├── .gitignore
├── .gitattributes
├── images
├── arch.png
├── clone.jpg
├── koala.png
├── studio.jpg
├── app-start.png
├── schematic.jpg
├── terminal.png
├── thumbnail.jpg
├── usbdebug.jpg
├── welcome.png
├── breadboard.jpg
├── powersupply.jpg
└── open-collector.png
├── app
├── src
│ └── main
│ │ ├── res
│ │ ├── mipmap-hdpi
│ │ │ ├── ic_launcher.webp
│ │ │ └── ic_launcher_round.webp
│ │ ├── mipmap-mdpi
│ │ │ ├── ic_launcher.webp
│ │ │ └── ic_launcher_round.webp
│ │ ├── mipmap-xhdpi
│ │ │ ├── ic_launcher.webp
│ │ │ └── ic_launcher_round.webp
│ │ ├── mipmap-xxhdpi
│ │ │ ├── ic_launcher.webp
│ │ │ └── ic_launcher_round.webp
│ │ ├── mipmap-xxxhdpi
│ │ │ ├── ic_launcher.webp
│ │ │ └── ic_launcher_round.webp
│ │ ├── color
│ │ │ ├── btn_txd.xml
│ │ │ ├── btn_dtr.xml
│ │ │ ├── btn_rts.xml
│ │ │ └── btn_rxd.xml
│ │ ├── values
│ │ │ ├── colors.xml
│ │ │ ├── themes.xml
│ │ │ └── strings.xml
│ │ ├── values-night
│ │ │ └── themes.xml
│ │ ├── mipmap-anydpi-v26
│ │ │ ├── ic_launcher.xml
│ │ │ └── ic_launcher_round.xml
│ │ ├── xml
│ │ │ ├── backup_rules.xml
│ │ │ └── data_extraction_rules.xml
│ │ ├── drawable-v24
│ │ │ └── ic_launcher_foreground.xml
│ │ ├── drawable
│ │ │ └── ic_launcher_background.xml
│ │ └── layout
│ │ │ └── activity_main.xml
│ │ ├── java
│ │ └── com
│ │ │ └── docvolt
│ │ │ └── usbcontrol
│ │ │ ├── Sketch.java
│ │ │ ├── MainActivity.java
│ │ │ └── UsbIOService.java
│ │ └── AndroidManifest.xml
└── build.gradle
├── gradle
├── wrapper
│ └── gradle-wrapper.properties
└── libs.versions.toml
├── settings.gradle
├── gradle.properties
├── README.md
└── LICENSE
/.gitignore:
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1 | .gradle
2 | .idea
3 | app/build
4 | build
5 | local.properties
6 |
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/.gitattributes:
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1 | # Auto detect text files and perform LF normalization
2 | * text=auto
3 |
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/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties:
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1 | #Sun Jun 30 18:08:47 CEST 2024
2 | distributionBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
3 | distributionPath=wrapper/dists
4 | distributionUrl=https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-8.9-bin.zip
5 | zipStoreBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
6 | zipStorePath=wrapper/dists
7 |
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/app/src/main/res/color/btn_txd.xml:
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1 |
2 |
4 | 
5 |
6 | With the app we can switch the LEDs on and off using the four buttons. We can make them flash using the checkboxes to the right of them. The remaining four control signals are configured as inputs. Their levels are displayed by the radio buttons in the bottom row.
7 |
8 | 
9 |
10 | Whether a pin is an input or an output is determined by its wiring. A resistor to Vcc makes it an open-collector output. A 47k resistor to ground makes it an input.
11 |
12 | 
13 |
14 | Alternatively, an LED can be connected directly between the pin and Vcc. The pin limits the current to 15mA, thus no resistor is needed.
15 |
16 | ## Description of The Android-App
17 | Apps for the Android operating system are written in Java or Kotlin. The programming environment is Android Studio, which can be downloaded free of charge from Google's Android developer pages.
18 | The sample app consists of three Java source files:
19 |
20 | ### MainActivity.java
21 | The interaction with the user of the app is defined in the “MainActivity” (user interface).
22 |
23 | ### UsbIOService.java
24 | The user interface does not have direct access to the smartphone's USB interface. This is done in a background service.
25 | The service reads the digital inputs of the FT232 cyclically at the highest possible speed. If these change between two runs, the MainActivity is notified so that it can display this accordingly using its UI elements. Of course, the UsbIOService also sets the digital outputs on request.
26 |
27 | ### Sketch.java
28 | This is where we find the actual application logic. If you already have experience in creating Arduino sketches, you will quickly find your way around: The setup() function is called once by the UsbIOService when the app is started. The pinMode() function is used to configure the four output ports. (By default, the ports are inputs; this does not need to be configured).
29 | The UsbIOService calls the loop() function cyclically. The classic commands from the Arduino framework make the LEDs flash here.
30 |
31 | 
32 |
33 | ## Software Architecture
34 | The figure illustrates the interaction of the three components. The virtual pins are used to exchange data between the UI and the Arduino sketch. There are 24 of them in total. Both the UI and the sketch have access to the eight physical ports of the FTDI. The USB IO service is a single Java source code file that is located in the app's source directory.
35 |
36 | 
37 |
38 | ## Power Supply
39 | The FT232 board and electronics connected to it are powered by the Android device through its USB port. The downside is that this uses up the battery life. This is a significant drawback for any application that needs to run for a longer time. So we need to find a way to power the phone or tablet itself. The first thing that comes to mind is the USB port.
40 | However, a USB port in OTG mode is a power source for the connected device, so it can't be used for simultaneous charging. Some people have managed to do this by rooting the phone and hacking the firmware, but it's a lot of work, so we're not going to go into it here.
41 | If your mobile device has an external charging port or the option of contactless charging, you're in luck. However, this is only the case for a few models.
42 | In most cases, we have to expose the power connectors from the battery ourselves. This is still pretty easy to do on older devices because the batteries are often replaceable. The picture shows a Samsung Galaxy S2. I replaced the battery with a stripe board, which I cut to size to fit exactly into the recess of the battery. I used solder to make good contact where the spring contacts are. The pins for the battery voltage and polarity are printed on the battery, and they are easy to identify.
43 |
44 | 
45 |
46 | This allows the smartphone to run on an external power supply between 3 and 4.2 volts, which is the voltage range of a lithium-ion battery. It's conceivable that the device can also tolerate 5 volts at the battery terminals, but I didn't want to take the risk of blowing it up... A buck converter module like the HW-411 shown in the picture does limit the maximum voltage to 4 volts and also allows for a current of at least one Amp.
47 |
48 |
49 |
50 | >Security Advise: Permanently installed batteries must be disconnected from the external supply voltage to prevent destruction (and fires in the worst case) due to overcharging.
51 |
52 |
53 | ## First Steps in Android Studio
54 | Download Android Studio from https://developer.android.com/studio. The following steps refer to version 2024.1.1 (Koala). When you start the program for the first time, the Android Studio Setup Wizard starts.
55 |
56 | After you have installed Android Studio and the Android SDK, you will see the following dialog box when you launch it for the first time:
57 |
58 | 
59 |
60 | There you click on "Get from VCS" and enter the following URL: https://github.com/michalin/Android_UsbIO (This repository)
61 |
62 | 
63 |
64 | > “Git” must be installed in order to carry out this step. If you see the message “Git is not installed”, use the “Download and Install” link to install it.
65 |
66 | The source files for the sample app are now downloaded.
67 | It takes a few minutes for the “Gradle” build system to generate the project, but if everything was successful, we can already take a quick look at the project.
68 |
69 | ### Download the app to the Android device
70 | In order for the app to be loaded onto the smartphone or tablet, USB debugging must first be activated on the Android device. To do this, open the settings and scroll all the way down. There, open the “Developer options”, switch them on and activate “USB debugging”.
71 |
72 | 
73 |
74 | >Note: From Android version 4.2, the developer options are hidden and must be activated beforehand. To do this, tap on “Phone info”, then on “Software information” and tap the build number seven times. A different procedure may be required for individual manufacturers. Your trusted search engine or AI will be happy to help.
75 |
76 | Then connect the device to your computer via USB. A dialog will appear asking if you want to allow the computer to debug the mobile device. After confirming, the name of the device will appear at the top of Android Studio. Click on the green triangle to load and run the app on the target device.
77 |
78 | 
79 |
80 | ### Download the app to the Target Device over WLAN
81 | Constantly plugging and unplugging the computer and FTDI module is quite impractical when programming the app. Fortunately, however, there is the option of loading apps via WLAN. This means that the USB interface can remain connected to the FTDI module while you can conveniently load and debug your app on the device via Android Studio. To set it up, first
82 | add the Android Debug Bridge (ADB) directory to the path variable.
83 | The Android Debug Bridge (ADB) command line tool is part of the Android SDK that allows developers to install apps, debug, transfer files and comprehensively manage Android devices. It is located under `C:\Users\{username}\AppData\Local\Android\Sdk\platform-tools\adb.exe`
84 |
85 | Adding ADB to the Path variable can either be done in the control panel or in the terminal window of Android Studio. Enter the following there:
86 | `[Environment]::SetEnvironmentVariable("PATH",$Env:PATH+";$Env:LOCALAPPDATA\Android\Sdk\platform-tools",[EnvironmentVariableTarget]::"User")`
87 | After that you need to restart Android Studio to apply the changes.
88 |
89 | Now connect your mobile device to the computer via USB and enter `adb tcpip 5555`. Make sure that your computer and the device are in the same WLAN network and enter `adb connect `. The adb is now connected via WLAN.
90 | This is particularly convenient with the integrated terminal of Android Studio.
91 |
92 | 
93 |
94 | ----
95 | >Notes:
96 | >- You can find the IP address either in the WLAN settings of your mobile device or the configuration of your WLAN router.
97 | >- Before a new debug session, you only need to call `adb connect `. This also works via WLAN, the device does not need a USB connection.
98 | >- `adb tcpip 5555` activates WLAN debugging. This remains active until USB debugging is deactivated or Android is restarted. For security reasons, USB debugging should always be switched off if it is not required.
99 |
100 |
101 | ## Youtube Video
102 |
103 | 
104 |
105 |
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/app/src/main/java/com/docvolt/usbcontrol/UsbIOService.java:
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1 | package com.docvolt.usbcontrol;
2 |
3 | import android.app.PendingIntent;
4 | import android.app.Service;
5 | import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
6 | import android.content.Context;
7 | import android.content.Intent;
8 | import android.content.IntentFilter;
9 | import android.hardware.usb.UsbDevice;
10 | import android.hardware.usb.UsbDeviceConnection;
11 | import android.hardware.usb.UsbInterface;
12 | import android.hardware.usb.UsbManager;
13 | import android.os.Binder;
14 | import android.os.Handler;
15 | import android.os.IBinder;
16 | import android.util.Log;
17 |
18 | import java.util.HashMap;
19 | import java.util.Map;
20 | import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
21 | import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
22 |
23 |
24 | public class UsbIOService extends Service{
25 |
26 | interface ArduinoListener {
27 | /* This gets called when a physical or virtual pin is written to.*/
28 | void onPinChange();
29 | }
30 |
31 | private static final String TAG = "usbioservice";
32 |
33 | // USB permission Intents
34 | public static final String ACTION_USB_NOT_SUPPORTED = "com.docvolt.UsbIOService.USB_NOT_SUPPORTED";
35 | public static final String ACTION_NO_VALID_USB = "com.docvolt.UsbIOService.NO_VALID_USB";
36 | private static final String ACTION_USB_PERMISSION = "com.docvolt.UsbIOService.USB_PERMISSION";
37 | public static final String ACTION_USB_PERMISSION_GRANTED = "com.docvolt.UsbIOService.USB_PERMISSION_GRANTED";
38 | public static final String ACTION_USB_PERMISSION_NOT_GRANTED = "com.docvolt.UsbIOService.USB_PERMISSION_NOT_GRANTED";
39 | public static final String ACTION_USB_DISCONNECTED = "com.docvolt.UsbIOService.USB_DISCONNECTED";
40 | public static final String ACTION_DIGITAL_WRITE = "com.docvolt.UsbIOService.DIGITAL_WRITE";
41 | private static final int VENDOR_ID = 0x0403; //FT232R
42 | private static final int PRODUCT_ID = 0x6001;
43 |
44 | // The Lower 8 Bits represent the FT232 IO values. The upper 24 bits represent virtual IO values used by the app
45 | private static final AtomicInteger mPins = new AtomicInteger(0xFFFFFF00); //Output
46 | private static int mMode = 0xFFFFFF00; //Input mode {INPUT | OUTPUT}
47 |
48 | // USB control constants
49 | private static final int FTDI_DEVICE_OUT_REQTYPE = 0x40;
50 | private static final int FTDI_DEVICE_IN_REQTYPE = 0xC0;
51 | private static final int SIO_SET_BITMODE_REQUEST = 0x0b;
52 | private static final int SIO_READ_PINS_REQUEST = 0x0c;
53 | private static final int BITMODE_SYNCBB = 0x04; //8-Bit control register for output values
54 |
55 | // FT232R IO numbers
56 | public static final byte PIN_TXD = 0;
57 | public static final byte PIN_RXD = 1;
58 | public static final byte PIN_RTS = 2;
59 | public static final byte PIN_CTS = 3;
60 | public static final byte PIN_DTR = 4;
61 | public static final byte PIN_DSR = 5;
62 | public static final byte PIN_DCD = 6;
63 | public static final byte PIN_RI = 7;
64 | public static final byte MAX_FT_PIN_NUMBER = 7;
65 | public static final byte VPIN_BASE = 8;
66 |
67 | private final IBinder binder = new UsbBinder();
68 |
69 | private UsbManager mUsbManager;
70 | private UsbDevice mUsbDevice;
71 | private UsbInterface mUsbInterface;
72 | private UsbDeviceConnection mUsbDevConnection;
73 | private IOThread mIOLoop = null;
74 |
75 | private ArduinoListener mArduinoFunctions;
76 | public static final int INPUT = 0;
77 | public static final int OUTPUT = 1;
78 | private static final ConcurrentHashMap mAnalogPins = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
79 |
80 | private final Sketch sketch = new Sketch();
81 |
82 | /*static {
83 | System.loadLibrary("usbcontrol");
84 | }*/
85 | //public native void csetup();
86 | //public native void cloop();
87 |
88 | @Override
89 | public void onCreate() {
90 | Log.d(TAG, "onCreate");
91 | IntentFilter filter = new IntentFilter();
92 | filter.addAction(ACTION_USB_PERMISSION);
93 | filter.addAction(UsbManager.ACTION_USB_DEVICE_DETACHED);
94 | filter.addAction(UsbManager.ACTION_USB_DEVICE_ATTACHED);
95 | registerReceiver(usbReceiver, filter);
96 |
97 | mUsbManager = (UsbManager) getSystemService(Context.USB_SERVICE);
98 | initIODevice();
99 | }
100 |
101 | @Override
102 | public IBinder onBind(Intent intent) {
103 | Log.d(TAG, "onBind");
104 | return binder;
105 | }
106 |
107 | @Override
108 | public int onStartCommand(Intent intent, int flags, int startId) {
109 | Log.d(TAG, "onStartCommand");
110 | return Service.START_NOT_STICKY;
111 | }
112 |
113 | @Override
114 | public void onDestroy() {
115 | Log.d(TAG, "onDestroy");
116 | super.onDestroy();
117 | unregisterReceiver(usbReceiver);
118 | }
119 |
120 | private final BroadcastReceiver usbReceiver = new BroadcastReceiver() {
121 | @Override
122 | public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
123 | if (UsbManager.ACTION_USB_DEVICE_ATTACHED.equals(intent.getAction())) {
124 | Log.d(TAG, "USB_DEVICE_ATTACHED");
125 | initIODevice();
126 | // DeviceAttached
127 | } else if (UsbManager.ACTION_USB_DEVICE_DETACHED.equals(intent.getAction())) {
128 | Log.d(TAG, "USB_DEVICE_DETACHED");
129 | // Usb device was disconnected. send an intent to the Main Activity
130 | if(mIOLoop != null)
131 | mIOLoop.stopThread();
132 | context.sendBroadcast(new Intent(ACTION_USB_DISCONNECTED));
133 | } else if (ACTION_USB_PERMISSION.equals(intent.getAction())) {
134 | Log.d(TAG, "ACTION_USB_PERMISSION");
135 | if (intent.getBooleanExtra(UsbManager.EXTRA_PERMISSION_GRANTED, true)) {
136 | context.sendBroadcast(new Intent(ACTION_USB_PERMISSION_GRANTED));
137 | mUsbInterface = mUsbDevice.getInterface(0);
138 | mUsbDevConnection = mUsbManager.openDevice(mUsbDevice);
139 | mIOLoop = new IOThread();
140 | mIOLoop.setName("usbIOThread");
141 | //mIOLoop.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);
142 | mIOLoop.start();
143 | } else {// User not accepted our USB connection. Send an Intent to the Main Activity
144 | context.sendBroadcast(new Intent(ACTION_USB_PERMISSION_NOT_GRANTED));
145 | }
146 | }
147 | }
148 | };
149 |
150 | /*
151 | This function checks if the device is a FT232R device and checks the permissions.
152 | Call this to initialize the device.
153 | */
154 | public void initIODevice() {
155 | HashMap deviceList = mUsbManager.getDeviceList();
156 | for (Map.Entry entry : deviceList.entrySet()) {
157 | Log.d(TAG, String.format("Device detected: %s:%s", entry.getValue().getVendorId(), entry.getValue().getProductId()));
158 | if (entry.getValue().getVendorId() == VENDOR_ID && entry.getValue().getProductId() == PRODUCT_ID) {
159 | Log.d(TAG, "FT 232R Device found");
160 | PendingIntent mPendingIntent = PendingIntent.getBroadcast(UsbIOService.this, 0, new Intent(ACTION_USB_PERMISSION), 0);
161 | mUsbManager.requestPermission(entry.getValue(), mPendingIntent);
162 | mUsbDevice = entry.getValue();
163 | }
164 | }
165 | Log.d(TAG, "No or no valid USB device");
166 | sendBroadcast(new Intent(ACTION_NO_VALID_USB));
167 | }
168 |
169 | public class UsbBinder extends Binder {
170 | public UsbIOService getService() {
171 | return UsbIOService.this;
172 | }
173 | }
174 | /* Thread of the loop() function */
175 | private class LoopThread extends Thread {
176 | private boolean isRunning = true;
177 | @Override
178 | public void run () {
179 | while (isRunning) {
180 | sketch.loop();
181 | }
182 | }
183 | public void stopThread() {
184 | isRunning = false;
185 | }
186 | }
187 |
188 | /*This reads and writes FT232 pins and virtual pins*/
189 | private class IOThread extends Thread {
190 | private boolean isRunning;
191 | private int _pins = 0;
192 | private byte _rdvals = (byte)0xFF;
193 | private final byte[] rdvals = {0};
194 | Handler mHandler = new Handler();
195 | private final LoopThread loopThread = new LoopThread();
196 |
197 | @Override
198 | public void run() {
199 | Log.d(TAG, "run");
200 | sketch.setup();
201 | loopThread.setName("loopThread");
202 | loopThread.start();
203 | //csetup();
204 | isRunning = true;
205 | //mUsbDevConnection.controlTransfer(FTDI_DEVICE_OUT_REQTYPE, SIO_SET_BITMODE_REQUEST, (BITMODE_SYNCBB << 8), mUsbInterface.getId(), null, 0, 0);
206 | while (isRunning) {
207 | //Write to FT232R ports
208 | byte writeval = (byte) (mPins.get() & mMode);
209 | if(writeval != (_pins & mMode)) {
210 | int bang_val = (BITMODE_SYNCBB << 8) + writeval;
211 | if (mUsbDevConnection.controlTransfer(FTDI_DEVICE_OUT_REQTYPE, SIO_SET_BITMODE_REQUEST, bang_val, mUsbInterface.getId(), null, 0, 0) == -1) {
212 | Log.e(TAG, "Error, could not write pin");
213 | isRunning = false;
214 | }
215 | }
216 |
217 | //Read from FT232R ports
218 | if(mUsbDevConnection.controlTransfer(FTDI_DEVICE_IN_REQTYPE, SIO_READ_PINS_REQUEST, 0, mUsbInterface.getId(), rdvals, 1, 0) == -1) {
219 | Log.e(TAG,"Error, could not read pin");
220 | isRunning = false;
221 | }
222 | rdvals[0] = (byte) (rdvals[0] & ~mMode);
223 | if(rdvals[0] != _rdvals){
224 | int pin_changed = 0x00FF & (_rdvals ^ rdvals[0]);
225 | int val_changed = rdvals[0] & pin_changed;
226 | //Log.d(TAG, String.format("val_changed: %X", val_changed));
227 | if(val_changed != 0)
228 | mPins.set(mPins.get() &~pin_changed);
229 | //mPins &= ~pin_changed;
230 | else
231 | mPins.set(mPins.get() | pin_changed);
232 | //mPins |= pin_changed;
233 | _rdvals = rdvals[0];
234 | }
235 |
236 | if(mPins.get() != _pins) {
237 | //Log.d(TAG, String.format("mPins: %X", mPins));
238 | mHandler.post(new Runnable() {
239 | @Override
240 | public void run() {
241 | mArduinoFunctions.onPinChange();
242 | }
243 | });
244 | }
245 | _pins = mPins.get();
246 | //Log.d(TAG, "IOTHREAD-->");
247 | //sketch.loop();
248 | }
249 | }
250 | public void stopThread() {
251 | Log.d(TAG, "Stopping threads");
252 | loopThread.stopThread();
253 | isRunning = false;
254 | }
255 | }
256 |
257 | public void setArduinoFunctionsCB(ArduinoListener cb) {
258 | mArduinoFunctions = cb;
259 | }
260 |
261 | //Arduino-like functions
262 | public static int digitalRead(int pin) {
263 | int b = mPins.get() & (1 << pin);
264 | //Log.d(TAG,"digitalRead: " + b);
265 | return (b == 0)? 1 : 0;
266 | }
267 |
268 | /* Arduino-like function definitions */
269 |
270 | public static void digitalWrite(int pin, int value) {
271 | if(((1 << pin) & mMode) == 0)
272 | return; //If pin is not masked as output, do nothing
273 | if(value == 0)
274 | mPins.set(mPins.get() | (1 << pin)); //On
275 | //mPins |= 1 << pin; //Only affect pins that are masked as input (0)
276 | else
277 | mPins.set(mPins.get() & ~(1 << pin)); //Off
278 | //mPins &= ~(1 << pin); //On
279 | }
280 |
281 | public static void pinMode(int pin, int mode) {
282 | if(pin > MAX_FT_PIN_NUMBER) {
283 | Log.e(TAG, "pinMode: pin out of range");
284 | return;
285 | }
286 | if(mode == INPUT) {
287 | digitalWrite(pin, 1); //Default High (pullup)
288 | mMode &= ~(1 << pin);
289 | }
290 | else {
291 | mMode |= 1 << pin;
292 | digitalWrite(pin, 0); //Default Low
293 | }
294 | Log.d(TAG, "pinMode: " + mMode);
295 | }
296 |
297 | public static void analogWrite(int pin, int value){
298 | mAnalogPins.put(pin, value);
299 | /*for(Map.Entry item : mAnalogPins.entrySet()){
300 | Log.d(TAG, "key: " + item.getKey() + " value: " + item.getValue());*/
301 | }
302 |
303 | public static int analogRead(int pin) {
304 | Integer value = mAnalogPins.get(pin);
305 | if(value == null) {
306 | Log.e(TAG, "analogRead: Tried to read a nonexistent pin. Call analog Write to create one");
307 | return 0;
308 | }
309 | return value;
310 | }
311 |
312 | public static void delay(int ms) {
313 | try {
314 | Thread.sleep(ms);
315 | } catch (InterruptedException e) {
316 | e.printStackTrace();
317 | }
318 | }
319 | }
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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518 | you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered
519 | work and works based on it.
520 |
521 | A patent license is "discriminatory" if it does not include within
522 | the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is
523 | conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are
524 | specifically granted under this License. You may not convey a covered
525 | work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is
526 | in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment
527 | to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying
528 | the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the
529 | parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory
530 | patent license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work
531 | conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily
532 | for and in connection with specific products or compilations that
533 | contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement,
534 | or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007.
535 |
536 | Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting
537 | any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may
538 | otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law.
539 |
540 | 12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.
541 |
542 | If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
543 | otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
544 | excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a
545 | covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
546 | License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may
547 | not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you
548 | to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey
549 | the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this
550 | License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.
551 |
552 | 13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.
553 |
554 | Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have
555 | permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed
556 | under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single
557 | combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this
558 | License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work,
559 | but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License,
560 | section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the
561 | combination as such.
562 |
563 | 14. Revised Versions of this License.
564 |
565 | The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of
566 | the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
567 | be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
568 | address new problems or concerns.
569 |
570 | Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the
571 | Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General
572 | Public License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the
573 | option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered
574 | version or of any later version published by the Free Software
575 | Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the
576 | GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published
577 | by the Free Software Foundation.
578 |
579 | If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future
580 | versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's
581 | public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you
582 | to choose that version for the Program.
583 |
584 | Later license versions may give you additional or different
585 | permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any
586 | author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a
587 | later version.
588 |
589 | 15. Disclaimer of Warranty.
590 |
591 | THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
592 | APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
593 | HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY
594 | OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
595 | THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
596 | PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM
597 | IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF
598 | ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
599 |
600 | 16. Limitation of Liability.
601 |
602 | IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
603 | WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS
604 | THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY
605 | GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE
606 | USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
607 | DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD
608 | PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS),
609 | EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
610 | SUCH DAMAGES.
611 |
612 | 17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
613 |
614 | If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
615 | above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
616 | reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates
617 | an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the
618 | Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a
619 | copy of the Program in return for a fee.
620 |
621 | END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
622 |
623 | How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
624 |
625 | If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
626 | possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
627 | free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
628 |
629 | To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
630 | to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
631 | state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
632 | the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
633 |
634 |
635 | Copyright (C)
636 |
637 | This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
638 | it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
639 | the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
640 | (at your option) any later version.
641 |
642 | This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
643 | but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
644 | MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
645 | GNU General Public License for more details.
646 |
647 | You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
648 | along with this program. If not, see .
649 |
650 | Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
651 |
652 | If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
653 | notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
654 |
655 | Copyright (C)
656 | This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
657 | This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
658 | under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
659 |
660 | The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
661 | parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands
662 | might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".
663 |
664 | You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
665 | if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
666 | For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
667 | .
668 |
669 | The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
670 | into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you
671 | may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
672 | the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
673 | Public License instead of this License. But first, please read
674 | .
675 |
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