33 |
34 | {% if not results %}
35 | No Results.
36 | {% else %}
37 |
38 |
Name
39 |
Language
40 |
Number Stars
41 |
42 | {% endif %}
43 |
44 | {% for result in results %}
45 |
46 |
{{result.name}}
47 |
{{result.language}}
48 |
{{result.num_stars}}
49 |
50 | {% endfor %}
51 |
52 |
53 |
54 |
55 |
56 |
57 |
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/pyworkshop/2_intermediate_python/chapter8/test.py:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 | import repos.api
2 | import repos.exceptions
3 |
4 | import unittest
5 |
6 | class TestCreateQuery(unittest.TestCase):
7 |
8 | def test_create_query(self):
9 | test_languages = ["Python", "Ruby", "Java"]
10 | test_min_stars = 10000
11 |
12 | expected = "language:Python language:Ruby language:Java stars:>10000"
13 | result = repos.api.create_query(test_languages, test_min_stars)
14 |
15 | self.assertEqual(result, expected, "Unexpected result from create_query")
16 |
17 |
18 | class TestGitHubApiException(unittest.TestCase):
19 |
20 | def test_exception_403(self):
21 | status_code = 403
22 | exception = repos.exceptions.GitHubApiException(status_code)
23 | self.assertTrue("Rate limit" in str(exception), "'Rate limit' not found")
24 |
25 | def test_exception_500(self):
26 | status_code = 500
27 | exception = repos.exceptions.GitHubApiException(status_code)
28 | self.assertTrue(str(status_code) in str(exception))
29 |
30 |
31 | if __name__ == "__main__":
32 | unittest.main()
33 |
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1 | *.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
2 | *.jpeg filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
3 | *.jpg filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
4 | *..eot filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
5 | *.svg filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
6 | *.eot filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
7 | *.ttf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
8 | *.woff filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
9 | *.woff2 filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
10 | *.pdf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
11 |
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1 | Local setup instructions:
2 |
3 | 1. Install Hugo version v0.54.0 for the site to render properly
4 | 1. clone hugo learn theme from https://github.com/matcornic/hugo-theme-learn, update `themesdir` in config.toml
5 | 1. `cd python` then, `hugo server -D` to run local server
6 |
7 | Note: the file and folder names don't contribute to order, and may not always be accurate. Sorted by chapter and individual page weight.
8 |
9 | If you move things around or delete chapters, you may have to restart the server for the chapters to appear correctly.
10 |
11 | How to use the theme: https://learn.netlify.com/en/cont/
12 | More about theme shortcodes: https://learn.netlify.com/en/shortcodes/
13 |
14 | use `git lfs` for tracking binary types.
15 |
16 | ```bash
17 | $ git lfs track "*.psd"
18 | git add .gitattributes
19 | ```
20 |
21 | Currently tracked types:
22 | - .png
23 | - .jpg
24 | - .jpeg
25 | - .pdf
26 | - .mp4
27 | - .gif
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/website/archetypes/default.md:
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1 | ---
2 | title: "{{ replace .Name "-" " " | title }}"
3 | date: {{ .Date }}
4 | draft: true
5 | ---
6 |
7 |
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1 | baseURL = "/"
2 | languageCode = "en-US"
3 | defaultContentLanguage = "en"
4 |
5 | title = "Nina Zakharenko - Introduction and Intermediate Python"
6 | theme = "nnja-theme-learn"
7 | themesdir = "themes"
8 | metaDataFormat = "yaml"
9 | defaultContentLanguageInSubdir= true
10 | ignoreFiles = [ "\\.pyc$", "__pycache__"]
11 | publishDir = "docs"
12 | googleAnalytics = "UA-138644383-1"
13 |
14 | [params]
15 | # Change default color scheme with a variant one. Can be "red", "blue", "green".
16 | themeVariant = "blue"
17 | editURL = "https://github.com/nnja/python/edit/master/website/content/"
18 | defaultSocialImage = "images/twittercard.png"
19 | description = "Free Learn Python Course by Nina Zakharenko - An intensive two day introduction and intermediate course on Python. Video course published on Frontend Masters."
20 | author = "Nina Zakharenko"
21 | showVisitedLinks = true
22 | disableBreadcrumb = false
23 | disableNextPrev = false
24 | disableInlineCopyToClipBoard = true
25 | twitter = "nnja"
26 |
27 |
28 | # For search functionality
29 | [outputs]
30 | home = [ "HTML", "RSS", "JSON"]
31 |
32 | [Languages]
33 | [Languages.en]
34 | title = "Learn Python by Nina Zakharenko"
35 | weight = 1
36 | languageName = "English"
37 |
38 | [[Languages.en.menu.shortcuts]]
39 | name = " Github repo"
40 | identifier = "ds"
41 | url = "https://git.io/python3"
42 | weight = 10
43 |
44 | [[Languages.en.menu.shortcuts]]
45 | name = " Follow Nina on Twitter"
46 | url = "https://twitter.com/nnja"
47 | weight = 20
48 |
49 | [[Languages.en.menu.shortcuts]]
50 | name = " Credits"
51 | url = "/credits"
52 | weight = 30
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/website/content/01-introduction/00-who.md:
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1 | ---
2 | date: 2019-01-24T09:14:14-08:00
3 | title: About Your Instructor
4 | weight: 1
5 | draft: false
6 | ---
7 |
8 | # @nnja
9 |
10 | {{< figure src="/images/me.jpg" width="20%" title="Nina Zakharenko" >}}
11 |
12 |
13 | Hi, I'm Nina Zakharenko. I'm a Senior Cloud Developer Advocate at Microsoft, focusing on Python. Before Microsoft, I wrote code for other cool companies like Reddit, Meetup, and HBO. In my spare time I like drinking scotch and tinkering with wearable electronics. I enjoy hiking and snowboarding from my home base in Portland, Oregon. I change my hair color regularly.
14 |
15 |
16 | I've been involved in the Python community for approximately 6 years. During that time I've spoken at multiple Python conferences on a variety of topics, including PyCon US, PyParis, DjangoCon, and even PyCon Russia in Moscow.
17 |
18 | #### Stay in touch
19 | - @nnja
20 | - LinkedIn
21 | - GitHub where you can find the code for this site and my other projects
22 |
23 | I occasionally blog on Medium at @nnja. You can find out more about me on my homepage [nnja.io](https://nnja.io).
24 |
25 | #### Frontend Masters
26 |
27 | Check out my other [Frontend Masters courses](https://frontendmasters.com/teachers/nina-zakharenko/), such as [Git In-Depth](https://frontendmasters.com/courses/git-in-depth/).
28 |
29 | #### My Conference Talks
30 |
31 | You can watch a selection of my talks on YouTube
32 | such as:
33 |
34 | - [Elegant Solutions For Everyday Python Problems](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WiQqqB9MlkA) - PyCon 2018
35 | - [Memory Management in Python - The Basics](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F6u5rhUQ6dU) - PyCon 2016
36 | - [Code Review Skills for Pythonistas](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6L3ZVLtSeo8) - EuroPython 2018
37 | - [Five Things You Didn't Know Python Can Do](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WlGkBqBRsik) - All Things Open 2018
38 | - [Technical Debt - The Code Monster In Your Closet](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JKYktDRoRxw) - PyCon 2015
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/website/content/01-introduction/02-navigating-course.md:
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1 | ---
2 | title: "Navigating The Course"
3 | date: 2019-02-04T00:13:49-08:00
4 | draft: false
5 | weight: 2
6 | ---
7 |
8 | The course content is free and open source, and hosted on GitHub. A link will be available *after the class* so that edits can be suggested via Pull Requests.
9 |
10 | ### Suggesting Changes to The Course Material
11 |
12 | If you notice a typo or any other issues with the material *after the class*, please open a pull request on GitHub by clicking the "Edit this page" button on the top right corner of every course page.
13 |
14 |
15 |
16 | 
17 |
18 | ### Clearing History of Read Pages
19 |
20 | Once a section is completed, a check mark will appear to the right of that section. To clear it, hit the "Clear History" button at the bottom of the table of contents on the left hand side.
21 |
22 | 
23 |
24 | ### Copying Code
25 |
26 | To copy code and commands, click on the clipboard icon (() on the top right of any code box.
27 |
28 | {{% notice tip %}}
29 | You can even copy code intended for the Python REPL. The prompt characters won't be copied over.
30 | {{% /notice %}}
31 |
32 | Try it now by coping the code below.
33 |
34 | ```python
35 | def greeting():
36 | print("Hello, World!")
37 | ```
38 |
39 | ### Searching
40 |
41 | The whole course is searchable via the search bar on the top left.
42 |
43 | 
44 |
45 | ### Navigation
46 |
47 | View the course contents in the side bar on the left.
48 |
49 | #### Arrows
50 |
51 | The course can be navigated sequentially to the page before or after via the left and right arrows on each page.
52 |
53 | 
54 |
55 | {{% notice tip %}}
56 | You can also use the left and right keyboard arrows to navigate between pages.
57 | {{% /notice %}}
58 |
59 | #### Breadcrumbs
60 |
61 | Use the breadcrumb links on the floating header of each page to jump between related sections.
62 |
63 | 
64 |
65 | #### Table of Contents
66 |
67 | Click on the "Table of Contents" Icon in the page header to jump between sections in the page.
68 |
69 | 
70 |
71 | ### Expanding Sections
72 |
73 | Sometimes additional instructions or information will be available via the expand section arrow. Keep an eye out for this icon:
74 |
75 | 
76 |
77 |
78 | {{% notice info %}}
79 | The course material is heavy in information and links. I suggest that you follow the links **after class** as a source of additional information, so that you don't get distracted from the important material.
80 | {{% /notice %}}
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/website/content/01-introduction/02-requirements/05-vs-code/05-running-code.md:
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1 | ---
2 | title: "Running Code"
3 | date: 2019-02-10T18:14:45-08:00
4 | draft: false
5 | weight: 5
6 | ---
7 |
8 | VS Code provides a built in terminal that allows us to easily run our programs. We'll mostly be working with Python program files at the end of Day 1, and for most of Day 2.
9 |
10 | ### Creating Python Files with the `*.py` extension
11 |
12 | You know a file is a Python program when it ends with a `.py` extension.
13 |
14 | #### Creating New Python Files
15 |
16 | To create a new file in VS Code, hit `Ctrl+N` on Windows and Linux, and `⌘N` (command + N) on Mac OS.
17 |
18 | This will open a new file. Next, save the file with a `.py` extension.
19 |
20 | {{% notice info %}}
21 | Create a new simple Python program in a file called `hello.py` in your `pyworkshop` directory with the following contents:
22 | {{% /notice %}}
23 |
24 | ```python
25 | # in file: hello.py
26 | greetings = ["Hello", "Bonjour", "Hola"]
27 |
28 | for greeting in greetings:
29 | print(f"{greeting}, World!")
30 | ```
31 |
32 | #### Opening The VS Code Terminal Window
33 |
34 | Next, you'll need to open your terminal if you don't have it open already. The quick keyboard shortcut to do that is Ctrl - `
35 |
36 | {{% notice note %}}
37 | If you already had your Python REPL open, you'll need to select a terminal with a shell in it (generally, the one labeled with `1:`).
38 | {{% /notice %}}
39 |
40 | 
41 | 
42 |
43 | #### Running The File
44 |
45 | Once you've opened your `hello.py` file and selected your new terminal window, open the VS Code command palette.
46 |
47 | {{% notice note %}}
48 | Open the command palette with `Ctrl+Shift+P` on Windows and Linux, and `⌘⇧P` (command + shift + P) on Mac OS.
49 | {{% /notice %}}
50 |
51 | Select Python: Run Python File in Terminal
52 |
53 | 
54 |
55 | You should see:
56 |
57 | ```bash
58 | Hello, World!
59 | Bonjour, World!
60 | Hola, World!
61 | ```
62 |
63 | How easy was that? 🎉
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1 | +++
2 | title = "Setting Up VS Code"
3 | date = 2019-01-25T15:05:31-06:00
4 | weight = 57
5 | chapter = true
6 | +++
7 |
8 | 
9 |
10 | # Visual Studio Code
11 |
12 | Visual Studio Code (or VS Code) is a free and open source graphical code editor. VS Code offers plenty of extensions to customize your experience. We'll be using the powerful Python extension to edit our code because it's jam-packed with helpful features.
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1 | ---
2 | title: Course Introduction
3 | weight: 1
4 | chapter: true
5 | ---
6 |
7 | # Learn Python
8 |
9 | Welcome to Introduction and Intermediate Python, recorded for Frontend Masters.
10 |
11 | Created by Nina Zakharenko. @nnja.
12 |
13 | Watch the accompanying screencast via subscription on [FrontendMasters.com](https://frontendmasters.com/teachers/nina-zakharenko/).
14 |
15 | {{< figure src="/images/fem.png" title="Watch the course" link="https://frontendmasters.com/courses/python/">}}
16 |
17 | Stay up to date with me on LinkedIn, or to contact me directly, please send me an email at learnpython@nnja.io.
18 |
19 | You can find the content and exercises on the Github repo.
20 |
21 |
22 | The course content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
23 |
24 | I'd like to encourage learning individuals to learn Python from the course material for free, but if you'd like to use the material for your own workshop or for commercial use, please consider supporting my work and [watch the screencast](https://frontendmasters.com/teachers/nina-zakharenko/) instead.
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1 | ---
2 | title: "About Python 🐍"
3 | date: 2019-01-24T11:58:21-08:00
4 | draft: false
5 | weight: 2
6 | ---
7 |
8 | ### What is Python?
9 |
10 | Python is a programming language created by Guido Van Rossum in the late 1980s.
11 |
12 | You might be surprised to learn that Python is 30 years old!
13 |
14 | ### Where is it used?
15 |
16 | A common misconception is that Python is a scripting language. It's used at companies from Reddit, to Netflix, to Dropbox.
17 |
18 | ### What's all this about Python 2 vs Python 3
19 |
20 | This part is a bit of a stain on Python's history. Python 3 was released 2008, and its adoption was slow. First and foremost because it took popular packages a fair amount of time to port over their code.
21 |
22 | This debate is now over. Python 2 will reach end-of-life in 2020, meaning that important updates - including security updates - will stop being released. That's why this course focuses on *Python3 only*.
23 |
24 | ### Why Python?
25 |
26 | Python the language is [open source](https://github.com/python/cpython).
27 |
28 | Python has a wide variety of applications such as:
29 |
30 | - AI/ML
31 | - SciPi
32 | - NumPy
33 | - Pandas
34 | - PyTorch
35 | - Hardware & Micro-controllers
36 | - Raspberry Pi
37 | - MicroPython
38 | - CircuitPython
39 | - Web Development
40 | - Django
41 | - Flask
42 | - Scripting
43 | - DevOps
44 | Configuration scripts
45 |
46 | Python has an incredibly rich fully featured [standard library](https://docs.python.org/3/library/), as well as the [PyPI Package Index](https://pypi.org/) for 3rd party packages, which as of February 2019 contains 167,107 packages.
47 |
48 | Python is considered to be a "batteries included" language, because the standard library contains a majority of the libraries and packages you'll need in a standard application.
49 |
50 |
51 | ### Continuing In The Community
52 |
53 | The absolute best part about Python is the incredibly supportive community.
54 |
55 | The biggest yearly conference is [PyCon US](https://us.pycon.org) with approximately 4000 attendees.
56 |
57 | There are many local user groups worldwide, with many listed on [this wiki](https://wiki.python.org/moin/LocalUserGroups).
58 |
59 | There are many supportive groups for women and non-binary developers, such as [PyLadies](https://www.pyladies.com/) and [DjangoGirls](https://djangogirls.org/). These organizations have chapters in most major cities.
60 |
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1 | +++
2 | title = "Conventions"
3 | date = 2019-02-10T21:46:57-08:00
4 | weight = 3
5 | draft = false
6 | +++
7 |
8 | ### PEP8
9 |
10 | [PEP8](https://pep8.org/) is a Python coding standard, that sets guidelines for how our Python code should look like.
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1 | +++
2 | title = "Why Choose Python"
3 | date = 2019-01-25T15:21:05-06:00
4 | weight = 10
5 | chapter = true
6 | draft = false
7 | pre = "1. "
8 | +++
9 |
10 | ### Chapter 1
11 |
12 | # Why Python?
13 |
14 | Let's talk about the anatomy of a Python program, what makes Python unique, and cover some best practices.
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1 | ---
2 | title: "Numbers"
3 | date: 2019-02-03T23:14:25-08:00
4 | draft: false
5 | weight: 2
6 | ---
7 |
8 | First, open up the REPL.
9 |
10 | {{% notice tip %}}
11 | Remember, you'll learn best if you type along with me.
12 | {{% /notice %}}
13 |
14 | There are three different types of numbers in Python: `int` for Integer, Float, and Complex.
15 |
16 | ```python
17 | # These are all integers
18 | x = 4
19 | y = -193394
20 | z = 0
21 | ```
22 |
23 | ```python
24 | # These are all floats
25 | x = 5.0
26 | y = -3983.2
27 | z = 0.
28 | ```
29 |
30 | ```python
31 | # This is a complex number
32 | x = 42j
33 | ```
34 |
35 | In Python, Integers and other simple data types are just objects under the hood. That means that you can create new ones by calling methods. You can provide either a number, or a string. This will come in handy later on in the course.
36 |
37 | ```python
38 | x = int(4)
39 | y = int('4')
40 | z = float(5.0)
41 | ```
42 |
43 | Python also provides a `decimal` library, which has certain benefits over the `float` datatype. For more information, refer to the [Python documentation](https://docs.python.org/3/library/decimal.html).
44 |
45 | ## Mathematical Operations
46 |
47 | Numbers can be added together. If you add a `float` and an `int`, the resulting type will be a `float`.
48 |
49 | If you divide two `int`s (integers), the result will be of type `float`.
50 |
51 | ## Boolean Types
52 |
53 | In Python, Booleans are of type `bool`. Surprisingly, the boolean types `True` and `False` are also numbers under the hood.
54 |
55 | * `True` is `1` under the hood.
56 | * `False` is `0` under the hood.
57 |
58 | That means you can do silly things, like add two Boolean numbers together, but I'll cover why this is a useful Python feature later in the course.
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1 | ---
2 | title: "Strings"
3 | date: 2019-02-03T23:14:35-08:00
4 | draft: false
5 | weight: 3
6 | ---
7 |
8 | #### Representing Strings
9 |
10 | Strings in Python can be enclosed either with single quotes like `'hello'` or double quotes, like `"hello"`.
11 |
12 | Strings can also be **concatenated** (added together) using the `+` operator to combine an arbitrary number of Strings. For example:
13 |
14 |
1334
15 |
16 | ```python
17 | salutation = "Hello "
18 | name = "Nina"
19 | greeting = salutation + name
20 | # The value of greeting will be "Hello Nina"
21 | ```
22 |
23 | To use the same type of quote within a string, that quote needs to be **escaped** with a `\` - backwards slash.
24 |
25 | ```python
26 | greeting = 'Hello, it\'s Nina'
27 | ```
28 |
29 | Alternately, mixed quotes can be present in a Python string without escaping.
30 |
31 | ```python
32 | # Notice that the single quote ' is surrounded by
33 | # double quotes, ""
34 | greeting = "Hello, it's Nina"
35 | ```
36 |
37 | Long multi-line strings can be represented in between `"""` (triple quotes), but the whitespace will be part of the string.
38 |
39 | ```python
40 | long_greeting = """
41 | Greetings and salutations, dear Nina.
42 | I'm superfluous with my words,
43 | and require more space to say Hello!"
44 | """
45 | ```
46 |
47 | #### Printing Strings
48 |
49 | Strings can be printed out using the `print()` function in Python. While you're working the REPL, you'll see that variables are displayed for you. When you move on to writing standalone Python programs, that will no longer be the case.
50 |
51 | To use the `print()` function, call it with a regular or formatted string.
52 |
53 | ```python
54 | >>> print("Hello")
55 | Hello
56 | >>> name = "Nina"
57 | >>> print(name)
58 | Nina
59 | ```
60 |
61 | #### String Formatting
62 |
63 | There are several types of string formatting in Python.
64 |
65 | If you're using Python 3.7 and above (remember to check with `python --version` on the command line) you can use my favorite type of string formatting, and the one I'll be using for the course called f-strings.
66 |
67 | ```python
68 | >>> name = "Nina"
69 | >>> greeting = f"Hello, {name}"
70 |
71 | >>> print(greeting)
72 | Hello, Nina
73 | ```
74 |
75 | f-strings allow you to simply and easily reference variables in your code, and as a bonus, they're *much* faster.
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1 | ---
2 | title: "Common Mistakes"
3 | date: 2019-02-10T18:33:43-08:00
4 | draft: false
5 | weight: 5
6 | ---
7 |
8 | There are a few common errors that you'll encounter when working with Strings and numbers. Remember, in Python program errors are called Exceptions. By going over what they are, you'll be able to recognize them immediately.
9 |
10 | ### Scenario 1: Mismatched string quotes
11 |
12 | {{% notice info %}}
13 | Mismatched string quotes will result in a `SyntaxError`
14 | {{% /notice %}}
15 |
16 | When we try to start a String with one type of quote, and end with another, we'll see a syntax error.
17 |
18 | For example, starting the string Hello with a double quote, and ending in a single quote, like this:
19 |
20 | #### Input: **"**Hello**'**
21 |
22 | For example, in the REPL:
23 |
24 | ```python
25 | >>> name = 'Hello"
26 | File "", line 1
27 | name = "Hello'
28 | ^
29 | SyntaxError: EOL while scanning string literal
30 | ```
31 |
32 | **Solution:** use matching quote types for defining your strings. Either single quotes `'Hello'` or double quotes `"Hello"`.
33 |
34 | ### Scenario 2: Trying to print a String and a number with concatenation using the "+" symbol.
35 |
36 | {{% notice info %}}
37 | Trying to add or concatenate a String and a number will result in a `TypeError`
38 | {{% /notice %}}
39 |
40 | If you add try to add (or concatenate) a String and a number, you'll get an error saying that adding the two types together isn't possible.
41 |
42 | #### Input: 3 + "Three"
43 |
44 | In the REPL:
45 | ```python
46 | >>> print(3 + " Three")
47 | Traceback (most recent call last):
48 | File "", line 1, in
49 | TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'
50 | ```
51 |
52 | **Solutions:**
53 |
54 | There are two possible solutions here, for two different scenarios.
55 |
56 | In the first scenario, you'd like to add a number to a string via concatenation. In order to do that, you must first convert the number to a string via the `str()` method.
57 |
58 | In the REPL:
59 | ```python
60 | >>> my_num = 3
61 | >>> print(str(my_num) + " Three")
62 | 3 Three
63 | ```
64 |
65 | In the second scenario, you'd like to a convert a number that's contained in a string (ex: `"3"`) into an Integer, so you can use it like any other number. In this case, you'd like to convert it to an Integer, with the `int()` method.
66 |
67 | In the REPL:
68 | ```python
69 | >>> str_num = "3"
70 | >>> print(int(str_num) + 5)
71 | 8
72 | ```
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1 | ---
2 | title: "Practice"
3 | date: 2019-02-04T15:28:32-08:00
4 | draft: false
5 | weight: 10
6 | pre: "⭐️ "
7 | ---
8 |
9 | ## Basic Data Types, Strings and Numbers
10 |
11 | ### Types
12 |
13 | List the type of the following variables using the `type()` function.
14 |
15 | ```python
16 | >>> x = 42
17 | >>> y = 3 / 4
18 | >>> z = int('7')
19 | >>> a = float(5)
20 | >>> name = "Nina"
21 | ```
22 |
23 | ### Numbers
24 |
25 | Calculate the amount of rent you pay daily, by taking your monthly rent and diving it by 30.
26 |
27 | ```python
28 | >>> rent = 480
29 | >>> per_day = rent / 30
30 | >>> print(per_day)
31 | 16.0
32 | ```
33 |
34 | ### Strings
35 |
36 | Try printing some things to your REPL:
37 |
38 | ```python
39 | >>> print("Hello world")
40 | Hello world
41 | >>> name = "Nina"
42 | >>> print("My name is", name)
43 | My name is Nina
44 | ```
45 |
46 | There are three different ways to format strings in Python3. You may run into %-formatting and `str.format()` in older code. These are still common in Python but no longer recommended, due to readability concerns.
47 |
48 | ```python
49 | >>> name = "Nina"
50 | >>> print("Hello, my name is %s" % name)
51 | Hello, my name is Nina
52 | ```
53 |
54 | The current recommended way to format string is with f-Strings. f-Strings are much more readable and easier to maintain than the previous methods. With f-Strings, your string is prepended with the letter `f` and your variables or expressions to interpret are placed in `{brackets}`.
55 |
56 | ```python
57 | >>> name = "Nina"
58 | >>> print(f"Hello, my name is {name} and I pay ${rent / 30} in rent per day")
59 | Hello, my name is Nina and I pay $16.0 in rent per day
60 | ```
61 |
62 | ### Helper Functions
63 |
64 | Python has a few built-in functions to help you if you get stuck. `type()` tells you what an object's type is, for example a string (`str`) or integer (`int`). `dir()` returns a list of valid attributes for an object, so you can quickly see what variables an object has or what functions you can call on it. `help()` brings up helpful documentation on any object. You can also type `help()` on its own to bring an interactive help console.
65 |
66 | ```python
67 | >>> x = 42
68 | >>> y = 3 / 4
69 | >>> name = "Nina"
70 | >>> type(x)
71 |
72 | >>> type(y)
73 |
74 | >>> type(name)
75 |
76 | ```
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1 | +++
2 | title = "Basic Data Types"
3 | date = 2019-01-25T15:02:51-06:00
4 | weight = 20
5 | chapter = true
6 | draft = false
7 | pre = "2. "
8 | +++
9 |
10 | ### Chapter 2
11 |
12 | # Basic Data Types
13 |
14 | Working with numbers, strings, and more.
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1 | ---
2 | title: "Function Scope"
3 | date: 2019-02-10T18:30:11-08:00
4 | draft: false
5 | weight: 40
6 | ---
7 |
8 | ### Scope inside a function
9 |
10 | Inside of a function in Python, the **scope** changes.
11 |
12 | Think about it this way: scoping in Python happens with whitespace. When we delineate the code a function contains by indenting it under a function definition, it's scope **changes** to a new internal scope. It has access to the variables defined outside of it, but it can't change them.
13 |
14 | Once the function is done running, its scope goes away, as do its defined variables.
15 |
16 | Let's double check this in the REPL:
17 |
18 | ```python
19 | >>> def twitter_info():
20 | ... twitter_account = "nnja"
21 | ... print(f"Account inside function: {twitter_account}")
22 | ...
23 | >>> twitter_info()
24 | Account inside function: nnja
25 | >>> print(f"Account outside of function: {twitter_account}")
26 | Traceback (most recent call last):
27 | File "", line 1, in
28 | NameError: name 'twitter_account' is not defined
29 | ```
30 |
31 | We get a `NameError` when trying to access the `twitter_account` variable outside of the function. That's because it's out of scope, exactly like we expected it to be.
32 |
33 |
34 | ### Using variables defined outside of the function
35 |
36 | Generally, we want to be careful when using variables defined outside of our function.
37 |
38 | Note, that if we try to change the value of a variable defined outside of our function, we'll see the changes in the function, but not outside of it.
39 |
40 | You can't change variables defined outside of the function inside of the function. If you try to, your changes will only apply while the function is running. Once the function is done running, the value goes back to what it was before your function ran.
41 |
42 | A little confusing, but let's see it in action:
43 |
44 | ```python
45 | >>> name = "Nina"
46 | >>> print(f"Name outside of function: {name}")
47 | Name outside of function: Nina
48 | >>>
49 | >>> def try_change_name():
50 | ... name = "Max"
51 | ... print(f"Name inside of function: {name}")
52 | ...
53 | >>> try_change_name()
54 | Name inside of function: Max
55 | >>> print(f"Name outside of function: {name}")
56 | Name outside of function: Nina
57 | ```
58 |
59 | If we didn't know what to look for, the program might not behave how we'd expect it to. A good rule of thumb is to name our variables clearly, and minimize how many variables we declare outside of functions and classes, which you'll learn about in day two.
60 |
61 |
62 | {{% notice tip %}}
63 | An appropriate use is when using a constant, a variable defined in all caps, with the words separated by underscores. A constant is a value that we expect to use several times within our program, but we never expect to change it programmatically.
64 | {{% /notice %}}
65 |
66 | For example:
67 |
68 | ```python
69 | >>> ROOT_API_URL = "https://api.github.com"
70 | >>> def api_search_repos_url():
71 | ... return f"{ROOT_API_URL}/search/repositories"
72 | ...
73 | >>> api_search_repos_url()
74 | 'https://api.github.com/search/repositories'
75 | >>>
76 | ```
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1 | +++
2 | title = "Functions"
3 | date = 2019-01-25T15:03:48-06:00
4 | weight = 60
5 | chapter = true
6 | draft = false
7 | pre = "3. "
8 | +++
9 |
10 | ### Chapter 3
11 |
12 | # Functions
13 |
14 | Functions help us organize our code in a way that's reusable, and accept arguments and defaults where needed.
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1 | ---
2 | title: "Mutability Cheat Sheet"
3 | date: 2019-03-03T13:06:52-08:00
4 | draft: false
5 | weight: 65
6 | ---
7 |
8 | ### Mutability
9 |
10 | Mutability, simply put: the contents of a mutable object can be changed, while the contents of an immutable object cannot be.
11 |
12 | ### Simple Types
13 |
14 | All of the simple data types we covered first are **immutable**
15 |
16 | | type | use | mutable? |
17 | |--------------------------- |------------------------- |---------- |
18 | | `int`, `float`, `decimal` | store numbers | **no** |
19 | | `str` | store strings | **no** |
20 | | `bool` | store `True` or `False` | **no** |
21 |
22 | ### Container Types
23 |
24 | For the mutability of the container types we covered in this chapter, check this helpful list:
25 |
26 | | container type | use | mutable? |
27 | |---------------- |--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |---------- |
28 | | `list` | ordered group of items, accessible by position | **yes** |
29 | | `set` | mutable unordered group consisting only of immutable items. useful for set operations (membership, intersection, difference, etc) | **yes** |
30 | | `tuple` | contain ordered groups of items in an **immutable** collection | **no** |
31 | | `dict` | contains key value pairs | **yes** |
32 |
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1 | +++
2 | title = "Advanced Container Types"
3 | date = 2019-01-25T15:04:34-06:00
4 | weight = 80
5 | chapter = true
6 | draft = false
7 | pre = "4. "
8 | +++
9 |
10 | ### Chapter 4
11 |
12 | # Advanced Data Types - Containers and sequences
13 |
14 | Now that we've got the basics of strings and numbers down, let's talk about the advanced data types - `list`, `tuple`, `dict` and `set`. These are container objects that let us organize other types of objects into one data structure.
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1 | +++
2 | title = "Boolean Logic"
3 | date = 2019-01-25T15:04:16-06:00
4 | weight = 90
5 | chapter = true
6 | draft = false
7 | pre = "5. "
8 | +++
9 |
10 | ### Chapter 5
11 |
12 | # Boolean Logic
13 |
14 | Boolean Logic allows you to test your assumptions.
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1 | ---
2 | title: "while loops"
3 | date: 2019-02-10T18:22:01-08:00
4 | draft: false
5 | weight: 30
6 | ---
7 |
8 | `while` loops are a special type of loop in Python. Instead of running just once when a condition is met, like an `if` statement, they run **forever** until a condition is *no longer* met.
9 |
10 | `while` loops usually need to be accompanied by an always changing sentinel value.
11 |
12 | ```python
13 | >>> counter = 0
14 | >>> max = 4
15 | >>>
16 | >>> while counter < max:
17 | ... print(f"The count is: {counter}")
18 | ... counter = counter + 1
19 | ...
20 | The count is: 0
21 | The count is: 1
22 | The count is: 2
23 | The count is: 3
24 | ```
25 |
26 | {{% notice warning %}}
27 | Our loop will run forever if we forget to *update* the sentinel value. **Press Ctrl-C to exit the infinite loop.**
28 | {{% /notice %}}
29 |
30 |
31 | ```python
32 | # Warning: don't copy and paste this example.
33 |
34 | >>> counter = 0
35 | >>> max = 4
36 |
37 | >>> while counter < max:
38 | ... print(f"The count is: {counter}")
39 | ...
40 | # What happens if we don't update counter?
41 | The count is: 0
42 | The count is: 0
43 | The count is: 0
44 | The count is: 0
45 | # An infinite loop repeated until we hit Ctrl-C
46 | The count ^CTraceback (most recent call last):
47 | File "", line 2, in
48 | KeyboardInterrupt
49 | ```
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1 | +++
2 | title = "Loops and Control Statements"
3 | date = 2019-01-25T15:16:00-06:00
4 | weight = 110
5 | chapter = true
6 | draft = false
7 | pre = "6. "
8 | +++
9 |
10 | ### Chapter 6
11 |
12 | # Loops and Control Statements
13 |
14 | Loops and control statements allow us to control the logical flow of our program.
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1 | names = ["Jimmy", "Rose", "Max", "Nina", "Phillip"]
2 |
3 | for name in names:
4 | if len(name) != 4:
5 | continue
6 |
7 | print(f"Hello, {name}")
8 |
9 | if name == "Nina":
10 | break
11 |
12 | print("Done!")
13 |
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1 | +++
2 | title = "Working with Libraries"
3 | date = 2019-01-25T15:06:06-06:00
4 | weight = 65
5 | draft = false
6 | +++
7 |
8 | Working with external libraries in Python makes use of the `import` keyword. While this can go anywhere in your file, it's almost always best to import libraries at the top of each file where they're used. For example, in the last section, we were able to call upon the built-in `json` library by calling `import json` at the top of our code.
9 |
10 | Importing modules with the `import` keyword is usually the best method, because it preserves the module's namespace. However, you can also use the `from import
