├── .editorconfig ├── .gitignore ├── .gitmodules ├── 404.html ├── LICENSE ├── README.md ├── assets ├── images │ ├── favicon.ico │ └── icons │ │ ├── bitbucket.4ebea66e.svg │ │ ├── github.a4034fb1.svg │ │ └── gitlab.d80e5efc.svg ├── javascripts │ ├── application.5165553b.js │ ├── lunr │ │ ├── lunr.da.js │ │ ├── lunr.de.js │ │ ├── lunr.du.js │ │ ├── lunr.es.js │ │ ├── lunr.fi.js │ │ ├── lunr.fr.js │ │ ├── lunr.hu.js │ │ ├── lunr.it.js │ │ ├── lunr.jp.js │ │ ├── lunr.multi.js │ │ ├── lunr.no.js │ │ ├── lunr.pt.js │ │ ├── lunr.ro.js │ │ ├── lunr.ru.js │ │ ├── lunr.stemmer.support.js │ │ ├── lunr.sv.js │ │ ├── lunr.tr.js │ │ └── tinyseg.js │ └── modernizr.1aa3b519.js └── stylesheets │ ├── application-palette.792431c1.css │ └── application.41c6761c.css ├── docs ├── CNAME ├── accepting-monero │ └── overview.md ├── cold-storage │ └── offline-transaction-signing.md ├── cryptography │ ├── asymmetric │ │ ├── edwards25519.md │ │ ├── introduction.md │ │ ├── key-image.md │ │ ├── private-key.md │ │ └── public-key.md │ ├── base58.md │ ├── introduction.md │ ├── keccak-256.md │ └── prng.md ├── extra.css ├── images │ ├── monero-dir.png │ ├── monero.svg │ └── sheets-icon.png ├── index.md ├── infrastructure │ ├── monero-pulse.md │ ├── networks.md │ └── tor-onion-p2p-seed-nodes.md ├── interacting │ ├── download-monero-binaries.md │ ├── monero-blockchain-export-reference.md │ ├── monero-blockchain-import-reference.md │ ├── monero-config-file.md │ ├── monero-wallet-cli-reference.md │ ├── monero-wallet-gui-reference.md │ ├── monero-wallet-rpc-reference.md │ ├── monerod-reference.md │ ├── overview.md │ └── verify-monero-binaries.md ├── multisignature.md ├── overrides.css ├── proof-of-work │ ├── cryptonight.md │ ├── pow-in-cryptocurrencies.md │ ├── random-x.md │ └── what-is-pow.md ├── public-address │ ├── integrated-address.md │ ├── main-address.md │ ├── standard-address.md │ └── subaddress.md ├── r │ └── accepting-monero-comparison-matrix.md ├── running-node │ └── open-node-tor-onion.md └── technical-specs.md ├── images └── monero.svg ├── mkdocs.yml └── search └── search_index.json /.editorconfig: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | root = true 2 | 3 | [*] 4 | charset = utf-8 5 | end_of_line = lf 6 | insert_final_newline = true 7 | indent_style = space 8 | indent_size = 2 9 | trim_trailing_whitespace = true 10 | max_line_length = 120 11 | 12 | [*.py] 13 | indent_size = 4 14 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /.gitignore: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | .idea 2 | *.iml 3 | public 4 | 5 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /.gitmodules: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | [submodule "mkdocs-material"] 2 | path = mkdocs-material 3 | url = https://github.com/monerodocs/mkdocs-material.git 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /LICENSE: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | MIT License 2 | 3 | Copyright (c) 2017-2021 monerodocs 4 | 5 | Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy 6 | of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal 7 | in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights 8 | to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell 9 | copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is 10 | furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: 11 | 12 | The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all 13 | copies or substantial portions of the Software. 14 | 15 | THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR 16 | IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 17 | FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 18 | AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 19 | LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 20 | OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 21 | SOFTWARE. 22 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # MoneroDocs 2 | 3 | - [MoneroDocs](#monerodocs) 4 | - [About](#about) 5 | - [Contributing](#contributing) 6 | 7 | ## About 8 | 9 | Monerodocs attempts to organize basic technical knowledge on Monero in one place. 10 | 11 | While technical explanations are out there, knowledge is scattered through reddit posts, git comments, stack exchange answers, chat logs and the source code. This makes it hard to find complete and up-to-date explanations on advanced topics. 12 | 13 | The goal is to educate and onboard power users faster. 14 | 15 | ## Contributing 16 | 17 | To contribute to MoneroDocs, you'll need to setup your local [Mkdocs-Material](https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/) environment: 18 | 19 | ```sh 20 | # Fork the monerodocs/md Github repo 21 | 22 | # Clone your newly created repo- be sure to include the submodule flag 23 | git clone --recurse-submodules git@github.com:your-user-name/md.git 24 | 25 | cd md 26 | 27 | # Install mkdocs dependencies 28 | pip install mkdocs-material mkdocs-minify-plugin 29 | 30 | # Run the documentation server locally 31 | python3 -m mkdocs serve 32 | ``` 33 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /assets/images/favicon.ico: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/monerodocs/md/964cd29856e887728b0ad7ddd6c22cc7c2d5d944/assets/images/favicon.ico -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /assets/images/icons/bitbucket.4ebea66e.svg: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /assets/images/icons/github.a4034fb1.svg: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /assets/images/icons/gitlab.d80e5efc.svg: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /assets/javascripts/lunr/lunr.da.js: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | !function(e,r){"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(r):"object"==typeof exports?module.exports=r():r()(e.lunr)}(this,function(){return function(e){if(void 0===e)throw new Error("Lunr is not present. 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fie fiecare fii fim fiu fiţi frumos fără graţie halbă iar ieri la le li lor lui lângă lîngă mai mea mei mele mereu meu mi mie mine mult multă mulţi mulţumesc mâine mîine mă ne nevoie nici nicăieri nimeni nimeri nimic nişte noastre noastră noi noroc nostru nouă noştri nu opt ori oricare orice oricine oricum oricând oricât oricînd oricît oriunde patra patru patrulea pe pentru peste pic poate pot prea prima primul prin puţin puţina puţină până pînă rog sa sale sau se spate spre sub sunt suntem sunteţi sută sînt sîntem sînteţi să săi său ta tale te timp tine toate toată tot totuşi toţi trei treia treilea tu tăi tău un una unde undeva unei uneia unele uneori unii unor unora unu unui unuia unul vi voastre voastră voi vostru vouă voştri vreme vreo vreun vă zece zero zi zice îi îl îmi împotriva în înainte înaintea încotro încât încît între întrucât întrucît îţi ăla ălea ăsta ăstea ăştia şapte şase şi ştiu ţi ţie".split(" ")),e.Pipeline.registerFunction(e.ro.stopWordFilter,"stopWordFilter-ro")}}); -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /assets/javascripts/lunr/lunr.ru.js: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | !function(e,n){"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(n):"object"==typeof exports?module.exports=n():n()(e.lunr)}(this,function(){return function(e){if(void 0===e)throw new Error("Lunr is not present. 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Record the seed on paper by executing `seed` on the offline wallet. 34 | 35 | ## Creating a new offline wallet with seed offset passphrase 36 | 37 | Seed and seed offset passphrase combine to create a new seed. You can store seed 38 | and seed offset passphrase in separate places so that a thief can't steal your 39 | fund without stealing seed and seed offset passphrase. I recommend 6 to 8 40 | (english) words as a seed offset passphrase as one english word has 11 bits of 41 | entropy on average and 8 words have 88 bits of entropy. With seed passphrase, 42 | you can also create decoy wallets that contain a little bit of money and can 43 | protect you from torturers or blackmailers who demand money from you. 44 | 45 | If you want to create an offline wallet with seed and seed passphrase, 46 | create an offline wallet, record the seed on paper, delete the wallet file, 47 | generate seed offset passphrase, record seed offset passphrase on paper, and 48 | execute 49 | 50 | ``` 51 | monero-wallet-cli --generate-new-wallet /path/to/wallet-file \ 52 | ---restore-deterministic-wallet 53 | ``` 54 | 55 | to restore from seed and seed offset passphrase. When you restore from seed, you 56 | can enter seed offset passphrase. 57 | 58 | Generate seed offset passphrase on an offline machine or with diceware because 59 | humans are bad at creating random passphrases. 60 | 61 | If you want to reconstruct an existing offline wallet that received or sent 62 | transactions, you need extra steps. Refer to `Restoring offline wallet`. 63 | 64 | ## Creating a new view-only wallet 65 | 66 | To create a view-only wallet, copy primary address and secret view key from an 67 | offline wallet to an online machine where a view-only wallet is going to be 68 | created. You can get primary address by executing `address` on an offline wallet 69 | and secret view key by executing `viewkey` on the offline wallet. 70 | 71 | You can use a microSD card and two USB microSD card readers to exchange data 72 | between an offline wallet and a view-only wallet. You can also use a USB flash 73 | drive. 74 | 75 | To create a view-only wallet on an online machine, execute 76 | 77 | ``` 78 | monero-wallet-cli --generate-from-view-key /path/to/wallet-file \ 79 | --daemon-address remote-node-address:port 80 | ``` 81 | 82 | If you want to reconstruct an existing view-only wallet that received or sent 83 | transactions, refer to `Restoring view-only wallet`. 84 | 85 | ## Launching offline wallet 86 | 87 | Execute 88 | 89 | ``` 90 | monero-wallet-cli --wallet-file /path/to/wallet-file 91 | ``` 92 | 93 | ## Launching a view-only wallet 94 | 95 | Execute 96 | 97 | ``` 98 | monero-wallet-cli --wallet-file /path/to/wallet-file \ 99 | --daemon-address remote-node-address:port 100 | ``` 101 | 102 | It's safe to sync your wallet over clearnet. If you want to broadcast a 103 | transaction without revealing your IP address, execute 104 | 105 | ``` 106 | monero-wallet-cli --wallet-file /path/to/wallet-file \ 107 | --daemon-address tor-or-i2p-remote-node-address:port \ 108 | --proxy 127.0.0.1:tor-or-i2p-port 109 | ``` 110 | 111 | Synchronizing wallet over clearnet is a lot faster than doing it on tor or i2p. 112 | Thus, consider synchronizing over clearnet even if you broadcast transactions 113 | over tor or i2p. 114 | 115 | ## Offline transaction signing 116 | 117 | Execute any wallet command that transfers monero to any address. For example, 118 | 119 | ``` 120 | transfer xmr-address amount-of-xmr-to-send 121 | ``` 122 | 123 | Any transfer command on a view-only wallet creates `unsigned_monero_tx` in the 124 | current working directory. 125 | 126 | Move `unsigned_monero_tx` to an offline machine that has an offline wallet. 127 | Execute 128 | 129 | ``` 130 | sign_transfer 131 | ``` 132 | 133 | on the offline wallet in the directory with `unsigned_monero_tx`. 134 | `signed_monero_tx` file is created in the current working directory. Move 135 | `signed_monero_tx` to the online machine with a view-only wallet. In the 136 | directory with `signed_monero_tx`, launch the view-only wallet, and execute 137 | 138 | ``` 139 | submit_transfer 140 | ``` 141 | 142 | Because a view-only wallet doesn't have key images, it can't see outgoing 143 | transactions. To make a view-only wallet see outgoing transactions, it has 144 | to export new outputs created by `submit_transfer` to an offline wallet which 145 | creates key images out of new outputs. 146 | 147 | Execute 148 | 149 | ``` 150 | export_outputs outputs 151 | ``` 152 | 153 | on a view-only wallet. Move `outputs` file to the offline machine with an offline 154 | wallet. Launch the offline wallet, and execute 155 | 156 | ``` 157 | import_outputs /path/to/outputs 158 | ``` 159 | 160 | Export key images derived from new outputs by executing 161 | 162 | ``` 163 | export_key_images key_images 164 | ``` 165 | 166 | on an offline wallet. Move `key_images` file to the machine with a view-only 167 | wallet. Launch the view-only wallet, and execute 168 | 169 | ``` 170 | import_key_images /path/to/key_images 171 | ``` 172 | 173 | ## Updating wallet software on an offline signing machine 174 | 175 | When you update an offline machine with offline wallets, you can't just 176 | connect the machine to the internet and update wallet software because 177 | doing so exposes offline wallets to the internet. 178 | 179 | Instead, boot OS installation media, wipe filesystems, and then connect 180 | to the internet, and install everything from scratch again. 181 | 182 | If your root filesystem is encrypted, OS installation media can connect 183 | to the internet from the beginning because encrypted data are safe until 184 | they are decrypted. 185 | 186 | ## Restoring offline wallet 187 | 188 | After updating wallet software on an offline signing machine by wiping it out 189 | and reinstalling everything, you have to restore offline wallet. 190 | 191 | Restore an offline wallet from seed (and seed offset passphrase) by executing 192 | 193 | ``` 194 | monero-wallet-cli --generate-new-wallet wallet-file --restore-deterministic-wallet 195 | ``` 196 | 197 | The new offline wallet can't sign new transactions because it doesn't have 198 | all trasaction outputs that precede a new unsigned transaction. Thus, it first 199 | has to import all outputs from a view-only wallet. 200 | 201 | On a view-only wallet that was derived from the offline wallet, execute 202 | 203 | ``` 204 | export_outputs all all_outputs 205 | ``` 206 | 207 | `all` is important because `export_outputs` exports only new outputs that weren't 208 | exported before, but 209 | 210 | ``` 211 | export_outputs all 212 | ``` 213 | 214 | exports all outputs. Move `all_outputs` file to the offline machine with the 215 | offline wallet. Execute 216 | 217 | ``` 218 | import_outputs /path/to/all_outputs 219 | ``` 220 | 221 | on the new offline wallet. 222 | 223 | ## Restoring view-only wallet 224 | 225 | If you reconstruct view-only wallet, because it doesn't have key images, 226 | it can't see outgoing transactions. If it can't see outgoing transactions, 227 | it reports wrong account balances. Thus, it has to import all key images 228 | from its corresponding offline wallet. 229 | 230 | On the offline wallet, execute 231 | 232 | ``` 233 | export_key_images all all_key_images 234 | ``` 235 | 236 | `export_key_images` doesn't work because it exports only new key images that 237 | weren't exported before. 238 | 239 | ``` 240 | export_key_images all 241 | ``` 242 | 243 | exports all key images. Move `all_key_images` file to the machine with the 244 | view-only wallet. Execute 245 | 246 | ``` 247 | import_key_images /path/to/all_key_images 248 | ``` 249 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/cryptography/asymmetric/edwards25519.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | title: Edwards25519 Elliptic Curve 3 | --- 4 | # Edwards25519 Elliptic Curve 5 | 6 | !!! note 7 | Author is nowhere close to being a cryptographer. Be sceptical on accuracy. 8 | 9 | !!! note 10 | This article is only about the underlying curve. Public key derivation and signing algorithm will be treated separately. 11 | 12 | Monero employs edwards25519 elliptic curve as a basis for its key pair generation. 13 | 14 | The curve comes from the Ed25519 signature scheme. While Monero takes the curve unchanged, it does not exactly follow rest of the Ed25519. 15 | 16 | The edwards25519 curve is [birationally equivalent to Curve25519](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7748#section-4.1). 17 | 18 | ## Definition 19 | 20 | This is the standard edwards25519 curve definition, no Monero specific stuff here, 21 | except the naming convention. The convention comes from the CryptoNote 22 | whitepaper and is widely used in Monero literature. 23 | 24 | ### Curve equation 25 | 26 | −x^2 + y^2 = 1 − (121665/121666) * x^2 * y^2 27 | 28 | Note: 29 | 30 | * curve is in two dimensions (nothing fancy, like all the curves is high school) 31 | * curve is mirrored below y axis due to `y^2` part of the equation (not a polynomial) 32 | 33 | ### Base point: `G` 34 | 35 | The base point is a specific point on the curve. It is used 36 | as a basis for further calculations. It is an arbitrary choice 37 | by the curve authors, just to standardize the scheme. 38 | 39 | Note that it is enough to specify the y value and the sign of the x value. 40 | That's because the specific x can be calculated from the curve equation. 41 | 42 | G = (x, 4/5) # take the point with the positive x 43 | 44 | # The hex representation of the base point 45 | 5866666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666 46 | 47 | ### Prime order of the base point: `l` 48 | 49 | In layment terms, the "canvas" where the curve is drawn is assumed 50 | to have a finite "resolution", so point coordinates must "wrap around" 51 | at some point. This is achieved by modulo the `l` value (lowercase L). 52 | In other words, the `l` defines the maximum scalar we can use. 53 | 54 | l = 2^252 + 27742317777372353535851937790883648493 55 | # => 7237005577332262213973186563042994240857116359379907606001950938285454250989 56 | 57 | The `l` is a prime number specified by the curve authors. 58 | 59 | In practice this is the private key's strength. 60 | 61 | ### Total number of points on the curve 62 | 63 | The total number of points on the curve is also a prime number: 64 | 65 | q = 2^255 - 19 66 | 67 | In practice not all points are "useful" and so the private key strength is limited to `l` describe above. 68 | 69 | ## Implementation 70 | 71 | Monero uses (apparently modified) Ref10 implementation by Daniel J. Bernstein. 72 | 73 | ## Reference 74 | 75 | * [A (Relatively Easy To Understand) Primer on Elliptic Curve Cryptography](https://blog.cloudflare.com/a-relatively-easy-to-understand-primer-on-elliptic-curve-cryptography/) 76 | * [RFC 8032 defining EdDSA](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8032) 77 | * [Understanding Monero Cryptography](https://steemit.com/monero/@luigi1111/understanding-monero-cryptography-privacy-introduction) - excellent writeup by Luigi 78 | * [StackOverflow answer](https://monero.stackexchange.com/questions/2290/why-how-does-monero-generate-public-ed25519-keys-without-using-the-standard-publ) 79 | * [Python implementation](https://github.com/monero-project/mininero/blob/master/ed25519.py) - not the reference one but easier to understand 80 | * [Encoding point to hex](https://monero.stackexchange.com/questions/6050/what-is-the-base-point-g-from-the-whitepaper-and-how-is-it-represented-as-a) 81 | * [EdDSA on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EdDSA) 82 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/cryptography/asymmetric/introduction.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | title: Asymmetric Cryptography in Moner 3 | --- 4 | # Asymmetric Cryptography in Monero 5 | 6 | !!! note 7 | Author is nowhere close to being a cryptographer. Be sceptical on accuracy. 8 | 9 | Before we get to Monero specific stuff, a little bit of context. We are talking asymmetric cryptography here. 10 | The "asymmetric" simply means the are two keys: 11 | 12 | * the private key (used primarily for signing data and for decrypting data) 13 | * the public key (used primarily for signature verification and encrypting data) 14 | 15 | This is in contrast to symmetric cryptography which uses a single key. This key is a secret shared among the parties. 16 | 17 | Historically, asymmetric cryptography was based on the problem of factorization of a very large integers 18 | back into prime numbers (which is practically impossible for large enough integers). 19 | 20 | Recently, asymmetric cryptography is based on a mathematical notion of elliptic curves. 21 | Edwards25519 is a specific, well researched and standardized elliptic curve used in Monero. 22 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/cryptography/asymmetric/key-image.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | title: Monero Private Key Image 3 | --- 4 | # Monero Private Key Image 5 | 6 | !!! note 7 | Author is nowhere close to being a cryptographer. Be sceptical on accuracy. 8 | 9 | Private key image serves to detect double spending attempts. 10 | 11 | In Monero funds are always sent to a one-time public key `P`. 12 | Related one-time private key `x` is specific to unspent output. 13 | 14 | As output can be spent only once (in whole), the related private key can be used only once as well. 15 | 16 | Thus, specific private key image `I` being present on the blockchain means 17 | that related output was already spent, and subsequent attempts must not be allowed. 18 | 19 | This whole scheme is necessary because Monero uses Ring Signatures 20 | which make it impossible to know whom exactly signed the transaction. 21 | This is why a simple Bitcoin-like double spending check wouldn't work here. 22 | 23 | ## Definition 24 | 25 | I = x*Hp(P) 26 | 27 | Where: 28 | 29 | * `I` - private key image (or "key image" for short) 30 | * `x` - one-time private key used to unlock an unspent output 31 | * `P` - one-time public key of an unspent output 32 | * `Hp()` - hash function accepting an EC point as an argument 33 | 34 | The `P` comes from this: 35 | 36 | P = xG 37 | 38 | Where `G` is the [edwards25519](/cryptography/asymmetric/edwards25519) base point. 39 | 40 | Substitute `P` with `xG` and we get: 41 | 42 | I = x*Hp(xG) 43 | 44 | The key image `I` is a one-way function of the private key `x`. 45 | 46 | ## Reference 47 | 48 | * [StackExchange answer](https://monero.stackexchange.com/questions/2883/what-is-a-key-image) 49 | * [Another SE answer](https://monero.stackexchange.com/questions/2158/what-is-moneros-mechanism-for-defending-against-a-double-spend-attack) 50 | * [Critical bug](https://getmonero.org/2017/05/17/disclosure-of-a-major-bug-in-cryptonote-based-currencies.html) regarding key image verification that was once present in Monero 51 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/cryptography/asymmetric/private-key.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | title: Private Keys in Monero 3 | --- 4 | # Private Keys in Monero 5 | 6 | !!! note 7 | Author is nowhere close to being a cryptographer. Be sceptical on accuracy. 8 | 9 | In Monero, the root private key is generated [randomly](/cryptography/prng). Other private keys are derived deterministically from the root private key. 10 | 11 | Private key must be kept secret. 12 | 13 | Private key is a **large integer** impossible to guess, like: 14 | `108555083659983933209597798445644913612440610624038028786991485007418559037440` 15 | 16 | Private key is 256 bits long. 17 | 18 | Private key is a **scalar**, meaning it is a single value. 19 | 20 | In equations scalars are represented by **lowercase letters**. 21 | 22 | ## Relation to Ed25519 23 | 24 | Being simply a random integer, private key is not specific to any particular asymmetric cryptography scheme. 25 | 26 | In context of Monero EC cryptography the private key is a number the base point `G` is multiplied by. 27 | The result of the multiplication is the public key `P` (another point on the curve). 28 | Multiplication of a point by a number has a very special definition in EC cryptography. 29 | See this [this guide](https://blog.cloudflare.com/a-relatively-easy-to-understand-primer-on-elliptic-curve-cryptography/) for details. 30 | 31 | ### Key strength 32 | 33 | Before deriving the public key, private key is subject to modulo `l`, 34 | where `l` is the maximum scalar allowed by the [edwards25519 curve](/cryptography/asymmetric/edwards25519). 35 | 36 | The `l` is on the order of 2^252, so the effective key strength is technically 252 bits, not 256 bits. 37 | This is standard for EC cryptography and is more of a cosmetic nuance than any concern. 38 | 39 | ## Encoding 40 | 41 | In user-facing contexts, the private key integer is: 42 | 43 | 1. Taken modulo `l` to avoid malleability 44 | 2. Put as array of 32 bytes in a [little-endian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness#Little) direction (the first byte is the least significant) 45 | 3. Converted to hexadecimal form, like: `b3588a87056fb21dc4d052d59e83b54293882e646b543c29478e4cf45c28a402` 46 | 47 | ## Private spend key 48 | 49 | Private spend key is used to spend moneros. 50 | 51 | More specifically, it is used to build one-time private keys which allow to spend related outputs. 52 | 53 | ## Private view key 54 | 55 | Private view key is used to recognize your incoming transactions on the otherwise opaque blockchain. 56 | 57 | ## One-time private keys 58 | 59 | One-time private key like construct is used in [stealth addresses](https://monero.stackexchange.com/questions/1409/constructing-a-stealth-monero-address). 60 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/cryptography/asymmetric/public-key.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | title: Public Keys in Monero 3 | --- 4 | # Public Keys in Monero 5 | 6 | !!! note 7 | Author is nowhere close to being a cryptographer. Be sceptical on accuracy. 8 | 9 | Public key is deterministically derived from private key based on [edwards25519 curve](/cryptography/asymmetric/edwards25519) with a little Monero-specific twist. 10 | 11 | Public key is meant to be shared. Assuming correct implementation, it is not practically possible to recover private key from public key. 12 | 13 | Public key is a **point (x,y)** on the elliptic curve. 14 | 15 | In equations points are represented by **uppercase letters**. 16 | 17 | In user-facing contexts, public key is encoded in a [little-endian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness#Little) hexadecimal form, like: 18 | `016a941812293cf9a86071060fb090ab38d67945e659968cb8cf30e1bc725683` 19 | 20 | ## Deriving public key 21 | 22 | Say: 23 | 24 | * P is a public key 25 | * x is a private key 26 | * G is a "base point"; this is simply a constant specific to [edwards25519](/cryptography/asymmetric/edwards25519); this point lies on the elliptic curve 27 | 28 | Then: 29 | 30 | P = xG 31 | 32 | The public key is simply the base point (G) multiplied by the private key (x). 33 | Multiplying the point is adding the point to itself a number of times. 34 | 35 | However, the addition is **not** a simple vector addition. It has a very specific 36 | definition nicely described in [this article](https://blog.cloudflare.com/a-relatively-easy-to-understand-primer-on-elliptic-curve-cryptography/). 37 | What is important is that result of addition is always a point on the curve. 38 | For example, G + G is another point on the curve. 39 | 40 | ## Use cases 41 | 42 | [Monero address](/public-address/standard-address) is composed of public spend key and public view key. 43 | These keys are used to build stealth addresses to receive payments. 44 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/cryptography/base58.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | title: Base58 3 | --- 4 | # Base58 5 | 6 | Base58 is a binary-to-text encoding scheme. It is similar to Base64 but has been modified to avoid both non-alphanumeric characters and letters which might look ambiguous when printed. The characters excluded in relation to Base64 are: `IOl0+/` 7 | 8 | Base58 does not strictly specify the format. This results in some implementations being incompatible with others, for example with regard to alphabet order. 9 | 10 | For details, see [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base58). 11 | 12 | ## Base58 in Monero 13 | 14 | Monero has its own variant of Base58. 15 | 16 | In Monero the Base58 encoding is performed in 8-byte blocks, except the last block which is the remaining (8 or less) bytes . 17 | 18 | The 8-byte block converts to 11 or less Base58 characters. If the block converted to less than 11 characters, the output is padded with "1"s (0 in Base58). The final block is padded as well to whatever would be the maximum size of this number of bytes encoded in Base58. 19 | 20 | The advantage of Monero implementation is that output is of a fixed size which is not the case with plain Base58. The disadvantage is that default libraries won't work. 21 | 22 | For details, see [reference C++ Base58](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/blob/master/src/common/base58.cpp) implementation and [unofficial Python Base58](https://github.com/bigreddmachine/MoneroPy/blob/master/moneropy/base58.py) implementation. 23 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/cryptography/introduction.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | title: Cryptography in Monero 3 | --- 4 | # Cryptography in Monero 5 | 6 | Monero uses a wide variety of cryptographic primitives for various use cases. 7 | 8 | Comparing to altcoins, Monero cryptography is considered conservative, sound and robust. 9 | 10 | Comparing to Bitcoin, Monero uses much more primitives, and some of them are more advanced, especially those related to privacy and Proof of Work. 11 | Some choices are deliberately non-standard (for better or worse) - oftentimes a legacy of the CryptoNote protocol. 12 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/cryptography/keccak-256.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | title: Keccak-256 Hash Function 3 | --- 4 | # Keccak-256 Hash Function 5 | 6 | Monero employs Keccak as a hashing function. In most context specifically Keccak-256 is used, 7 | providing 32-byte hashes. 8 | 9 | Keccak is the leading hashing function, designed by non-NSA designers. 10 | Keccak won [NIST competition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIST_hash_function_competition) to become the official SHA3. 11 | 12 | ## Use Cases 13 | 14 | Monero does **not** employ Keccak for Proof-of-Work. Instead, Keccak is used for: 15 | 16 | * random number generator 17 | * block hashing 18 | * transaction hashing 19 | * stealth address private key image (for double spend protection) 20 | * public address checksum 21 | * RingCT 22 | * multisig 23 | * bulletproofs 24 | 25 | ...and likely a few other things. 26 | 27 | ## Keccak-256 vs SHA3-256 28 | 29 | SHA3-256 is Keccak-256, except that NIST changed the padding. 30 | For this reason, the original Keccak-256 gives a different hash value than NIST SHA3-256. 31 | 32 | Monero uses original Keccak-256. 33 | The NIST standard was only published on August 2015, while Monero went live on 18 April 2014. 34 | 35 | ## Reference 36 | 37 | * [Keccak source code used in Monero](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/blob/5c2dfe157b48a486eb2b92dcf8789b3b1eb20f60/src/crypto/keccak.c) 38 | * [SHA3 on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-3) 39 | * [Keccak-256 vs SHA3-256](https://ethereum.stackexchange.com/questions/550/which-cryptographic-hash-function-does-ethereum-use) explained on Ethereum stackexchange 40 | * [Online tool to calculate Keccak-256 and SHA3-256](https://emn178.github.io/online-tools/keccak_256.html) 41 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/cryptography/prng.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | title: Monero Pseudorandom Number Generator 3 | --- 4 | # Monero Pseudorandom Number Generator 5 | 6 | Monero uses PRNG based on the Keccak hashing function. 7 | Basically, output of the previous hashing round is input for the next one. 8 | 9 | The initial seed comes from entropy sources provided by operating system. 10 | On Linux and MacOS the seed comes from `/dev/urandom`. 11 | On Windows the WinAPI `CryptGenRandom` call is used for seeding. 12 | 13 | There is no reseeding. 14 | 15 | ## Caveats 16 | 17 | * This concerns the reference C++ implementation of Monero. 18 | Please note there are many alternative implementations of private key generation, 19 | including JavaScript, Python, Android/Java. These should be researched case by case for correctness. 20 | * In Monero source code you can also find libsodium based random bytes generator. It is part of the embedded library and apparently is not used in actual Monero code. 21 | 22 | ## Reference 23 | 24 | * [Source code](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/blob/1a4298685aa9e694bc555ae69be59d14d3790465/src/crypto/random.c) 25 | * [StackExchange answer](https://monero.stackexchange.com/a/2076/3218) 26 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/images/monero-dir.png: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/monerodocs/md/964cd29856e887728b0ad7ddd6c22cc7c2d5d944/docs/images/monero-dir.png -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/images/monero.svg: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/images/sheets-icon.png: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/monerodocs/md/964cd29856e887728b0ad7ddd6c22cc7c2d5d944/docs/images/sheets-icon.png -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/index.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | title: Monero Documentation 3 | --- 4 | # Unofficial Monero Documentation 5 | 6 | ## Work in Progress 7 | 8 | Monerodocs attempts to organize basic technical knowledge on Monero in one place. 9 | 10 | While technical explanations are out there, knowledge is scattered through reddit posts, git comments, stack exchange answers, chat logs and the source code. This makes it hard to find complete and up-to-date explanations on advanced topics. 11 | 12 | The goal is to educate and onboard power users faster. 13 | 14 | Please submit your feedback and corrections directly on [github](https://github.com/monerodocs/md/issues). 15 | 16 | Find my contact details at [qertoip.com](https://qertoip.com/). 17 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/infrastructure/monero-pulse.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | title: MoneroPulse 3 | --- 4 | # MoneroPulse 5 | 6 | ## What is MoneroPulse? 7 | 8 | MoneroPulse is infrastructure for emergency checkpointing the blockchain. 9 | 10 | It aims to mitigate chain-splits resulting from consensus bugs (like [this one from 2014](https://monero.stackexchange.com/questions/421/what-happened-at-block-202612/424#424)). 11 | 12 | Effectively, MoneroPulse operators can publish which fork they consider the valid one. Technically, the "checkpoint" they publish is a block hash and the block height. 13 | 14 | By default, Monero full node will simply warn users when MoneroPulse checkpoint does not match the fork it is on. The error will be present in the log and on the console in red. Users are free to discard it. Ideally though, users should consult community on what is going on, and make educated decission on whether to follow the checkpoint-compatible fork or the default fork. 15 | 16 | Users can also set auto-enforcing the checkpoints via `--enforce-dns-checkpointing` option to `monerod`. In case of mismatch, `monerod` will rollback the local blockchain by a few blocks. Eventually, the alternative ("fixed") fork will get heavier and the node will follow it, leaving the "invalid" fork behind. This option is recommended for unattended full nodes. 17 | 18 | Summing up, MoneroPulse is emergency checkpointing mechanism. It is opt-in for the users. 19 | 20 | ## MoneroPulse is DNS based 21 | 22 | The ckeckpoints are stored as DNS TXT records for domains owned by MoneroPulse operators. 23 | 24 | To get the idea you can access the checkpoints manually with any DNS client: 25 | 26 | Try: 27 | 28 | dig -t txt checkpoints.moneropulse.net +dnssec 29 | 30 | Result: 31 | 32 | (cut) 33 | 34 | ;; ANSWER SECTION: 35 | checkpoints.moneropulse.net. 299 IN TXT "1288616:875ac1bc7aa6c5eedc5410abb9c694034f9e7f79dce4c60698baf37009cb6365" 36 | checkpoints.moneropulse.net. 299 IN TXT "375000:c80c23e387585e12ffb6649d678e9ba328181797b9583a6d8911b77e25375737" 37 | checkpoints.moneropulse.net. 299 IN TXT "325000:4260d56368267bc2a70dd58d73c5ecf23b4e4d96e63c29a868e4a679b0741c7f" 38 | checkpoints.moneropulse.net. 299 IN TXT "233000:4f69bec2af6c0852412bdd10c19e6af10c8d738fe2618b5511a98efd03ab477e" 39 | checkpoints.moneropulse.net. 299 IN TXT "450000:4d098b511ca97723e81737c448343cfd4e6dadb3d8a0e757c6e4d595e6e48357" 40 | checkpoints.moneropulse.net. 299 IN TXT "250000:f59d31839bd909ec8830b4f7f66ff213f0bd006334c8523daee452725e5c7a79" 41 | checkpoints.moneropulse.net. 299 IN TXT "550000:c2e80a636438bd9f7a7ab432a6ad297e35540d80ff5b868bca098124cad2ff8c" 42 | checkpoints.moneropulse.net. 299 IN TXT "650000:1d567f2b491324375a825895c5e7b52857b38e4fed0e42c40909c2d52240b4e0" 43 | checkpoints.moneropulse.net. 299 IN TXT "800000:2ced10aa85357ab6c14bb12b6b56d1dde28940820dda30911b73a5cc9a301760" 44 | checkpoints.moneropulse.net. 299 IN TXT "850000:00e2b557dde9fd4a9e2e3dd7ddac962f5ca475eb1095bc50aa757fd1218ab0a5" 45 | checkpoints.moneropulse.net. 299 IN TXT "900000:d9958d0e7dcf91a5a7b11de225927bf7efc6eb26240315ce12372be902cc1337" 46 | checkpoints.moneropulse.net. 299 IN TXT "913193:5292d5d56f6ba4de33a58d9a34d263e2cb3c6fee0aed2286fd4ac7f36d53c85f" 47 | checkpoints.moneropulse.net. 299 IN TXT "913269:f8302e6b8ba1c49aad9a854b8d6c79d8272c6239dcbba5a75ed0784c1d4f56a1" 48 | checkpoints.moneropulse.net. 299 IN TXT "350000:74da79f6a136969abd6364bd3d37af273c408d6471e8ab598e80569b42415f86" 49 | checkpoints.moneropulse.net. 299 IN TXT "400000:1b2b0e7a30e59691491529a3d506d1ba3d6052d0f6b52198b7330b28a6f1b6ac" 50 | checkpoints.moneropulse.net. 299 IN TXT "500000:2428f0dbe49796be05ed81b347f53e1f7f44aed0abf641446ec2b94cae066b02" 51 | checkpoints.moneropulse.net. 299 IN TXT "600000:f5828ebf7d7d1cb61762c4dfe3ccf4ecab2e1aad23e8113668d981713b7a54c5" 52 | checkpoints.moneropulse.net. 299 IN TXT "700000:12be9b3d210b93f574d2526abb9c1ab2a881b479131fd0d4f7dac93875f503cd" 53 | checkpoints.moneropulse.net. 299 IN TXT "300000:0c1cd46df6ccff90ec4ab493281f2583c344cd62216c427628990fe9db1bb8b6" 54 | checkpoints.moneropulse.net. 299 IN RRSIG TXT 13 3 300 20180922151845 20180920131845 35273 moneropulse.net. 8CyqtsM2f9o6OHZYqtGPVf+8gcFM+eUyoMi29LlkcLtK1AXbZlKqCcdN NvdvB+4OzepmpTanSc+TbLWbz/sIzA== 55 | 56 | Please note the DNSSEC signature entry at the end. 57 | 58 | The checkpoints are mirrored on several DNS servers: 59 | 60 | Mainnet: 61 | 62 | checkpoints.moneropulse.se 63 | checkpoints.moneropulse.org 64 | checkpoints.moneropulse.net 65 | checkpoints.moneropulse.co 66 | 67 | Stagenet: 68 | 69 | stagenetpoints.moneropulse.se 70 | stagenetpoints.moneropulse.org 71 | stagenetpoints.moneropulse.net 72 | stagenetpoints.moneropulse.co 73 | 74 | Testnet: 75 | 76 | testpoints.moneropulse.se 77 | testpoints.moneropulse.org 78 | testpoints.moneropulse.net 79 | testpoints.moneropulse.co 80 | 81 | ## MoneroPulse as attack vector 82 | 83 | It is worth noting that MoneroPulse does not produce blocks and cannot split the chain on its own. It only suggests the valid fork. 84 | 85 | Should MoneroPulse got entirely compromised, attacker could stop all auto-enforcing nodes from advancing, by feeding them with the fake checkpoint. This is partially mitigated by DNSSEC and by operating multiple domains. Monero expects checkpoints are consistent across domains. Thus, compromising a single domain or registrar should not lead to any disruption. 86 | 87 | MoneroPulse also increases the say of its operators in case of possible contentious hard forks. While well intended, this effectively centralizes more power in hands of core developers, or whomever is at the time running MoneroPulse infrastructure. 88 | 89 | ### Who are MoneroPulse operators? 90 | 91 | MoneroPulse is operated by selected core developers. 92 | 93 | ## Fixing "WARNING: no two valid MoneroPulse DNS checkpoint records were received" 94 | 95 | This means DNS server you are using does not ackonwledge the +dnssec flag necessary for securely query for checkpoints. 96 | 97 | By default, your operating system will use DNS server provided by your Internet Service Provider. 98 | 99 | To fix this warning, change your DNS server either system-wide in your network configuration, or specifically for `monerod`. 100 | 101 | Many people find Google's or Cloudflare's DNS servers superior to those offered by their ISPs. 102 | 103 | Using Google DNS: 104 | 105 | DNS_PUBLIC=tcp://8.8.8.8 ./monerod 106 | 107 | Using Cloudflare DNS: 108 | 109 | DNS_PUBLIC=tcp://1.1.1.1 ./monerod 110 | 111 | 112 | ## Reference 113 | 114 | * [StackExchange answer](https://monero.stackexchange.com/questions/679/what-is-moneropulse?noredirect=1&lq=1) 115 | * [Reddit answer](https://www.reddit.com/r/Monero/comments/419qdd/p2p4warning_no_two_valid_moneropulse_dns/) 116 | * [Monero source code](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/blob/ff7dc087ae5f7de162131cea9dbcf8eac7c126a1/src/checkpoints/checkpoints.cpp) 117 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/infrastructure/networks.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | title: Mainnet, Stagenet, Testnet 3 | --- 4 | # Networks 5 | 6 | Monero offers three separate networks and blockchains: **mainnet**, **stagenet** and **testnet**. Every blockchain has its own genesis block and is entirely seperate from others. Also, corresponding p2p networks are separate. 7 | 8 | ## Mainnet 9 | 10 | Mainnet is the "production" network and blockchain. 11 | 12 | Mainnet is the only blockchain where XMR units have value. 13 | 14 | Mainnet is what people mean by default. 15 | 16 | Default TCP ports (listening): 17 | 18 | * 18080 - p2p network 19 | * 18081 - JSON-RPC server 20 | * 18082 - ZMQ server 21 | 22 | ## Stagenet 23 | 24 | Stagenet is what you need to learn Monero safely. 25 | 26 | Stagenet is technically equivalent to mainnet, both in terms of features and consensus rules. Similar to mainnet, use the [latest official Monero release](https://getmonero.org/downloads/) to be compatible with stagenet. 27 | 28 | To get started: 29 | 30 | * Connect your GUI or CLI to stagenet open node **monero-stagenet.exan.tech:38081** 31 | * Get free stagenet XMR from [stagenet faucet](https://melo.tools/faucet/stagenet/) or [stagenet faucet 2](https://stagenet-faucet.xmr-tw.org/) 32 | * Check the [stagenet block explorer 1](https://stagenet.xmrchain.net/) or [stagenet block explorer 2](https://melo.tools/explorer/stagenet/) 33 | 34 | Default TCP ports (listening): 35 | 36 | * 38080 - p2p network 37 | * 38081 - JSON-RPC server 38 | * 38082 - ZMQ server 39 | 40 | Stagenet was introduced in March 2018 as part of Monero 0.12.0.0. 41 | 42 | ## Testnet 43 | 44 | As a normal user, use [stagenet](#stagenet) instead. Testnet is for developers. 45 | 46 | Testnet is the "experimental" network and blockchain where things get released long before mainnet. 47 | 48 | Testnet forks early and often. Most of the time you need to compile Monero from source to be compatible with testnet. Otherwise you will get stuck on the old not-forked version. 49 | 50 | To get started: 51 | 52 | * Build Monero from [source](https://github.com/monero-project/monero) 53 | * Connect your GUI or CLI to testnet open node **monero-testnet.exan.tech:28081** 54 | * Get free XMR from [testnet faucet](https://melo.tools/faucet/testnet/) 55 | * Check the [testnet block explorer 1](https://testnet.xmrchain.net/) or [testnet block explorer 2](https://melo.tools/explorer/testnet/) 56 | 57 | Default TCP ports (listening): 58 | 59 | * 28080 - p2p network 60 | * 28081 - JSON-RPC server 61 | * 28082 - ZMQ server 62 | 63 | ## Private Testnet 64 | 65 | You can also create your private version of the testnet. 66 | 67 | Private testnet gives more flexibility to arange for specific situations for developers. 68 | 69 | Check the [private testnet guide](https://github.com/moneroexamples/private-testnet). 70 | 71 | ## Why stagenet and testnet coins have no value? 72 | 73 | If mainnet and stagenet are technically equivalent then why only mainnet coins have value? 74 | 75 | This is simply the convention community embraced. Value only comes from a shared believe that mainnet coins will be accepted by other people in the future. 76 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/infrastructure/tor-onion-p2p-seed-nodes.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | title: Tor Onion Seed Nodes for Monero P2P Network 3 | --- 4 | # Tor onion seed nodes for Monero network 5 | 6 | 7 | ## When this is necessary? 8 | 9 | This is only necessary if you run a full node and you want to propagate locally-originating transactions over Tor (using `tx-proxy` option, see [monerod reference](/interacting/monerod-reference/#tori2p)). This allows you to mask your IP (as transaction originator) against P2P network surveillence, on top of Monero's built-in Dandelion++. 10 | 11 | ## What are P2P seed nodes? 12 | 13 | Your monero daemon will discover other P2P nodes but it needs to start somewhere. These starting nodes are known as "seed nodes". For clearnet the seed nodes are hardcoded in the software so no configuration is needed. 14 | 15 | For the Tor network there are no hardcoded seed nodes. You must specify them manually by using the `add-peer` option in `monero.conf`. 16 | 17 | ## Config snippet 18 | 19 | These were tested working as of 2020-01-11. They are ran by volunteers and are **not guaranteed** to work or be maintained. See below how you can quickly test them. 20 | 21 | ``` 22 | # monero.conf snippet 23 | # ... 24 | add-peer=moneroxmrxw44lku6qniyarpwgznpcwml4drq7vb24ppatlcg4kmxpqd.onion:18080 25 | add-peer=monerozf6koypqrt.onion:18080 26 | add-peer=zbjkbsxc5munw3qusl7j2hpcmikhqocdf4pqhnhtpzw5nt5jrmofptid.onion:18083 # https://github.com/monero-project/monero/blob/master/src/p2p/net_node.inl 27 | add-peer=rno75kjcw3ein6i446sqby2xkyqjarb75oq36ah6c2mribyklzhurpyd.onion:28083 # it is mainnet despite the weird port 28 | add-peer=sqzrokz36lgkng2i2nlzgzns2ugcxqosflygsxbkybb4xn6gq3ouugqd.onion:18083 # very flaky, works 1 in 3 times 29 | add-peer=blzchctiibfjfvtukctsydhquucz2oajnxnfc5hh4ix35gyqjhdnaqqd.onion:18083 # full node by author of monerodocs.org 30 | # ... 31 | ``` 32 | 33 | ## How to test onion seed nodes? 34 | 35 | You need Tor daemon installed and running on your laptop. You will also need `torsocks` command line tool that either comes with Tor or needs to be installed separately. 36 | 37 | ### Test using torsocks and telnet 38 | 39 | You need tor, torsocks and telnet installed. 40 | 41 | To test speficic onion: 42 | 43 | torsocks telnet moneroxmrxw44lku6qniyarpwgznpcwml4drq7vb24ppatlcg4kmxpqd.onion 18080 44 | 45 | The expected output (domain resolution errors are fine): 46 | 47 | ``` 48 | 1610372702 ERROR torsocks[11332]: Unable to resolve. Status reply: 4 (in socks5_recv_resolve_reply() at socks5.c:677) 49 | Trying 127.42.42.0... 50 | Connected to moneroxmrxw44lku6qniyarpwgznpcwml4drq7vb24ppatlcg4kmxpqd.onion. 51 | Escape character is '^]'. 52 | ``` 53 | 54 | ### Test using torsocks and proxychains 55 | 56 | You need tor, torsocks and proxychains installed. 57 | 58 | To test specific onion: 59 | 60 | proxychains nmap -Pn -p 18080 moneroxmrxw44lku6qniyarpwgznpcwml4drq7vb24ppatlcg4kmxpqd.onion 61 | 62 | The expected output (example): 63 | 64 | ```` 65 | [proxychains] Strict chain ... 127.0.0.1:9050 ... moneroxmrxw44lku6qniyarpwgznpcwml4drq7vb24ppatlcg4kmxpqd.onion:18080 ... OK 66 | Nmap scan report for moneroxmrxw44lku6qniyarpwgznpcwml4drq7vb24ppatlcg4kmxpqd.onion (224.0.0.1) 67 | Host is up (0.74s latency). 68 | rDNS record for 224.0.0.1: all-systems.mcast.net 69 | 70 | PORT STATE SERVICE 71 | 18080/tcp open unknown 72 | ```` 73 | 74 | ## Not enough onion seed nodes 75 | 76 | The onion seed nodes are a scarce resource. Most nodes are only maintained temporarily by their authors. 77 | 78 | You can greatly contribute to Monero P2P network performance and resillience by running onion-enabled monero full node. 79 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/interacting/download-monero-binaries.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | title: Download Monero 3 | --- 4 | # Download Monero 5 | 6 | A single archive contains all you need to start using Monero (the full node and the wallet). 7 | 8 | We recommend downloading Monero binaries directly from GitHub: 9 | 10 | * GUI + CLI: [https://github.com/monero-project/monero-gui/releases](https://github.com/monero-project/monero-gui/releases) 11 | * CLI only: [https://github.com/monero-project/monero/releases](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/releases) 12 | 13 | GUI is a graphical desktop wallet. 14 | 15 | CLI is a commandline desktop wallet. 16 | 17 | If you need more guidance check [download Monero](https://getmonero.org/downloads) section on Monero website. 18 | 19 | It is critical to [verify the signature](/interacting/verify-monero-binaries) of downloaded archive. 20 | 21 | ## Which version to download? 22 | 23 | Download the latest version matching your operating system and processor architecture. 24 | 25 | The CLI version is released earlier and is suitable for server deployments. 26 | 27 | The GUI version contains both CLI and GUI. It is preferable for end-users. 28 | 29 | All versions contain a full node and a wallet. 30 | 31 | ## Why prefer GitHub over getmonero.org? 32 | 33 | Binaries appear earlier on GitHub. 34 | 35 | On top of that, if you fail to properly verify the signature, GitHub is safer, simply because you don't need to trust a separate website to not be compromised. 36 | Obviously, you should still carefully verify the signature for each release. Signature verification is always the primary line of defense. 37 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/interacting/monero-blockchain-export-reference.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | title: monero-blockchain-export - Reference 3 | --- 4 | # `monero-blockchain-export` - Reference 5 | 6 | !!! note 7 | Nowadays, there is little usage for raw blockchain export / import. In the past the p2p blockchain download was much slower. Back than blockchain.raw file was used to speed up the process of bootstrapping a node. 8 | 9 | ## Overview 10 | 11 | The tool dumps local blockchain to raw format, known as the `blockchain.raw` file. 12 | 13 | This could be useful if you want to process blockchain efficiently with your custom tools, 14 | as the raw format is probably easier to work with than Monero's custom lmdb database. 15 | 16 | The tool works on your local copy of the blockchain. It does not require `monerod` running. 17 | 18 | ## Syntax 19 | 20 | `./monero-blockchain-export [options]` 21 | 22 | Example: 23 | 24 | `./monero-blockchain-export --help` 25 | 26 | ## Running 27 | 28 | Go to directory where you unpacked Monero. 29 | 30 | `./monero-blockchain-export --stagenet --output-file=/tmp/blockchain.raw` 31 | 32 | 33 | ## Options 34 | 35 | ### Help 36 | 37 | | Option | Description 38 | |---------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39 | | `--help` | Enlist available options. 40 | 41 | ### Pick network 42 | 43 | | Option | Description 44 | |---------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45 | | (missing) | By default `monero-blockchain-export` assumes [mainnet](/infrastructure/networks#mainnet). 46 | | `--stagenet` | Export [stagenet](/infrastructure/networks#stagenet) blockchain. 47 | | `--testnet` | Export [testnet](/infrastructure/networks#testnet) blockchain. 48 | 49 | ### Logging 50 | 51 | Specifying the log file path is not supported. 52 | 53 | | Option | Description 54 | |---------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55 | | `--log-level` | `0-4` with `0` being minimal logging and `4` being full tracing. Defaults to `0`. These are general presets and do not directly map to severity levels. For example, even with minimal `0`, you may see some most important `INFO` entries. Example:
`./monero-blockchain-export --log-level=1` 56 | 57 | ### Input 58 | 59 | | Option | Description 60 | |----------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61 | | `--data-dir` | Full path to data directory. This is where the blockchain, log files, and p2p network memory are stored. For defaults and details see [data directory](/interacting/overview/#data-directory). 62 | | `--database`, `--db-type` | The default and only valid value is `lmdb`. 63 | 64 | ### Output 65 | 66 | | Option | Description 67 | |---------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 68 | | `--output-file` | Specify output file path. The default is `$DATA_DIR/export/blockchain.raw`. Example:
`./monero-blockchain-export --output-file=/tmp/blockchain.raw` 69 | | `--blocksdat` | Output in blocks.dat format. 70 | | `--block-stop` | Only export up to this block number. By default do the full export (value `0`). 71 | 72 | ## Reference 73 | 74 | * [https://github.com/monero-project/monero/tree/master/src/blockchain_utilities](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/tree/master/src/blockchain_utilities) 75 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/interacting/monero-blockchain-import-reference.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | title: monero-blockchain-import - Reference 3 | --- 4 | # `monero-blockchain-import` - Reference 5 | 6 | !!! note 7 | Nowadays, there is little usage for raw blockchain export / import. In the past the p2p blockchain download was much slower. Back than blockchain.raw file was used to speed up download process of bootstrapping a node. 8 | 9 | ## Overview 10 | 11 | The tool imports bootstrap file `blockchain.raw` to your full node. 12 | 13 | This could be useful if you want to decouple download from verification for any reason (like testing performance in isolation). 14 | In this case, you may download the `blockchain.raw` file from [https://downloads.getmonero.org/blockchain.raw](https://downloads.getmonero.org/blockchain.raw). 15 | 16 | Ideally though, you should use your own trusted `blockchain.raw` file that you [exported](/interacting/monero-blockchain-export-reference) earlier. 17 | 18 | Please note that importing `blockchain.raw` will **not** speed up the process over syncing up from p2p network. 19 | This is because usual bottlenecks are disk IO and verification, not the download. 20 | 21 | The tool works on your local files. It does not require `monerod` running. 22 | 23 | ## Syntax 24 | 25 | `./monero-blockchain-import [options]` 26 | 27 | Example: 28 | 29 | `./monero-blockchain-import --help` 30 | 31 | ## Running 32 | 33 | Go to directory where you unpacked Monero. 34 | 35 | `./monero-blockchain-import --stagenet --output-file=/tmp/blockchain.raw` 36 | 37 | 38 | ## Options 39 | 40 | ### Help 41 | 42 | | Option | Description 43 | |---------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44 | | `--help` | Enlist available options. 45 | 46 | ### Pick network 47 | 48 | | Option | Description 49 | |---------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50 | | (missing) | By default `monero-blockchain-import` assumes the [mainnet](/infrastructure/networks#mainnet) blockchain. 51 | | `--stagenet` | Import [stagenet](/infrastructure/networks#stagenet) blockchain. 52 | | `--testnet` | Import [testnet](/infrastructure/networks#testnet) blockchain. 53 | 54 | ### Logging 55 | 56 | Specifying the log file path is not supported. 57 | 58 | | Option | Description 59 | |---------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60 | | `--log-level` | `0-4` with `0` being minimal logging and `4` being full tracing. Defaults to `0`. These are general presets and do not directly map to severity levels. For example, even with minimal `0`, you may see some most important `INFO` entries. Example:
`./monero-blockchain-import --log-level=1` 61 | 62 | ### Input 63 | 64 | | Option | Description 65 | |---------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 66 | | `--input-file` | Full path to raw blockchain file. The default is `$DATA_DIR/export/blockchain.raw`. 67 | | `--block-stop` | Only import up to this block height. By default import all blocks (value `0`). 68 | | `--pop-blocks` | Discard specified number of blocks from the tip of the bootstrapped blockchain. By default don't discard anything (value `0`). 69 | 70 | ### Output 71 | 72 | | Option | Description 73 | |---------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 74 | | `--data-dir` | Full path to data directory. This is where the blockchain, log files, and p2p network memory are stored. For defaults and details see [data directory](/interacting/overview/#data-directory). 75 | | `--count-blocks` | Count blocks in the bootstrap file and exit. 76 | | `--drop-hard-fork` | Whether to drop hard fork data. Off by default (`0`). 77 | | `--database` | The only valid value seems to be `lmdb` (the default). 78 | 79 | ### Performance 80 | 81 | | Option | Description 82 | |-----------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 83 | | `--dangerous-unverified-import` | The safe default is to run verification (value `0`). You can enable `--dangerous-unverified-import` if you are importing from your own and trusted blockchain.raw (which we assume was already verified). The "dangerous" mode will greatly speed up the process. 84 | | `--batch` | Whether to save to disk on an ongoing basis (the default, value `1`) or maybe do everything in RAM and save everything in the end (value `0`). No batching is only effective in combination with no verification (`--dangerous-unverified-import`). See also `--batch-size`. 85 | | `--batch-size` | How often to save to disk expressed in number of blocks. By default save every `5000` blocks (when verifying) or every `20000` blocks (when not verifying). Big batches are faster but require more RAM. 86 | | `--resume` | Resume from current height if output database already exists (the default, value `1`). Changing to `--resume=0` doesn't change much — existing blocks are skipped pretty quickly and the process is resumed anyway. 87 | 88 | ## Reference 89 | 90 | * [https://github.com/monero-project/monero/tree/master/src/blockchain_utilities](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/tree/master/src/blockchain_utilities) 91 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/interacting/monero-config-file.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | title: Monero Configuration File 3 | --- 4 | # Monero Configuration File 5 | 6 | ## Applicability 7 | 8 | By default Monero looks for `bitmonero.conf` in Monero [data directory](/interacting/overview/#data-directory). 9 | 10 | To use a specific config file add `--config-file` option: 11 | 12 | `./monerod --config-file=/etc/monerod.conf` 13 | 14 | The `--config-file` option is available for: 15 | 16 | * `monerod` 17 | * `monero-wallet-cli` 18 | * `monero-wallet-rpc` 19 | * `monero-gen-trusted-multisig` 20 | 21 | ## Syntax 22 | 23 | * `option-name=value` 24 | * `valueless-option-name=1` for options that don't expect value 25 | * `# comment` 26 | * whitespace is ignored 27 | 28 | ## Reference 29 | 30 | All configuration options are the same as command line options for the binary. 31 | 32 | * [monerod reference](/interacting/monerod-reference) 33 | * [monero-wallet-cli reference](/interacting/monero-wallet-cli-reference) 34 | * [monero-wallet-rpc reference](/interacting/monero-wallet-rpc-reference) 35 | 36 | Skip the `--` from `--option-name`. 37 | 38 | Example: 39 | 40 | `./monerod --log-level=4 --stagenet` 41 | 42 | translates to: 43 | 44 | log-level=4 45 | stagenet=1 # use value "1" to enable the value-less options like --stagenet 46 | 47 | ## Examples 48 | 49 | ### `monerod.conf` 50 | 51 | This config is tailored for production server usage. 52 | 53 | # /etc/monero/monerod.conf 54 | 55 | # Data directory (blockchain db and indices) 56 | data-dir=/home/monero/.monero # Remember to create the monero user first 57 | 58 | # Log file 59 | log-file=/var/log/monero/monerod.log 60 | max-log-file-size=0 # Prevent monerod from managing the log files; we want logrotate to take care of that 61 | 62 | # P2P full node 63 | p2p-bind-ip=0.0.0.0 # Bind to all interfaces (the default) 64 | p2p-bind-port=18080 # Bind to default port 65 | 66 | # RPC open node 67 | rpc-bind-ip=0.0.0.0 # Bind to all interfaces 68 | rpc-bind-port=18081 # Bind on default port 69 | confirm-external-bind=1 # Open node (confirm) 70 | restricted-rpc=1 # Prevent unsafe RPC calls 71 | no-igd=1 # Disable UPnP port mapping 72 | 73 | # Slow but reliable db writes 74 | db-sync-mode=safe 75 | 76 | # Emergency checkpoints set by MoneroPulse operators will be enforced to workaround potential consensus bugs 77 | # Check https://monerodocs.org/infrastructure/monero-pulse/ for explanation and trade-offs 78 | enforce-dns-checkpointing=1 79 | 80 | out-peers=64 # This will enable much faster sync and tx awareness; the default 8 is suboptimal nowadays 81 | in-peers=1024 # The default is unlimited; we prefer to put a cap on this 82 | 83 | limit-rate-up=1048576 # 1048576 kB/s == 1GB/s; a raise from default 2048 kB/s; contribute more to p2p network 84 | limit-rate-down=1048576 # 1048576 kB/s == 1GB/s; a raise from default 8192 kB/s; allow for faster initial sync 85 | 86 | ### `monero-wallet-cli.conf` 87 | 88 | This config is tailored for desktop usage on [stagenet](/infrastructure/networks). 89 | 90 | # $HOME/.bitmonero/stagenet/monero-wallet-cli.conf 91 | 92 | # Pick network 93 | stagenet=1 94 | 95 | # Connect to a remote full node 96 | daemon-address=monero-stagenet.exan.tech:38081 97 | untrusted-daemon=1 98 | 99 | # Log file 100 | log-file=/tmp/monero-wallet-cli.log 101 | 102 | # wallet-file=/home/YOUR-USER/.bitmonero/stagenet/wallets/MoneroExampleStagenetWallet 103 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/interacting/monero-wallet-gui-reference.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | title: monero-wallet-gui - Reference 3 | --- 4 | # `monero-wallet-gui` - Reference 5 | 6 | ## Overview 7 | 8 | ### Desktop GUI wallet 9 | 10 | The "official" desktop wallet for Monero. Available for Linux, macOS and Windows. 11 | 12 | Wallet uses your private keys to understand your total balance, 13 | transactions history, and to facilitate creating transactions. 14 | 15 | However, wallet does not store the blockchain and does not directly participate in the p2p network. 16 | 17 | ### Depends on the full node 18 | 19 | Wallet connects to a [full node](/interacting/monerod-reference) to scan the blockchain for your transaction outputs and to send your transactions out to the network. 20 | 21 | The full node can be either local (same computer) or remote. 22 | 23 | Normally, you run the full node on the same computer as wallet (or within your home network). 24 | 25 | Connection happens over HTTP and uses [this API](https://www.getmonero.org/resources/developer-guides/wallet-rpc.html). 26 | 27 | Any transaction leaving the wallet is already blinded by all Monero privacy features. 28 | This means plain text HTTP communication isn't an issue on its own even if you connect to a remote node. 29 | 30 | However, connecting to a remote node has other nuanced trade-offs, which is a topic for a separate article. 31 | 32 | ### User guide PDF 33 | 34 | A nice PDF guide is available in the catalog you unpacked Monero. Make sure to check it out! 35 | 36 | The online living version is also available:
37 | [https://github.com/monero-ecosystem/monero-GUI-guide/blob/master/monero-GUI-guide.md](https://github.com/monero-ecosystem/monero-GUI-guide/blob/master/monero-GUI-guide.md) 38 | 39 | ## Syntax 40 | 41 | `./monero-wallet-gui [options]` 42 | 43 | Example: 44 | 45 | `./monero-wallet-gui --log-file=/dev/null` 46 | 47 | ## Running 48 | 49 | Go to directory where you unpacked Monero. 50 | 51 | Run the full node and wait until it syncs up with the network (may take up to a few days): 52 | 53 | `./monerod` 54 | 55 | In a separate terminal window, run the wallet: 56 | 57 | `./monero-wallet-gui` 58 | 59 | ## Options 60 | 61 | There are very few options because everything is set up via a GUI. 62 | 63 | | Option | Description 64 | |---------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65 | | `--help` | Enlists available options. 66 | | `--log-file` | Full path to the log file. Example (mind file permissions):
`./monerod --log-file=/var/log/monero/mainnet/monerod.log` 67 | 68 | ## Defaults 69 | 70 | The wallet is created in `$HOME/Monero/wallets/`. 71 | You may want to change it to `$HOME/.bitmonero/wallets/` to have all Monero related files in one place. 72 | This is possible on wallet creation wizard in the GUI. 73 | 74 | The log file is created directly in the home directory `$HOME/monero-wallet-gui.log`. 75 | You may want to change with `--log-file=$HOME/.bitmonero/monero-wallet-gui.log` option. 76 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/interacting/overview.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | title: Interacting with Monero 3 | --- 4 | # Interacting with Monero 5 | 6 | You can interact with Monero via desktop GUI, commandline interface, and programming API. 7 | 8 | On top of that, Monero nodes interact with each other in a peer-to-peer network. 9 | 10 | ## Installation directory overview 11 | 12 | Once unpacked you will see several executable files. You will also find a nice PDF guide for the GUI wallet. 13 | 14 | Monero project nicely decouples network node logic from wallet logic. 15 | Wallet logic is offered through three independent user interfaces - the GUI, the CLI, and the HTTP API. 16 | 17 | ``` 18 | # cd monero-gui-v0.17.1.9 19 | 20 | # ---- guide to Monero GUI ---- 21 | 22 | monero-gui-wallet-guide.pdf 23 | 24 | # ---- main executable files ----------- 25 | 26 | monerod 27 | monero-wallet-gui 28 | 29 | # ---- extra executable files ----------- 30 | 31 | extras/monero-wallet-cli 32 | extras/monero-wallet-rpc 33 | 34 | extras/monero-blockchain-prune 35 | extras/monero-gen-trusted-multisig 36 | extras/monero-gen-ssl-cert 37 | 38 | extras/monero-blockchain-export 39 | extras/monero-blockchain-import 40 | 41 | # ---- don't bother with these ---------- 42 | 43 | extras/monero-blockchain-stats 44 | extras/monero-blockchain-mark-spent-outputs 45 | extras/monero-blockchain-prune-known-spent-data 46 | extras/monero-blockchain-usage 47 | extras/monero-blockchain-ancestry 48 | extras/monero-blockchain-depth 49 | ``` 50 | 51 | ## Executables 52 | 53 | | Executable | Description 54 | | -------------------------- |:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55 | | `monerod` | The full node daemon. Does not require a wallet.
[Documentation](/interacting/monerod-reference/). 56 | | `monero-wallet-gui` | Wallet logic and __graphical__ user interface.
Requires `monerod` running. 57 | | `monero-wallet-cli` | Wallet logic and __commandline__ user interface.
Requires `monerod` running. 58 | | `monero-wallet-rpc` | Wallet logic and __HTTP API__ (JSON-RPC protocol).
Requires `monerod` running. 59 | | `monero-blockchain-prune` | Prune existing local blockchain. This saves 2/3 of disk space (down to 31GB as of Jan 2021). This is preferable over `monerod --prune-blockchain` which only logically releases space inside the file while the file remains large. The `monero-blockchain-prune` creates a shrinked copy of the blockchain file. See [tutorial1](https://monero.stackexchange.com/questions/11454/how-do-i-utilize-blockchain-pruning-in-the-gui-monero-wallet-gui), [tutorial2](https://www.publish0x.com/solareclipse/howto-prune-shrink-the-database-of-the-monero-blockchain-on-xpgwjx). 60 | | `monero-gen-ssl-cert` | Generate 4096 bit RSA private key and self signed TLS certificate for use with `monerod` RPC interface. Note, Monero daemon automatically generates TLS certificate on each restart. Manual generation with this tool is only useful if you want to pin TLS certificate fingerprint in your monero wallet. See the [pull request](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/pull/5495). 61 | | `monero-gen-trusted-multisig` | Tool to generate a set of multisig wallets.
See chapter on [multisignatures](/multisignature). 62 | | `monero-blockchain-export` | Tool to export blockchain to `blockchain.raw` file. 63 | | `monero-blockchain-import` | Tool to import [blockchain.raw](https://downloads.getmonero.org/blockchain.raw) - ideally your own trusted copy. 64 | 65 | ## Executables - legacy 66 | 67 | You most likely should not bother with these legacy or very specialized tools. 68 | 69 | | Executable | Description 70 | | -------------------------- |:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 71 | | `monero-blockchain-stats` | Generate stats like tx/day, blocks/day, bytes/day based on your local blockchain. 72 | | `monero-blockchain-mark-spent-outputs` | Advanced tool to mitigate potential privacy issues related to Monero forks. You normally shouldn't be concerned with that.
See the [commit](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/commit/df6fad4c627b99a5c3e2b91b69a0a1cc77c4be14#diff-0410fba131d9a7024ed4dcf9fb4a4e07) and [pull request](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/pull/3322). 73 | | `monero-blockchain-prune-known-spent-data` | Previous limited pruning tool to prune select "known spent" transaction outputs (from the before RCT era). Nowadays prefer `monero-blockchain-prune`. This only saves ~200 MB. See the [commit](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/commit/d855f9bb92dbfab707a0e37505906366de818a14). 74 | | `monero-blockchain-usage` | Advanced tool to mitigate potential privacy issues related to Monero forks. You normally shouldn't be concerned with that.
See the [commit](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/commit/0590f62ab64cf023d397b995072035986931a6b4) and the [pull request](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/pull/3322). 75 | | `monero-blockchain-ancestry` | Advanced research tool to learn ancestors of a transaction, block or chain. Irrelevant for normal users. See this [pull request](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/pull/4147/files). 76 | | `monero-blockchain-depth` | Advanced research tool to learn depth of a transaction, block or chain. Irrelevant for normal users. See this [commit](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/commit/289880d82d3cb206a2cf4ae67d2deacdab43d4f4#diff-34abcc1a0c100efb273bf36fb95ebfa0). 77 | 78 | 79 | ## Interacting 80 | 81 | There are quite a few ways you can interact with Monero software. 82 | Perhaps the most surprising for newcomers is that `monerod` daemon accepts interactive keyboard commands while it is running. 83 | 84 | Also, please note that HTTP API is split across `monerod` and `monero-wallet-rpc`. You need to run and call both daemons to explore the full API. 85 | This follows the node-logic vs wallet-logic split mentioned earlier. 86 | 87 | All wallet implementations depend on the `monerod` running. 88 | 89 | | Executable | p2p network | node commands via keyboard | node HTTP API | wallet commands via keyboard | wallet HTTP API | wallet via GUI 90 | | -------------------------- | ------------------- | -------------------------- | ------------- | ---------------------------- | --------------- | -------------- 91 | | `monerod` | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | | | 92 | | `monero-wallet-cli` | | | | ✔ | | 93 | | `monero-wallet-rpc` | | | | | ✔ | 94 | | `monero-wallet-gui` | | | | | | ✔ 95 | 96 | ## Data directory 97 | 98 | This is where the blockchain, log files, and p2p network memory are stored. 99 | 100 | By default data directory is at: 101 | 102 | * `$HOME/.bitmonero/` on Linux and macOS 103 | * `C:\ProgramData\bitmonero\` on Windows 104 | 105 | Please mind: 106 | 107 | * data directory is hidden as per OS convention 108 | * the `bitmonero` directory name is historical artefact from before Monero forked away from Bitmonero, about 2000 years Before Christ 109 | 110 | Data directory contains: 111 | 112 | * `lmdb/` - the blockchain database directory 113 | * `p2pstate.bin` - saved memory of discovered and rated peers 114 | * `bitmonero.log` - log file 115 | 116 | It can also contain subdirectories for stagenet and testnet, mirroring the same structure: 117 | 118 | * `stagenet/` - data directory for Stagenet 119 | * `testnet/` - data directory for Testnet 120 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/interacting/verify-monero-binaries.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | title: Verifying Monero Binaries Signature 3 | --- 4 | # Verify Monero Binaries 5 | 6 | Verification must be carried on **before extracting the archive and before using Monero**. 7 | 8 | Instructions were tested on Linux. They should also work on macOS with slight modifications. 9 | 10 | ## 1. Import lead maintainer PGP key 11 | 12 | This is a one time action. Skip this step for subsequent Monero releases. 13 | 14 | Monero core developers sign a list of hashes of released binaries. 15 | 16 | BinaryFate is Monero core developer who signs the releases. 17 | His public key is available on GitHub in the project source code. 18 | Import binaryFate's public key to your keyring: 19 | 20 | `curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/monero-project/monero/master/utils/gpg_keys/binaryfate.asc | gpg --import` 21 | 22 | Trust binaryFate's public key (fingerprint must be exactly this): 23 | 24 | gpg --edit-key '81AC591FE9C4B65C5806AFC3F0AF4D462A0BDF92' 25 | trust 26 | 4 27 | 28 | !!! danger 29 | If key with this fingerprint was not found then remove imported key immediately (gpg --delete-keys ...). 30 | That would mean the key changed (likely was compromised). 31 | 32 | ## 2. Verify signature of hash list (hashes.txt) 33 | 34 | The list of binaries and their hashes is published on [getmonero.org](https://www.getmonero.org/downloads/hashes.txt) and a few other places like release notes on [r/monero](https://reddit.com/r/monero). 35 | Please note the publication channel does not matter as long as you properly verify the signature! u 36 | 37 | To verify these are real hashes (not tampered with) run: 38 | 39 | `curl https://www.getmonero.org/downloads/hashes.txt | gpg --verify` 40 | 41 | The expected output should contain the line: 42 | 43 | `gpg: Good signature from "binaryFate "` 44 | 45 | ## 3. Verify the hash 46 | 47 | By this step we checked that published hashes were not tampered with. 48 | 49 | The last step is to compare published hash with downloaded archive SHA-256 hash. 50 | 51 | [Download Monero](/interacting/download-monero-binaries) if you didn't already (but do not unpack). 52 | 53 | Replace the example file name with actual one: 54 | 55 | file_name=monero-gui-linux-x64-v0.17.1.9.tar.bz2 56 | 57 | file_hash=`sha256sum $file_name | cut -c 1-64` 58 | 59 | curl https://www.getmonero.org/downloads/hashes.txt > /tmp/reference-hashes.txt 60 | 61 | # verify the signature (previous step is repeated here for completeness) 62 | gpg --verify /tmp/reference-hashes.txt 63 | 64 | # grep must print the hash (output cannot be empty) 65 | grep $file_hash /tmp/reference-hashes.txt 66 | 67 | !!! danger 68 | If the grep output is empty then double check everything because apparently the hashes don't match. 69 | 70 | If grep printed filename and hash then everything is alright! 71 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/overrides.css: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 2 | /* Make reference options non-wrapping */ 3 | article .md-typeset__table td:nth-child(1) { 4 | white-space: nowrap; 5 | } 6 | 7 | /* Make reference tables occupying full width */ 8 | article .md-typeset__table { 9 | width: 100%; 10 | } 11 | 12 | :root { 13 | --md-primary-fg-color: #121212; 14 | } 15 | 16 | [data-md-color-scheme="default"] { 17 | --md-typeset-a-color: #4051b5; 18 | } 19 | 20 | 21 | [data-md-color-scheme="slate"] { 22 | --md-hue: 232; 23 | --md-default-bg-color: #121212; 24 | --md-footer-bg-color: #181818; 25 | --md-footer-bg-color--dark: #181818; 26 | --md-typeset-a-color: #FF6600; 27 | --md-code-bg-color: #191919; 28 | } 29 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/proof-of-work/cryptonight.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | title: CryptoNight 3 | --- 4 | # CryptoNight 5 | 6 | > CryptoNight is a memory hard hash function 7 | 8 | ## Background 9 | 10 | CryptoNight was originally designed around 2013 as part of the CryptoNote suite. 11 | 12 | One design goal was to make it very friendly for the off-the-shelf CPU-s, by employing: 13 | 14 | * native AES encryption 15 | * fast 64 bit multipliers 16 | * scratchpad fitting exactly the size of the per-core L3 cache on Intel CPUs (about 2MB) 17 | 18 | More ambitious design goal was to make it inefficiently computable on ASIC-s. 19 | This goal has since failed, as it inevitably happens with "ASIC hard" algorithms. 20 | Efficient CryptoNight ASIC was developed in 2017 by Bitmain. 21 | 22 | Monero inherited CryptoNight as its proof of work in 2014. 23 | Since then Monero slightly evolved the algorithm to intentionally break compatibility with released ASIC-s. Three used variants existed: Cryptonightv1, Cryptonightv2 and [Cryptonight-R](https://github.com/SChernykh/CryptonightR). 24 | **Monero no longer uses CryptoNight or any variant. Monero changed its mining algorithm to [RandomX](/proof-of-work/random-x) in November 2019.** 25 | 26 | ## The goal is to find small-enough hash 27 | 28 | In hashing based PoW algorithms the goal is to find small-enough hash. 29 | 30 | Hash is simply an integer (normally, a very large integer). 31 | Most hashing functions result in 256-bit hashes (integers between 0 and 2^256). 32 | This includes Bitcoin's double-SHA-256 and Monero's CryptoNight. 33 | 34 | Miner randomly tweaks input data until the hash fits under specified threshold. 35 | The threshold (also a large integer) is established collectively by the network as part of the consensus mechanism. 36 | The PoW is only considered valid (solved) if hash fits under the threshold. 37 | 38 | Because hash functions are one-way, it is not possible to analytically calculate input data that would result in a small-enough hash. 39 | The solution must be brute-forced by tweaking the input data and recalculating the hash over and over again. 40 | 41 | Miners have a few areas of flexibility regarding input data - most importantly they can iterate with the nonce value. 42 | They also have a power over which transactions are included in the block and how they are put together in a merkle tree. 43 | 44 | ## Cryptographic primitives 45 | 46 | CryptoNight is based on: 47 | 48 | * AES encryption 49 | * 5 hashing functions, all of which were finalists in NIST SHA-3 competition: 50 | * Keccak (the primary one) 51 | * BLAKE 52 | * Groestl 53 | * JH 54 | * Skein 55 | 56 | ## Input data 57 | 58 | In Monero the input to hashing function is concatenation of: 59 | 60 | * serialized block header (around 46 bytes; subject to varint representation) 61 | * merkle tree root (32 bytes) 62 | * number of transactions included in the block (around 1-2 bytes; subject to varint representation) 63 | 64 | See [get_block_hashing_blob()](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/blob/master/src/cryptonote_basic/cryptonote_format_utils.cpp#L1078) function to dig further. 65 | 66 | ## Algorithm 67 | 68 | !!! warning 69 | The article attempts to give reader a high-level understanding of the CryptoNight algorithm. 70 | For implementation details refer to CryptoNote Standard and Monero source code. 71 | See references at the bottom. 72 | 73 | ### Overview 74 | 75 | CryptoNight attempts to make memory access a bottleneck for performance ("memory hardness"). It has three steps: 76 | 77 | 1. Initialize large area of memory with pseudo-random data. This memory is known as the scratchpad. 78 | 2. Perform numerous read/write operations at pseudo-random (but deterministic) addresses on the scratchpad. 79 | 3. Hash the entire scratchpad to produce the resulting value. 80 | 81 | ### Step 1: scratchpad initialization 82 | 83 | Firstly, the input data is hashed with Keccak-1600. This results in 200 bytes of pseudorandom data (1600 bits == 200 bytes). 84 | 85 | These 200 bytes become a seed to generate a larger, 2MB-wide buffer of pseudorandom data, 86 | by applying AES-256 encryption. 87 | 88 | The first 0..31 bytes of Keccak-1600 hash are used as AES key. 89 | 90 | The encryption is performed on 128 bytes-long payloads until 2MB is ready. 91 | The first payload are Keccak-1600 bytes 66..191. 92 | The next payload is encryption result of the previous payload. 93 | 94 | Each 128-byte payload is actually encrypted 10 times. 95 | 96 | The details are a bit more nuanced, see "Scratchpad Initialization" in [CryptoNote Standard](https://cryptonote.org/cns/cns008.txt). 97 | 98 | ### Step 2: memory-hard loop 99 | 100 | The second step is basically 524288 iterations of a simple stateful algorithm. 101 | 102 | Each algorithm iteration reads from and writes back to the scratchpad, 103 | at pseudorandom-but-deterministic locations. 104 | 105 | Critically, next iteration depends on the state prepared by previous iterations. 106 | It is not possible to directly calculate state of future iterations. 107 | 108 | The specific operations include AES, XOR, 8byte_mul, 8byte_add - operations that are CPU-friendly (highly optimized on modern CPU-s). 109 | 110 | The goal here is to make memory latency the bottleneck in attempt to close the gap between potential ASIC-s and general purpose CPU-s. 111 | 112 | ### Step 3: hashing 113 | 114 | The final step (simplifying) is to: 115 | 116 | * combine original Keccak-1600 output with the whole scratchpad 117 | * pick the hashing algorithm based on 2 low-order bits of the result 118 | * 0=BLAKE-256 119 | * 1=Groestl-256 120 | * 2=JH-256 121 | * 3=Skein-256 122 | * hash the result with selected function 123 | 124 | The resulting 256-bit hash is the final output of CryptoNight algorithm. 125 | 126 | ## Monero specific modifications 127 | 128 | ### CryptoNight v0 129 | 130 | This is how Monero community refers to original implementation of CryptoNight. 131 | 132 | ### CryptoNight v1 133 | 134 | See the [source code diff](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/pull/3253/files). 135 | 136 | ### CryptoNight v2 137 | 138 | See the [rationale](https://github.com/SChernykh/xmr-stak-cpu/blob/master/README.md) and the [source code diff](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/commit/5fd83c13fbf8dc304909345e60a853c15b0de1e5#diff-7000dc02c792439471da62856f839d62). 139 | 140 | ### CryptoNight v3 aka CryptoNightR 141 | 142 | See the [rationale](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/pull/5126) and the [source code diff](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/pull/5126/files). 143 | 144 | ## Critique 145 | 146 | * CryptoNight hash is relatively expensive to verify. This poses a risk of DoS-ing nodes with incorrect proofs to process. See [strong asymmetry](/proof-of-work/what-is-pow/#strong-asymmetry) requirement. 147 | * The hash function was designed from scratch with limited peer review. While CryptoNight is composed of proven and peer-reviewed primitives, combining secure primitives doesn't necessarily result in a secure cryptosystem. 148 | * CryptoNight ultimately failed to prevent ASIC-s. 149 | * Complexity of CryptoNight kills competition in ASIC manufacturing. 150 | 151 | CryptoNight proof of work remains one of the most controversial aspect of Monero. 152 | 153 | ## Reference 154 | 155 | * [CryptoNight hash function](https://cryptonote.org/cns/cns008.txt) description in the CryptoNote Standard 156 | * [CryptoNight v2 source code](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/blob/master/src/crypto/slow-hash.c) 157 | * The entry point is `cn_slow_hash()` function. Manually removing support and optimizations for multiple architectures should help you understand the actual code. 158 | * "Egalitarian Proof of Work" chapter in [CryptoNote whitepaper](https://downloads.getmonero.org/whitepaper_annotated.pdf) 159 | * [First days of Monero mining](https://da-data.blogspot.com/2014/08/minting-money-with-monero-and-cpu.html) by dr David Andersen 160 | * Some [test vectors](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/tree/master/tests/hash) in Monero source code 161 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/proof-of-work/pow-in-cryptocurrencies.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | title: Proof of Work in Cryptocurrencies 3 | --- 4 | # Proof of Work in Cryptocurrencies 5 | 6 | > Proof of work is a Sybil protection mechanism 7 | 8 | ## PoW protects against Sybil attack 9 | 10 | In decentralized cryptocurrencies **untrusted** actors confirm (blocks of) transactions. 11 | 12 | If threshold voting was employed then the scheme would break immediately. 13 | This is because nothing prevents a single actor from creating arbitrary number of pseudonyms and take over the voting. 14 | In distributed systems this is known as Sybil attack. 15 | 16 | Instead, cryptocurrencies employ proof of work. In the proof of work scheme, 17 | it is not the number of actors that counts. It is the amount of committed 18 | computational resources. 19 | 20 | This, of course, is much harder to game. 21 | To endanger the scheme, an attacker would have to actually control majority (>50%) of computational resources. 22 | In practice, attacker would need this control over significant period of time. 23 | 24 | ## PoW is a leader election mechanism 25 | 26 | In distributed systems "leader election" is a process of establishing which node is responsible for (temporarily) coordinating the system. 27 | 28 | In cryptocurrencies PoW is used to elect the node that "wins" the next block. 29 | 30 | Using PoW for leader election was one of the key inventions introduced by Bitcoin. 31 | 32 | Competing nodes (known as "miners") work on a solution to artificial problem. 33 | Every now and then, someone randomly finds the solution. 34 | Chances are linearly proportional to committed computing power. 35 | 36 | The winner uses its solution to "underwrite" the block it assembled. Only blocks with valid solutions are accepted by the network. 37 | 38 | The winner also gets a reward for its work. The reward is a specific amount of cryptocurrency created "out of thin air" and assigned to self. The winner also gets all fees coming from transactions included in the block. 39 | 40 | The difficulty of the PoW problem is dynamically adjusted by the network, with the goal of finding blocks with a roughly constant rate (typically, every couple of minutes). 41 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/proof-of-work/random-x.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | title: RandomX 3 | --- 4 | # RandomX 5 | 6 | For general information about RandomX you can read this [article](https://www.monerooutreach.org/stories/RandomX.html). 7 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/proof-of-work/what-is-pow.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | title: Proof of Work 3 | --- 4 | # Proof of Work 5 | 6 | > Proof of work is a way to legitimize untrusted party 7 | 8 | ### What exactly is proof of work? 9 | 10 | Proof of work is a cryptographic proof that untrusted party committed significant computational resources to solve artificial problem. 11 | 12 | Technically, the "proof" is simply a solution to the problem at hand. 13 | 14 | ### It's all about legitimizing untrusted party 15 | 16 | How an untrusted party on the Internet could earn any level of your trust? 17 | 18 | It can prove its commitment by solving agreed computationally hard problem. 19 | 20 | For example, by requiring untrusted party to perform a hard computation before you accept their connection, you limit connections only to "committed" parties. 21 | 22 | In another example, you could require PoW to be attached to incoming e-mails to make spam prohibitively expensive. 23 | 24 | ### Work must be otherwise useless 25 | 26 | The work on and solution to "computationally hard problem" cannot be useful in any other way than to prove the commitment. 27 | 28 | If the work is useful elsewhere then it doesn't prove commitment to you. 29 | 30 | The problem must be artificial. Otherwise incentives are skewed and the whole scheme breaks. 31 | 32 | ### Strong asymmetry 33 | 34 | The requirement for proof of work scheme is strong asymmetry for work vs verification resources. 35 | 36 | The work must be arbitrarily hard. At the same time proof verification must remain dirt cheap (in terms of computational resources). 37 | 38 | Cheap verification is critical because at this stage we are dealing with potentially huge number of untrusted parties, 39 | who could DoS the verifier by submitting invalid proofs. Such proofs should be trivial to discard. 40 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/public-address/integrated-address.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | title: Integrated Address 3 | --- 4 | # Integrated Address 5 | 6 | Integrated addresses are ideal for accepting Monero in an automated fashion - like in online stores and exchanges. 7 | 8 | Monero integrated address embeds a payment ID. This allows you to learn for what you are being paid. 9 | 10 | Please note these are Monero technical payment IDs and must not be confused with business identifiers like order number or invoice number. 11 | 12 | The transaction to integrated address will not reveal the payment ID publicly. 13 | Payment ID in a transaction will be encrypted with a shared secret (one-time random key known only to sender and recipient). 14 | Only the recipient will be able to match the transaction against payment ID. 15 | 16 | Monero integrated address obsoletes the former practice of using full 32-bytes payment ID in a transaction extra field (where it was not encrypted). 17 | 18 | Data structure ([src](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/blob/f7b9f44c1b0d53170fd7f53d37fc67648f3247a2/src/cryptonote_basic/cryptonote_basic_impl.cpp#L172)): 19 | 20 | Index | Size in bytes | Description 21 | ------------|------------------|------------------------------------------------------------- 22 | 0 | 1 | identifies the network and address type; [19](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/blob/793bc973746a10883adb2f89827e223f562b9651/src/cryptonote_config.h#L150) - main chain; [54](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/blob/793bc973746a10883adb2f89827e223f562b9651/src/cryptonote_config.h#L162) - test chain 23 | 1 | 32 | public spend key 24 | 33 | 32 | public view key 25 | 65 | 8 | compact payment ID - 8 bytes randomly generated by the recipient; note that it does not need encryption in the address itself but it is hidden in a transaction paying to integrated address to prevent linking payment with the address by external observers 26 | 73 | 4 | checksum ([Keccak-f[1600] hash](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/blob/8f1f43163a221153403a46902d026e3b72f1b3e3/src/common/base58.cpp#L261) of the previous 73 bytes, trimmed to first [4](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/blob/8f1f43163a221153403a46902d026e3b72f1b3e3/src/common/base58.cpp#L53) bytes) 27 | 28 | It totals to 77 bytes. The bytes are then encoded ([src](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/blob/8f1f43163a221153403a46902d026e3b72f1b3e3/src/common/base58.cpp#L240)) in [Monero specific Base58](/cryptography/base58) format, resulting in a 106 chars long string. Example integrated address: 29 | 30 | `4LL9oSLmtpccfufTMvppY6JwXNouMBzSkbLYfpAV5Usx3skxNgYeYTRj5UzqtReoS44qo9mtmXCqY45DJ852K5Jv2bYXZKKQePHES9khPK` 31 | 32 | ## Integrated addresses vs subaddresses 33 | 34 | Both types allow you to learn for what you are being paid. 35 | 36 | **Individuals** should prefer **subaddresses** to receive payments. This is to improve privacy in certain scenarios. See article on [subaddresses](/public-address/subaddress) for details. 37 | 38 | **Businesses** accepting payments in an automated way should prefer **integrated addresses**. The rationale is as follows: 39 | 40 | * Scenario where subaddresses improve privacy is not applicable to businesses b/c businesses have the same identity over time. Consequently, subaddresses provide no benefits over integrated addresses. 41 | 42 | * No private key is necessary to generate integrated address. This provides a strong security advantage because services that generate integrated addresses need no access to wallet. In contrast, to generate a subaddress, one needs a private view key. 43 | 44 | * No shared counter is necessary to generate integrated address. This allows individual services to independently generate integrated addresses w/o synchronizing on a common sequence. In contrast, subaddresses are generated sequentially, and so the sequence (the counter or index) is a coupling point between the wallet and all services that need to generate the address. Back to integrated addresses, note that embedded payment IDs are 64-bit. This means the space is large enough that one can simply generate them randomly and reliably assume uniqueness. 45 | 46 | * In very specific scenarios, preparation effort to monitor a very huge number of subaddresses, could became an issue. See [this reddit thread](https://www.reddit.com/r/Monero/comments/9aevri/is_it_fair_to_say_integrated_addresses_are/e4vf47p) for details. 47 | 48 | 49 | ## Caveats 50 | 51 | There are some caveats: 52 | 53 | * Single transaction cannot pay to multiple integrated addresses. 54 | 55 | * As individual running a wallet you should generally prefer subaddresses. However, if you happen to use integrated addresses, you should allow Monero software to generate integrated addresses for you (instead of forcing your own payment IDs). 56 | 57 | 58 | ## Reference 59 | 60 | * question on [StackExchange](https://monero.stackexchange.com/questions/3179/what-is-an-integrated-address) 61 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/public-address/main-address.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | redirect: /public-address/standard-address/ 3 | --- 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/public-address/standard-address.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | title: Standard Address 3 | --- 4 | # Address 5 | 6 | Monero public address is what you publish to get paid. 7 | 8 | An address can be generated offline and for free. It boils down to generating a large random number representing your private spending key. 9 | 10 | Publishing your Monero address does __not__ endanger your privacy. That's because in Monero transactions go to stealth addresses which are decoupled from your public address. 11 | 12 | There are a few **types of public addresses** in Monero: 13 | 14 | * Standard address - basic type of an address, also referred to as raw address 15 | * Subaddress - what you should be using by default 16 | * Integrated address - relevant for exchanges, merchants, and other businesses accepting Monero in a fully automated way 17 | 18 | ## Standard address 19 | 20 | Historically, raw address was the only available option. For that reason it is the most widely adopted and supported address type. 21 | 22 | Its strength is simplicity. However, these days users should prefer receiving to subaddresses instead. 23 | 24 | Technically, raw address is also a basis for creating subaddresses and integrated addresses. 25 | 26 | Raw address is **still useful for**: 27 | 28 | * accepting block reward in a solo-mining scenario as other addresses are not supported 29 | * accepting from senders who batch payouts (like mining pools); in this scenario the sender is paying multiple parties using a single transaction; such transaction has multiple outputs; subaddresses do not work in this scenario 30 | * accepting from senders who use legacy wallets (can't send to subaddress) 31 | 32 | Monero raw address is composed of two public keys: 33 | 34 | * public spend key 35 | * public view key 36 | 37 | It also contains a checksum and a "network byte" which actually identifies both the network and the address type. 38 | 39 | ## Data structure 40 | 41 | Index | Size in bytes | Description 42 | ------------|------------------|------------------------------------------------------------- 43 | 0 | 1 | identifies the network and address type; [18](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/blob/793bc973746a10883adb2f89827e223f562b9651/src/cryptonote_config.h#L149) - main chain; [53](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/blob/793bc973746a10883adb2f89827e223f562b9651/src/cryptonote_config.h#L161) - test chain 44 | 1 | 32 | public spend key 45 | 33 | 32 | public view key 46 | 65 | 4 | checksum ([Keccak-f[1600] hash](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/blob/8f1f43163a221153403a46902d026e3b72f1b3e3/src/common/base58.cpp#L261) of the previous 65 bytes, trimmed to first [4](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/blob/8f1f43163a221153403a46902d026e3b72f1b3e3/src/common/base58.cpp#L53) bytes) 47 | 48 | It totals to 69 bytes. The bytes are then encoded ([src](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/blob/8f1f43163a221153403a46902d026e3b72f1b3e3/src/common/base58.cpp#L240)) in [Monero specific Base58](/cryptography/base58) format, resulting in a 95 chars long string. Example standard address: 49 | 50 | `4AdUndXHHZ6cfufTMvppY6JwXNouMBzSkbLYfpAV5Usx3skxNgYeYTRj5UzqtReoS44qo9mtmXCqY45DJ852K5Jv2684Rge` 51 | 52 | See the [source code](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/blob/f7b9f44c1b0d53170fd7f53d37fc67648f3247a2/src/cryptonote_basic/cryptonote_basic_impl.cpp#L159). 53 | 54 | ## Generating 55 | 56 | ### Generating the keys 57 | 58 | As mentioned above, a Monero address encodes two elliptic curve public keys so the first step is to generate two elliptic curve private keys from which the public keys may be derived. 59 | 60 | Each private key is represented by a scalar between 1 and 2^252 + 27742317777372353535851937790883648492 inclusive. (Note: 2^252 + 27742317777372353535851937790883648492 + 1 is a prime order of the elliptic curve basepoint, `l`). 61 | 62 | To generate a new private key, the convention is to generate a random 256 bit numbers and reduce it modulo 2^252 + 27742317777372353535851937790883648493. 63 | 64 | To get the public keys to be encoded in the address, the ed25519 basepoint `G` is multiplied by each key scalar. 65 | 66 | ### Checksum 67 | 68 | A checksum of the network byte and public keys is included in the address to help wallet software verify that a typo hasn't been made when users enter the address. 69 | 70 | To get this checksum, the network byte as well as the public spend and view keys are concatenated together and Keccak-256 hashed. The first four bytes of this hash are the checksum. 71 | 72 | When wallet software parses a Monero address it should decode the address and recompute the checksum and verify that it matches the checksum included in the address. 73 | 74 | ### Base58 Encoding 75 | 76 | In an effort to further prevent errors from typos Monero addresses are encoded using a special character dictionary. 77 | 78 | Characters used in Monero base58: `123456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwxyz`. Notice how characters that look similar such as `O` and `0` are missing. 79 | 80 | [More about Monero base58](https://monerodocs.org/cryptography/base58/). 81 | 82 | ### Deteministic Wallets 83 | 84 | There is no way to regulate how people choose their address keys, it is simply highly suggested that they are chosen at random. The original CryptoNote implementation generated each keypair randomly, independently of each other. Addresses generated this way are called non-deterministic, they have fallen out of popularity. 85 | 86 | As of present, the convention is to derive an address's view key deterministically from the spend key which allows for human language encoded seed mnemonics. 87 | 88 | Deterministic addresses derive the private view key from the private spend key by hashing it (conventionally Keccak-256) and reducing it modulo `l`. 89 | 90 | ## Reference 91 | 92 | * [StackExchenge answer](https://monero.stackexchange.com/questions/980/what-are-the-public-viewkeys-and-spendkeys) 93 | * [https://xmr.llcoins.net/addresstests.html](https://xmr.llcoins.net/addresstests.html) 94 | * [src/cryptonote_basic/account.cpp account_base::generate](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/blob/dcba757dd283a3396120f0df90fe746e3ec02292/src/cryptonote_basic/account.cpp#L155) 95 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/public-address/subaddress.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | title: Subaddress 3 | --- 4 | # Subaddress 5 | 6 | Subaddress is what you should be using by default to receive Monero. 7 | 8 | ## Learn for what you are being paid 9 | 10 | By providing a unique subaddress for each anticipated payment you will know for what you are being paid. 11 | 12 | This use case overlaps with integrated addresses. Subaddresses are generally prefered for reasons outlined below. 13 | 14 | ## Prevent payer from linking your payouts together 15 | 16 | To prevent the payer from linking your payouts together simply generate a new subaddress for each payout. 17 | This way specific service (like anonymous exchange) that sends you Monero won't (easilly) know it is you again receving Monero. 18 | 19 | The exception to this is when a service (or group of colluding services) decides to actively attack you, one address at the time, with the so-called [Janus attack](https://web.getmonero.org/2019/10/18/subaddress-janus.html), which risks them losing funds. If you need perfect unlinkability of your receivables, the only solution remains to use a separate seed (separate Monero wallet). 20 | 21 | Also, note it won't help if you have an account with the service. Then your payouts are already linked in the service database, regardless of Monero. 22 | 23 | ## Group funds into accounts 24 | 25 | **Accounts** are a convenience wallet-level feature to group subaddresses under one label and balance. 26 | 27 | You may want to organize your funds into accounts like "cash", "work", "trading", "mining", "donations", etc. 28 | 29 | As accounts are only groupings of subaddresses, they themselves do not have an address. 30 | 31 | Accounts are deterministically derived from the root private key along with subaddresses. 32 | 33 | Accounts are similar to subaccounts in your classic bank account. There is a very important difference though. In Monero funds don't really sit on accounts or public addresses. Public addresses are conceptually a gateway or a routing mechanism. Funds sit on transactions' unspent outputs. Thus, a single transaction can - in principle - aggregate and spend outputs from multiple addresses (and by extension from multiple accounts). The CLI or GUI wallet may not directly support creating such transactions for simplicity. 34 | 35 | In short, think of accounts as a **soft** grouping of your funds. 36 | 37 | ## Why not multiple wallets? 38 | 39 | The advantage over creating multiple wallets is that you only have a **single seed** to manage. 40 | All subaddresses can be derived from the wallet seed. 41 | 42 | Additionally, you conveniently manage your subaddresses within a single user interface. 43 | 44 | ## Wallet level feature 45 | 46 | Subaddresses and accounts are a wallet-level feature to construct and interpret transactions. They do not affect the consensus. 47 | 48 | ## Data structure 49 | 50 | Subaddress has a dedicated "network byte": 51 | 52 | Index | Size in bytes | Description 53 | ------------|------------------|------------------------------------------------------------- 54 | 0 | 1 | identifies the network and address type; [42](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/blob/31bdf7bd113c2576fe579ef3a25a2d8fef419ffc/src/cryptonote_config.h#L171) - mainnet; [36](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/blob/31bdf7bd113c2576fe579ef3a25a2d8fef419ffc/src/cryptonote_config.h#L200) - stagenet; [63](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/blob/31bdf7bd113c2576fe579ef3a25a2d8fef419ffc/src/cryptonote_config.h#L185) - testnet 55 | 56 | Otherwise the data structure is the same as for the [standard address](/public-address/standard-address/#data-structure). 57 | 58 | ## Generating 59 | 60 | Each subaddress conceptually has: 61 | 62 | * account index (also known as "major" index) 63 | * subaddress index within the account (also known as "minor" index) 64 | 65 | The indexes are 0-based. By default wallets use account index 0. 66 | 67 | The indexes are not directly included in the subaddress data structure. 68 | Instead, they are used as input to generating subaddress keys. 69 | 70 | ### Private view key 71 | 72 | A per-subaddress scalar `m` is derived as follows: 73 | 74 | m = Hs("SubAddr" || a || account_index || subaddress_index_within_account) 75 | 76 | Where: 77 | 78 | * `Hs` is a Keccak-256 hash function interpreted as integer and modulo `l` (maximum edwards25519 scalar) 79 | * `||` is a byte array concatenation operator 80 | * `SubAddr` is a 0-terminated fixed string (8 bytes total) 81 | * `a` is a private view key of the standard address (a 32 byte little endian unsigned integer) 82 | * `account_index` is index of an account (a 32 bit little endian unsigned integer) 83 | * `subaddress_index_within_account` is index of the subaddress within the account (a 32 bit little endian unsigned integer) 84 | 85 | Deriving "sub view keys" from the main view key allows for creating a view only wallet that monitors the entire wallet including subaddresses. 86 | 87 | ### Public spend key 88 | 89 | The subaddress public spend key `D` is derived as follows: 90 | 91 | D = B + m*G 92 | 93 | Where: 94 | 95 | * `B` is standard address public spend key 96 | * `m` is a per-subaddress scalar that is derived from the private spend key 97 | * `G` is the "base point"; this is simply a constant specific to [edwards25519](/cryptography/asymmetric/edwards25519) 98 | 99 | ### Public view key 100 | 101 | The subaddress public view key `C` is derived as follows: 102 | 103 | C = a*D 104 | 105 | Where: 106 | 107 | * `a` is a private view key of the standard address 108 | * `D` is a public spend key of the subaddress 109 | 110 | ### Special case for (0, 0) 111 | 112 | The subaddress #0 on the account #0 is the [standard address](/public-address/standard-address). 113 | As standard address has different generation rules, this is simply implemented via an `if` statement. 114 | 115 | ### Building the address string 116 | 117 | The procedure is the same as for the [standard address](/public-address/standard-address). 118 | 119 | ## Caveats 120 | 121 | * It is not recommended to sweep all the balances of subaddress to standard address in a single transaction. That links the subaddresses together on the blockchain. However, this only concerns privacy against specific sender and the situation will never get worse than not using subaddresses in the first place. If you need to join funds while preserving maximum privacy do it with individual transactions (one per subaddress). 122 | * Convenience labels are not preserved when recreating from seed. 123 | 124 | ## Reference 125 | 126 | * [monero-python](https://github.com/emesik/monero-python/blob/125d5eac0d4583b586b98e21b28fb9a291db26e5/monero/wallet.py#L195) - the easiest to follow implementation by Michał Sałaban 127 | * [get_subaddress_spend_public_key()](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/blob/16dc6900fb556b61edaba5e323497e9b8c677ae2/src/device/device_default.cpp#L143) - Monero reference implementation 128 | * [historical discussion on Github](https://github.com/monero-project/monero/pull/2056) - gives context but is not up to date with all details 129 | * [StackExchange answer](https://monero.stackexchange.com/questions/10674/how-are-subaddresses-and-account-addresses-generated-from-master-wallet-keys/10676#10676) - excellent summary by knaccc 130 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/r/accepting-monero-comparison-matrix.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | redirect: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1pqwEYe4WFKeuY2iNn2tUkbinfmoH2KBrepWLIJOHL7I 3 | --- 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/technical-specs.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | --- 2 | title: Monero Technical Specification 3 | --- 4 | # Monero Technical Specs 5 | 6 | ## Live 7 | 8 | * Monero blockchain is live since 18 April 2014 9 | 10 | ## No premine, no instamine, no ICO, no token 11 | 12 | * Monero had no premine or instamine 13 | * Monero did not sell any token 14 | * Monero had no presale of any kind 15 | 16 | ## Proof of Work 17 | 18 | * CryptoNight 19 | * v0 since block height 0 20 | * v1 since block height 1546000 (forked on 2018-04-06) 21 | * v2 since block height 1685555 (forked on 2018-10-18) 22 | * v3 since block height 1788000 (forked on 2019-03-09); "CryptonightR" 23 | * RandomX 24 | * v0 since block height 1978433 (forked on 2019-11-30) 25 | 26 | ## Difficulty retarget 27 | 28 | * every block 29 | * based on the last 720 blocks (24h), excluding 20% of the timestamp outliers 30 | 31 | ## Block time 32 | 33 | * 2 minutes 34 | * may change in the future as long as emission curve is preserved 35 | 36 | ## Block reward 37 | 38 | * smoothly decreasing and subject to penalties for blocks greater than median size of the last 100 blocks (M100) 39 | * 0.6 XMR as of June 2023; for the current reward check the coinbase transaction of the [latest block](https://xmrchain.net/) 40 | 41 | ## Block size 42 | 43 | * dynamic 44 | * maximum of two times the median size of the last 100 blocks (2 * M100) 45 | * ~50KB as of June 2020; check [the latest block size](https://bitinfocharts.com/comparison/monero-size.html#3m) 46 | 47 | ## Current blockchain size 48 | 49 | * Pruned node: ~ 57GB as of Jan 2023 50 | * Complete chain without any pruning: ~138GB as of Jan 2023 51 | 52 | ## Emission curve 53 | 54 | ### Main emission 55 | 56 | * first, the main emission is about to produce ~18.132 million coins by the end of May 2022 57 | * as of June 2023 the emission is about 3 XMR per 10 minutes 58 | * see [charts and details](https://www.reddit.com/r/Monero/comments/512kwh/useful_for_learning_about_monero_coin_emission/) 59 | 60 | ### Tail emission 61 | 62 | * the tail emission kicked in after main emission is done 63 | * it will produce 0.6 XMR per 2-minute block 64 | * this translates to <1% inflation decreasing over time 65 | 66 | ## Max supply 67 | 68 | * ~18.293 million XMR + 0.6 XMR per 2 minutes 69 | * technically infinite but practically deflationary if accounted for lost coins 70 | 71 | ## Divisibility 72 | 73 | * Monero is divisible up to 12 digits 74 | * The smallest unit is called piconero and equals 1e-12 XMR, or 0.000000000001 XMR 75 | 76 | ## Sender privacy 77 | 78 | * ring signatures 79 | * the ring size is 16 (15 decoys) 80 | * assurance: probabilistic / plausible deniability 81 | 82 | ## Recipient privacy 83 | 84 | * stealth addresses 85 | * assurance: strong 86 | 87 | ## Amount privacy 88 | 89 | * ring confidential transactions 90 | * assurance: strong 91 | 92 | ## IP address privacy 93 | 94 | For the full node (`monerod`): 95 | 96 | * dandelion++ 97 | * assurance: won't protect against ISP/VPN provider, won't protect against the very first remote node in Dandellion++ protocol 98 | * for the full protection user must manually wrap `monerod` with Tor 99 | 100 | For the wallet (`monero-wallet-gui` or `monero-wallet-cli`): 101 | 102 | * typically wallet runs on the same machine as full node so there is no risk 103 | * if wallet connects to remote full node, there is no IP protection by default 104 | * user must manually wrap wallet with Tor or I2P 105 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /images/monero.svg: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /mkdocs.yml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Project information 2 | site_name: Monero Documentation 3 | site_description: 'Unofficial Monero Documentation' 4 | site_author: "Piotr 'Qertoip' Włodarek" 5 | site_url: 'https://monerodocs.org' 6 | site_dir: 'public' 7 | 8 | copyright: '© 2021 MoneroDocs under MIT' 9 | 10 | nav: 11 | - Home: 'index.md' 12 | - Interacting: 13 | - Download: 'interacting/download-monero-binaries.md' 14 | - Verify: 'interacting/verify-monero-binaries.md' 15 | - Overview: 'interacting/overview.md' 16 | - Config file: 'interacting/monero-config-file.md' 17 | - monerod: 'interacting/monerod-reference.md' 18 | - monero-wallet-cli: 'interacting/monero-wallet-cli-reference.md' 19 | - monero-wallet-gui: 'interacting/monero-wallet-gui-reference.md' 20 | - monero-wallet-rpc: 'interacting/monero-wallet-rpc-reference.md' 21 | - monero-blockchain-export: 'interacting/monero-blockchain-export-reference.md' 22 | - monero-blockchain-import: 'interacting/monero-blockchain-import-reference.md' 23 | - Technical specs: 'technical-specs.md' 24 | - Cryptography: 25 | - Introduction: 'cryptography/introduction.md' 26 | - Asymmetric: 27 | - Introduction: 'cryptography/asymmetric/introduction.md' 28 | - Private keys: 'cryptography/asymmetric/private-key.md' 29 | - Public keys: 'cryptography/asymmetric/public-key.md' 30 | - Edwards25519 curve: 'cryptography/asymmetric/edwards25519.md' 31 | - Key image: 'cryptography/asymmetric/key-image.md' 32 | - Base58: 'cryptography/base58.md' 33 | - PRNG: 'cryptography/prng.md' 34 | - 'Keccak-256': 'cryptography/keccak-256.md' 35 | - Address: 36 | - Standard: 'public-address/standard-address.md' 37 | - Subaddress: 'public-address/subaddress.md' 38 | - Integrated: 'public-address/integrated-address.md' 39 | - Proof of Work: 40 | - What is PoW?: 'proof-of-work/what-is-pow.md' 41 | - PoW in Cryptocurrencies: 'proof-of-work/pow-in-cryptocurrencies.md' 42 | - CryptoNight: 'proof-of-work/cryptonight.md' 43 | - RandomX: 'proof-of-work/random-x.md' 44 | - Multisignature: 'multisignature.md' 45 | - Infrastructure: 46 | - Mainnet, stagenet, testnet: 'infrastructure/networks.md' 47 | - Tor onion seed nodes: 'infrastructure/tor-onion-p2p-seed-nodes.md' 48 | - MoneroPulse: 'infrastructure/monero-pulse.md' 49 | - Running a Node: 50 | # - On your Laptop: 'localhost-node.md' 51 | # - Remote Node: 'remote-node.md' 52 | # - Open Remote Node: 'open-remote-node.md' 53 | - Open Node + Tor Onion: 'running-node/open-node-tor-onion.md' 54 | - Cold storage: 55 | - Offline Transaction Signing: 'cold-storage/offline-transaction-signing.md' 56 | - Accepting Monero: 57 | - Overview: 'accepting-monero/overview.md' 58 | 59 | 60 | theme: 61 | name: null 62 | custom_dir: mkdocs-material/material 63 | 64 | # 404 page 65 | static_templates: 66 | - 404.html 67 | 68 | # Necessary for search to work properly 69 | include_search_page: false 70 | search_index_only: true 71 | 72 | # Default values, taken from mkdocs_theme.yml 73 | language: en 74 | font: 75 | text: Roboto 76 | code: Roboto Mono 77 | favicon: assets/favicon.png 78 | palette: 79 | - scheme: default 80 | primary: white 81 | toggle: 82 | icon: material/weather-night 83 | name: Switch to dark mode 84 | - scheme: slate 85 | toggle: 86 | icon: material/weather-sunny 87 | name: Switch to light mode 88 | icon: 89 | logo: logo 90 | logo: 'images/monero.svg' 91 | 92 | extra_css: ['overrides.css'] 93 | 94 | repo_name: 'monerodocs/md' 95 | repo_url: 'https://github.com/monerodocs/md' 96 | 97 | markdown_extensions: 98 | # https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/extensions/admonition/ 99 | - admonition 100 | - abbr 101 | - def_list 102 | - footnotes 103 | - meta 104 | - toc: 105 | permalink: true 106 | - pymdownx.details 107 | - pymdownx.highlight: 108 | use_pygments: true # build time highlighting, not client side 109 | - pymdownx.inlinehilite 110 | - pymdownx.superfences # nest code blocks inside codeblocks 111 | - pymdownx.snippets # insert content from other files 112 | 113 | plugins: 114 | - search 115 | - minify: 116 | minify_html: true 117 | minify_js: true 118 | htmlmin_opts: 119 | remove_comments: true 120 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------