├── .gitignore ├── Makefile ├── README.md ├── book.toml ├── docs ├── .nojekyll ├── 404.html ├── FontAwesome │ ├── css │ │ └── font-awesome.css │ └── fonts │ │ ├── FontAwesome.ttf │ │ ├── fontawesome-webfont.eot │ │ ├── fontawesome-webfont.svg │ │ ├── fontawesome-webfont.ttf │ │ ├── fontawesome-webfont.woff │ │ └── fontawesome-webfont.woff2 ├── ayu-highlight.css ├── book.js ├── clipboard.min.js ├── correct.html ├── correct.svg ├── css │ ├── chrome.css │ ├── general.css │ ├── print.css │ └── variables.css ├── elasticlunr.min.js ├── favicon.png ├── favicon.svg ├── fonts │ ├── OPEN-SANS-LICENSE.txt │ ├── SOURCE-CODE-PRO-LICENSE.txt │ ├── fonts.css │ ├── open-sans-v17-all-charsets-300.woff2 │ ├── open-sans-v17-all-charsets-300italic.woff2 │ ├── open-sans-v17-all-charsets-600.woff2 │ ├── open-sans-v17-all-charsets-600italic.woff2 │ ├── open-sans-v17-all-charsets-700.woff2 │ ├── open-sans-v17-all-charsets-700italic.woff2 │ ├── open-sans-v17-all-charsets-800.woff2 │ ├── open-sans-v17-all-charsets-800italic.woff2 │ ├── open-sans-v17-all-charsets-italic.woff2 │ ├── open-sans-v17-all-charsets-regular.woff2 │ └── source-code-pro-v11-all-charsets-500.woff2 ├── highlight.css ├── highlight.js ├── index.html ├── iot.html ├── kernel.html ├── mark.min.js ├── print.html ├── searcher.js ├── searchindex.js ├── searchindex.json ├── security.html ├── security.svg ├── service-author.html ├── service-author.svg ├── service-client.svg ├── structure.html ├── tomorrow-night.css └── welcome.html ├── index.html ├── skill-trees ├── correct.toml ├── include │ ├── async.toml │ ├── compiler.toml │ ├── debugging.toml │ ├── development.toml │ ├── easy-lang.toml │ ├── expressive-lang.toml │ ├── extensible.toml │ ├── formal-lang.toml │ ├── formal-methods-tooling.toml │ ├── ide.toml │ ├── meta.toml │ ├── onboarding.toml │ ├── production.toml │ ├── safe-rust-correct.toml │ ├── unsafe-rust-correct.toml │ └── well-integrated.toml ├── security.toml ├── service-author.toml └── service-client.toml └── src ├── SUMMARY.md ├── correct.md ├── correct.svg ├── feedback.md ├── fork.md ├── iot.md ├── kernel.md ├── security.md ├── security.svg ├── service-author.md ├── service-author.svg ├── service-client.md ├── service-client.svg ├── structure.md └── welcome.md /.gitignore: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | book 2 | skill-trees/*.svg 3 | skill-trees/*.dot 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /Makefile: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | SKILL_TREES=$(wildcard skill-trees/*.toml) 2 | INCLUDE_SKILL_TREES=$(wildcard skill-trees/include/*.toml) 3 | SKILL_TREE_DOTS=$(patsubst %.toml,%.dot,${SKILL_TREES}) 4 | SKILL_TREE_SVGS=$(patsubst %.toml,%.svg,${SKILL_TREES}) 5 | 6 | .PHONY: build clean 7 | build: ${SKILL_TREE_SVGS} 8 | cp ${SKILL_TREE_SVGS} src 9 | mdbook build 10 | 11 | clean: 12 | rm -f src/*.svg ${SKILL_TREE_SVGS} ${SKILL_TREE_DOTS} 13 | 14 | serve: build 15 | cd docs && python3 -m http.server 16 | 17 | %.svg: %.dot 18 | dot -T svg $< > $@ 19 | 20 | %.dot: %.toml $(INCLUDE_SKILL_TREES) 21 | skill-tree $< $@ 22 | 23 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Rust skill tree 2 | 3 | ## Goal 4 | 5 | This repository is an attempt to wrap my brain around the "state of Rust". It consists of various interlinked [skill trees]. You can [read about them here][here]. 6 | 7 | [skill trees]: https://github.com/nikomatsakis/skill-tree 8 | [here]: https://nikomatsakis.github.io/rust-skill-tree 9 | 10 | ## Warning: Work in progress 11 | 12 | At the moment, this repository is **very much an experiment**. Do not interpret what you see here as "the plan" for Rust or anything like that. The goal both to clarify my own thinking and to have a tool for communicating that thinking to others and getting feedback. I welcome [feedback] and also would love to see others [create their own skill trees][fork]. 13 | 14 | [feedback]: https://nikomatsakis.github.io/rust-skill-tree/welcome.html#feedback 15 | [fork]: https://nikomatsakis.github.io/rust-skill-tree/welcome.html#fork 16 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /book.toml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | [book] 2 | authors = ["Niko Matsakis"] 3 | language = "en" 4 | multilingual = false 5 | src = "src" 6 | title = "a Rust skill tree" 7 | 8 | [build] 9 | build-dir = "docs" -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/.nojekyll: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | This file makes sure that Github Pages doesn't process mdBook's output. 2 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/404.html: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 54 | 55 | 56 | 66 | 67 | 68 | 78 | 79 | 85 | 86 |
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157 | 158 | 161 | 162 | 163 | 164 | 165 | 166 | 167 | 168 | 169 | 170 | 171 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/FontAwesome/fonts/FontAwesome.ttf: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nikomatsakis/rust-skill-tree/cde7eabb6844236727f3ce2809764cf979181402/docs/FontAwesome/fonts/FontAwesome.ttf -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/FontAwesome/fonts/fontawesome-webfont.eot: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nikomatsakis/rust-skill-tree/cde7eabb6844236727f3ce2809764cf979181402/docs/FontAwesome/fonts/fontawesome-webfont.eot -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/FontAwesome/fonts/fontawesome-webfont.ttf: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nikomatsakis/rust-skill-tree/cde7eabb6844236727f3ce2809764cf979181402/docs/FontAwesome/fonts/fontawesome-webfont.ttf -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/FontAwesome/fonts/fontawesome-webfont.woff: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nikomatsakis/rust-skill-tree/cde7eabb6844236727f3ce2809764cf979181402/docs/FontAwesome/fonts/fontawesome-webfont.woff -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/FontAwesome/fonts/fontawesome-webfont.woff2: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nikomatsakis/rust-skill-tree/cde7eabb6844236727f3ce2809764cf979181402/docs/FontAwesome/fonts/fontawesome-webfont.woff2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/ayu-highlight.css: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | /* 2 | Based off of the Ayu theme 3 | Original by Dempfi (https://github.com/dempfi/ayu) 4 | */ 5 | 6 | .hljs { 7 | display: block; 8 | overflow-x: auto; 9 | background: #191f26; 10 | color: #e6e1cf; 11 | padding: 0.5em; 12 | } 13 | 14 | .hljs-comment, 15 | .hljs-quote { 16 | color: #5c6773; 17 | font-style: italic; 18 | } 19 | 20 | .hljs-variable, 21 | .hljs-template-variable, 22 | .hljs-attribute, 23 | .hljs-attr, 24 | .hljs-regexp, 25 | .hljs-link, 26 | .hljs-selector-id, 27 | .hljs-selector-class { 28 | color: #ff7733; 29 | } 30 | 31 | .hljs-number, 32 | .hljs-meta, 33 | .hljs-builtin-name, 34 | .hljs-literal, 35 | .hljs-type, 36 | .hljs-params { 37 | color: #ffee99; 38 | } 39 | 40 | .hljs-string, 41 | .hljs-bullet { 42 | color: #b8cc52; 43 | } 44 | 45 | .hljs-title, 46 | .hljs-built_in, 47 | .hljs-section { 48 | color: #ffb454; 49 | } 50 | 51 | .hljs-keyword, 52 | .hljs-selector-tag, 53 | .hljs-symbol { 54 | color: #ff7733; 55 | } 56 | 57 | .hljs-name { 58 | color: #36a3d9; 59 | } 60 | 61 | .hljs-tag { 62 | color: #00568d; 63 | } 64 | 65 | .hljs-emphasis { 66 | font-style: italic; 67 | } 68 | 69 | .hljs-strong { 70 | font-weight: bold; 71 | } 72 | 73 | .hljs-addition { 74 | color: #91b362; 75 | } 76 | 77 | .hljs-deletion { 78 | color: #d96c75; 79 | } 80 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/clipboard.min.js: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | /*! 2 | * clipboard.js v2.0.4 3 | * https://zenorocha.github.io/clipboard.js 4 | * 5 | * Licensed MIT © Zeno Rocha 6 | */ 7 | !function(t,e){"object"==typeof exports&&"object"==typeof module?module.exports=e():"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define([],e):"object"==typeof exports?exports.ClipboardJS=e():t.ClipboardJS=e()}(this,function(){return function(n){var o={};function r(t){if(o[t])return o[t].exports;var e=o[t]={i:t,l:!1,exports:{}};return n[t].call(e.exports,e,e.exports,r),e.l=!0,e.exports}return r.m=n,r.c=o,r.d=function(t,e,n){r.o(t,e)||Object.defineProperty(t,e,{enumerable:!0,get:n})},r.r=function(t){"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(t,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(t,"__esModule",{value:!0})},r.t=function(e,t){if(1&t&&(e=r(e)),8&t)return e;if(4&t&&"object"==typeof e&&e&&e.__esModule)return e;var n=Object.create(null);if(r.r(n),Object.defineProperty(n,"default",{enumerable:!0,value:e}),2&t&&"string"!=typeof e)for(var o in e)r.d(n,o,function(t){return e[t]}.bind(null,o));return n},r.n=function(t){var e=t&&t.__esModule?function(){return t.default}:function(){return t};return r.d(e,"a",e),e},r.o=function(t,e){return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(t,e)},r.p="",r(r.s=0)}([function(t,e,n){"use strict";var r="function"==typeof Symbol&&"symbol"==typeof Symbol.iterator?function(t){return typeof t}:function(t){return t&&"function"==typeof Symbol&&t.constructor===Symbol&&t!==Symbol.prototype?"symbol":typeof t},i=function(){function o(t,e){for(var n=0;n 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 🎯 Rust programs meet the highest standard of correctness - a Rust skill tree 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 77 | 78 | 84 | 85 |
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🎯 Rust programs meet the highest standard of correctness

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Shiny future

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XXX

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Status quo as of January 2022

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XXX

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Where we want to be by summer 2022

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FIXME -- identify highest priority items and what we can do to improve them in short term :)

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Where we want to ultimately be

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FIXME -- describe what it feels like when all the things below are done :)

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177 | 178 | 181 | 182 | 183 | 184 | 185 | 186 | 187 | 188 | 189 | 190 | 191 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/css/chrome.css: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | /* CSS for UI elements (a.k.a. chrome) */ 2 | 3 | @import 'variables.css'; 4 | 5 | ::-webkit-scrollbar { 6 | background: var(--bg); 7 | } 8 | ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { 9 | background: var(--scrollbar); 10 | } 11 | html { 12 | scrollbar-color: var(--scrollbar) var(--bg); 13 | } 14 | #searchresults a, 15 | .content a:link, 16 | a:visited, 17 | a > .hljs { 18 | color: var(--links); 19 | } 20 | 21 | /* Menu Bar */ 22 | 23 | #menu-bar, 24 | #menu-bar-hover-placeholder { 25 | z-index: 101; 26 | margin: auto calc(0px - var(--page-padding)); 27 | } 28 | #menu-bar { 29 | position: relative; 30 | display: flex; 31 | flex-wrap: wrap; 32 | background-color: var(--bg); 33 | border-bottom-color: var(--bg); 34 | border-bottom-width: 1px; 35 | border-bottom-style: solid; 36 | } 37 | #menu-bar.sticky, 38 | .js #menu-bar-hover-placeholder:hover + #menu-bar, 39 | .js #menu-bar:hover, 40 | .js.sidebar-visible #menu-bar { 41 | position: -webkit-sticky; 42 | position: sticky; 43 | top: 0 !important; 44 | } 45 | #menu-bar-hover-placeholder { 46 | position: sticky; 47 | position: -webkit-sticky; 48 | top: 0; 49 | height: var(--menu-bar-height); 50 | } 51 | #menu-bar.bordered { 52 | border-bottom-color: var(--table-border-color); 53 | } 54 | #menu-bar i, #menu-bar .icon-button { 55 | position: relative; 56 | padding: 0 8px; 57 | z-index: 10; 58 | line-height: var(--menu-bar-height); 59 | cursor: pointer; 60 | transition: color 0.5s; 61 | } 62 | @media only screen and (max-width: 420px) { 63 | #menu-bar i, #menu-bar .icon-button { 64 | padding: 0 5px; 65 | } 66 | } 67 | 68 | .icon-button { 69 | border: none; 70 | background: none; 71 | padding: 0; 72 | color: inherit; 73 | } 74 | .icon-button i { 75 | margin: 0; 76 | } 77 | 78 | .right-buttons { 79 | margin: 0 15px; 80 | } 81 | .right-buttons a { 82 | text-decoration: none; 83 | } 84 | 85 | .left-buttons { 86 | display: flex; 87 | margin: 0 5px; 88 | } 89 | .no-js .left-buttons { 90 | display: none; 91 | } 92 | 93 | .menu-title { 94 | display: inline-block; 95 | font-weight: 200; 96 | font-size: 2.4rem; 97 | line-height: var(--menu-bar-height); 98 | text-align: center; 99 | margin: 0; 100 | flex: 1; 101 | white-space: nowrap; 102 | overflow: hidden; 103 | text-overflow: ellipsis; 104 | } 105 | .js .menu-title { 106 | cursor: pointer; 107 | } 108 | 109 | .menu-bar, 110 | .menu-bar:visited, 111 | .nav-chapters, 112 | .nav-chapters:visited, 113 | .mobile-nav-chapters, 114 | .mobile-nav-chapters:visited, 115 | .menu-bar .icon-button, 116 | .menu-bar a i { 117 | color: var(--icons); 118 | } 119 | 120 | .menu-bar i:hover, 121 | .menu-bar .icon-button:hover, 122 | .nav-chapters:hover, 123 | .mobile-nav-chapters i:hover { 124 | color: var(--icons-hover); 125 | } 126 | 127 | /* Nav Icons */ 128 | 129 | .nav-chapters { 130 | font-size: 2.5em; 131 | text-align: center; 132 | text-decoration: none; 133 | 134 | position: fixed; 135 | top: 0; 136 | bottom: 0; 137 | margin: 0; 138 | max-width: 150px; 139 | min-width: 90px; 140 | 141 | display: flex; 142 | justify-content: center; 143 | align-content: center; 144 | flex-direction: column; 145 | 146 | transition: color 0.5s, background-color 0.5s; 147 | } 148 | 149 | .nav-chapters:hover { 150 | text-decoration: none; 151 | background-color: var(--theme-hover); 152 | transition: background-color 0.15s, color 0.15s; 153 | } 154 | 155 | .nav-wrapper { 156 | margin-top: 50px; 157 | display: none; 158 | } 159 | 160 | .mobile-nav-chapters { 161 | font-size: 2.5em; 162 | text-align: center; 163 | text-decoration: none; 164 | width: 90px; 165 | border-radius: 5px; 166 | background-color: var(--sidebar-bg); 167 | } 168 | 169 | .previous { 170 | float: left; 171 | } 172 | 173 | .next { 174 | float: right; 175 | right: var(--page-padding); 176 | } 177 | 178 | @media only screen and (max-width: 1080px) { 179 | .nav-wide-wrapper { display: none; } 180 | .nav-wrapper { display: block; } 181 | } 182 | 183 | @media only screen and (max-width: 1380px) { 184 | .sidebar-visible .nav-wide-wrapper { display: none; } 185 | .sidebar-visible .nav-wrapper { display: block; } 186 | } 187 | 188 | /* Inline code */ 189 | 190 | :not(pre) > .hljs { 191 | display: inline; 192 | padding: 0.1em 0.3em; 193 | border-radius: 3px; 194 | } 195 | 196 | :not(pre):not(a) > .hljs { 197 | color: var(--inline-code-color); 198 | overflow-x: initial; 199 | } 200 | 201 | a:hover > .hljs { 202 | text-decoration: underline; 203 | } 204 | 205 | pre { 206 | position: relative; 207 | } 208 | pre > .buttons { 209 | position: absolute; 210 | z-index: 100; 211 | right: 5px; 212 | top: 5px; 213 | 214 | color: var(--sidebar-fg); 215 | cursor: pointer; 216 | } 217 | pre > .buttons :hover { 218 | color: var(--sidebar-active); 219 | } 220 | pre > .buttons i { 221 | margin-left: 8px; 222 | } 223 | pre > .buttons button { 224 | color: inherit; 225 | background: transparent; 226 | border: none; 227 | cursor: inherit; 228 | } 229 | pre > .result { 230 | margin-top: 10px; 231 | } 232 | 233 | /* Search */ 234 | 235 | #searchresults a { 236 | text-decoration: none; 237 | } 238 | 239 | mark { 240 | border-radius: 2px; 241 | padding: 0 3px 1px 3px; 242 | margin: 0 -3px -1px -3px; 243 | background-color: var(--search-mark-bg); 244 | transition: background-color 300ms linear; 245 | cursor: pointer; 246 | } 247 | 248 | mark.fade-out { 249 | background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0) !important; 250 | cursor: auto; 251 | } 252 | 253 | .searchbar-outer { 254 | margin-left: auto; 255 | margin-right: auto; 256 | max-width: var(--content-max-width); 257 | } 258 | 259 | #searchbar { 260 | width: 100%; 261 | margin: 5px auto 0px auto; 262 | padding: 10px 16px; 263 | transition: box-shadow 300ms ease-in-out; 264 | border: 1px solid var(--searchbar-border-color); 265 | border-radius: 3px; 266 | background-color: var(--searchbar-bg); 267 | color: var(--searchbar-fg); 268 | } 269 | #searchbar:focus, 270 | #searchbar.active { 271 | box-shadow: 0 0 3px var(--searchbar-shadow-color); 272 | } 273 | 274 | .searchresults-header { 275 | font-weight: bold; 276 | font-size: 1em; 277 | padding: 18px 0 0 5px; 278 | color: var(--searchresults-header-fg); 279 | } 280 | 281 | .searchresults-outer { 282 | margin-left: auto; 283 | margin-right: auto; 284 | max-width: var(--content-max-width); 285 | border-bottom: 1px dashed var(--searchresults-border-color); 286 | } 287 | 288 | ul#searchresults { 289 | list-style: none; 290 | padding-left: 20px; 291 | } 292 | ul#searchresults li { 293 | margin: 10px 0px; 294 | padding: 2px; 295 | border-radius: 2px; 296 | } 297 | ul#searchresults li.focus { 298 | background-color: var(--searchresults-li-bg); 299 | } 300 | ul#searchresults span.teaser { 301 | display: block; 302 | clear: both; 303 | margin: 5px 0 0 20px; 304 | font-size: 0.8em; 305 | } 306 | ul#searchresults span.teaser em { 307 | font-weight: bold; 308 | font-style: normal; 309 | } 310 | 311 | /* Sidebar */ 312 | 313 | .sidebar { 314 | position: fixed; 315 | left: 0; 316 | top: 0; 317 | bottom: 0; 318 | width: var(--sidebar-width); 319 | font-size: 0.875em; 320 | box-sizing: border-box; 321 | -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch; 322 | overscroll-behavior-y: contain; 323 | background-color: var(--sidebar-bg); 324 | color: var(--sidebar-fg); 325 | } 326 | .sidebar-resizing { 327 | -moz-user-select: none; 328 | -webkit-user-select: none; 329 | -ms-user-select: none; 330 | user-select: none; 331 | } 332 | .js:not(.sidebar-resizing) .sidebar { 333 | transition: transform 0.3s; /* Animation: slide away */ 334 | } 335 | .sidebar code { 336 | line-height: 2em; 337 | } 338 | .sidebar .sidebar-scrollbox { 339 | overflow-y: auto; 340 | position: absolute; 341 | top: 0; 342 | bottom: 0; 343 | left: 0; 344 | right: 0; 345 | padding: 10px 10px; 346 | } 347 | .sidebar .sidebar-resize-handle { 348 | position: absolute; 349 | cursor: col-resize; 350 | width: 0; 351 | right: 0; 352 | top: 0; 353 | bottom: 0; 354 | } 355 | .js .sidebar .sidebar-resize-handle { 356 | cursor: col-resize; 357 | width: 5px; 358 | } 359 | .sidebar-hidden .sidebar { 360 | transform: translateX(calc(0px - var(--sidebar-width))); 361 | } 362 | .sidebar::-webkit-scrollbar { 363 | background: var(--sidebar-bg); 364 | } 365 | .sidebar::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { 366 | background: var(--scrollbar); 367 | } 368 | 369 | .sidebar-visible .page-wrapper { 370 | transform: translateX(var(--sidebar-width)); 371 | } 372 | @media only screen and (min-width: 620px) { 373 | .sidebar-visible .page-wrapper { 374 | transform: none; 375 | margin-left: var(--sidebar-width); 376 | } 377 | } 378 | 379 | .chapter { 380 | list-style: none outside none; 381 | padding-left: 0; 382 | line-height: 2.2em; 383 | } 384 | 385 | .chapter ol { 386 | width: 100%; 387 | } 388 | 389 | .chapter li { 390 | display: flex; 391 | color: var(--sidebar-non-existant); 392 | } 393 | .chapter li a { 394 | display: block; 395 | padding: 0; 396 | text-decoration: none; 397 | color: var(--sidebar-fg); 398 | } 399 | 400 | .chapter li a:hover { 401 | color: var(--sidebar-active); 402 | } 403 | 404 | .chapter li a.active { 405 | color: var(--sidebar-active); 406 | } 407 | 408 | .chapter li > a.toggle { 409 | cursor: pointer; 410 | display: block; 411 | margin-left: auto; 412 | padding: 0 10px; 413 | user-select: none; 414 | opacity: 0.68; 415 | } 416 | 417 | .chapter li > a.toggle div { 418 | transition: transform 0.5s; 419 | } 420 | 421 | /* collapse the section */ 422 | .chapter li:not(.expanded) + li > ol { 423 | display: none; 424 | } 425 | 426 | .chapter li.chapter-item { 427 | line-height: 1.5em; 428 | margin-top: 0.6em; 429 | } 430 | 431 | .chapter li.expanded > a.toggle div { 432 | transform: rotate(90deg); 433 | } 434 | 435 | .spacer { 436 | width: 100%; 437 | height: 3px; 438 | margin: 5px 0px; 439 | } 440 | .chapter .spacer { 441 | background-color: var(--sidebar-spacer); 442 | } 443 | 444 | @media (-moz-touch-enabled: 1), (pointer: coarse) { 445 | .chapter li a { padding: 5px 0; } 446 | .spacer { margin: 10px 0; } 447 | } 448 | 449 | .section { 450 | list-style: none outside none; 451 | padding-left: 20px; 452 | line-height: 1.9em; 453 | } 454 | 455 | /* Theme Menu Popup */ 456 | 457 | .theme-popup { 458 | position: absolute; 459 | left: 10px; 460 | top: var(--menu-bar-height); 461 | z-index: 1000; 462 | border-radius: 4px; 463 | font-size: 0.7em; 464 | color: var(--fg); 465 | background: var(--theme-popup-bg); 466 | border: 1px solid var(--theme-popup-border); 467 | margin: 0; 468 | padding: 0; 469 | list-style: none; 470 | display: none; 471 | } 472 | .theme-popup .default { 473 | color: var(--icons); 474 | } 475 | .theme-popup .theme { 476 | width: 100%; 477 | border: 0; 478 | margin: 0; 479 | padding: 2px 10px; 480 | line-height: 25px; 481 | white-space: nowrap; 482 | text-align: left; 483 | cursor: pointer; 484 | color: inherit; 485 | background: inherit; 486 | font-size: inherit; 487 | } 488 | .theme-popup .theme:hover { 489 | background-color: var(--theme-hover); 490 | } 491 | .theme-popup .theme:hover:first-child, 492 | .theme-popup .theme:hover:last-child { 493 | border-top-left-radius: inherit; 494 | border-top-right-radius: inherit; 495 | } 496 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/css/general.css: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | /* Base styles and content styles */ 2 | 3 | @import 'variables.css'; 4 | 5 | :root { 6 | /* Browser default font-size is 16px, this way 1 rem = 10px */ 7 | font-size: 62.5%; 8 | } 9 | 10 | html { 11 | font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; 12 | color: var(--fg); 13 | background-color: var(--bg); 14 | text-size-adjust: none; 15 | } 16 | 17 | body { 18 | margin: 0; 19 | font-size: 1.6rem; 20 | overflow-x: hidden; 21 | } 22 | 23 | code { 24 | font-family: "Source Code Pro", Consolas, "Ubuntu Mono", Menlo, "DejaVu Sans Mono", monospace, monospace !important; 25 | font-size: 0.875em; /* please adjust the ace font size accordingly in editor.js */ 26 | } 27 | 28 | /* Don't change font size in headers. */ 29 | h1 code, h2 code, h3 code, h4 code, h5 code, h6 code { 30 | font-size: unset; 31 | } 32 | 33 | .left { float: left; } 34 | .right { float: right; } 35 | .boring { opacity: 0.6; } 36 | .hide-boring .boring { display: none; } 37 | .hidden { display: none !important; } 38 | 39 | h2, h3 { margin-top: 2.5em; } 40 | h4, h5 { margin-top: 2em; } 41 | 42 | .header + .header h3, 43 | .header + .header h4, 44 | .header + .header h5 { 45 | margin-top: 1em; 46 | } 47 | 48 | h1:target::before, 49 | h2:target::before, 50 | h3:target::before, 51 | h4:target::before, 52 | h5:target::before, 53 | h6:target::before { 54 | display: inline-block; 55 | content: "»"; 56 | margin-left: -30px; 57 | width: 30px; 58 | } 59 | 60 | /* This is broken on Safari as of version 14, but is fixed 61 | in Safari Technology Preview 117 which I think will be Safari 14.2. 62 | https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=218076 63 | */ 64 | :target { 65 | scroll-margin-top: calc(var(--menu-bar-height) + 0.5em); 66 | } 67 | 68 | .page { 69 | outline: 0; 70 | padding: 0 var(--page-padding); 71 | margin-top: calc(0px - var(--menu-bar-height)); /* Compensate for the #menu-bar-hover-placeholder */ 72 | } 73 | .page-wrapper { 74 | box-sizing: border-box; 75 | } 76 | .js:not(.sidebar-resizing) .page-wrapper { 77 | transition: margin-left 0.3s ease, transform 0.3s ease; /* Animation: slide away */ 78 | } 79 | 80 | .content { 81 | overflow-y: auto; 82 | padding: 0 15px; 83 | padding-bottom: 50px; 84 | } 85 | .content main { 86 | margin-left: auto; 87 | margin-right: auto; 88 | max-width: var(--content-max-width); 89 | } 90 | .content p { line-height: 1.45em; } 91 | .content ol { line-height: 1.45em; } 92 | .content ul { line-height: 1.45em; } 93 | .content a { text-decoration: none; } 94 | .content a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } 95 | .content img, .content video { max-width: 100%; } 96 | .content .header:link, 97 | .content .header:visited { 98 | color: var(--fg); 99 | } 100 | .content .header:link, 101 | .content .header:visited:hover { 102 | text-decoration: none; 103 | } 104 | 105 | table { 106 | margin: 0 auto; 107 | border-collapse: collapse; 108 | } 109 | table td { 110 | padding: 3px 20px; 111 | border: 1px var(--table-border-color) solid; 112 | } 113 | table thead { 114 | background: var(--table-header-bg); 115 | } 116 | table thead td { 117 | font-weight: 700; 118 | border: none; 119 | } 120 | table thead th { 121 | padding: 3px 20px; 122 | } 123 | table thead tr { 124 | border: 1px var(--table-header-bg) solid; 125 | } 126 | /* Alternate background colors for rows */ 127 | table tbody tr:nth-child(2n) { 128 | background: var(--table-alternate-bg); 129 | } 130 | 131 | 132 | blockquote { 133 | margin: 20px 0; 134 | padding: 0 20px; 135 | color: var(--fg); 136 | background-color: var(--quote-bg); 137 | border-top: .1em solid var(--quote-border); 138 | border-bottom: .1em solid var(--quote-border); 139 | } 140 | 141 | 142 | :not(.footnote-definition) + .footnote-definition, 143 | .footnote-definition + :not(.footnote-definition) { 144 | margin-top: 2em; 145 | } 146 | .footnote-definition { 147 | font-size: 0.9em; 148 | margin: 0.5em 0; 149 | } 150 | .footnote-definition p { 151 | display: inline; 152 | } 153 | 154 | .tooltiptext { 155 | position: absolute; 156 | visibility: hidden; 157 | color: #fff; 158 | background-color: #333; 159 | transform: translateX(-50%); /* Center by moving tooltip 50% of its width left */ 160 | left: -8px; /* Half of the width of the icon */ 161 | top: -35px; 162 | font-size: 0.8em; 163 | text-align: center; 164 | border-radius: 6px; 165 | padding: 5px 8px; 166 | margin: 5px; 167 | z-index: 1000; 168 | } 169 | .tooltipped .tooltiptext { 170 | visibility: visible; 171 | } 172 | 173 | .chapter li.part-title { 174 | color: var(--sidebar-fg); 175 | margin: 5px 0px; 176 | font-weight: bold; 177 | } 178 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/css/print.css: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 2 | #sidebar, 3 | #menu-bar, 4 | .nav-chapters, 5 | .mobile-nav-chapters { 6 | display: none; 7 | } 8 | 9 | #page-wrapper.page-wrapper { 10 | transform: none; 11 | margin-left: 0px; 12 | overflow-y: initial; 13 | } 14 | 15 | #content { 16 | max-width: none; 17 | margin: 0; 18 | padding: 0; 19 | } 20 | 21 | .page { 22 | overflow-y: initial; 23 | } 24 | 25 | code { 26 | background-color: #666666; 27 | border-radius: 5px; 28 | 29 | /* Force background to be printed in Chrome */ 30 | -webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; 31 | } 32 | 33 | pre > .buttons { 34 | z-index: 2; 35 | } 36 | 37 | a, a:visited, a:active, a:hover { 38 | color: #4183c4; 39 | text-decoration: none; 40 | } 41 | 42 | h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { 43 | page-break-inside: avoid; 44 | page-break-after: avoid; 45 | } 46 | 47 | pre, code { 48 | page-break-inside: avoid; 49 | white-space: pre-wrap; 50 | } 51 | 52 | .fa { 53 | display: none !important; 54 | } 55 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/css/variables.css: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 2 | /* Globals */ 3 | 4 | :root { 5 | --sidebar-width: 300px; 6 | --page-padding: 15px; 7 | --content-max-width: 750px; 8 | --menu-bar-height: 50px; 9 | } 10 | 11 | /* Themes */ 12 | 13 | .ayu { 14 | --bg: hsl(210, 25%, 8%); 15 | --fg: #c5c5c5; 16 | 17 | --sidebar-bg: #14191f; 18 | --sidebar-fg: #c8c9db; 19 | --sidebar-non-existant: #5c6773; 20 | --sidebar-active: #ffb454; 21 | --sidebar-spacer: #2d334f; 22 | 23 | --scrollbar: var(--sidebar-fg); 24 | 25 | --icons: #737480; 26 | --icons-hover: #b7b9cc; 27 | 28 | --links: #0096cf; 29 | 30 | --inline-code-color: #ffb454; 31 | 32 | --theme-popup-bg: #14191f; 33 | --theme-popup-border: #5c6773; 34 | --theme-hover: #191f26; 35 | 36 | --quote-bg: hsl(226, 15%, 17%); 37 | --quote-border: hsl(226, 15%, 22%); 38 | 39 | --table-border-color: hsl(210, 25%, 13%); 40 | --table-header-bg: hsl(210, 25%, 28%); 41 | --table-alternate-bg: hsl(210, 25%, 11%); 42 | 43 | --searchbar-border-color: #848484; 44 | --searchbar-bg: #424242; 45 | --searchbar-fg: #fff; 46 | --searchbar-shadow-color: #d4c89f; 47 | --searchresults-header-fg: #666; 48 | --searchresults-border-color: #888; 49 | --searchresults-li-bg: #252932; 50 | --search-mark-bg: #e3b171; 51 | } 52 | 53 | .coal { 54 | --bg: hsl(200, 7%, 8%); 55 | --fg: #98a3ad; 56 | 57 | --sidebar-bg: #292c2f; 58 | --sidebar-fg: #a1adb8; 59 | --sidebar-non-existant: #505254; 60 | --sidebar-active: #3473ad; 61 | --sidebar-spacer: #393939; 62 | 63 | --scrollbar: var(--sidebar-fg); 64 | 65 | --icons: #43484d; 66 | --icons-hover: #b3c0cc; 67 | 68 | --links: #2b79a2; 69 | 70 | --inline-code-color: #c5c8c6;; 71 | 72 | --theme-popup-bg: #141617; 73 | --theme-popup-border: #43484d; 74 | --theme-hover: #1f2124; 75 | 76 | --quote-bg: hsl(234, 21%, 18%); 77 | --quote-border: hsl(234, 21%, 23%); 78 | 79 | --table-border-color: hsl(200, 7%, 13%); 80 | --table-header-bg: hsl(200, 7%, 28%); 81 | --table-alternate-bg: hsl(200, 7%, 11%); 82 | 83 | --searchbar-border-color: #aaa; 84 | --searchbar-bg: #b7b7b7; 85 | --searchbar-fg: #000; 86 | --searchbar-shadow-color: #aaa; 87 | --searchresults-header-fg: #666; 88 | --searchresults-border-color: #98a3ad; 89 | --searchresults-li-bg: #2b2b2f; 90 | --search-mark-bg: #355c7d; 91 | } 92 | 93 | .light { 94 | --bg: hsl(0, 0%, 100%); 95 | --fg: hsl(0, 0%, 0%); 96 | 97 | --sidebar-bg: #fafafa; 98 | --sidebar-fg: hsl(0, 0%, 0%); 99 | --sidebar-non-existant: #aaaaaa; 100 | --sidebar-active: #1f1fff; 101 | --sidebar-spacer: #f4f4f4; 102 | 103 | --scrollbar: #8F8F8F; 104 | 105 | --icons: #747474; 106 | --icons-hover: #000000; 107 | 108 | --links: #20609f; 109 | 110 | --inline-code-color: #301900; 111 | 112 | --theme-popup-bg: #fafafa; 113 | --theme-popup-border: #cccccc; 114 | --theme-hover: #e6e6e6; 115 | 116 | --quote-bg: hsl(197, 37%, 96%); 117 | --quote-border: hsl(197, 37%, 91%); 118 | 119 | --table-border-color: hsl(0, 0%, 95%); 120 | --table-header-bg: hsl(0, 0%, 80%); 121 | --table-alternate-bg: hsl(0, 0%, 97%); 122 | 123 | --searchbar-border-color: #aaa; 124 | --searchbar-bg: #fafafa; 125 | --searchbar-fg: #000; 126 | --searchbar-shadow-color: #aaa; 127 | --searchresults-header-fg: #666; 128 | --searchresults-border-color: #888; 129 | --searchresults-li-bg: #e4f2fe; 130 | --search-mark-bg: #a2cff5; 131 | } 132 | 133 | .navy { 134 | --bg: hsl(226, 23%, 11%); 135 | --fg: #bcbdd0; 136 | 137 | --sidebar-bg: #282d3f; 138 | --sidebar-fg: #c8c9db; 139 | --sidebar-non-existant: #505274; 140 | --sidebar-active: #2b79a2; 141 | --sidebar-spacer: #2d334f; 142 | 143 | --scrollbar: var(--sidebar-fg); 144 | 145 | --icons: #737480; 146 | --icons-hover: #b7b9cc; 147 | 148 | --links: #2b79a2; 149 | 150 | --inline-code-color: #c5c8c6;; 151 | 152 | --theme-popup-bg: #161923; 153 | --theme-popup-border: #737480; 154 | --theme-hover: #282e40; 155 | 156 | --quote-bg: hsl(226, 15%, 17%); 157 | --quote-border: hsl(226, 15%, 22%); 158 | 159 | --table-border-color: hsl(226, 23%, 16%); 160 | --table-header-bg: hsl(226, 23%, 31%); 161 | --table-alternate-bg: hsl(226, 23%, 14%); 162 | 163 | --searchbar-border-color: #aaa; 164 | --searchbar-bg: #aeaec6; 165 | --searchbar-fg: #000; 166 | --searchbar-shadow-color: #aaa; 167 | --searchresults-header-fg: #5f5f71; 168 | --searchresults-border-color: #5c5c68; 169 | --searchresults-li-bg: #242430; 170 | --search-mark-bg: #a2cff5; 171 | } 172 | 173 | .rust { 174 | --bg: hsl(60, 9%, 87%); 175 | --fg: #262625; 176 | 177 | --sidebar-bg: #3b2e2a; 178 | --sidebar-fg: #c8c9db; 179 | --sidebar-non-existant: #505254; 180 | --sidebar-active: #e69f67; 181 | --sidebar-spacer: #45373a; 182 | 183 | --scrollbar: var(--sidebar-fg); 184 | 185 | --icons: #737480; 186 | --icons-hover: #262625; 187 | 188 | --links: #2b79a2; 189 | 190 | --inline-code-color: #6e6b5e; 191 | 192 | --theme-popup-bg: #e1e1db; 193 | --theme-popup-border: #b38f6b; 194 | --theme-hover: #99908a; 195 | 196 | --quote-bg: hsl(60, 5%, 75%); 197 | --quote-border: hsl(60, 5%, 70%); 198 | 199 | --table-border-color: hsl(60, 9%, 82%); 200 | --table-header-bg: #b3a497; 201 | --table-alternate-bg: hsl(60, 9%, 84%); 202 | 203 | --searchbar-border-color: #aaa; 204 | --searchbar-bg: #fafafa; 205 | --searchbar-fg: #000; 206 | --searchbar-shadow-color: #aaa; 207 | --searchresults-header-fg: #666; 208 | --searchresults-border-color: #888; 209 | --searchresults-li-bg: #dec2a2; 210 | --search-mark-bg: #e69f67; 211 | } 212 | 213 | @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { 214 | .light.no-js { 215 | --bg: hsl(200, 7%, 8%); 216 | --fg: #98a3ad; 217 | 218 | --sidebar-bg: #292c2f; 219 | --sidebar-fg: #a1adb8; 220 | --sidebar-non-existant: #505254; 221 | --sidebar-active: #3473ad; 222 | --sidebar-spacer: #393939; 223 | 224 | --scrollbar: var(--sidebar-fg); 225 | 226 | --icons: #43484d; 227 | --icons-hover: #b3c0cc; 228 | 229 | --links: #2b79a2; 230 | 231 | --inline-code-color: #c5c8c6;; 232 | 233 | --theme-popup-bg: #141617; 234 | --theme-popup-border: #43484d; 235 | --theme-hover: #1f2124; 236 | 237 | --quote-bg: hsl(234, 21%, 18%); 238 | --quote-border: hsl(234, 21%, 23%); 239 | 240 | --table-border-color: hsl(200, 7%, 13%); 241 | --table-header-bg: hsl(200, 7%, 28%); 242 | --table-alternate-bg: hsl(200, 7%, 11%); 243 | 244 | --searchbar-border-color: #aaa; 245 | --searchbar-bg: #b7b7b7; 246 | --searchbar-fg: #000; 247 | --searchbar-shadow-color: #aaa; 248 | --searchresults-header-fg: #666; 249 | --searchresults-border-color: #98a3ad; 250 | --searchresults-li-bg: #2b2b2f; 251 | --search-mark-bg: #355c7d; 252 | } 253 | } 254 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/favicon.png: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nikomatsakis/rust-skill-tree/cde7eabb6844236727f3ce2809764cf979181402/docs/favicon.png -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/favicon.svg: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 2 | 7 | 21 | 22 | 23 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/fonts/OPEN-SANS-LICENSE.txt: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 2 | Apache License 3 | Version 2.0, January 2004 4 | http://www.apache.org/licenses/ 5 | 6 | TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION 7 | 8 | 1. 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The requirement for fonts to 77 | remain under this license does not apply to any document created 78 | using the Font Software. 79 | 80 | TERMINATION 81 | This license becomes null and void if any of the above conditions are 82 | not met. 83 | 84 | DISCLAIMER 85 | THE FONT SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, 86 | EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTIES OF 87 | MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT 88 | OF COPYRIGHT, PATENT, TRADEMARK, OR OTHER RIGHT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 89 | COPYRIGHT HOLDER BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, 90 | INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 91 | DAMAGES, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING 92 | FROM, OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE FONT SOFTWARE OR FROM 93 | OTHER DEALINGS IN THE FONT SOFTWARE. 94 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/fonts/fonts.css: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | /* Open Sans is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. See http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 */ 2 | /* Source Code Pro is under the Open Font License. See https://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&id=OFL */ 3 | 4 | /* open-sans-300 - latin_vietnamese_latin-ext_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic */ 5 | @font-face { 6 | font-family: 'Open Sans'; 7 | font-style: normal; 8 | font-weight: 300; 9 | src: local('Open Sans Light'), local('OpenSans-Light'), 10 | url('open-sans-v17-all-charsets-300.woff2') format('woff2'); 11 | } 12 | 13 | /* open-sans-300italic - latin_vietnamese_latin-ext_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic */ 14 | @font-face { 15 | font-family: 'Open Sans'; 16 | font-style: italic; 17 | font-weight: 300; 18 | src: local('Open Sans Light Italic'), local('OpenSans-LightItalic'), 19 | url('open-sans-v17-all-charsets-300italic.woff2') format('woff2'); 20 | } 21 | 22 | /* open-sans-regular - latin_vietnamese_latin-ext_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic */ 23 | @font-face { 24 | font-family: 'Open Sans'; 25 | font-style: normal; 26 | font-weight: 400; 27 | src: local('Open Sans Regular'), local('OpenSans-Regular'), 28 | url('open-sans-v17-all-charsets-regular.woff2') format('woff2'); 29 | } 30 | 31 | /* open-sans-italic - latin_vietnamese_latin-ext_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic */ 32 | @font-face { 33 | font-family: 'Open Sans'; 34 | font-style: italic; 35 | font-weight: 400; 36 | src: local('Open Sans Italic'), local('OpenSans-Italic'), 37 | url('open-sans-v17-all-charsets-italic.woff2') format('woff2'); 38 | } 39 | 40 | /* open-sans-600 - latin_vietnamese_latin-ext_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic */ 41 | @font-face { 42 | font-family: 'Open Sans'; 43 | font-style: normal; 44 | font-weight: 600; 45 | src: local('Open Sans SemiBold'), local('OpenSans-SemiBold'), 46 | url('open-sans-v17-all-charsets-600.woff2') format('woff2'); 47 | } 48 | 49 | /* open-sans-600italic - latin_vietnamese_latin-ext_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic */ 50 | @font-face { 51 | font-family: 'Open Sans'; 52 | font-style: italic; 53 | font-weight: 600; 54 | src: local('Open Sans SemiBold Italic'), local('OpenSans-SemiBoldItalic'), 55 | url('open-sans-v17-all-charsets-600italic.woff2') format('woff2'); 56 | } 57 | 58 | /* open-sans-700 - latin_vietnamese_latin-ext_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic */ 59 | @font-face { 60 | font-family: 'Open Sans'; 61 | font-style: normal; 62 | font-weight: 700; 63 | src: local('Open Sans Bold'), local('OpenSans-Bold'), 64 | url('open-sans-v17-all-charsets-700.woff2') format('woff2'); 65 | } 66 | 67 | /* open-sans-700italic - latin_vietnamese_latin-ext_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic */ 68 | @font-face { 69 | font-family: 'Open Sans'; 70 | font-style: italic; 71 | font-weight: 700; 72 | src: local('Open Sans Bold Italic'), local('OpenSans-BoldItalic'), 73 | url('open-sans-v17-all-charsets-700italic.woff2') format('woff2'); 74 | } 75 | 76 | /* open-sans-800 - latin_vietnamese_latin-ext_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic */ 77 | @font-face { 78 | font-family: 'Open Sans'; 79 | font-style: normal; 80 | font-weight: 800; 81 | src: local('Open Sans ExtraBold'), local('OpenSans-ExtraBold'), 82 | url('open-sans-v17-all-charsets-800.woff2') format('woff2'); 83 | } 84 | 85 | /* open-sans-800italic - latin_vietnamese_latin-ext_greek-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic */ 86 | @font-face { 87 | font-family: 'Open Sans'; 88 | font-style: italic; 89 | font-weight: 800; 90 | src: local('Open Sans ExtraBold Italic'), local('OpenSans-ExtraBoldItalic'), 91 | url('open-sans-v17-all-charsets-800italic.woff2') format('woff2'); 92 | } 93 | 94 | /* source-code-pro-500 - latin_vietnamese_latin-ext_greek_cyrillic-ext_cyrillic */ 95 | @font-face { 96 | font-family: 'Source Code Pro'; 97 | font-style: normal; 98 | font-weight: 500; 99 | src: url('source-code-pro-v11-all-charsets-500.woff2') format('woff2'); 100 | } 101 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/fonts/open-sans-v17-all-charsets-300.woff2: 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| } 28 | 29 | /* Orange */ 30 | .hljs-number, 31 | .hljs-meta, 32 | .hljs-built_in, 33 | .hljs-builtin-name, 34 | .hljs-literal, 35 | .hljs-type, 36 | .hljs-params { 37 | color: #b21e00; 38 | } 39 | 40 | /* Green */ 41 | .hljs-string, 42 | .hljs-symbol, 43 | .hljs-bullet { 44 | color: #008200; 45 | } 46 | 47 | /* Blue */ 48 | .hljs-title, 49 | .hljs-section { 50 | color: #0030f2; 51 | } 52 | 53 | /* Purple */ 54 | .hljs-keyword, 55 | .hljs-selector-tag { 56 | color: #9d00ec; 57 | } 58 | 59 | .hljs { 60 | display: block; 61 | overflow-x: auto; 62 | background: #f6f7f6; 63 | color: #000; 64 | padding: 0.5em; 65 | } 66 | 67 | .hljs-emphasis { 68 | font-style: italic; 69 | } 70 | 71 | .hljs-strong { 72 | font-weight: bold; 73 | } 74 | 75 | .hljs-addition { 76 | color: #22863a; 77 | background-color: #f0fff4; 78 | } 79 | 80 | .hljs-deletion { 81 | color: #b31d28; 82 | background-color: #ffeef0; 83 | } 84 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/index.html: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | Welcome! - a Rust skill tree 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 77 | 78 | 84 | 85 |
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Welcome

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Goal

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This repository is an attempt to wrap my brain around the "state of Rust". It consists of various interlinked skill trees, each one talking about the path to an overall goal. You can see the goals in the 'table of contents' on the left.

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At the moment, this repository is very much an experiment. My hope though is that it will become a useful tool for communicating about the state of Rust and for describing a particular vision for how Rust should evolve. For example, when I meet with folks, I hope to show them this document and get their feedback on what is mising. I hope that others may read it and be encouraged to close some of the gaps or contribute to ongoing efforts.

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Warning: Work in progress

145 |

This repository is an unofficial work-in-progress. Do not interpret what you see here as "the plan" for Rust or anything like that. The goal here is very much for me to clarify my own thinking. I don't really expect this repository to ever be "done" -- plans are always changing as the world evolves.

146 |

Feedback encouraged

147 |

I would love to get feedback on what you see here. I am quite sure that I have overlooked a lot of things that are taking place in Rust land. I would also like to start expanding the tree into other domains, like embedded Rust, with which I am personally less familiar. Feel free to open issues or PRs on this repository -- or, if you have a larger set of ideas, perhaps to make a fork of this repository! (see below)

148 |

Forks

149 |

That said, in a language and environment as complex as Rust, there will never be a single vision that captures everything. I would love to see others drafting their own forks of this skill tree that focus on a different angle. If you do take a stab at your own tree, feel free to open a PR and link to it here.

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170 | 171 | 174 | 175 | 176 | 177 | 178 | 179 | 180 | 181 | 182 | 183 | 184 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/iot.html: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 🎯 Rust is the backbone of IOT - a Rust skill tree 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 77 | 78 | 84 | 85 |
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🎯 Rust is the backbone of IOT

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167 | 168 | 171 | 172 | 173 | 174 | 175 | 176 | 177 | 178 | 179 | 180 | 181 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/kernel.html: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 🎯 Rust is used in many kernels and drivers - a Rust skill tree 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 77 | 78 | 84 | 85 |
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🎯 Rust is used in many kernels and drivers

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r((e=this.wrapRangeInTextNode(e,t,t+n)).previousSibling),e}},{key:"separateGroups",value:function(e,t,n,r,i){for(var o=t.length,a=1;a-1&&r(t[a],e)&&(e=this.wrapGroups(e,s,t[a].length,i))}return e}},{key:"wrapMatches",value:function(e,t,n,r,i){var o=this,a=0===t?0:t+1;this.getTextNodes(function(t){t.nodes.forEach(function(t){t=t.node;for(var i=void 0;null!==(i=e.exec(t.textContent))&&""!==i[a];){if(o.opt.separateGroups)t=o.separateGroups(t,i,a,n,r);else{if(!n(i[a],t))continue;var s=i.index;if(0!==a)for(var c=1;c 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 🎯 Rust is highly secure - a Rust skill tree 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 77 | 78 | 84 | 85 |
86 | 87 |
88 | 89 | 90 | 118 | 119 | 129 | 130 | 137 | 138 |
139 |
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🎯 Rust is highly secure

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Shiny future

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This page describes a tree of work that needs to be done in order to ensure that Rust is highly secure, meaning that people using Rust rarely -- if ever -- experience security vulnerabilities or issues. As a consequences of having fewer security vulnerabilities, companies will then be able to refocus the resources they used to devote to fuzzing and other "small scale" prevention measures on adopting higher-level security guarantees.

143 |

Status quo as of January 2022

144 |

Unfortunately, though, a fair bit of work remains before we have realized that vision.

145 |

At the core level, the compiler and language have a number of known soundness bugs. Much of Rust's core libraries are based around unsafe code, but we lack definitive rules for what unsafe code is allowed to do, to say nothing of effective tooling for checking that code follows those rules. Rust's support for formal verification is also less advanced than other languages, and hindered by the lack of a clear semantics.

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Like most modern langauges, Rust offers a rich ecosystem of libraries called crates. These crates are readily accessible on crates.io. Other packaging systems, however, have suffered from high-profile examples of trojan horses or malicious packaging, and crates.io has few defenses against that sort of thing. Users frequently report difficulty in selecting the right crate from the many choices available. Rust's packaging tool and language design includes a number of potentially unexpected vectors through malicious code can be incorporated, such as the build.rs preprocessing step or procedural macros.

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164 | 165 | 173 | 174 |
175 | 176 | 179 | 180 | 181 | 182 | 183 | 184 | 185 | 186 | 187 | 188 | 189 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/service-author.html: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 🎯 Rust widely used to build internet services - a Rust skill tree 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 77 | 78 | 84 | 85 |
86 | 87 |
88 | 89 | 90 | 118 | 119 | 129 | 130 | 137 | 138 |
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🎯 Rust widely used to build internet services

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Shiny future

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This page describes a tree of work that aims to make Rust an excellent choice for building internet services. These services are the backbone of the internet today. Since they support so much traffic, service authors highly value both peak performance but also predictability. Rust is a good choice here because it offers performance comparable to C++ without the high tail latencies and variablity typically introduced by garbage collectors. Rust also offers stronger safety guarantees even than garbage collected languages like Java or Go, since its type system rules out data races. Furthermore, Rust's focus on reliability winds up producing fewer bugs overall, resulting in less time spent responding to customer issues and more time creating compelling features. Finally, because people love using Rust, teams find that they are able to recruit quality engineers more easily.

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Status quo as of January 2022

144 |

In practice, though, Rust today has several shortcomings that can make it a less appealing choice. Other languages offer stronger tooling for debugging development systems and monitoring production systems. Rust's current learning curve means that new developers, especially those who are less experienced overall, have a harder time coming up to speed. Even once people are accustomed to using Rust, they typically spend more time figuring out how to encode something in Rust than they would if they were using some other language.

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Async Rust, which uses user-space primitives to manage concurrency rather than relying on the kernel, is of particular importance in this domain. Unfortunately, it is also one of the areas where Rust needs the most work. Expressing common patterns in Async Rust require the type system to be extended in non-trivial ways (even if users will ultimately not have to be aware of those extensions), which in turn requires improving the compiler's implementation (which is having trouble scaling to those requirements).

146 |

Where we want to be by summer 2022

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FIXME -- identify highest priority items and what we can do to improve them in short term :)

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Where we want to ultimately be

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FIXME -- describe what it feels like when all the things below are done :)

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178 | 179 | 182 | 183 | 184 | 185 | 186 | 187 | 188 | 189 | 190 | 191 | 192 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/structure.html: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | Structure of the tree - a Rust skill tree 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 77 | 78 | 84 | 85 |
86 | 87 |
88 | 89 | 90 | 118 | 119 | 129 | 130 | 137 | 138 |
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Structure of the tree

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The idea of a "skill tree" is inspired by video games and this epic WebAssembly post. The tree consists of groups of work that, together, enable something greater than the sum of their parts. For each group in the tree we have...

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    143 |
  • A title, summarizing the group.
    • 144 |
  • A few lines of impact, describing what will happen when the work is done.
    • 145 |
  • Various work items that must be completed.
    • 146 |
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Many of the groups and items are themselves links to other skill trees or web pages that give more detail.

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174 | 175 | 178 | 179 | 180 | 181 | 182 | 183 | 184 | 185 | 186 | 187 | 188 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/tomorrow-night.css: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | /* Tomorrow Night Theme */ 2 | /* http://jmblog.github.com/color-themes-for-google-code-highlightjs */ 3 | /* Original theme - https://github.com/chriskempson/tomorrow-theme */ 4 | /* http://jmblog.github.com/color-themes-for-google-code-highlightjs */ 5 | 6 | /* Tomorrow Comment */ 7 | .hljs-comment { 8 | color: #969896; 9 | } 10 | 11 | /* Tomorrow Red */ 12 | .hljs-variable, 13 | .hljs-attribute, 14 | .hljs-tag, 15 | .hljs-regexp, 16 | .ruby .hljs-constant, 17 | .xml .hljs-tag .hljs-title, 18 | .xml .hljs-pi, 19 | .xml .hljs-doctype, 20 | .html .hljs-doctype, 21 | .css .hljs-id, 22 | .css .hljs-class, 23 | .css .hljs-pseudo { 24 | color: #cc6666; 25 | } 26 | 27 | /* Tomorrow Orange */ 28 | .hljs-number, 29 | .hljs-preprocessor, 30 | .hljs-pragma, 31 | .hljs-built_in, 32 | .hljs-literal, 33 | .hljs-params, 34 | .hljs-constant { 35 | color: #de935f; 36 | } 37 | 38 | /* Tomorrow Yellow */ 39 | .ruby .hljs-class .hljs-title, 40 | .css .hljs-rule .hljs-attribute { 41 | color: #f0c674; 42 | } 43 | 44 | /* Tomorrow Green */ 45 | .hljs-string, 46 | .hljs-value, 47 | .hljs-inheritance, 48 | .hljs-header, 49 | .hljs-name, 50 | .ruby .hljs-symbol, 51 | .xml .hljs-cdata { 52 | color: #b5bd68; 53 | } 54 | 55 | /* Tomorrow Aqua */ 56 | .hljs-title, 57 | .css .hljs-hexcolor { 58 | color: #8abeb7; 59 | } 60 | 61 | /* Tomorrow Blue */ 62 | .hljs-function, 63 | .python .hljs-decorator, 64 | .python .hljs-title, 65 | .ruby .hljs-function .hljs-title, 66 | .ruby .hljs-title .hljs-keyword, 67 | .perl .hljs-sub, 68 | .javascript .hljs-title, 69 | .coffeescript .hljs-title { 70 | color: #81a2be; 71 | } 72 | 73 | /* Tomorrow Purple */ 74 | .hljs-keyword, 75 | .javascript .hljs-function { 76 | color: #b294bb; 77 | } 78 | 79 | .hljs { 80 | display: block; 81 | overflow-x: auto; 82 | background: #1d1f21; 83 | color: #c5c8c6; 84 | padding: 0.5em; 85 | -webkit-text-size-adjust: none; 86 | } 87 | 88 | .coffeescript .javascript, 89 | .javascript .xml, 90 | .tex .hljs-formula, 91 | .xml .javascript, 92 | .xml .vbscript, 93 | .xml .css, 94 | .xml .hljs-cdata { 95 | opacity: 0.5; 96 | } 97 | 98 | .hljs-addition { 99 | color: #718c00; 100 | } 101 | 102 | .hljs-deletion { 103 | color: #c82829; 104 | } 105 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/welcome.html: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | Welcome! - a Rust skill tree 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 77 | 78 | 84 | 85 |
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Welcome

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Goal

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This repository is an attempt to wrap my brain around the "state of Rust". It consists of various interlinked skill trees, each one talking about the path to an overall goal. You can see the goals in the 'table of contents' on the left.

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At the moment, this repository is very much an experiment. My hope though is that it will become a useful tool for communicating about the state of Rust and for describing a particular vision for how Rust should evolve. For example, when I meet with folks, I hope to show them this document and get their feedback on what is mising. I hope that others may read it and be encouraged to close some of the gaps or contribute to ongoing efforts.

144 |

Warning: Work in progress

145 |

This repository is an unofficial work-in-progress. Do not interpret what you see here as "the plan" for Rust or anything like that. The goal here is very much for me to clarify my own thinking. I don't really expect this repository to ever be "done" -- plans are always changing as the world evolves.

146 |

Feedback encouraged

147 |

I would love to get feedback on what you see here. I am quite sure that I have overlooked a lot of things that are taking place in Rust land. I would also like to start expanding the tree into other domains, like embedded Rust, with which I am personally less familiar. Feel free to open issues or PRs on this repository -- or, if you have a larger set of ideas, perhaps to make a fork of this repository! (see below)

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Forks

149 |

That said, in a language and environment as complex as Rust, there will never be a single vision that captures everything. I would love to see others drafting their own forks of this skill tree that focus on a different angle. If you do take a stab at your own tree, feel free to open a PR and link to it here.

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170 | 171 | 174 | 175 | 176 | 177 | 178 | 179 | 180 | 181 | 182 | 183 | 184 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /index.html: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | Welcome! - a Rust skill tree 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 51 | 52 | 53 | 63 | 64 | 65 | 75 | 76 | 82 | 83 |
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Rust skill tree

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Goal

139 |

This repository is an attempt to wrap my brain around the "state of Rust". It consists of various interlinked skill trees -- I recommend you start with main.svg to get the overall view. From there you should be able to click on many of the items to get more details.

140 |

At the moment, this repository is very much an experiment. My hope though is that it will become a useful tool for communicating about the state of Rust and for describing a particular vision for how Rust should evolve. For example, when I meet with folks, I hope to show them this document and get their feedback on what is mising. I hope that others may read it and be encouraged to close some of the gaps or contribute to ongoing efforts.

141 |

Warning: Work in progress

142 |

This repository is an unofficial work-in-progress. Do not interpret what you see here as "the plan" for Rust or anything like that. The goal here is very much for me to clarify my own thinking. I don't really expect this repository to ever be "done" -- plans are always changing as the world evolves.

143 |

Feedback encouraged

144 |

I would love to get feedback on what you see here. I am quite sure that I have overlooked a lot of things that are taking place in Rust land. I would also like to start expanding the tree into other domains, like embedded Rust, with which I am personally less familiar. Feel free to open issues or PRs on this repository -- or, if you have a larger set of ideas, perhaps to make a fork of this repository! (see below)

145 |

Forks welcome

146 |

That said, in a language and environment as complex as Rust, there will never be a single vision that captures everything. I would love to see others drafting their own forks of this skill tree that focus on a different angle. If you do take a stab at your own tree, feel free to open a PR and link to it here.

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167 | 168 | 171 | 172 | 173 | 174 | 175 | 176 | 177 | 178 | 179 | 180 | 181 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /skill-trees/correct.toml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | [graphviz] 2 | rankdir = "TD" 3 | 4 | [doc] 5 | include = [ 6 | "include/safe-rust-correct.toml", 7 | "include/formal-methods-tooling.toml", 8 | ] 9 | 10 | [[group]] 11 | name = "goal-high-assurance" 12 | label = "🎯 Rust has strong support for formal methods tooling" 13 | requires = [ 14 | "safe-rust", 15 | "formal-methods-tooling", 16 | ] 17 | description = [ 18 | "Able to detect many more bugs during development ('shift left')", 19 | "Able to evolve services while retaining strong correctness guarantees", 20 | ] 21 | items = [] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /skill-trees/include/async.toml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | [doc] 2 | include = [ 3 | "expressive-lang.toml", 4 | ] 5 | 6 | [[group]] 7 | name = "async-lang" 8 | label = "Rust supports Async I/O smoothly" 9 | description = [ 10 | "Using Async I/O comparable in complexity to Sync I/O", 11 | "Access to a wide variety of useful libraries on crates.io", 12 | "Easy access to high performance networking", 13 | ] 14 | requires = [ 15 | "expressive-lang" 16 | ] 17 | items = [ 18 | { label = "Can use async fn everywhere", status = "implementation" }, 19 | { label = "Async resource cleanup works well (async drop)", status = "design" }, 20 | { label = "Easy interoperability between runtimes", status = "exploration" }, 21 | { label = "Async generators", status = "exploration" }, 22 | ] 23 | 24 | [[group]] 25 | name = "async-stack" 26 | label = "Rust offers a full-featured async stack" 27 | description = [ 28 | "Can quickly stand up an async application", 29 | "Devs able to focus on 'business logic'", 30 | ] 31 | requires = [ 32 | "async-lang", 33 | ] 34 | items = [ 35 | { label = "High-performance runtime(s)", status = "implementation" }, 36 | { label = "Logging", status = "implementation" }, 37 | { label = "Testing", status = "exploration" }, 38 | { label = "Persistence / database", status = "design" }, 39 | { label = "Middleware", status = "design" }, 40 | { label = "I/O uring support in tokio, other runtimes", status = "implementation" }, 41 | ] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /skill-trees/include/compiler.toml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | [doc] 2 | include = [ 3 | "meta.toml", 4 | ] 5 | 6 | [[group]] 7 | name = "fundamentals" 8 | label = "Compiler architecture is flexible and maintainable" 9 | description = [ 10 | "Easy to contribute to the compiler", 11 | "Language semantics well understood", 12 | "Extending language possible by mere humans" 13 | ] 14 | items = [ 15 | { label = "Rearchitect traits/borrow-checking as logical predicates", status = "implementation" }, 16 | { label = "Core Rust semantics documented", status = "exploration" }, 17 | { label = "Known soundness bugs closed", status = "design" }, 18 | ] 19 | 20 | [[group]] 21 | name = "semi-stable-apis" 22 | label = "Compiler offers semi-stable APIs that others can use" 23 | requires = [ 24 | "fundamentals", 25 | ] 26 | items = [ 27 | { label = "Shared crate for representing Rust types" }, 28 | { label = "Access to Rust type information and type check results" }, 29 | { label = "Ability to ask 'hypotheticals'" }, 30 | { label = "Access to the MIR for a given function" }, 31 | ] 32 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /skill-trees/include/debugging.toml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | [doc] 2 | include = [ 3 | "compiler.toml", 4 | ] 5 | 6 | [[group]] 7 | name = "debugging" 8 | label = "Able to fix (logic) bugs that are found during development" 9 | requires = [ 10 | "semi-stable-apis", 11 | ] 12 | items = [ 13 | { label = "Quality Rust debugger", status = "design" }, 14 | { label = "Async runtime observability (e.g., tokio console)", status = "implementation" }, 15 | { label = "Profilers for CPU and memory usage", status = "design" }, 16 | ] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /skill-trees/include/development.toml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | [doc] 2 | include = [ 3 | "compiler.toml", 4 | "ide.toml", 5 | "debugging.toml", 6 | ] 7 | 8 | [[group]] 9 | name = "development" 10 | label = "Able to develop code and implement new features" 11 | requires = [ 12 | "onboarding", 13 | "debugging", 14 | "ide", 15 | ] 16 | items = [ 17 | ] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /skill-trees/include/easy-lang.toml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | [doc] 2 | include = [ 3 | "compiler.toml", 4 | ] 5 | 6 | [[group]] 7 | name = "easy-lang" 8 | label = "Rust is (more) ergonomic" 9 | description = [ 10 | "Using Rust feels smooth and convenient", 11 | ] 12 | requires = [ 13 | "fundamentals", 14 | ] 15 | items = [ 16 | { label = "Dynamic dispatch (dyn trait) more powerful, easier to use", status = "design" }, 17 | { label = "Implied bounds", status = "design" }, 18 | { label = "Generators", status = "exploration" }, 19 | { label = "Improved borrow checker", status = "exploration", href = "https://github.com/rust-lang/polonius/" }, 20 | { label = "View types", status = "exploration", href = "https://smallcultfollowing.com/babysteps//blog/2021/11/05/view-types/" }, 21 | ] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /skill-trees/include/expressive-lang.toml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | [doc] 2 | include = [ 3 | "compiler.toml", 4 | ] 5 | 6 | [[group]] 7 | name = "expressive-lang" 8 | label = "Rust is expressive" 9 | description = [ 10 | "Rust language scales smoothly without 'complexity cliffs'", 11 | "Rust able to express the patterns more complex code needs", 12 | ] 13 | requires = [ 14 | "fundamentals", 15 | ] 16 | items = [ 17 | { label = "Dynamic dispatch (dyn trait) more powerful, easier to use", status = "design" }, 18 | { label = "Specialization", status = "design" }, 19 | { label = "Generic associated types (GATs)", status = "implementation" }, 20 | { label = "Impl trait", status = "stabilization" }, 21 | { label = "Threaded contexts, capabilities", status = "exploration" }, 22 | ] 23 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /skill-trees/include/extensible.toml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | [doc] 2 | include = [ 3 | "compiler.toml", 4 | ] 5 | 6 | [[group]] 7 | name = "extensible" 8 | label = "Extensible Rust" 9 | description = [ 10 | "Rust libraries can take control of the developer experience", 11 | ] 12 | requires = [ 13 | "semi-stable-apis", 14 | ] 15 | items = [ 16 | { label = "Macro hygiene", status = "design" }, 17 | { label = "Libraries supply custom lints, errors", status = "not-started" }, 18 | { label = "Libraries offering custom IDE integration (refactorings)", status = "exploration" }, 19 | { label = "Macros, lints have access to type information", status = "exploration" }, 20 | ] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /skill-trees/include/formal-lang.toml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | [doc] 2 | include = [ 3 | "compiler.toml", 4 | ] 5 | 6 | [[group]] 7 | name = "formal-lang" 8 | label = "Rust has a sound, formalized foundation" 9 | requires = [ 10 | "fundamentals", 11 | ] 12 | items = [ 13 | { label = "Proof of soundness", status = "exploration" }, 14 | { label = "Unsafe code guidelines", status = "design" }, 15 | ] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /skill-trees/include/formal-methods-tooling.toml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | [doc] 2 | include = [ 3 | "compiler.toml", 4 | ] 5 | 6 | [[group]] 7 | name = "formal-methods-tooling" 8 | label = "Tooling for formal methods" 9 | requires = [ 10 | "semi-stable-apis", 11 | ] 12 | description = [ 13 | "Developers extending Rust with unsafe Rust can prove these extensions correct", 14 | "Developers can prove their Rust code meets functional specifications", 15 | "Developers can prove their Rust code meets specification", 16 | ] 17 | items = [ 18 | { label = "Sanitizer / dynamic checker for unsafe code", status = "exploration" }, 19 | { label = "Model checker for Rust code", status = "exploration" }, 20 | { label = "Rust standard library proven sound" }, 21 | { label = "Packages on crates.io checked", status = "exploration" } 22 | ] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /skill-trees/include/ide.toml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | [doc] 2 | include = [ 3 | "compiler.toml", 4 | ] 5 | 6 | [[group]] 7 | name = "ide" 8 | label = "Top-notch IDE support" 9 | requires = [ 10 | "semi-stable-apis", 11 | ] 12 | items = [ 13 | { label = "LSP implementation", status = "done" }, 14 | { label = "Shares code with compiler", status = "exploration" }, 15 | { label = "Plethora of refactorings", status = "implementation" }, 16 | ] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /skill-trees/include/meta.toml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | [doc] 2 | columns = ["status"] 3 | 4 | [doc.emoji.status] 5 | "not-started" = "▯▯▯▯▯" 6 | "exploration" = "▮▯▯▯▯" 7 | "design" = "▮▮▯▯▯" 8 | "implementation" = "▮▮▮▯▯" 9 | "stabilization" = "▮▮▮▮▯" 10 | "done" = "▮▮▮▮▮" 11 | "?" = "(not sure!)" 12 | 13 | [doc.defaults] 14 | status = "not-started" 15 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /skill-trees/include/onboarding.toml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | [doc] 2 | include = [ 3 | "async.toml", 4 | "extensible.toml", 5 | "easy-lang.toml", 6 | ] 7 | 8 | [[group]] 9 | name = "onboarding" 10 | label = "Able to onboard engineers quickly" 11 | requires = [ 12 | "async-stack", 13 | "extensible", 14 | "easy-lang", 15 | ] 16 | items = [ 17 | { label = "Rust beginner learning materials", status = "done" }, 18 | { label = "Rust intermediate learning materials", status = "implementation" }, 19 | { label = "Java transition path", status = "not-started" }, 20 | { label = "C++ transition path", status = "design" }, 21 | { label = "Dynamic language transition path", status = "design" }, 22 | ] 23 | 24 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /skill-trees/include/production.toml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | [doc] 2 | debugging = [ 3 | "debug.toml", 4 | ] 5 | 6 | [[group]] 7 | name = "production" 8 | label = "Able to obtain metrics and logs and inspect state of services in production" 9 | requires = [ 10 | "debugging", 11 | ] 12 | items = [ 13 | { label = "Async runtime observability", status = "?" }, 14 | { label = "Readable stacktraces, esp. in async", status = "design" }, 15 | { label = "Live, low-overhead profilers for CPU and memory usage", status = "not-started" }, 16 | ] 17 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /skill-trees/include/safe-rust-correct.toml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | [doc] 2 | include = [ 3 | "unsafe-rust-correct.toml", 4 | "formal-methods-tooling.toml", 5 | "meta.toml", 6 | ] 7 | 8 | [[group]] 9 | name = "safe-rust" 10 | label = "Safe Rust security" 11 | requires = [ 12 | "unsafe-rust", 13 | "formal-methods-tooling", 14 | ] 15 | description = [ 16 | "MIR has a formal model that has been proven sound", 17 | "We have high confidence that Rust's MIR toolchain matches this model", 18 | ] 19 | items = [ 20 | { label = "Soundness conformance test suite" }, 21 | { label = "Develop formal model" }, 22 | { label = "Rearchitect core parts of compiler for clarity, flexibility" }, 23 | { label = "Fixing known soundness bugs" }, 24 | ] 25 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /skill-trees/include/unsafe-rust-correct.toml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | [doc] 2 | include = [ 3 | "meta.toml", 4 | ] 5 | 6 | [[group]] 7 | name = "unsafe-rust" 8 | label = "Unsafe Rust security" 9 | requires = [ 10 | ] 11 | description = [ 12 | "The soundness rules for unsafe code are understood and followed by authors of unsafe Rust code", 13 | "Tooling to dynamically test soundness of unsafe code is accessible and widely used", 14 | "Tooling to statically prove soundness of unsafe code is available", 15 | "Core Rust crates that have soundness proofs", 16 | ] 17 | items = [ 18 | { label = "Unsafe code guidelines" }, 19 | { label = "Sanitizers and other dynamic testers for UB" }, 20 | { label = "Model checkers and Rust theorem provers" }, 21 | { label = "Standard library specification and proofs" }, 22 | ] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /skill-trees/include/well-integrated.toml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | [doc] 2 | include = [ 3 | "onboarding.toml", 4 | ] 5 | 6 | [[group]] 7 | name = "well-integrated-into-internet-services" 8 | label = "Rust is well integrated into internet services" 9 | requires = [ 10 | "onboarding-time", 11 | ] 12 | description = [ 13 | "SDKs for interacting with web services are readily available and complete", 14 | "FaaS platforms have first-class, convenient support for Rust", 15 | ] 16 | items = [ 17 | { label = "First-class support in AWS", status = "design" }, 18 | { label = "First-class support in Azure", status = "?" }, 19 | { label = "First-class support in GCP", status = "?" }, 20 | ] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /skill-trees/security.toml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | [graphviz] 2 | rankdir = "TD" 3 | 4 | [doc] 5 | include = [ 6 | "include/safe-rust-correct.toml", 7 | "include/unsafe-rust-correct.toml", 8 | "include/meta.toml", 9 | ] 10 | 11 | [[group]] 12 | name = "goal-security" 13 | label = "🎯 Rust is highly secure" 14 | requires = [ 15 | "crates-secure", 16 | "crates.io-secure", 17 | "security-response", 18 | ] 19 | description = [ 20 | "People using Rust rarely -- if ever -- experience security vulnerabilities or issues", 21 | "In companies using Rust widely, security engineers are able to refocus their attention on higher-level security issues", 22 | ] 23 | items = [] 24 | 25 | [[group]] 26 | name = "security-response" 27 | label = "Effective security response" 28 | requires = [ 29 | ] 30 | description = [ 31 | "When issues do arise with a Rust crate, people know how to report them, and crate authors effectively respond to them", 32 | ] 33 | items = [ 34 | { label = "Support program for crate authors who have security issues reported to them" }, 35 | { label = "Coordinated disclosure of security issues for Rust" }, 36 | ] 37 | 38 | [[group]] 39 | name = "crates.io-secure" 40 | label = "Security of cargo and crates.io" 41 | requires = [ 42 | ] 43 | description = [ 44 | "People can choose crates from crates.io without fear of vulnerabilities or trojans", 45 | "Authors can publish code in crates on crates.io with confidence that their users will receive the same code", 46 | ] 47 | items = [ 48 | { label = "build.rs and procedural macros can be sandboxed" }, 49 | ] 50 | 51 | [[group]] 52 | name = "crates-secure" 53 | label = "Security of Rust crates" 54 | requires = [ 55 | "core-secure", 56 | ] 57 | description = [ 58 | "Authors of crates on crates.io are able to ensure their own crates security", 59 | "Crates on crates.io maintain strong security practices", 60 | ] 61 | items = [ 62 | ] 63 | 64 | [[group]] 65 | name = "core-secure" 66 | label = "Security of Rust and Rust crates" 67 | requires = [ 68 | "safe-rust", 69 | "unsafe-rust", 70 | ] 71 | description = [ 72 | "Programs written in Rust do not have memory safety issues in practice", 73 | "People are unable to produce a crash using only safe Rust and the standard library", 74 | ] 75 | items = [ 76 | ] 77 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /skill-trees/service-author.toml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | [graphviz] 2 | rankdir = "TD" 3 | 4 | [doc] 5 | include = [ 6 | "include/production.toml", 7 | "include/debugging.toml", 8 | "include/onboarding.toml", 9 | "include/development.toml", 10 | ] 11 | 12 | [[group]] 13 | name = "goal-internet-services" 14 | label = "🎯 Rust a common choice for building internet services" 15 | requires = [ 16 | "development", 17 | "production", 18 | "debugging", 19 | ] 20 | description = [ 21 | "Faster response times", 22 | "Ratio of P99.99 to P50 latencies is lower", 23 | "Data centers require fewer resources to sustain same level of traffic", 24 | "Memory safety bugs, null pointer exceptions largely eliminated", 25 | "Concurrency bugs and resource leaks significantly reduced", 26 | "Able to evolve and grow services with fewer bugs", 27 | "Improved ability to recruit", 28 | ] 29 | items = [] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /skill-trees/service-client.toml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | [graphviz] 2 | rankdir = "TD" 3 | 4 | [doc] 5 | include = [ 6 | "include/onboarding.toml", 7 | "include/debugging.toml", 8 | "include/development.toml", 9 | ] 10 | 11 | [[group]] 12 | name = "goal-internet-services" 13 | label = "🎯 Rust a common choice for programs running on internet services" 14 | requires = [ 15 | "development", 16 | "onboarding", 17 | "debugging", 18 | ] 19 | items = [] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /src/SUMMARY.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Summary 2 | 3 | - [Welcome!](./welcome.md) 4 | - [Structure of the tree](./structure.md) 5 | - [🎯 Rust widely used to build internet services](./service-author.md) 6 | - [🎯 Rust is highly secure](./security.md) 7 | - [🎯 Rust programs meet the highest standard of correctness](./correct.md) 8 | - [🎯 Rust is the backbone of IOT](./iot.md) 9 | - [🎯 Rust is used in many kernels and drivers](./kernel.md) 10 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /src/correct.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # 🎯 Rust programs meet the highest standard of correctness 2 | 3 | ## Shiny future 4 | 5 | XXX 6 | 7 | ## Status quo as of January 2022 8 | 9 | XXX 10 | 11 | ## Where we want to be by summer 2022 12 | 13 | FIXME -- identify highest priority items and what we can do to improve them in short term :) 14 | 15 | ## Where we want to ultimately be 16 | 17 | FIXME -- describe what it feels like when all the things below are done :) 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /src/feedback.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Feedback encouraged 2 | 3 | I would love to get feedback on what you see here. I am quite sure that I have overlooked a lot of things that are taking place in Rust land. I would also like to start expanding the tree into other domains, like embedded Rust, with which I am personally less familiar. Feel free to open issues or PRs on this repository -- or, if you have a larger set of ideas, perhaps to make a fork of this repository! (see below) 4 | 5 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /src/fork.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Forks 2 | 3 | That said, in a language and environment as complex as Rust, there will never be a single vision that captures everything. I would love to see others drafting their own forks of this skill tree that focus on a different angle. If you do take a stab at your own tree, feel free to open a PR and link to it here. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /src/iot.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # 🎯 Rust is the backbone of IOT 2 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /src/kernel.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # 🎯 Rust is used in many kernels and drivers 2 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /src/security.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # 🎯 Rust is highly secure 2 | 3 | ## Shiny future 4 | 5 | This page describes a tree of work that needs to be done in order to ensure that Rust is *highly secure*, meaning that people using Rust rarely -- if ever -- experience security vulnerabilities or issues. As a consequences of having fewer security vulnerabilities, companies will then be able to refocus the resources they used to devote to fuzzing and other "small scale" prevention measures on adopting higher-level security guarantees. 6 | 7 | ## Status quo as of January 2022 8 | 9 | Unfortunately, though, a fair bit of work remains before we have realized that vision. 10 | 11 | At the core level, the compiler and language have a number of known soundness bugs. Much of Rust's core libraries are based around unsafe code, but we lack definitive rules for what unsafe code is allowed to do, to say nothing of effective tooling for checking that code follows those rules. Rust's support for formal verification is also less advanced than other languages, and hindered by the lack of a clear semantics. 12 | 13 | Like most modern langauges, Rust offers a rich ecosystem of libraries called crates. These crates are readily accessible on crates.io. Other packaging systems, however, have suffered from high-profile examples of trojan horses or malicious packaging, and crates.io has few defenses against that sort of thing. Users frequently report difficulty in selecting the right crate from the many choices available. Rust's packaging tool and language design includes a number of potentially unexpected vectors through malicious code can be incorporated, such as the build.rs preprocessing step or procedural macros. 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /src/service-author.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # 🎯 Rust widely used to build internet services 2 | 3 | ## Shiny future 4 | 5 | This page describes a tree of work that aims to make Rust an excellent choice for building internet services. These services are the backbone of the internet today. Since they support so much traffic, service authors highly value both peak performance but also predictability. Rust is a good choice here because it offers performance comparable to C++ without the high tail latencies and variablity typically introduced by garbage collectors. Rust also offers stronger safety guarantees even than garbage collected languages like Java or Go, since its type system rules out data races. Furthermore, Rust's focus on reliability winds up producing fewer bugs overall, resulting in less time spent responding to customer issues and more time creating compelling features. Finally, because people love using Rust, teams find that they are able to recruit quality engineers more easily. 6 | 7 | ## Status quo as of January 2022 8 | 9 | In practice, though, Rust today has several shortcomings that can make it a less appealing choice. Other languages offer stronger tooling for debugging development systems and monitoring production systems. Rust's current learning curve means that new developers, especially those who are less experienced overall, have a harder time coming up to speed. Even once people are accustomed to using Rust, they typically spend more time figuring out how to encode something in Rust than they would if they were using some other language. 10 | 11 | Async Rust, which uses user-space primitives to manage concurrency rather than relying on the kernel, is of particular importance in this domain. Unfortunately, it is also one of the areas where Rust needs the most work. Expressing common patterns in Async Rust require the type system to be extended in non-trivial ways (even if users will ultimately not have to be aware of those extensions), which in turn requires improving the compiler's implementation (which is having trouble scaling to those requirements). 12 | 13 | ## Where we want to be by summer 2022 14 | 15 | FIXME -- identify highest priority items and what we can do to improve them in short term :) 16 | 17 | ## Where we want to ultimately be 18 | 19 | FIXME -- describe what it feels like when all the things below are done :) 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /src/service-client.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Clients of internet services 2 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /src/structure.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Structure of the tree 2 | 3 | The idea of a "skill tree" is inspired by video games and [this epic WebAssembly post][wasm]. The tree consists of groups of work that, together, enable something greater than the sum of their parts. For each group in the tree we have... 4 | 5 | [wasm]: https://hacks.mozilla.org/2018/10/webassemblys-post-mvp-future/ 6 | 7 | * A title, summarizing the group. 8 | * A few lines of *impact*, describing what will happen when the work is done. 9 | * Various *work items* that must be completed. 10 | 11 | Many of the groups and items are themselves links to other skill trees or web pages that give more detail. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /src/welcome.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Welcome 2 | 3 | ## Goal 4 | 5 | This repository is an attempt to wrap my brain around the "state of Rust". It consists of various interlinked [skill trees], each one talking about the path to an overall goal. You can see the goals in the 'table of contents' on the left. 6 | 7 | [skill trees]: https://github.com/nikomatsakis/skill-tree 8 | 9 | At the moment, this repository is very much an experiment. My hope though is that it will become a useful tool for communicating about the state of Rust and for describing a particular vision for how Rust should evolve. For example, when I meet with folks, I hope to show them this document and get their feedback on what is mising. I hope that others may read it and be encouraged to close some of the gaps or contribute to ongoing efforts. 10 | 11 | ## Warning: Work in progress 12 | 13 | This repository is an **unofficial work-in-progress**. Do not interpret what you see here as "the plan" for Rust or anything like that. The goal here is very much for me to clarify my own thinking. I don't really expect this repository to ever be "done" -- plans are always changing as the world evolves. 14 | 15 | ## Feedback encouraged 16 | 17 | I would love to get feedback on what you see here. I am quite sure that I have overlooked a lot of things that are taking place in Rust land. I would also like to start expanding the tree into other domains, like embedded Rust, with which I am personally less familiar. Feel free to open issues or PRs on this repository -- or, if you have a larger set of ideas, perhaps to make a fork of this repository! (see below) 18 | 19 | ## Forks 20 | 21 | That said, in a language and environment as complex as Rust, there will never be a single vision that captures everything. I would love to see others drafting their own forks of this skill tree that focus on a different angle. If you do take a stab at your own tree, feel free to open a PR and link to it here. 22 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------