes = {}
414 |     card_title = "Inventory"
415 |     # Create a new list of model names and their count in inventory
416 |     speech_list = []
417 |     # get the org name
418 |     org_name = get_orgname(my_org_id)
419 |     # get device inventory and counts per-model
420 |     inv = get_org_inv_count()
421 |     # Loop through the inventory and create a list of device models and their
422 |     # respective count to use in 'speech_output'
423 |     for k, v in inv.iteritems():
424 |         model_name = k
425 |         dev_count = v
426 |         speech_text = "{0} , {1}".format(str(model_name), dev_count)
427 |         speech_list.append(str(speech_text))
428 |     speech_output = "{0} - device inventory, {1}".format(str(org_name), speech_list)
429 |     reprompt_text = ""
430 |     should_end_session = True
431 |     return build_response(session_attributes, build_speechlet_response(
432 |         card_title, speech_output, reprompt_text, should_end_session))
433 | 
434 | 
435 | def close_shop():
436 |     """ Disables the Guest SSID. Additional smart home functions could easily be added
437 |     to turn off lights, lock doors, set a security alarm, set an away thermostat setting
438 |     as examples...
439 |     """
440 |     session_attributes = {}
441 |     card_title = "Close the shop"
442 |     payload = json.dumps({ "enabled" : 'false' })
443 |     off = requests.put(ssid_url, data=payload, headers=headers)
444 |     print(off)
445 |     if off.status_code == 200:
446 |         speech_output = "Success ! Disabling guest wi-fi"
447 |     else:
448 |         speech_output = "Unsuccessful"
449 |     reprompt_text = ""
450 |     should_end_session = True
451 |     return build_response(session_attributes, build_speechlet_response(
452 |         card_title, speech_output, reprompt_text, should_end_session))
453 | 
454 | 
455 | # enables the guest ssid
456 | def open_shop():
457 |     session_attributes = {}
458 |     card_title = "Open the shop"
459 |     payload = json.dumps({"enabled": 'true'})
460 |     on = requests.put(ssid_url, data=payload, headers=headers)
461 |     print(on)
462 |     if on.status_code == 200:
463 |         speech_output = "Success ! Enabling guest wi-fi"
464 |     else:
465 |         speech_output = "Unsuccessful"
466 |     reprompt_text = ""
467 |     should_end_session = True
468 |     return build_response(session_attributes, build_speechlet_response(
469 |         card_title, speech_output, reprompt_text, should_end_session))
470 | 
471 | 
472 | # create a list of MR's with the "guest" tag and count clients on the guest ip subnet
473 | def get_guest_count():
474 |     session_attributes = {}
475 |     card_title = "Guest WiFi User Count"
476 |     sn_list = get_guest_ap_list()
477 |     client_count = 0
478 |     for sn in sn_list:
479 |         result = merakiapi.getclients(my_api_key, sn, timestamp=900)
480 |         for row in result:
481 |             # simple regex filtering on a specific ip subnet
482 |             subnet_regex = re.compile('10.4.17')
483 |             match = subnet_regex.search(str(row['ip']))
484 |             if match is not None:
485 |                 client_count += 1
486 |             else:
487 |                 continue
488 | 
489 |     speech_output = "There are {0} users on the guest wifi".format(client_count)
490 |     reprompt_text = ""
491 |     should_end_session = True
492 |     return build_response(session_attributes, build_speechlet_response(
493 |         card_title, speech_output, reprompt_text, should_end_session))
494 | 
495 | 
496 | # an easter egg for Merakians =)
497 | def get_roadmap():
498 |     session_attributes = {}
499 |     card_title = "roadmap"
500 |     speech_output = "The first rule of Meraki roadmaps, " \
501 |                     "is we do not talk about Meraki roadmaps. "
502 |     reprompt_text = ""
503 |     should_end_session = True
504 |     return build_response(session_attributes, build_speechlet_response(
505 |         card_title, speech_output, reprompt_text, should_end_session))
506 | 
507 | 
508 | # --------------- Helper functions that build the responses ----------------------
509 | 
510 | 
511 | def build_speechlet_response(title, output, reprompt_text, should_end_session):
512 |     return {
513 |         'outputSpeech': {
514 |             'type': 'PlainText',
515 |             'text': output
516 |         },
517 |         'card': {
518 |             'type': 'Simple',
519 |             'title': 'SessionSpeechlet - ' + title,
520 |             'content': 'SessionSpeechlet - ' + output
521 |         },
522 |         'reprompt': {
523 |             'outputSpeech': {
524 |                 'type': 'PlainText',
525 |                 'text': reprompt_text
526 |             }
527 |         },
528 |         'shouldEndSession': should_end_session
529 |     }
530 | 
531 | 
532 | def build_response(session_attributes, speechlet_response):
533 |     return {
534 |         'version': '1.0',
535 |         'sessionAttributes': session_attributes,
536 |         'response': speechlet_response
537 |     }
538 | 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/LICENSE:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1 |                     GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
  2 |                        Version 3, 29 June 2007
  3 | 
  4 |  Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>
  5 |  Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
  6 |  of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
  7 | 
  8 |                             Preamble
  9 | 
 10 |   The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for
 11 | software and other kinds of works.
 12 | 
 13 |   The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed
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230 |     d) If the work has interactive user interfaces, each must display
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235 |   A compilation of a covered work with other separate and independent
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245 |   6. Conveying Non-Source Forms.
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247 |   You may convey a covered work in object code form under the terms
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275 |     d) Convey the object code by offering access from a designated
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288 |     e) Convey the object code using peer-to-peer transmission, provided
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290 |     Source of the work are being offered to the general public at no
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297 |   A "User Product" is either (1) a "consumer product", which means any
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318 |   If you convey an object code work under this section in, or with, or
319 | specifically for use in, a User Product, and the conveying occurs as
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332 | the User Product in which it has been modified or installed.  Access to a
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338 | in accord with this section must be in a format that is publicly
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340 | source code form), and must require no special password or key for
341 | unpacking, reading or copying.
342 | 
343 |   7. Additional Terms.
344 | 
345 |   "Additional permissions" are terms that supplement the terms of this
346 | License by making exceptions from one or more of its conditions.
347 | Additional permissions that are applicable to the entire Program shall
348 | be treated as though they were included in this License, to the extent
349 | that they are valid under applicable law.  If additional permissions
350 | apply only to part of the Program, that part may be used separately
351 | under those permissions, but the entire Program remains governed by
352 | this License without regard to the additional permissions.
353 | 
354 |   When you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option
355 | remove any additional permissions from that copy, or from any part of
356 | it.  (Additional permissions may be written to require their own
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358 | additional permissions on material, added by you to a covered work,
359 | for which you have or can give appropriate copyright permission.
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361 |   Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, for material you
362 | add to a covered work, you may (if authorized by the copyright holders of
363 | that material) supplement the terms of this License with terms:
364 | 
365 |     a) Disclaiming warranty or limiting liability differently from the
366 |     terms of sections 15 and 16 of this License; or
367 | 
368 |     b) Requiring preservation of specified reasonable legal notices or
369 |     author attributions in that material or in the Appropriate Legal
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372 |     c) Prohibiting misrepresentation of the origin of that material, or
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379 |     e) Declining to grant rights under trademark law for use of some
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388 |   All other non-permissive additional terms are considered "further
389 | restrictions" within the meaning of section 10.  If the Program as you
390 | received it, or any part of it, contains a notice stating that it is
391 | governed by this License along with a term that is a further
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393 | a further restriction but permits relicensing or conveying under this
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398 |   If you add terms to a covered work in accord with this section, you
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401 | where to find the applicable terms.
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403 |   Additional terms, permissive or non-permissive, may be stated in the
404 | form of a separately written license, or stated as exceptions;
405 | the above requirements apply either way.
406 | 
407 |   8. Termination.
408 | 
409 |   You may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly
410 | provided under this License.  Any attempt otherwise to propagate or
411 | modify it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under
412 | this License (including any patent licenses granted under the third
413 | paragraph of section 11).
414 | 
415 |   However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
416 | license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
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418 | finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright
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420 | prior to 60 days after the cessation.
421 | 
422 |   Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
423 | reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
424 | violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
425 | received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that
426 | copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after
427 | your receipt of the notice.
428 | 
429 |   Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
430 | licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under
431 | this License.  If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
432 | reinstated, you do not qualify to receive new licenses for the same
433 | material under section 10.
434 | 
435 |   9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies.
436 | 
437 |   You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or
438 | run a copy of the Program.  Ancillary propagation of a covered work
439 | occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission
440 | to receive a copy likewise does not require acceptance.  However,
441 | nothing other than this License grants you permission to propagate or
442 | modify any covered work.  These actions infringe copyright if you do
443 | not accept this License.  Therefore, by modifying or propagating a
444 | covered work, you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so.
445 | 
446 |   10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients.
447 | 
448 |   Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically
449 | receives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and
450 | propagate that work, subject to this License.  You are not responsible
451 | for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License.
452 | 
453 |   An "entity transaction" is a transaction transferring control of an
454 | organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an
455 | organization, or merging organizations.  If propagation of a covered
456 | work results from an entity transaction, each party to that
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459 | give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to possession of the
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461 | the predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts.
462 | 
463 |   You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the
464 | rights granted or affirmed under this License.  For example, you may
465 | not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of
466 | rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation
467 | (including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that
468 | any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for
469 | sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it.
470 | 
471 |   11. Patents.
472 | 
473 |   A "contributor" is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this
474 | License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based.  The
475 | work thus licensed is called the contributor's "contributor version".
476 | 
477 |   A contributor's "essential patent claims" are all patent claims
478 | owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or
479 | hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted
480 | by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version,
481 | but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a
482 | consequence of further modification of the contributor version.  For
483 | purposes of this definition, "control" includes the right to grant
484 | patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of
485 | this License.
486 | 
487 |   Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free
488 | patent license under the contributor's essential patent claims, to
489 | make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and
490 | propagate the contents of its contributor version.
491 | 
492 |   In the following three paragraphs, a "patent license" is any express
493 | agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent
494 | (such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to
495 | sue for patent infringement).  To "grant" such a patent license to a
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497 | patent against the party.
498 | 
499 |   If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license,
500 | and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone
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502 | publicly available network server or other readily accessible means,
503 | then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so
504 | available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the
505 | patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner
506 | consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent
507 | license to downstream recipients.  "Knowingly relying" means you have
508 | actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the
509 | covered work in a country, or your recipient's use of the covered work
510 | in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that
511 | country that you have reason to believe are valid.
512 | 
513 |   If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or
514 | arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a
515 | covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties
516 | receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify
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518 | you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered
519 | work and works based on it.
520 | 
521 |   A patent license is "discriminatory" if it does not include within
522 | the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is
523 | conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are
524 | specifically granted under this License.  You may not convey a covered
525 | work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is
526 | in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment
527 | to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying
528 | the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the
529 | parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory
530 | patent license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work
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533 | contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement,
534 | or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.
535 | 
536 |   Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting
537 | any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may
538 | otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.
539 | 
540 |   12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.
541 | 
542 |   If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
543 | otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
544 | excuse you from the conditions of this License.  If you cannot convey a
545 | covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
546 | License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may
547 | not convey it at all.  For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you
548 | to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey
549 | the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this
550 | License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.
551 | 
552 |   13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.
553 | 
554 |   Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have
555 | permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed
556 | under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single
557 | combined work, and to convey the resulting work.  The terms of this
558 | License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work,
559 | but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License,
560 | section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the
561 | combination as such.
562 | 
563 |   14. Revised Versions of this License.
564 | 
565 |   The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of
566 | the GNU General Public License from time to time.  Such new versions will
567 | be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
568 | address new problems or concerns.
569 | 
570 |   Each version is given a distinguishing version number.  If the
571 | Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General
572 | Public License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the
573 | option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered
574 | version or of any later version published by the Free Software
575 | Foundation.  If the Program does not specify a version number of the
576 | GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published
577 | by the Free Software Foundation.
578 | 
579 |   If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future
580 | versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's
581 | public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you
582 | to choose that version for the Program.
583 | 
584 |   Later license versions may give you additional or different
585 | permissions.  However, no additional obligations are imposed on any
586 | author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a
587 | later version.
588 | 
589 |   15. Disclaimer of Warranty.
590 | 
591 |   THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
592 | APPLICABLE LAW.  EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
593 | HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY
594 | OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
595 | THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
596 | PURPOSE.  THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM
597 | IS WITH YOU.  SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF
598 | ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
599 | 
600 |   16. Limitation of Liability.
601 | 
602 |   IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
603 | WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS
604 | THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY
605 | GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE
606 | USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
607 | DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD
608 | PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS),
609 | EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
610 | SUCH DAMAGES.
611 | 
612 |   17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
613 | 
614 |   If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
615 | above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
616 | reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates
617 | an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the
618 | Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a
619 | copy of the Program in return for a fee.
620 | 
621 |                      END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
622 | 
623 |             How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
624 | 
625 |   If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
626 | possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
627 | free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
628 | 
629 |   To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
630 | to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
631 | state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
632 | the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
633 | 
634 |     {one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.}
635 |     Copyright (C) {year}  {name of author}
636 | 
637 |     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
638 |     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
639 |     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
640 |     (at your option) any later version.
641 | 
642 |     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
643 |     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
644 |     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
645 |     GNU General Public License for more details.
646 | 
647 |     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
648 |     along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
649 | 
650 | Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
651 | 
652 |   If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
653 | notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
654 | 
655 |     {project}  Copyright (C) {year}  {fullname}
656 |     This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
657 |     This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
658 |     under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
659 | 
660 | The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
661 | parts of the General Public License.  Of course, your program's commands
662 | might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".
663 | 
664 |   You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
665 | if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
666 | For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
667 | <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
668 | 
669 |   The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
670 | into proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library, you
671 | may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
672 | the library.  If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
673 | Public License instead of this License.  But first, please read
674 | <http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html>.
675 | 


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