├── README.md └── datasets ├── adv_orig.json ├── adv_para.json ├── dev_orig.json └── dev_para.json /README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Datasets of Paraphrased SQuAD Questions 2 | 3 | This repository contains the datasets used in the [paper]() 4 | 5 | ``` 6 | @inproceedings{gan-ng-2019-improving, 7 | title = "Improving the Robustness of Question Answering Systems to Question Paraphrasing", 8 | author = "Gan, Wee Chung and 9 | Ng, Hwee Tou", 10 | booktitle = "Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics", 11 | month = jul, 12 | year = "2019", 13 | } 14 | ``` 15 | 16 | The datasets are organised according to the original .json format of SQuAD v1.1. Hence, models can be evaluated on these datasets in the exact same manner as the original development set. There are a total of 4 .json files in this repository: 17 | 18 | **Non-adversarial paraphrased dataset** used to evaluate models' over-sensitivity to small paraphrasing in the questions: 19 | 1. `dev_para.json`: Dataset containing paraphrased SQuAD questions. 20 | 2. `dev_orig.json`: Dataset containing the corresponding original SQuAD questions for performance comparison. 21 | 22 | **Adversarial paraphrased dataset** used to evaluate models' over-reliance on string matching to obtain the answer: 23 | 1. `adv_para.json`: Dataset containing paraphrased SQuAD questions. 24 | 2. `adv_orig.json`: Dataset containing the corresponding original SQuAD questions for performance comparison. 25 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /datasets/adv_orig.json: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | {"data": [{"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What company did Worldvision sell a portion of it's catalogue to in 1990?", "answers": [{"text": "Turner Broadcasting System", "answer_start": 738}, {"text": "Turner Broadcasting System", "answer_start": 738}, {"text": "Turner Broadcasting System", "answer_start": 738}], "id": "1005601"}], "context": "When the FCC imposed its fin-syn rules in 1970, ABC proactively created two companies: Worldvision Enterprises as a syndication distributor, and ABC Circle Films as a production company. However, between the publication and implementation of these regulations, the separation of the network's catalog was made in 1973. The broadcast rights to pre-1973 productions were transferred to Worldvision, which became independent in the same year. The company has been sold several times since Paramount Television acquired it in 1999, and has most recently been absorbed into CBS Television Distribution, a unit of CBS Corporation. Nonetheless, Worldvision sold portions of its catalog, including the Ruby-Spears and Hanna-Barbera libraries, to Turner Broadcasting System in 1990. With Disney's 1996 purchase of ABC, ABC Circle Films was absorbed into Touchstone Television, a Disney subsidiary which in turn was renamed ABC Studios in 2007."}], "title": "Title_0"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Approximately how many gems in Reverend Chauncy Hare Townshend's collection was given to the museum?", "answers": [{"text": "154", "answer_start": 914}, {"text": "1869,", "answer_start": 937}, {"text": "154", "answer_start": 914}], "id": "1005602"}], "context": "The jewellery collection, containing over 6000 items is one of the finest and most comprehensive collections of jewellery in the world and includes works dating from Ancient Egypt to the present day, as well as jewellery designs on paper. The museum owns pieces by renowned jewelers Cartier, Jean Schlumberger, Peter Carl Faberg\u00e9, Hemmerle and Lalique. Other items in the collection include diamond dress ornaments made for Catherine the Great, bracelet clasps once belonging to Marie Antoinette, and the Beauharnais emerald necklace presented by Napoleon to his adopted daughter Hortense de Beauharnais in 1806. The museum also collects international modern jewellery by designers such as Gijs Bakker, Onno Boekhoudt, Peter Chang, Gerda Flockinger, Lucy Sarneel, Dorothea Pr\u00fchl and Wendy Ramshaw, and African and Asian traditional jewellery. Major bequests include Reverend Chauncy Hare Townshend's collection of 154 gems bequeathed in 1869, Lady Cory's 1951 gift of major diamond jewellery from the 18th and 19th centuries, and jewellery scholar Dame Joan Evans' 1977 gift of more than 800 jewels dating from the Middle Ages to the early 19th century. A new jewellery gallery, funded by William and Judith Bollinger, opened on 24 May 2008."}], "title": "Title_1"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "How long would Tesla spend gambling sometimes?", "answers": [{"text": "more than 48 hours", "answer_start": 157}, {"text": "48 hours", "answer_start": 167}, {"text": "48 hours", "answer_start": 167}], "id": "1005603"}], "context": "During his second year of study at Graz, Tesla developed a passion for (and became very proficient at) billiards, chess and card-playing, sometimes spending more than 48 hours in a stretch at a gaming table.:43, 301 On one occasion at his laboratory, Tesla worked for a period of 84 hours without sleep or rest.:208 Kenneth Swezey, a journalist whom Tesla had befriended, confirmed that Tesla rarely slept. Swezey recalled one morning when Tesla called him at 3 a.m.: \"I was sleeping in my room like one dead ... Suddenly, the telephone ring awakened me ... [Tesla] spoke animatedly, with pauses, [as he] ... work[ed] out a problem, comparing one theory to another, commenting; and when he felt he had arrived at the solution, he suddenly closed the telephone.\""}], "title": "Title_2"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "How many bits are often in the primes used for RSA public key cryptography algorithms?", "answers": [{"text": "512-bit", "answer_start": 140}, {"text": "512", "answer_start": 140}, {"text": "512", "answer_start": 140}, {"text": "512", "answer_start": 140}], "id": "1005604"}], "context": "Several public-key cryptography algorithms, such as RSA and the Diffie\u2013Hellman key exchange, are based on large prime numbers (for example, 512-bit primes are frequently used for RSA and 1024-bit primes are typical for Diffie\u2013Hellman.). RSA relies on the assumption that it is much easier (i.e., more efficient) to perform the multiplication of two (large) numbers x and y than to calculate x and y (assumed coprime) if only the product xy is known. The Diffie\u2013Hellman key exchange relies on the fact that there are efficient algorithms for modular exponentiation, while the reverse operation the discrete logarithm is thought to be a hard problem."}], "title": "Title_3"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "How many bits are typically used in the primes for the Diffie\u2013Hellman key exchange?", "answers": [{"text": "1024-bit", "answer_start": 187}, {"text": "1024", "answer_start": 187}, {"text": "1024", "answer_start": 187}, {"text": "1024", "answer_start": 187}], "id": "1005605"}], "context": "Several public-key cryptography algorithms, such as RSA and the Diffie\u2013Hellman key exchange, are based on large prime numbers (for example, 512-bit primes are frequently used for RSA and 1024-bit primes are typical for Diffie\u2013Hellman.). RSA relies on the assumption that it is much easier (i.e., more efficient) to perform the multiplication of two (large) numbers x and y than to calculate x and y (assumed coprime) if only the product xy is known. The Diffie\u2013Hellman key exchange relies on the fact that there are efficient algorithms for modular exponentiation, while the reverse operation the discrete logarithm is thought to be a hard problem."}], "title": "Title_4"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "At the time of its formation, how many members did the UMC have?", "answers": [{"text": "11 million", "answer_start": 213}, {"text": "about 11 million members in nearly 42,000 congregations", "answer_start": 207}, {"text": "11 million", "answer_start": 213}], "id": "1005606"}], "context": "Like many other mainline Protestant denominations in the United States, the United Methodist Church has experienced significant membership losses in recent decades. At the time of its formation, the UMC had about 11 million members in nearly 42,000 congregations. In 1975, membership dropped below 10 million for the first time. In 2005, there were about 8 million members in over 34,000 congregations. Membership is concentrated primarily in the Midwest and in the South. Texas has the largest number of members, with about 1 million. The states with the highest membership rates are Oklahoma, Iowa, Mississippi, West Virginia, and North Carolina."}], "title": "Title_5"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "How many households had BSkyB service in 1994?", "answers": [{"text": "3.5 million", "answer_start": 876}, {"text": "3.5 million", "answer_start": 876}, {"text": "3.5 million", "answer_start": 876}], "id": "1005607"}], "context": "The service started on 1 September 1993 based on the idea from the then chief executive officer, Sam Chisholm and Rupert Murdoch, of converting the company business strategy to an entirely fee-based concept. The new package included four channels formerly available free-to-air, broadcasting on Astra's satellites, as well as introducing new channels. The service continued until the closure of BSkyB's analogue service on 27 September 2001, due to the launch and expansion of the Sky Digital platform. Some of the channels did broadcast either in the clear or soft encrypted (whereby a Videocrypt decoder was required to decode, without a subscription card) prior to their addition to the Sky Multichannels package. Within two months of the launch, BSkyB gained 400,000 new subscribers, with the majority taking at least one premium channel as well, which helped BSkyB reach 3.5 million households by mid-1994. Michael Grade criticized the operations in front of the Select Committee on National Heritage, mainly for the lack of original programming on many of the new channels."}], "title": "Title_6"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "How many people attended the 2003 IPCC meeting?", "answers": [{"text": "350", "answer_start": 494}, {"text": "350", "answer_start": 494}, {"text": "350", "answer_start": 494}], "id": "1005608"}], "context": "The IPCC Panel is composed of representatives appointed by governments and organizations. Participation of delegates with appropriate expertise is encouraged. Plenary sessions of the IPCC and IPCC Working groups are held at the level of government representatives. Non Governmental and Intergovernmental Organizations may be allowed to attend as observers. Sessions of the IPCC Bureau, workshops, expert and lead authors meetings are by invitation only. Attendance at the 2003 meeting included 350 government officials and climate change experts. After the opening ceremonies, closed plenary sessions were held. The meeting report states there were 322 persons in attendance at Sessions with about seven-eighths of participants being from governmental organizations."}], "title": "Title_7"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "How many plant species make up the total in the rainforest?", "answers": [{"text": "40,000", "answer_start": 137}, {"text": "40,000", "answer_start": 137}, {"text": "40,000", "answer_start": 137}], "id": "1005609"}], "context": "The region is home to about 2.5 million insect species, tens of thousands of plants, and some 2,000 birds and mammals. To date, at least 40,000 plant species, 2,200 fishes, 1,294 birds, 427 mammals, 428 amphibians, and 378 reptiles have been scientifically classified in the region. One in five of all the bird species in the world live in the rainforests of the Amazon, and one in five of the fish species live in Amazonian rivers and streams. Scientists have described between 96,660 and 128,843 invertebrate species in Brazil alone."}], "title": "Title_8"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "How many species of insects are known in the region?", "answers": [{"text": "2.5 million", "answer_start": 28}, {"text": "2.5 million", "answer_start": 28}, {"text": "2.5 million", "answer_start": 28}], "id": "1005610"}], "context": "The region is home to about 2.5 million insect species, tens of thousands of plants, and some 2,000 birds and mammals. To date, at least 40,000 plant species, 2,200 fishes, 1,294 birds, 427 mammals, 428 amphibians, and 378 reptiles have been scientifically classified in the region. One in five of all the bird species in the world live in the rainforests of the Amazon, and one in five of the fish species live in Amazonian rivers and streams. Scientists have described between 96,660 and 128,843 invertebrate species in Brazil alone."}], "title": "Title_9"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "How populous is Victoria compared to other Australian states?", "answers": [{"text": "second", "answer_start": 134}, {"text": "second-most", "answer_start": 134}, {"text": "second-most populous", "answer_start": 134}], "id": "1005611"}], "context": "Victoria (abbreviated as Vic) is a state in the south-east of Australia. Victoria is Australia's most densely populated state and its second-most populous state overall. Most of its population is concentrated in the area surrounding Port Phillip Bay, which includes the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city, Melbourne, which is Australia's second-largest city. Geographically the smallest state on the Australian mainland, Victoria is bordered by Bass Strait and Tasmania to the south,[note 1] New South Wales to the north, the Tasman Sea to the east, and South Australia to the west."}], "title": "Title_10"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Joseph Priestley recognize oxygen?", "answers": [{"text": "1774", "answer_start": 131}, {"text": "1774", "answer_start": 131}, {"text": "1774", "answer_start": 131}, {"text": "1774", "answer_start": 131}, {"text": "1774", "answer_start": 131}], "id": "1005612"}], "context": "Oxygen was discovered independently by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, in Uppsala, in 1773 or earlier, and Joseph Priestley in Wiltshire, in 1774, but Priestley is often given priority because his work was published first. The name oxygen was coined in 1777 by Antoine Lavoisier, whose experiments with oxygen helped to discredit the then-popular phlogiston theory of combustion and corrosion. Its name derives from the Greek roots \u1f40\u03be\u03cd\u03c2 oxys, \"acid\", literally \"sharp\", referring to the sour taste of acids and -\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 -genes, \"producer\", literally \"begetter\", because at the time of naming, it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition. Common uses of oxygen includes the production cycle of steel, plastics and textiles, brazing, welding and cutting of steels and other metals, rocket propellant, in oxygen therapy and life support systems in aircraft, submarines, spaceflight and diving."}], "title": "Title_11"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "On what date did the NFL announce that Coldplay would headline the halftime show?", "answers": [{"text": "December 3", "answer_start": 112}, {"text": "December 3", "answer_start": 112}, {"text": "December 3", "answer_start": 112}], "id": "1005613"}], "context": "In late November 2015, reports surfaced stating that \"multiple acts\" would perform during the halftime show. On December 3, the league confirmed that the show would be headlined by the British rock group Coldplay. On January 7, 2016, Pepsi confirmed to the Associated Press that Beyonc\u00e9, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show and collaborated with Coldplay on the single \"Hymn for the Weekend\", would be making an appearance. Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show, and Mark Ronson also performed."}], "title": "Title_12"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Southern California had a population of 22,680,010 according to the census from which year?", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 10}, {"text": "2010", "answer_start": 10}, {"text": "2010", "answer_start": 10}], "id": "1005614"}], "context": "As of the 2010 United States Census, southern California has a population of 22,680,010. Despite a reputation for high growth rates, southern California's rate grew less than the state average of 10.0% in the 2000s as California's growth became concentrated in the northern part of the state due to a stronger, tech-oriented economy in the Bay Area and an emerging Greater Sacramento region."}], "title": "Title_13"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What percent of the labor force work in agriculture?", "answers": [{"text": "75% of the labour force", "answer_start": 303}, {"text": "75%", "answer_start": 303}, {"text": "75%", "answer_start": 303}], "id": "1005615"}], "context": "East and Central Africa's biggest economy has posted tremendous growth in the service sector, boosted by rapid expansion in telecommunication and financial activity over the last decade, and now[when?] contributes 62% of GDP. 22% of GDP still comes from the unreliable agricultural sector which employs 75% of the labour force (a consistent characteristic of under-developed economies that have not attained food security \u2013 an important catalyst of economic growth) A small portion of the population relies on food aid.[citation needed] Industry and manufacturing is the smallest sector, accounting for 16% of GDP. The service, industry and manufacturing sectors only employ 25% of the labour force but contribute 75% of GDP."}], "title": "Title_14"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "The Art Deco period of textiles works is represented by which American artist?", "answers": [{"text": "Marion Dorn", "answer_start": 450}, {"text": "Marion Dorn", "answer_start": 450}, {"text": "Marion Dorn", "answer_start": 450}], "id": "1005616"}], "context": "One of the earliest surviving examples of European quilting, the late 14th-century Sicilian Tristan Quilt, is also held by the collection. The collection has numerous examples of various types of textiles designed by William Morris, including, embroidery, woven fabrics, tapestries (Including 'The Forest' tapestry of 1887), rugs and carpets, as well as pattern books and paper designs. The art deco period is covered by rugs and fabrics designed by Marion Dorn. From the same period there is a rug designed by Serge Chermayeff."}], "title": "Title_15"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What areas did Genghis Khan control at the end of his life?", "answers": [{"text": "a substantial portion of Central Asia and China", "answer_start": 539}, {"text": "substantial portion of Central Asia and China", "answer_start": 541}, {"text": "a substantial portion of Central Asia and China", "answer_start": 539}], "id": "1005617"}], "context": "He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia. After founding the Mongol Empire and being proclaimed \"Genghis Khan\", he started the Mongol invasions that resulted in the conquest of most of Eurasia. These included raids or invasions of the Qara Khitai, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties. These campaigns were often accompanied by wholesale massacres of the civilian populations \u2013 especially in the Khwarezmian and Xia controlled lands. By the end of his life, the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China."}], "title": "Title_16"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "The number of new Huguenot colonists declined after what year?", "answers": [{"text": "1700", "answer_start": 753}, {"text": "1700", "answer_start": 753}, {"text": "1700", "answer_start": 753}], "id": "1005618"}], "context": "Individual Huguenots settled at the Cape of Good Hope from as early as 1671 with the arrival of Fran\u00e7ois Villion (Viljoen). The first Huguenot to arrive at the Cape of Good Hope was however Maria de la Queillerie, wife of commander Jan van Riebeeck (and daughter of a Walloon church minister), who arrived on 6 April 1652 to establish a settlement at what is today Cape Town. The couple left for the Far East ten years later. On 31 December 1687 the first organised group of Huguenots set sail from the Netherlands to the Dutch East India Company post at the Cape of Good Hope. The largest portion of the Huguenots to settle in the Cape arrived between 1688 and 1689 in seven ships as part of the organised migration, but quite a few arrived as late as 1700; thereafter, the numbers declined and only small groups arrived at a time."}], "title": "Title_17"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What actress played the last incarnation of the Doctor in the special?", "answers": [{"text": "Joanna Lumley", "answer_start": 677}, {"text": "Joanna Lumley", "answer_start": 677}, {"text": "Joanna Lumley", "answer_start": 677}], "id": "1005619"}], "context": "In 1999, another special, Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death, was made for Comic Relief and later released on VHS. An affectionate parody of the television series, it was split into four segments, mimicking the traditional serial format, complete with cliffhangers, and running down the same corridor several times when being chased (the version released on video was split into only two episodes). In the story, the Doctor (Rowan Atkinson) encounters both the Master (Jonathan Pryce) and the Daleks. During the special the Doctor is forced to regenerate several times, with his subsequent incarnations played by, in order, Richard E. Grant, Jim Broadbent, Hugh Grant and Joanna Lumley. The script was written by Steven Moffat, later to be head writer and executive producer to the revived series."}], "title": "Title_18"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What is one country that has been suggested for importation of medicines?", "answers": [{"text": "Canada", "answer_start": 88}, {"text": "Canada", "answer_start": 88}, {"text": "Canada", "answer_start": 88}], "id": "1005620"}], "context": "In the United States, there has been a push to legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries, in order to reduce consumer costs. While in most cases importation of prescription medications violates Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations and federal laws, enforcement is generally targeted at international drug suppliers, rather than consumers. There is no known case of any U.S. citizens buying Canadian drugs for personal use with a prescription, who has ever been charged by authorities."}], "title": "Title_19"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What is the alpine valley that the Rhine flows through?", "answers": [{"text": "Rhine Valley", "answer_start": 289}, {"text": "Rhine Valley", "answer_start": 289}, {"text": "Rhine Valley", "answer_start": 289}, {"text": "Rhine Valley", "answer_start": 289}, {"text": "Rhine Valley", "answer_start": 289}], "id": "1005621"}], "context": "Near Tamins-Reichenau the Anterior Rhine and the Posterior Rhine join and form the Rhine. The river makes a distinctive turn to the north near Chur. This section is nearly 86 km long, and descends from a height of 599 m to 396 m. It flows through a wide glacial alpine valley known as the Rhine Valley (German: Rheintal). Near Sargans a natural dam, only a few metres high, prevents it from flowing into the open Seeztal valley and then through Lake Walen and Lake Zurich into the river Aare. The Alpine Rhine begins in the most western part of the Swiss canton of Graub\u00fcnden, and later forms the border between Switzerland to the West and Liechtenstein and later Austria to the East."}], "title": "Title_20"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What is the average construction salary in the UK?", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a326,719", "answer_start": 505}, {"text": "\u00a326,719", "answer_start": 505}, {"text": "\u00a326,719", "answer_start": 505}], "id": "1005622"}], "context": "In 2010 a salary survey revealed the differences in remuneration between different roles, sectors and locations in the construction and built environment industry. The results showed that areas of particularly strong growth in the construction industry, such as the Middle East, yield higher average salaries than in the UK for example. The average earning for a professional in the construction industry in the Middle East, across all sectors, job types and levels of experience, is \u00a342,090, compared to \u00a326,719 in the UK. This trend is not necessarily due to the fact that more affluent roles are available, however, as architects with 14 or more years experience working in the Middle East earn on average \u00a343,389 per annum, compared to \u00a340,000 in the UK. Some construction workers in the US/Canada have made more than $100,000 annually, depending on their trade."}], "title": "Title_21"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What is the upper range of annual fees for non-boarding students in British public schools?", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a321,000", "answer_start": 782}, {"text": "\u00a321,000", "answer_start": 782}, {"text": "\u00a321,000", "answer_start": 782}], "id": "1005623"}], "context": "Private schools generally prefer to be called independent schools, because of their freedom to operate outside of government and local government control. Some of these are also known as public schools. Preparatory schools in the UK prepare pupils aged up to 13 years old to enter public schools. The name \"public school\" is based on the fact that the schools were open to pupils from anywhere, and not merely to those from a certain locality, and of any religion or occupation. According to The Good Schools Guide approximately 9 per cent of children being educated in the UK are doing so at fee-paying schools at GSCE level and 13 per cent at A-level.[citation needed] Many independent schools are single-sex (though this is becoming less common). Fees range from under \u00a33,000 to \u00a321,000 and above per year for day pupils, rising to \u00a327,000+ per year for boarders. For details in Scotland, see \"Meeting the Cost\"."}], "title": "Title_22"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What kicker was successful on a 33-yard field goal?", "answers": [{"text": "McManus", "answer_start": 459}, {"text": "McManus", "answer_start": 459}, {"text": "McManus", "answer_start": 459}], "id": "1005624"}], "context": "The Panthers seemed primed to score on their opening drive of the second half when Newton completed a 45-yard pass to Ted Ginn Jr. on the Denver 35-yard line on their second offensive play. But the Broncos defense halted the drive on the 26-yard line, and it ended with no points when Graham Gano hit the uprights on a 44-yard field goal attempt. After the miss, Manning completed a pair of passes to Emmanuel Sanders for gains of 25 and 22 yards, setting up McManus' 33-yard field goal that gave the Broncos a 16\u20137 lead. Carolina got off to another strong start after the kickoff, with Newton completing a 42-yard pass to Corey Brown. But once again they came up empty, this time as a result of a Newton pass that bounced off the hands of Ginn and was intercepted by safety T. J. Ward. Ward fumbled the ball during the return, but Trevathan recovered it to enable Denver to keep possession."}], "title": "Title_23"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What Lake in a German island Mainau receives a fraction of the Rhine's flow?", "answers": [{"text": "Lake \u00dcberlingen", "answer_start": 564}, {"text": "Lake \u00dcberlingen", "answer_start": 564}, {"text": "Lake \u00dcberlingen", "answer_start": 564}], "id": "1005625"}], "context": "The flow of cold, gray mountain water continues for some distance into the lake. The cold water flows near the surface and at first doesn't mix with the warmer, green waters of Upper Lake. But then, at the so-called Rheinbrech, the Rhine water abruptly falls into the depths because of the greater density of cold water. The flow reappears on the surface at the northern (German) shore of the lake, off the island of Lindau. The water then follows the northern shore until Hagnau am Bodensee. A small fraction of the flow is diverted off the island of Mainau into Lake \u00dcberlingen. Most of the water flows via the Constance hopper into the Rheinrinne (\"Rhine Gutter\") and Seerhein. Depending on the water level, this flow of the Rhine water is clearly visible along the entire length of the lake."}], "title": "Title_24"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What percent of the Muslim population lives in Kenya's Coastal Region?", "answers": [{"text": "Sixty percent", "answer_start": 109}, {"text": "Sixty percent", "answer_start": 109}, {"text": "Sixty percent", "answer_start": 109}], "id": "1005626"}], "context": "Sizeable minorities of other faiths do exist (Muslim 11.2%, indigenous beliefs 1.7%), and nonreligious 2.4%. Sixty percent of the Muslim population lives in Kenya's Coastal Region, comprising 50% of the total population there. Roughly 4% of Muslims are Ahmadiyya, 8% Shia and another 8% are non-denominational Muslims, while 73% are Sunni. Western areas of the Coast Region are mostly Christian. The upper part of Kenya's Eastern Region is home to 10% of the country's Muslims, where they constitute the majority religious group. In addition, there is a large Hindu population in Kenya (around 300,000), who have played a key role in the local economy; they are mostly of Indian origin."}], "title": "Title_25"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What series years are available on Blu-ray?", "answers": [{"text": "from 2009 onwards", "answer_start": 552}, {"text": "series from 2009 onwards", "answer_start": 545}, {"text": "from 2009 onwards", "answer_start": 552}], "id": "1005627"}], "context": "A wide selection of serials are available from BBC Video on DVD, on sale in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and the United States. Every fully extant serial has been released on VHS, and BBC Worldwide continues to regularly release serials on DVD. The 2005 series is also available in its entirety on UMD for the PlayStation Portable. Eight original series serials have been released on Laserdisc and many have also been released on Betamax tape and Video 2000. One episode of Doctor Who (The Infinite Quest) was released on VCD. Only the series from 2009 onwards are available on Blu-ray, except for the 1970 story Spearhead from Space, released in July 2013. Many early releases have been re-released as special editions, with more bonus features."}], "title": "Title_26"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What team lost Super Bowl XXXIII?", "answers": [{"text": "Atlanta Falcons", "answer_start": 376}, {"text": "the Atlanta Falcons", "answer_start": 372}, {"text": "Falcons", "answer_start": 384}], "id": "1005628"}], "context": "As the designated home team in the annual rotation between AFC and NFC teams, the Broncos elected to wear their road white jerseys with matching white pants. Elway stated, \"We've had Super Bowl success in our white uniforms.\" The Broncos last wore matching white jerseys and pants in the Super Bowl in Super Bowl XXXIII, Elway's last game as Denver QB, when they defeated the Atlanta Falcons 34\u201319. In their only other Super Bowl win in Super Bowl XXXII, Denver wore blue jerseys, which was their primary color at the time. They also lost Super Bowl XXI when they wore white jerseys, but they are 0-4 in Super Bowls when wearing orange jerseys, losing in Super Bowl XII, XXII, XXIV, and XLVIII. The only other AFC champion team to have worn white as the designated home team in the Super Bowl was the Pittsburgh Steelers; they defeated the Seattle Seahawks 21\u201310 in Super Bowl XL 10 seasons prior. The Broncos' decision to wear white meant the Panthers would wear their standard home uniform: black jerseys with silver pants."}], "title": "Title_27"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "what was Fresno's population in 2010?", "answers": [{"text": "494,665", "answer_start": 71}, {"text": "494,665", "answer_start": 71}, {"text": "494,665", "answer_start": 71}], "id": "1005629"}], "context": "The 2010 United States Census reported that Fresno had a population of 494,665. The population density was 4,404.5 people per square mile (1,700.6/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of Fresno was 245,306 (49.6%) White, 40,960 (8.3%) African American, 8,525 (1.7%) Native American, 62,528 (12.6%) Asian (3.6% Hmong, 1.7% Indian, 1.2% Filipino, 1.2% Laotian, 1.0% Thai, 0.8% Cambodian, 0.7% Chinese, 0.5% Japanese, 0.4% Vietnamese, 0.2% Korean), 849 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 111,984 (22.6%) from other races, and 24,513 (5.0%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 232,055 persons (46.9%). Among the Hispanic population, 42.7% of the total population are Mexican, 0.4% Salvadoran, and 0.4% Puerto Rican. Non-Hispanic Whites were 30.0% of the population in 2010, down from 72.6% in 1970."}], "title": "Title_28"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What was the percentage of Black or African-Americans living in the city?", "answers": [{"text": "8.4%", "answer_start": 327}, {"text": "8.4%", "answer_start": 327}, {"text": "8.4%", "answer_start": 327}], "id": "1005630"}], "context": "As of the census of 2000, there were 427,652 people, 140,079 households, and 97,915 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,097.9 people per square mile (1,582.2/km\u00b2). There were 149,025 housing units at an average density of 1,427.9 square miles (3,698 km2). The racial makeup of the city was 50.2% White, 8.4% Black or African American, 1.6% Native American, 11.2% Asian (about a third of which is Hmong), 0.1% Pacific Islander, 23.4% from other races, and 5.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 39.9% of the population."}], "title": "Title_29"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What was the percentage of Non-Hispanic Whites in 2010? ", "answers": [{"text": "30.0%", "answer_start": 738}, {"text": "30.0%", "answer_start": 738}, {"text": "30.0%", "answer_start": 738}], "id": "1005631"}], "context": "The 2010 United States Census reported that Fresno had a population of 494,665. The population density was 4,404.5 people per square mile (1,700.6/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of Fresno was 245,306 (49.6%) White, 40,960 (8.3%) African American, 8,525 (1.7%) Native American, 62,528 (12.6%) Asian (3.6% Hmong, 1.7% Indian, 1.2% Filipino, 1.2% Laotian, 1.0% Thai, 0.8% Cambodian, 0.7% Chinese, 0.5% Japanese, 0.4% Vietnamese, 0.2% Korean), 849 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 111,984 (22.6%) from other races, and 24,513 (5.0%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 232,055 persons (46.9%). Among the Hispanic population, 42.7% of the total population are Mexican, 0.4% Salvadoran, and 0.4% Puerto Rican. Non-Hispanic Whites were 30.0% of the population in 2010, down from 72.6% in 1970."}], "title": "Title_30"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What was the proportion of Huguenots to Catholics at their peak?", "answers": [{"text": "about one-eighth the number", "answer_start": 128}, {"text": "about one-eighth", "answer_start": 128}, {"text": "about one-eighth", "answer_start": 128}], "id": "1005632"}], "context": "Huguenot numbers peaked near an estimated two million by 1562, concentrated mainly in the southern and central parts of France, about one-eighth the number of French Catholics. As Huguenots gained influence and more openly displayed their faith, Catholic hostility grew, in spite of increasingly liberal political concessions and edicts of toleration from the French crown. A series of religious conflicts followed, known as the Wars of Religion, fought intermittently from 1562 to 1598. The wars finally ended with the granting of the Edict of Nantes, which granted the Huguenots substantial religious, political and military autonomy."}], "title": "Title_31"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "When was a Doctor Who Prom performed?", "answers": [{"text": "27 July 2008", "answer_start": 691}, {"text": "27 July 2008", "answer_start": 691}, {"text": "27 July 2008", "answer_start": 691}], "id": "1005633"}], "context": "All the incidental music for the 2005 revived series has been composed by Murray Gold and Ben Foster and has been performed by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales from the 2005 Christmas episode \"The Christmas Invasion\" onwards. A concert featuring the orchestra performing music from the first two series took place on 19 November 2006 to raise money for Children in Need. David Tennant hosted the event, introducing the different sections of the concert. Murray Gold and Russell T Davies answered questions during the interval and Daleks and Cybermen appeared whilst music from their stories was played. The concert aired on BBCi on Christmas Day 2006. A Doctor Who Prom was celebrated on 27 July 2008 in the Royal Albert Hall as part of the annual BBC Proms. The BBC Philharmonic and the London Philharmonic Choir performed Murray Gold's compositions for the series, conducted by Ben Foster, as well as a selection of classics based on the theme of space and time. The event was presented by Freema Agyeman and guest-presented by various other stars of the show with numerous monsters participating in the proceedings. It also featured the specially filmed mini-episode \"Music of the Spheres\", written by Russell T Davies and starring David Tennant."}], "title": "Title_32"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "When did BSkyB end their analogue service?", "answers": [{"text": "27 September 2001", "answer_start": 423}, {"text": "27 September 2001", "answer_start": 423}, {"text": "September 2001", "answer_start": 426}], "id": "1005634"}], "context": "The service started on 1 September 1993 based on the idea from the then chief executive officer, Sam Chisholm and Rupert Murdoch, of converting the company business strategy to an entirely fee-based concept. The new package included four channels formerly available free-to-air, broadcasting on Astra's satellites, as well as introducing new channels. The service continued until the closure of BSkyB's analogue service on 27 September 2001, due to the launch and expansion of the Sky Digital platform. Some of the channels did broadcast either in the clear or soft encrypted (whereby a Videocrypt decoder was required to decode, without a subscription card) prior to their addition to the Sky Multichannels package. Within two months of the launch, BSkyB gained 400,000 new subscribers, with the majority taking at least one premium channel as well, which helped BSkyB reach 3.5 million households by mid-1994. Michael Grade criticized the operations in front of the Select Committee on National Heritage, mainly for the lack of original programming on many of the new channels."}], "title": "Title_33"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "When did oil finally returned to its Bretton Woods levels?", "answers": [{"text": "1973\u20131974", "answer_start": 485}, {"text": "1974", "answer_start": 490}, {"text": "1973\u20131974", "answer_start": 485}, {"text": "1973\u20131974", "answer_start": 485}, {"text": "1973\u20131974", "answer_start": 485}], "id": "1005635"}], "context": "This contributed to the \"Oil Shock\". After 1971, OPEC was slow to readjust prices to reflect this depreciation. From 1947 to 1967, the dollar price of oil had risen by less than two percent per year. Until the oil shock, the price had also remained fairly stable versus other currencies and commodities. OPEC ministers had not developed institutional mechanisms to update prices in sync with changing market conditions, so their real incomes lagged. The substantial price increases of 1973\u20131974 largely returned their prices and corresponding incomes to Bretton Woods levels in terms of commodities such as gold."}], "title": "Title_34"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "When was the European Convention on Human Rights established?", "answers": [{"text": "1950", "answer_start": 436}, {"text": "1950", "answer_start": 436}, {"text": "1950", "answer_start": 436}], "id": "1005636"}], "context": "None of the original treaties establishing the European Union mention protection for fundamental rights. It was not envisaged for European Union measures, that is legislative and administrative actions by European Union institutions, to be subject to human rights. At the time the only concern was that member states should be prevented from violating human rights, hence the establishment of the European Convention on Human Rights in 1950 and the establishment of the European Court of Human Rights. The European Court of Justice recognised fundamental rights as general principle of European Union law as the need to ensure that European Union measures are compatible with the human rights enshrined in member states' constitution became ever more apparent. In 1999 the European Council set up a body tasked with drafting a European Charter of Human Rights, which could form the constitutional basis for the European Union and as such tailored specifically to apply to the European Union and its institutions. The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union draws a list of fundamental rights from the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the Declaration on Fundamental Rights produced by the European Parliament in 1989 and European Union Treaties."}], "title": "Title_35"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "When did the Pope warned Luther of excommunication? ", "answers": [{"text": "15 June 1520", "answer_start": 3}, {"text": "15 June 1520", "answer_start": 3}, {"text": "1520", "answer_start": 11}], "id": "1005637"}], "context": "On 15 June 1520, the Pope warned Luther with the papal bull (edict) Exsurge Domine that he risked excommunication unless he recanted 41 sentences drawn from his writings, including the 95 Theses, within 60 days. That autumn, Johann Eck proclaimed the bull in Meissen and other towns. Karl von Miltitz, a papal nuncio, attempted to broker a solution, but Luther, who had sent the Pope a copy of On the Freedom of a Christian in October, publicly set fire to the bull and decretals at Wittenberg on 10 December 1520, an act he defended in Why the Pope and his Recent Book are Burned and Assertions Concerning All Articles. As a consequence, Luther was excommunicated by Pope Leo X on 3 January 1521, in the bull Decet Romanum Pontificem."}], "title": "Title_36"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "When was the basis for the Social Chapter developed?", "answers": [{"text": "1989", "answer_start": 167}, {"text": "1989", "answer_start": 167}, {"text": "1989", "answer_start": 167}], "id": "1005638"}], "context": "The Social Chapter is a chapter of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam covering social policy issues in European Union law. The basis for the Social Chapter was developed in 1989 by the \"social partners\" representatives, namely UNICE, the employers' confederation, the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) and CEEP, the European Centre of Public Enterprises. A toned down version was adopted as the Social Charter at the 1989 Strasbourg European Council. The Social Charter declares 30 general principles, including on fair remuneration of employment, health and safety at work, rights of disabled and elderly, the rights of workers, on vocational training and improvements of living conditions. The Social Charter became the basis for European Community legislation on these issues in 40 pieces of legislation."}], "title": "Title_37"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "When were theories developed suggesting inequality may have some positive effect on economic development?", "answers": [{"text": "the 1970s", "answer_start": 27}, {"text": "1970s", "answer_start": 31}, {"text": "1970s", "answer_start": 31}], "id": "1005639"}], "context": "Some theories developed in the 1970s established possible avenues through which inequality may have a positive effect on economic development. According to a 1955 review, savings by the wealthy, if these increase with inequality, were thought to offset reduced consumer demand. A 2013 report on Nigeria suggests that growth has risen with increased income inequality. Some theories popular from the 1950s to 2011 incorrectly stated that inequality had a positive effect on economic development. Analyses based on comparing yearly equality figures to yearly growth rates were misleading because it takes several years for effects to manifest as changes to economic growth. IMF economists found a strong association between lower levels of inequality in developing countries and sustained periods of economic growth. Developing countries with high inequality have \"succeeded in initiating growth at high rates for a few years\" but \"longer growth spells are robustly associated with more equality in the income distribution.\""}], "title": "Title_38"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Where did Mongke Khan attack the Song dynasty?", "answers": [{"text": "southern China", "answer_start": 78}, {"text": "southern China", "answer_start": 78}, {"text": "in southern China", "answer_start": 75}], "id": "1005640"}], "context": "M\u00f6ngke Khan commenced a military campaign against the Chinese Song dynasty in southern China. The Mongol force that invaded southern China was far greater than the force they sent to invade the Middle East in 1256. He died in 1259 without a successor. Kublai returned from fighting the Song in 1260 when he learned that his brother, Ariq B\u00f6ke, was challenging his claim to the throne. Kublai convened a kurultai in Kaiping that elected him Great Khan. A rival kurultai in Mongolia proclaimed Ariq B\u00f6ke Great Khan, beginning a civil war. Kublai depended on the cooperation of his Chinese subjects to ensure that his army received ample resources. He bolstered his popularity among his subjects by modeling his government on the bureaucracy of traditional Chinese dynasties and adopting the Chinese era name of Zhongtong. Ariq B\u00f6ke was hampered by inadequate supplies and surrendered in 1264. All of the three western khanates (Golden Horde, Chagatai Khanate and Ilkhanate) became functionally autonomous, although only the Ilkhans truly recognized Kublai as Great Khan. Civil strife had permanently divided the Mongol Empire."}], "title": "Title_39"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Where does the cold water mix with Lake Constance?", "answers": [{"text": "Rheinbrech", "answer_start": 216}, {"text": "Upper Lake", "answer_start": 177}, {"text": "Rheinrinne", "answer_start": 639}], "id": "1005641"}], "context": "The flow of cold, gray mountain water continues for some distance into the lake. The cold water flows near the surface and at first doesn't mix with the warmer, green waters of Upper Lake. But then, at the so-called Rheinbrech, the Rhine water abruptly falls into the depths because of the greater density of cold water. The flow reappears on the surface at the northern (German) shore of the lake, off the island of Lindau. The water then follows the northern shore until Hagnau am Bodensee. A small fraction of the flow is diverted off the island of Mainau into Lake \u00dcberlingen. Most of the water flows via the Constance hopper into the Rheinrinne (\"Rhine Gutter\") and Seerhein. Depending on the water level, this flow of the Rhine water is clearly visible along the entire length of the lake."}], "title": "Title_40"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Where have some workers made more than $100,000?", "answers": [{"text": "US/Canada", "answer_start": 792}, {"text": "US/Canada", "answer_start": 792}, {"text": "US/Canada", "answer_start": 792}], "id": "1005642"}], "context": "In 2010 a salary survey revealed the differences in remuneration between different roles, sectors and locations in the construction and built environment industry. The results showed that areas of particularly strong growth in the construction industry, such as the Middle East, yield higher average salaries than in the UK for example. The average earning for a professional in the construction industry in the Middle East, across all sectors, job types and levels of experience, is \u00a342,090, compared to \u00a326,719 in the UK. This trend is not necessarily due to the fact that more affluent roles are available, however, as architects with 14 or more years experience working in the Middle East earn on average \u00a343,389 per annum, compared to \u00a340,000 in the UK. Some construction workers in the US/Canada have made more than $100,000 annually, depending on their trade."}], "title": "Title_41"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Where is the coldest section of Victoria?", "answers": [{"text": "Victorian Alps", "answer_start": 4}, {"text": "The Victorian Alps", "answer_start": 0}, {"text": "Victorian Alps", "answer_start": 4}], "id": "1005643"}], "context": "The Victorian Alps in the northeast are the coldest part of Victoria. The Alps are part of the Great Dividing Range mountain system extending east-west through the centre of Victoria. Average temperatures are less than 9 \u00b0C (48 \u00b0F) in winter and below 0 \u00b0C (32 \u00b0F) in the highest parts of the ranges. The state's lowest minimum temperature of \u221211.7 \u00b0C (10.9 \u00b0F) was recorded at Omeo on 13 June 1965, and again at Falls Creek on 3 July 1970. Temperature extremes for the state are listed in the table below:"}], "title": "Title_42"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Who reported on the sideline for ESPN Deportes?", "answers": [{"text": "John Sutcliffe", "answer_start": 617}, {"text": "John Sutcliffe", "answer_start": 617}, {"text": "Sutcliffe", "answer_start": 622}], "id": "1005644"}], "context": "On December 28, 2015, ESPN Deportes announced that they had reached an agreement with CBS and the NFL to be the exclusive Spanish-language broadcaster of the game, marking the third dedicated Spanish-language broadcast of the Super Bowl. Unlike NBC and Fox, CBS does not have a Spanish-language outlet of its own that could broadcast the game (though per league policy, a separate Spanish play-by-play call was carried on CBS's second audio program channel for over-the-air viewers). The game was called by ESPN Deportes' Monday Night Football commentary crew of Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre, and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe. ESPN Deportes broadcast pre-game and post-game coverage, while Martin, Allegre, and Sutcliffe contributed English-language reports for ESPN's SportsCenter and Mike & Mike."}], "title": "Title_43"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Which country was the last to receive the disease?", "answers": [{"text": "northwestern Russia", "answer_start": 333}, {"text": "Russia", "answer_start": 346}, {"text": "Russia", "answer_start": 346}], "id": "1005645"}], "context": "From Italy, the disease spread northwest across Europe, striking France, Spain, Portugal and England by June 1348, then turned and spread east through Germany and Scandinavia from 1348 to 1350. It was introduced in Norway in 1349 when a ship landed at Ask\u00f8y, then spread to Bj\u00f8rgvin (modern Bergen) and Iceland. Finally it spread to northwestern Russia in 1351. The plague was somewhat less common in parts of Europe that had smaller trade relations with their neighbours, including the Kingdom of Poland, the majority of the Basque Country, isolated parts of Belgium and the Netherlands, and isolated alpine villages throughout the continent."}], "title": "Title_44"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Which empire was the last one Genghis Khan conquered before he died?", "answers": [{"text": "Western Xia", "answer_start": 168}, {"text": "Western Xia", "answer_start": 168}, {"text": "Western Xia", "answer_start": 168}], "id": "1005646"}], "context": "Before Genghis Khan died, he assigned \u00d6gedei Khan as his successor and split his empire into khanates among his sons and grandsons. He died in 1227 after defeating the Western Xia. He was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia at an unknown location. His descendants extended the Mongol Empire across most of Eurasia by conquering or creating vassal states out of all of modern-day China, Korea, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and substantial portions of modern Eastern Europe, Russia, and Southwest Asia. Many of these invasions repeated the earlier large-scale slaughters of local populations. As a result, Genghis Khan and his empire have a fearsome reputation in local histories."}], "title": "Title_45"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Which network broadcast the game in Spanish?", "answers": [{"text": "ESPN Deportes", "answer_start": 22}, {"text": "ESPN Deportes", "answer_start": 22}, {"text": "ESPN Deportes", "answer_start": 22}], "id": "1005647"}], "context": "On December 28, 2015, ESPN Deportes announced that they had reached an agreement with CBS and the NFL to be the exclusive Spanish-language broadcaster of the game, marking the third dedicated Spanish-language broadcast of the Super Bowl. Unlike NBC and Fox, CBS does not have a Spanish-language outlet of its own that could broadcast the game (though per league policy, a separate Spanish play-by-play call was carried on CBS's second audio program channel for over-the-air viewers). The game was called by ESPN Deportes' Monday Night Football commentary crew of Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre, and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe. ESPN Deportes broadcast pre-game and post-game coverage, while Martin, Allegre, and Sutcliffe contributed English-language reports for ESPN's SportsCenter and Mike & Mike."}], "title": "Title_46"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Which theorem states that all large odd integers can be expressed as a sum of three primes?", "answers": [{"text": "Vinogradov's theorem", "answer_start": 552}, {"text": "Vinogradov's", "answer_start": 552}, {"text": "Vinogradov's theorem", "answer_start": 552}, {"text": "Vinogradov's theorem", "answer_start": 552}], "id": "1005648"}], "context": "In addition to the Riemann hypothesis, many more conjectures revolving about primes have been posed. Often having an elementary formulation, many of these conjectures have withstood a proof for decades: all four of Landau's problems from 1912 are still unsolved. One of them is Goldbach's conjecture, which asserts that every even integer n greater than 2 can be written as a sum of two primes. As of February 2011[update], this conjecture has been verified for all numbers up to n = 2 \u00b7 1017. Weaker statements than this have been proven, for example Vinogradov's theorem says that every sufficiently large odd integer can be written as a sum of three primes. Chen's theorem says that every sufficiently large even number can be expressed as the sum of a prime and a semiprime, the product of two primes. Also, any even integer can be written as the sum of six primes. The branch of number theory studying such questions is called additive number theory."}], "title": "Title_47"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Which theorem states that every large even integer can be written as a prime summed with a semiprime?", "answers": [{"text": "Chen's theorem", "answer_start": 661}, {"text": "Chen's", "answer_start": 661}, {"text": "Chen's theorem", "answer_start": 661}, {"text": "Chen's theorem", "answer_start": 661}], "id": "1005649"}], "context": "In addition to the Riemann hypothesis, many more conjectures revolving about primes have been posed. Often having an elementary formulation, many of these conjectures have withstood a proof for decades: all four of Landau's problems from 1912 are still unsolved. One of them is Goldbach's conjecture, which asserts that every even integer n greater than 2 can be written as a sum of two primes. As of February 2011[update], this conjecture has been verified for all numbers up to n = 2 \u00b7 1017. Weaker statements than this have been proven, for example Vinogradov's theorem says that every sufficiently large odd integer can be written as a sum of three primes. Chen's theorem says that every sufficiently large even number can be expressed as the sum of a prime and a semiprime, the product of two primes. Also, any even integer can be written as the sum of six primes. The branch of number theory studying such questions is called additive number theory."}], "title": "Title_48"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Who actually won the prize?", "answers": [{"text": "Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg", "answer_start": 244}, {"text": "Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg", "answer_start": 244}, {"text": "Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg", "answer_start": 244}], "id": "1005650"}], "context": "On 6 November 1915, a Reuters news agency report from London had the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics awarded to Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla; however, on 15 November, a Reuters story from Stockholm stated the prize that year was being awarded to Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg \"for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays.\":245 There were unsubstantiated rumors at the time that Tesla and/or Edison had refused the prize.:245 The Nobel Foundation said, \"Any rumor that a person has not been given a Nobel Prize because he has made known his intention to refuse the reward is ridiculous\"; a recipient could only decline a Nobel Prize after he is announced a winner.:245"}], "title": "Title_49"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Who created ABC's Wide World of Sports?", "answers": [{"text": "Edgar Scherick", "answer_start": 267}, {"text": "Edgar Scherick", "answer_start": 267}, {"text": "Edgar Scherick", "answer_start": 267}], "id": "1005651"}], "context": "Always in search of new programs that would help it compete with NBC and CBS, ABC's management believed that sports could be a major catalyst in improving the network's market share. On April 29, 1961, ABC debuted Wide World of Sports, an anthology series created by Edgar Scherick through his company Sports Programs, Inc. and produced by a young Roone Arledge which featured a different sporting event each broadcast. ABC purchased Sports Programs, Inc. in exchange for shares in the company, leading it to become the future core of ABC Sports, with Arledge as the executive producer of that division's shows. Wide World of Sports, in particular, was not merely devoted to a single sport, but rather to generally all sporting events."}], "title": "Title_50"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Who designed The Forest tapestry in the V&A collection?", "answers": [{"text": "William Morris", "answer_start": 217}, {"text": "William Morris", "answer_start": 217}, {"text": "William Morris", "answer_start": 217}], "id": "1005652"}], "context": "One of the earliest surviving examples of European quilting, the late 14th-century Sicilian Tristan Quilt, is also held by the collection. The collection has numerous examples of various types of textiles designed by William Morris, including, embroidery, woven fabrics, tapestries (Including 'The Forest' tapestry of 1887), rugs and carpets, as well as pattern books and paper designs. The art deco period is covered by rugs and fabrics designed by Marion Dorn. From the same period there is a rug designed by Serge Chermayeff."}], "title": "Title_51"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Who has performed all the Doctor Who music since the 2005 Christmas special?", "answers": [{"text": "the BBC National Orchestra of Wales", "answer_start": 127}, {"text": "BBC National Orchestra of Wales", "answer_start": 131}, {"text": "the BBC National Orchestra of Wales", "answer_start": 127}], "id": "1005653"}], "context": "All the incidental music for the 2005 revived series has been composed by Murray Gold and Ben Foster and has been performed by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales from the 2005 Christmas episode \"The Christmas Invasion\" onwards. A concert featuring the orchestra performing music from the first two series took place on 19 November 2006 to raise money for Children in Need. David Tennant hosted the event, introducing the different sections of the concert. Murray Gold and Russell T Davies answered questions during the interval and Daleks and Cybermen appeared whilst music from their stories was played. The concert aired on BBCi on Christmas Day 2006. A Doctor Who Prom was celebrated on 27 July 2008 in the Royal Albert Hall as part of the annual BBC Proms. The BBC Philharmonic and the London Philharmonic Choir performed Murray Gold's compositions for the series, conducted by Ben Foster, as well as a selection of classics based on the theme of space and time. The event was presented by Freema Agyeman and guest-presented by various other stars of the show with numerous monsters participating in the proceedings. It also featured the specially filmed mini-episode \"Music of the Spheres\", written by Russell T Davies and starring David Tennant."}], "title": "Title_52"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Who shared sideline duties with Evan Washburn?", "answers": [{"text": "Tracy Wolfson", "answer_start": 224}, {"text": "Tracy Wolfson", "answer_start": 224}, {"text": "Tracy Wolfson", "answer_start": 224}], "id": "1005654"}], "context": "In the United States, the game was televised by CBS, as part of a cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the NFL. The network's lead broadcast team of Jim Nantz and Phil Simms called the contest, with Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn on the sidelines. CBS introduced new features during the telecast, including pylon cameras and microphones along with EyeVision 360\u2014an array of 36 cameras along the upper deck that can be used to provide a 360-degree view of plays and \"bullet time\" effects. (An earlier version of EyeVision was last used in Super Bowl XXXV; for Super Bowl 50, the cameras were upgraded to 5K resolution.)"}], "title": "Title_53"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Who was the first Huguenot to arrive at the Cape of Good Hope?", "answers": [{"text": "Maria de la Queillerie", "answer_start": 190}, {"text": "Maria de la Queillerie", "answer_start": 190}, {"text": "Maria de la Queillerie", "answer_start": 190}], "id": "1005655"}], "context": "Individual Huguenots settled at the Cape of Good Hope from as early as 1671 with the arrival of Fran\u00e7ois Villion (Viljoen). The first Huguenot to arrive at the Cape of Good Hope was however Maria de la Queillerie, wife of commander Jan van Riebeeck (and daughter of a Walloon church minister), who arrived on 6 April 1652 to establish a settlement at what is today Cape Town. The couple left for the Far East ten years later. On 31 December 1687 the first organised group of Huguenots set sail from the Netherlands to the Dutch East India Company post at the Cape of Good Hope. The largest portion of the Huguenots to settle in the Cape arrived between 1688 and 1689 in seven ships as part of the organised migration, but quite a few arrived as late as 1700; thereafter, the numbers declined and only small groups arrived at a time."}], "title": "Title_54"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Who were the Super Bowl 50 sideline announcers?", "answers": [{"text": "Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn", "answer_start": 224}, {"text": "Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn", "answer_start": 224}, {"text": "Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn", "answer_start": 224}], "id": "1005656"}], "context": "In the United States, the game was televised by CBS, as part of a cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the NFL. The network's lead broadcast team of Jim Nantz and Phil Simms called the contest, with Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn on the sidelines. CBS introduced new features during the telecast, including pylon cameras and microphones along with EyeVision 360\u2014an array of 36 cameras along the upper deck that can be used to provide a 360-degree view of plays and \"bullet time\" effects. (An earlier version of EyeVision was last used in Super Bowl XXXV; for Super Bowl 50, the cameras were upgraded to 5K resolution.)"}], "title": "Title_55"}], "version": "1.1"} -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /datasets/adv_para.json: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | {"data": [{"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "A portion of Worldvision's catalogue in 1990 was absorbed into what company?", "answers": [{"text": "Turner Broadcasting System", "answer_start": 738}, {"text": "Turner Broadcasting System", "answer_start": 738}, {"text": "Turner Broadcasting System", "answer_start": 738}], "id": "1005600"}], "context": "When the FCC imposed its fin-syn rules in 1970, ABC proactively created two companies: Worldvision Enterprises as a syndication distributor, and ABC Circle Films as a production company. However, between the publication and implementation of these regulations, the separation of the network's catalog was made in 1973. The broadcast rights to pre-1973 productions were transferred to Worldvision, which became independent in the same year. The company has been sold several times since Paramount Television acquired it in 1999, and has most recently been absorbed into CBS Television Distribution, a unit of CBS Corporation. Nonetheless, Worldvision sold portions of its catalog, including the Ruby-Spears and Hanna-Barbera libraries, to Turner Broadcasting System in 1990. With Disney's 1996 purchase of ABC, ABC Circle Films was absorbed into Touchstone Television, a Disney subsidiary which in turn was renamed ABC Studios in 2007."}], "title": "Title_0"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Approximately how many gems in Reverend Chauncy Hare Townshend's finest and most comprehensive collections of jewellery was given to the museum?", "answers": [{"text": "154", "answer_start": 914}, {"text": "1869,", "answer_start": 937}, {"text": "154", "answer_start": 914}], "id": "1005601"}], "context": "The jewellery collection, containing over 6000 items is one of the finest and most comprehensive collections of jewellery in the world and includes works dating from Ancient Egypt to the present day, as well as jewellery designs on paper. The museum owns pieces by renowned jewelers Cartier, Jean Schlumberger, Peter Carl Faberg\u00e9, Hemmerle and Lalique. Other items in the collection include diamond dress ornaments made for Catherine the Great, bracelet clasps once belonging to Marie Antoinette, and the Beauharnais emerald necklace presented by Napoleon to his adopted daughter Hortense de Beauharnais in 1806. The museum also collects international modern jewellery by designers such as Gijs Bakker, Onno Boekhoudt, Peter Chang, Gerda Flockinger, Lucy Sarneel, Dorothea Pr\u00fchl and Wendy Ramshaw, and African and Asian traditional jewellery. Major bequests include Reverend Chauncy Hare Townshend's collection of 154 gems bequeathed in 1869, Lady Cory's 1951 gift of major diamond jewellery from the 18th and 19th centuries, and jewellery scholar Dame Joan Evans' 1977 gift of more than 800 jewels dating from the Middle Ages to the early 19th century. A new jewellery gallery, funded by William and Judith Bollinger, opened on 24 May 2008."}], "title": "Title_1"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "How long would Tesla spend gambling sometimes without sleep or rest?", "answers": [{"text": "more than 48 hours", "answer_start": 157}, {"text": "48 hours", "answer_start": 167}, {"text": "48 hours", "answer_start": 167}], "id": "1005602"}], "context": "During his second year of study at Graz, Tesla developed a passion for (and became very proficient at) billiards, chess and card-playing, sometimes spending more than 48 hours in a stretch at a gaming table.:43, 301 On one occasion at his laboratory, Tesla worked for a period of 84 hours without sleep or rest.:208 Kenneth Swezey, a journalist whom Tesla had befriended, confirmed that Tesla rarely slept. Swezey recalled one morning when Tesla called him at 3 a.m.: \"I was sleeping in my room like one dead ... Suddenly, the telephone ring awakened me ... [Tesla] spoke animatedly, with pauses, [as he] ... work[ed] out a problem, comparing one theory to another, commenting; and when he felt he had arrived at the solution, he suddenly closed the telephone.\""}], "title": "Title_2"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "How many bits are are typical for the primes used for RSA public key cryptography algorithms?", "answers": [{"text": "512-bit", "answer_start": 140}, {"text": "512", "answer_start": 140}, {"text": "512", "answer_start": 140}, {"text": "512", "answer_start": 140}], "id": "1005603"}], "context": "Several public-key cryptography algorithms, such as RSA and the Diffie\u2013Hellman key exchange, are based on large prime numbers (for example, 512-bit primes are frequently used for RSA and 1024-bit primes are typical for Diffie\u2013Hellman.). RSA relies on the assumption that it is much easier (i.e., more efficient) to perform the multiplication of two (large) numbers x and y than to calculate x and y (assumed coprime) if only the product xy is known. The Diffie\u2013Hellman key exchange relies on the fact that there are efficient algorithms for modular exponentiation, while the reverse operation the discrete logarithm is thought to be a hard problem."}], "title": "Title_3"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "How many bits are frequently used for the primes for the Diffie\u2013Hellman key exchange?", "answers": [{"text": "1024-bit", "answer_start": 187}, {"text": "1024", "answer_start": 187}, {"text": "1024", "answer_start": 187}, {"text": "1024", "answer_start": 187}], "id": "1005604"}], "context": "Several public-key cryptography algorithms, such as RSA and the Diffie\u2013Hellman key exchange, are based on large prime numbers (for example, 512-bit primes are frequently used for RSA and 1024-bit primes are typical for Diffie\u2013Hellman.). RSA relies on the assumption that it is much easier (i.e., more efficient) to perform the multiplication of two (large) numbers x and y than to calculate x and y (assumed coprime) if only the product xy is known. The Diffie\u2013Hellman key exchange relies on the fact that there are efficient algorithms for modular exponentiation, while the reverse operation the discrete logarithm is thought to be a hard problem."}], "title": "Title_4"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "How many members did the UMC have for the first time?", "answers": [{"text": "11 million", "answer_start": 213}, {"text": "about 11 million members in nearly 42,000 congregations", "answer_start": 207}, {"text": "11 million", "answer_start": 213}], "id": "1005605"}], "context": "Like many other mainline Protestant denominations in the United States, the United Methodist Church has experienced significant membership losses in recent decades. At the time of its formation, the UMC had about 11 million members in nearly 42,000 congregations. In 1975, membership dropped below 10 million for the first time. In 2005, there were about 8 million members in over 34,000 congregations. Membership is concentrated primarily in the Midwest and in the South. Texas has the largest number of members, with about 1 million. The states with the highest membership rates are Oklahoma, Iowa, Mississippi, West Virginia, and North Carolina."}], "title": "Title_5"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "How many new subscribers households had BSkyB service in 1994?", "answers": [{"text": "3.5 million", "answer_start": 876}, {"text": "3.5 million", "answer_start": 876}, {"text": "3.5 million", "answer_start": 876}], "id": "1005606"}], "context": "The service started on 1 September 1993 based on the idea from the then chief executive officer, Sam Chisholm and Rupert Murdoch, of converting the company business strategy to an entirely fee-based concept. The new package included four channels formerly available free-to-air, broadcasting on Astra's satellites, as well as introducing new channels. The service continued until the closure of BSkyB's analogue service on 27 September 2001, due to the launch and expansion of the Sky Digital platform. Some of the channels did broadcast either in the clear or soft encrypted (whereby a Videocrypt decoder was required to decode, without a subscription card) prior to their addition to the Sky Multichannels package. Within two months of the launch, BSkyB gained 400,000 new subscribers, with the majority taking at least one premium channel as well, which helped BSkyB reach 3.5 million households by mid-1994. Michael Grade criticized the operations in front of the Select Committee on National Heritage, mainly for the lack of original programming on many of the new channels."}], "title": "Title_6"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "How many persons are in attendance at the 2003 IPCC meeting?", "answers": [{"text": "350", "answer_start": 494}, {"text": "350", "answer_start": 494}, {"text": "350", "answer_start": 494}], "id": "1005607"}], "context": "The IPCC Panel is composed of representatives appointed by governments and organizations. Participation of delegates with appropriate expertise is encouraged. Plenary sessions of the IPCC and IPCC Working groups are held at the level of government representatives. Non Governmental and Intergovernmental Organizations may be allowed to attend as observers. Sessions of the IPCC Bureau, workshops, expert and lead authors meetings are by invitation only. Attendance at the 2003 meeting included 350 government officials and climate change experts. After the opening ceremonies, closed plenary sessions were held. The meeting report states there were 322 persons in attendance at Sessions with about seven-eighths of participants being from governmental organizations."}], "title": "Title_7"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "How many plant species make up the total in the rainforests of the Amazon?", "answers": [{"text": "40,000", "answer_start": 137}, {"text": "40,000", "answer_start": 137}, {"text": "40,000", "answer_start": 137}], "id": "1005608"}], "context": "The region is home to about 2.5 million insect species, tens of thousands of plants, and some 2,000 birds and mammals. To date, at least 40,000 plant species, 2,200 fishes, 1,294 birds, 427 mammals, 428 amphibians, and 378 reptiles have been scientifically classified in the region. One in five of all the bird species in the world live in the rainforests of the Amazon, and one in five of the fish species live in Amazonian rivers and streams. Scientists have described between 96,660 and 128,843 invertebrate species in Brazil alone."}], "title": "Title_8"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "How many species of insects have been scientifically classified in the region?", "answers": [{"text": "2.5 million", "answer_start": 28}, {"text": "2.5 million", "answer_start": 28}, {"text": "2.5 million", "answer_start": 28}], "id": "1005609"}], "context": "The region is home to about 2.5 million insect species, tens of thousands of plants, and some 2,000 birds and mammals. To date, at least 40,000 plant species, 2,200 fishes, 1,294 birds, 427 mammals, 428 amphibians, and 378 reptiles have been scientifically classified in the region. One in five of all the bird species in the world live in the rainforests of the Amazon, and one in five of the fish species live in Amazonian rivers and streams. Scientists have described between 96,660 and 128,843 invertebrate species in Brazil alone."}], "title": "Title_9"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "How populous is Victoria state on the Australian mainland compared to other Australian states?", "answers": [{"text": "second", "answer_start": 134}, {"text": "second-most", "answer_start": 134}, {"text": "second-most populous", "answer_start": 134}], "id": "1005610"}], "context": "Victoria (abbreviated as Vic) is a state in the south-east of Australia. Victoria is Australia's most densely populated state and its second-most populous state overall. Most of its population is concentrated in the area surrounding Port Phillip Bay, which includes the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city, Melbourne, which is Australia's second-largest city. Geographically the smallest state on the Australian mainland, Victoria is bordered by Bass Strait and Tasmania to the south,[note 1] New South Wales to the north, the Tasman Sea to the east, and South Australia to the west."}], "title": "Title_10"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "In what year did Joseph Priestley discover oxygen independently?", "answers": [{"text": "1774", "answer_start": 131}, {"text": "1774", "answer_start": 131}, {"text": "1774", "answer_start": 131}, {"text": "1774", "answer_start": 131}, {"text": "1774", "answer_start": 131}], "id": "1005611"}], "context": "Oxygen was discovered independently by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, in Uppsala, in 1773 or earlier, and Joseph Priestley in Wiltshire, in 1774, but Priestley is often given priority because his work was published first. The name oxygen was coined in 1777 by Antoine Lavoisier, whose experiments with oxygen helped to discredit the then-popular phlogiston theory of combustion and corrosion. Its name derives from the Greek roots \u1f40\u03be\u03cd\u03c2 oxys, \"acid\", literally \"sharp\", referring to the sour taste of acids and -\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 -genes, \"producer\", literally \"begetter\", because at the time of naming, it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition. Common uses of oxygen includes the production cycle of steel, plastics and textiles, brazing, welding and cutting of steels and other metals, rocket propellant, in oxygen therapy and life support systems in aircraft, submarines, spaceflight and diving."}], "title": "Title_11"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "On what date did the NFL confirm to the Associated Press that Coldplay would headline the halftime show?", "answers": [{"text": "December 3", "answer_start": 112}, {"text": "December 3", "answer_start": 112}, {"text": "December 3", "answer_start": 112}], "id": "1005612"}], "context": "In late November 2015, reports surfaced stating that \"multiple acts\" would perform during the halftime show. On December 3, the league confirmed that the show would be headlined by the British rock group Coldplay. On January 7, 2016, Pepsi confirmed to the Associated Press that Beyonc\u00e9, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show and collaborated with Coldplay on the single \"Hymn for the Weekend\", would be making an appearance. Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show, and Mark Ronson also performed."}], "title": "Title_12"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Southern California had a population of 22,680,010 according to the census from which year as California's growth became concentrated in the northern part of the state due to a stronger, tech-oriented economy in the Bay Area and an emerging Greater Sacramento region?", "answers": [{"text": "2010", "answer_start": 10}, {"text": "2010", "answer_start": 10}, {"text": "2010", "answer_start": 10}], "id": "1005613"}], "context": "As of the 2010 United States Census, southern California has a population of 22,680,010. Despite a reputation for high growth rates, southern California's rate grew less than the state average of 10.0% in the 2000s as California's growth became concentrated in the northern part of the state due to a stronger, tech-oriented economy in the Bay Area and an emerging Greater Sacramento region."}], "title": "Title_13"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "The agriculture sectors only employ what percent of the labour force?", "answers": [{"text": "75% of the labour force", "answer_start": 303}, {"text": "75%", "answer_start": 303}, {"text": "75%", "answer_start": 303}], "id": "1005614"}], "context": "East and Central Africa's biggest economy has posted tremendous growth in the service sector, boosted by rapid expansion in telecommunication and financial activity over the last decade, and now[when?] contributes 62% of GDP. 22% of GDP still comes from the unreliable agricultural sector which employs 75% of the labour force (a consistent characteristic of under-developed economies that have not attained food security \u2013 an important catalyst of economic growth) A small portion of the population relies on food aid.[citation needed] Industry and manufacturing is the smallest sector, accounting for 16% of GDP. The service, industry and manufacturing sectors only employ 25% of the labour force but contribute 75% of GDP."}], "title": "Title_14"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "The Art Deco period of numerous examples of various types of textiles works is represented by which American artist?", "answers": [{"text": "Marion Dorn", "answer_start": 450}, {"text": "Marion Dorn", "answer_start": 450}, {"text": "Marion Dorn", "answer_start": 450}], "id": "1005615"}], "context": "One of the earliest surviving examples of European quilting, the late 14th-century Sicilian Tristan Quilt, is also held by the collection. The collection has numerous examples of various types of textiles designed by William Morris, including, embroidery, woven fabrics, tapestries (Including 'The Forest' tapestry of 1887), rugs and carpets, as well as pattern books and paper designs. The art deco period is covered by rugs and fabrics designed by Marion Dorn. From the same period there is a rug designed by Serge Chermayeff."}], "title": "Title_15"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "The Mongol invasions resulted in the conquest of what areas at the end of Genghis Khan's life?", "answers": [{"text": "a substantial portion of Central Asia and China", "answer_start": 539}, {"text": "substantial portion of Central Asia and China", "answer_start": 541}, {"text": "a substantial portion of Central Asia and China", "answer_start": 539}], "id": "1005616"}], "context": "He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia. After founding the Mongol Empire and being proclaimed \"Genghis Khan\", he started the Mongol invasions that resulted in the conquest of most of Eurasia. These included raids or invasions of the Qara Khitai, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties. These campaigns were often accompanied by wholesale massacres of the civilian populations \u2013 especially in the Khwarezmian and Xia controlled lands. By the end of his life, the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China."}], "title": "Title_16"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "The number of new Huguenots to settle in the Cape declined after what year?", "answers": [{"text": "1700", "answer_start": 753}, {"text": "1700", "answer_start": 753}, {"text": "1700", "answer_start": 753}], "id": "1005617"}], "context": "Individual Huguenots settled at the Cape of Good Hope from as early as 1671 with the arrival of Fran\u00e7ois Villion (Viljoen). The first Huguenot to arrive at the Cape of Good Hope was however Maria de la Queillerie, wife of commander Jan van Riebeeck (and daughter of a Walloon church minister), who arrived on 6 April 1652 to establish a settlement at what is today Cape Town. The couple left for the Far East ten years later. On 31 December 1687 the first organised group of Huguenots set sail from the Netherlands to the Dutch East India Company post at the Cape of Good Hope. The largest portion of the Huguenots to settle in the Cape arrived between 1688 and 1689 in seven ships as part of the organised migration, but quite a few arrived as late as 1700; thereafter, the numbers declined and only small groups arrived at a time."}], "title": "Title_17"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What actress played the last subsequent incarnations of the Doctor in the special?", "answers": [{"text": "Joanna Lumley", "answer_start": 677}, {"text": "Joanna Lumley", "answer_start": 677}, {"text": "Joanna Lumley", "answer_start": 677}], "id": "1005618"}], "context": "In 1999, another special, Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death, was made for Comic Relief and later released on VHS. An affectionate parody of the television series, it was split into four segments, mimicking the traditional serial format, complete with cliffhangers, and running down the same corridor several times when being chased (the version released on video was split into only two episodes). In the story, the Doctor (Rowan Atkinson) encounters both the Master (Jonathan Pryce) and the Daleks. During the special the Doctor is forced to regenerate several times, with his subsequent incarnations played by, in order, Richard E. Grant, Jim Broadbent, Hugh Grant and Joanna Lumley. The script was written by Steven Moffat, later to be head writer and executive producer to the revived series."}], "title": "Title_18"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What is one country that has been suggested for importation of medicines for personal use with a prescription?", "answers": [{"text": "Canada", "answer_start": 88}, {"text": "Canada", "answer_start": 88}, {"text": "Canada", "answer_start": 88}], "id": "1005619"}], "context": "In the United States, there has been a push to legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries, in order to reduce consumer costs. While in most cases importation of prescription medications violates Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations and federal laws, enforcement is generally targeted at international drug suppliers, rather than consumers. There is no known case of any U.S. citizens buying Canadian drugs for personal use with a prescription, who has ever been charged by authorities."}], "title": "Title_19"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What is the alpine valley that the Rhine is flowing into the open through?", "answers": [{"text": "Rhine Valley", "answer_start": 289}, {"text": "Rhine Valley", "answer_start": 289}, {"text": "Rhine Valley", "answer_start": 289}, {"text": "Rhine Valley", "answer_start": 289}, {"text": "Rhine Valley", "answer_start": 289}], "id": "1005620"}], "context": "Near Tamins-Reichenau the Anterior Rhine and the Posterior Rhine join and form the Rhine. The river makes a distinctive turn to the north near Chur. This section is nearly 86 km long, and descends from a height of 599 m to 396 m. It flows through a wide glacial alpine valley known as the Rhine Valley (German: Rheintal). Near Sargans a natural dam, only a few metres high, prevents it from flowing into the open Seeztal valley and then through Lake Walen and Lake Zurich into the river Aare. The Alpine Rhine begins in the most western part of the Swiss canton of Graub\u00fcnden, and later forms the border between Switzerland to the West and Liechtenstein and later Austria to the East."}], "title": "Title_20"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What is the average earning for a professional in the construction industry salary in the UK?", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a326,719", "answer_start": 505}, {"text": "\u00a326,719", "answer_start": 505}, {"text": "\u00a326,719", "answer_start": 505}], "id": "1005621"}], "context": "In 2010 a salary survey revealed the differences in remuneration between different roles, sectors and locations in the construction and built environment industry. The results showed that areas of particularly strong growth in the construction industry, such as the Middle East, yield higher average salaries than in the UK for example. The average earning for a professional in the construction industry in the Middle East, across all sectors, job types and levels of experience, is \u00a342,090, compared to \u00a326,719 in the UK. This trend is not necessarily due to the fact that more affluent roles are available, however, as architects with 14 or more years experience working in the Middle East earn on average \u00a343,389 per annum, compared to \u00a340,000 in the UK. Some construction workers in the US/Canada have made more than $100,000 annually, depending on their trade."}], "title": "Title_21"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What is the upper range of annual fees per year for non-boarding students in British public schools?", "answers": [{"text": "\u00a321,000", "answer_start": 782}, {"text": "\u00a321,000", "answer_start": 782}, {"text": "\u00a321,000", "answer_start": 782}], "id": "1005622"}], "context": "Private schools generally prefer to be called independent schools, because of their freedom to operate outside of government and local government control. Some of these are also known as public schools. Preparatory schools in the UK prepare pupils aged up to 13 years old to enter public schools. The name \"public school\" is based on the fact that the schools were open to pupils from anywhere, and not merely to those from a certain locality, and of any religion or occupation. According to The Good Schools Guide approximately 9 per cent of children being educated in the UK are doing so at fee-paying schools at GSCE level and 13 per cent at A-level.[citation needed] Many independent schools are single-sex (though this is becoming less common). Fees range from under \u00a33,000 to \u00a321,000 and above per year for day pupils, rising to \u00a327,000+ per year for boarders. For details in Scotland, see \"Meeting the Cost\"."}], "title": "Title_22"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What kicker got off to a strong start by being successful on a 33-yard field goal?", "answers": [{"text": "McManus", "answer_start": 459}, {"text": "McManus", "answer_start": 459}, {"text": "McManus", "answer_start": 459}], "id": "1005623"}], "context": "The Panthers seemed primed to score on their opening drive of the second half when Newton completed a 45-yard pass to Ted Ginn Jr. on the Denver 35-yard line on their second offensive play. But the Broncos defense halted the drive on the 26-yard line, and it ended with no points when Graham Gano hit the uprights on a 44-yard field goal attempt. After the miss, Manning completed a pair of passes to Emmanuel Sanders for gains of 25 and 22 yards, setting up McManus' 33-yard field goal that gave the Broncos a 16\u20137 lead. Carolina got off to another strong start after the kickoff, with Newton completing a 42-yard pass to Corey Brown. But once again they came up empty, this time as a result of a Newton pass that bounced off the hands of Ginn and was intercepted by safety T. J. Ward. Ward fumbled the ball during the return, but Trevathan recovered it to enable Denver to keep possession."}], "title": "Title_23"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What Lake in a German island Mainau receives a fraction of the Rhine's warmer, green waters flow?", "answers": [{"text": "Lake \u00dcberlingen", "answer_start": 564}, {"text": "Lake \u00dcberlingen", "answer_start": 564}, {"text": "Lake \u00dcberlingen", "answer_start": 564}], "id": "1005624"}], "context": "The flow of cold, gray mountain water continues for some distance into the lake. The cold water flows near the surface and at first doesn't mix with the warmer, green waters of Upper Lake. But then, at the so-called Rheinbrech, the Rhine water abruptly falls into the depths because of the greater density of cold water. The flow reappears on the surface at the northern (German) shore of the lake, off the island of Lindau. The water then follows the northern shore until Hagnau am Bodensee. A small fraction of the flow is diverted off the island of Mainau into Lake \u00dcberlingen. Most of the water flows via the Constance hopper into the Rheinrinne (\"Rhine Gutter\") and Seerhein. Depending on the water level, this flow of the Rhine water is clearly visible along the entire length of the lake."}], "title": "Title_24"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What percent of the Muslim total population lives in Kenya's Coastal Region?", "answers": [{"text": "Sixty percent", "answer_start": 109}, {"text": "Sixty percent", "answer_start": 109}, {"text": "Sixty percent", "answer_start": 109}], "id": "1005625"}], "context": "Sizeable minorities of other faiths do exist (Muslim 11.2%, indigenous beliefs 1.7%), and nonreligious 2.4%. Sixty percent of the Muslim population lives in Kenya's Coastal Region, comprising 50% of the total population there. Roughly 4% of Muslims are Ahmadiyya, 8% Shia and another 8% are non-denominational Muslims, while 73% are Sunni. Western areas of the Coast Region are mostly Christian. The upper part of Kenya's Eastern Region is home to 10% of the country's Muslims, where they constitute the majority religious group. In addition, there is a large Hindu population in Kenya (around 300,000), who have played a key role in the local economy; they are mostly of Indian origin."}], "title": "Title_25"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What series years are also available in its entirety on Blu-ray?", "answers": [{"text": "from 2009 onwards", "answer_start": 552}, {"text": "series from 2009 onwards", "answer_start": 545}, {"text": "from 2009 onwards", "answer_start": 552}], "id": "1005626"}], "context": "A wide selection of serials are available from BBC Video on DVD, on sale in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and the United States. Every fully extant serial has been released on VHS, and BBC Worldwide continues to regularly release serials on DVD. The 2005 series is also available in its entirety on UMD for the PlayStation Portable. Eight original series serials have been released on Laserdisc and many have also been released on Betamax tape and Video 2000. One episode of Doctor Who (The Infinite Quest) was released on VCD. Only the series from 2009 onwards are available on Blu-ray, except for the 1970 story Spearhead from Space, released in July 2013. Many early releases have been re-released as special editions, with more bonus features."}], "title": "Title_26"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What team lost Super Bowl XXXIII in the seasons prior?", "answers": [{"text": "Atlanta Falcons", "answer_start": 376}, {"text": "the Atlanta Falcons", "answer_start": 372}, {"text": "Falcons", "answer_start": 384}], "id": "1005627"}], "context": "As the designated home team in the annual rotation between AFC and NFC teams, the Broncos elected to wear their road white jerseys with matching white pants. Elway stated, \"We've had Super Bowl success in our white uniforms.\" The Broncos last wore matching white jerseys and pants in the Super Bowl in Super Bowl XXXIII, Elway's last game as Denver QB, when they defeated the Atlanta Falcons 34\u201319. In their only other Super Bowl win in Super Bowl XXXII, Denver wore blue jerseys, which was their primary color at the time. They also lost Super Bowl XXI when they wore white jerseys, but they are 0-4 in Super Bowls when wearing orange jerseys, losing in Super Bowl XII, XXII, XXIV, and XLVIII. The only other AFC champion team to have worn white as the designated home team in the Super Bowl was the Pittsburgh Steelers; they defeated the Seattle Seahawks 21\u201310 in Super Bowl XL 10 seasons prior. The Broncos' decision to wear white meant the Panthers would wear their standard home uniform: black jerseys with silver pants."}], "title": "Title_27"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "what was Fresno's population of any race in 2010?", "answers": [{"text": "494,665", "answer_start": 71}, {"text": "494,665", "answer_start": 71}, {"text": "494,665", "answer_start": 71}], "id": "1005628"}], "context": "The 2010 United States Census reported that Fresno had a population of 494,665. The population density was 4,404.5 people per square mile (1,700.6/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of Fresno was 245,306 (49.6%) White, 40,960 (8.3%) African American, 8,525 (1.7%) Native American, 62,528 (12.6%) Asian (3.6% Hmong, 1.7% Indian, 1.2% Filipino, 1.2% Laotian, 1.0% Thai, 0.8% Cambodian, 0.7% Chinese, 0.5% Japanese, 0.4% Vietnamese, 0.2% Korean), 849 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 111,984 (22.6%) from other races, and 24,513 (5.0%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 232,055 persons (46.9%). Among the Hispanic population, 42.7% of the total population are Mexican, 0.4% Salvadoran, and 0.4% Puerto Rican. Non-Hispanic Whites were 30.0% of the population in 2010, down from 72.6% in 1970."}], "title": "Title_28"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What was the percentage of Black or African-Americans racial makeup of the city?", "answers": [{"text": "8.4%", "answer_start": 327}, {"text": "8.4%", "answer_start": 327}, {"text": "8.4%", "answer_start": 327}], "id": "1005629"}], "context": "As of the census of 2000, there were 427,652 people, 140,079 households, and 97,915 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,097.9 people per square mile (1,582.2/km\u00b2). There were 149,025 housing units at an average density of 1,427.9 square miles (3,698 km2). The racial makeup of the city was 50.2% White, 8.4% Black or African American, 1.6% Native American, 11.2% Asian (about a third of which is Hmong), 0.1% Pacific Islander, 23.4% from other races, and 5.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 39.9% of the population."}], "title": "Title_29"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What was the percentage of Non-Hispanic Whites in the racial makeup of Fresno in 2010? ", "answers": [{"text": "30.0%", "answer_start": 738}, {"text": "30.0%", "answer_start": 738}, {"text": "30.0%", "answer_start": 738}], "id": "1005630"}], "context": "The 2010 United States Census reported that Fresno had a population of 494,665. The population density was 4,404.5 people per square mile (1,700.6/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of Fresno was 245,306 (49.6%) White, 40,960 (8.3%) African American, 8,525 (1.7%) Native American, 62,528 (12.6%) Asian (3.6% Hmong, 1.7% Indian, 1.2% Filipino, 1.2% Laotian, 1.0% Thai, 0.8% Cambodian, 0.7% Chinese, 0.5% Japanese, 0.4% Vietnamese, 0.2% Korean), 849 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 111,984 (22.6%) from other races, and 24,513 (5.0%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 232,055 persons (46.9%). Among the Hispanic population, 42.7% of the total population are Mexican, 0.4% Salvadoran, and 0.4% Puerto Rican. Non-Hispanic Whites were 30.0% of the population in 2010, down from 72.6% in 1970."}], "title": "Title_30"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "What was the proportion of Huguenots to Catholics when their numbers peaked?", "answers": [{"text": "about one-eighth the number", "answer_start": 128}, {"text": "about one-eighth", "answer_start": 128}, {"text": "about one-eighth", "answer_start": 128}], "id": "1005631"}], "context": "Huguenot numbers peaked near an estimated two million by 1562, concentrated mainly in the southern and central parts of France, about one-eighth the number of French Catholics. As Huguenots gained influence and more openly displayed their faith, Catholic hostility grew, in spite of increasingly liberal political concessions and edicts of toleration from the French crown. A series of religious conflicts followed, known as the Wars of Religion, fought intermittently from 1562 to 1598. The wars finally ended with the granting of the Edict of Nantes, which granted the Huguenots substantial religious, political and military autonomy."}], "title": "Title_31"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "When did a Doctor Who Prom took place on?", "answers": [{"text": "27 July 2008", "answer_start": 691}, {"text": "27 July 2008", "answer_start": 691}, {"text": "27 July 2008", "answer_start": 691}], "id": "1005632"}], "context": "All the incidental music for the 2005 revived series has been composed by Murray Gold and Ben Foster and has been performed by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales from the 2005 Christmas episode \"The Christmas Invasion\" onwards. A concert featuring the orchestra performing music from the first two series took place on 19 November 2006 to raise money for Children in Need. David Tennant hosted the event, introducing the different sections of the concert. Murray Gold and Russell T Davies answered questions during the interval and Daleks and Cybermen appeared whilst music from their stories was played. The concert aired on BBCi on Christmas Day 2006. A Doctor Who Prom was celebrated on 27 July 2008 in the Royal Albert Hall as part of the annual BBC Proms. The BBC Philharmonic and the London Philharmonic Choir performed Murray Gold's compositions for the series, conducted by Ben Foster, as well as a selection of classics based on the theme of space and time. The event was presented by Freema Agyeman and guest-presented by various other stars of the show with numerous monsters participating in the proceedings. It also featured the specially filmed mini-episode \"Music of the Spheres\", written by Russell T Davies and starring David Tennant."}], "title": "Title_32"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "When did BSkyB end their analogue service that started based on the idea from the then chief executive officer?", "answers": [{"text": "27 September 2001", "answer_start": 423}, {"text": "27 September 2001", "answer_start": 423}, {"text": "September 2001", "answer_start": 426}], "id": "1005633"}], "context": "The service started on 1 September 1993 based on the idea from the then chief executive officer, Sam Chisholm and Rupert Murdoch, of converting the company business strategy to an entirely fee-based concept. The new package included four channels formerly available free-to-air, broadcasting on Astra's satellites, as well as introducing new channels. The service continued until the closure of BSkyB's analogue service on 27 September 2001, due to the launch and expansion of the Sky Digital platform. Some of the channels did broadcast either in the clear or soft encrypted (whereby a Videocrypt decoder was required to decode, without a subscription card) prior to their addition to the Sky Multichannels package. Within two months of the launch, BSkyB gained 400,000 new subscribers, with the majority taking at least one premium channel as well, which helped BSkyB reach 3.5 million households by mid-1994. Michael Grade criticized the operations in front of the Select Committee on National Heritage, mainly for the lack of original programming on many of the new channels."}], "title": "Title_33"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "When did oil finally readjust prices to reflect to its Bretton Woods levels?", "answers": [{"text": "1973\u20131974", "answer_start": 485}, {"text": "1974", "answer_start": 490}, {"text": "1973\u20131974", "answer_start": 485}, {"text": "1973\u20131974", "answer_start": 485}, {"text": "1973\u20131974", "answer_start": 485}], "id": "1005634"}], "context": "This contributed to the \"Oil Shock\". After 1971, OPEC was slow to readjust prices to reflect this depreciation. From 1947 to 1967, the dollar price of oil had risen by less than two percent per year. Until the oil shock, the price had also remained fairly stable versus other currencies and commodities. OPEC ministers had not developed institutional mechanisms to update prices in sync with changing market conditions, so their real incomes lagged. The substantial price increases of 1973\u20131974 largely returned their prices and corresponding incomes to Bretton Woods levels in terms of commodities such as gold."}], "title": "Title_34"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "When did the European Council set up a body called the European Convention on Human Rights?", "answers": [{"text": "1950", "answer_start": 436}, {"text": "1950", "answer_start": 436}, {"text": "1950", "answer_start": 436}], "id": "1005635"}], "context": "None of the original treaties establishing the European Union mention protection for fundamental rights. It was not envisaged for European Union measures, that is legislative and administrative actions by European Union institutions, to be subject to human rights. At the time the only concern was that member states should be prevented from violating human rights, hence the establishment of the European Convention on Human Rights in 1950 and the establishment of the European Court of Human Rights. The European Court of Justice recognised fundamental rights as general principle of European Union law as the need to ensure that European Union measures are compatible with the human rights enshrined in member states' constitution became ever more apparent. In 1999 the European Council set up a body tasked with drafting a European Charter of Human Rights, which could form the constitutional basis for the European Union and as such tailored specifically to apply to the European Union and its institutions. The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union draws a list of fundamental rights from the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the Declaration on Fundamental Rights produced by the European Parliament in 1989 and European Union Treaties."}], "title": "Title_35"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "When was Luther warned of excommunication by Pope Leo X? ", "answers": [{"text": "15 June 1520", "answer_start": 3}, {"text": "15 June 1520", "answer_start": 3}, {"text": "1520", "answer_start": 11}], "id": "1005636"}], "context": "On 15 June 1520, the Pope warned Luther with the papal bull (edict) Exsurge Domine that he risked excommunication unless he recanted 41 sentences drawn from his writings, including the 95 Theses, within 60 days. That autumn, Johann Eck proclaimed the bull in Meissen and other towns. Karl von Miltitz, a papal nuncio, attempted to broker a solution, but Luther, who had sent the Pope a copy of On the Freedom of a Christian in October, publicly set fire to the bull and decretals at Wittenberg on 10 December 1520, an act he defended in Why the Pope and his Recent Book are Burned and Assertions Concerning All Articles. As a consequence, Luther was excommunicated by Pope Leo X on 3 January 1521, in the bull Decet Romanum Pontificem."}], "title": "Title_36"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "When was the basis for the Social Chapter Treaty of Amsterdam covering social policy issues in European Union law developed?", "answers": [{"text": "1989", "answer_start": 167}, {"text": "1989", "answer_start": 167}, {"text": "1989", "answer_start": 167}], "id": "1005637"}], "context": "The Social Chapter is a chapter of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam covering social policy issues in European Union law. The basis for the Social Chapter was developed in 1989 by the \"social partners\" representatives, namely UNICE, the employers' confederation, the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) and CEEP, the European Centre of Public Enterprises. A toned down version was adopted as the Social Charter at the 1989 Strasbourg European Council. The Social Charter declares 30 general principles, including on fair remuneration of employment, health and safety at work, rights of disabled and elderly, the rights of workers, on vocational training and improvements of living conditions. The Social Charter became the basis for European Community legislation on these issues in 40 pieces of legislation."}], "title": "Title_37"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "When were theories developed suggesting growth may rise with increased income inequality?", "answers": [{"text": "the 1970s", "answer_start": 27}, {"text": "1970s", "answer_start": 31}, {"text": "1970s", "answer_start": 31}], "id": "1005638"}], "context": "Some theories developed in the 1970s established possible avenues through which inequality may have a positive effect on economic development. According to a 1955 review, savings by the wealthy, if these increase with inequality, were thought to offset reduced consumer demand. A 2013 report on Nigeria suggests that growth has risen with increased income inequality. Some theories popular from the 1950s to 2011 incorrectly stated that inequality had a positive effect on economic development. Analyses based on comparing yearly equality figures to yearly growth rates were misleading because it takes several years for effects to manifest as changes to economic growth. IMF economists found a strong association between lower levels of inequality in developing countries and sustained periods of economic growth. Developing countries with high inequality have \"succeeded in initiating growth at high rates for a few years\" but \"longer growth spells are robustly associated with more equality in the income distribution.\""}], "title": "Title_38"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Where did Mongke Khan send the force to invade the Song dynasty?", "answers": [{"text": "southern China", "answer_start": 78}, {"text": "southern China", "answer_start": 78}, {"text": "in southern China", "answer_start": 75}], "id": "1005639"}], "context": "M\u00f6ngke Khan commenced a military campaign against the Chinese Song dynasty in southern China. The Mongol force that invaded southern China was far greater than the force they sent to invade the Middle East in 1256. He died in 1259 without a successor. Kublai returned from fighting the Song in 1260 when he learned that his brother, Ariq B\u00f6ke, was challenging his claim to the throne. Kublai convened a kurultai in Kaiping that elected him Great Khan. A rival kurultai in Mongolia proclaimed Ariq B\u00f6ke Great Khan, beginning a civil war. Kublai depended on the cooperation of his Chinese subjects to ensure that his army received ample resources. He bolstered his popularity among his subjects by modeling his government on the bureaucracy of traditional Chinese dynasties and adopting the Chinese era name of Zhongtong. Ariq B\u00f6ke was hampered by inadequate supplies and surrendered in 1264. All of the three western khanates (Golden Horde, Chagatai Khanate and Ilkhanate) became functionally autonomous, although only the Ilkhans truly recognized Kublai as Great Khan. Civil strife had permanently divided the Mongol Empire."}], "title": "Title_39"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Where does the cold water mix with Lake Constance warmer, green waters?", "answers": [{"text": "Rheinbrech", "answer_start": 216}, {"text": "Upper Lake", "answer_start": 177}, {"text": "Rheinrinne", "answer_start": 639}], "id": "1005640"}], "context": "The flow of cold, gray mountain water continues for some distance into the lake. The cold water flows near the surface and at first doesn't mix with the warmer, green waters of Upper Lake. But then, at the so-called Rheinbrech, the Rhine water abruptly falls into the depths because of the greater density of cold water. The flow reappears on the surface at the northern (German) shore of the lake, off the island of Lindau. The water then follows the northern shore until Hagnau am Bodensee. A small fraction of the flow is diverted off the island of Mainau into Lake \u00dcberlingen. Most of the water flows via the Constance hopper into the Rheinrinne (\"Rhine Gutter\") and Seerhein. Depending on the water level, this flow of the Rhine water is clearly visible along the entire length of the lake."}], "title": "Title_40"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Where have some workers made more than $100,000 on average per annum?", "answers": [{"text": "US/Canada", "answer_start": 792}, {"text": "US/Canada", "answer_start": 792}, {"text": "US/Canada", "answer_start": 792}], "id": "1005641"}], "context": "In 2010 a salary survey revealed the differences in remuneration between different roles, sectors and locations in the construction and built environment industry. The results showed that areas of particularly strong growth in the construction industry, such as the Middle East, yield higher average salaries than in the UK for example. The average earning for a professional in the construction industry in the Middle East, across all sectors, job types and levels of experience, is \u00a342,090, compared to \u00a326,719 in the UK. This trend is not necessarily due to the fact that more affluent roles are available, however, as architects with 14 or more years experience working in the Middle East earn on average \u00a343,389 per annum, compared to \u00a340,000 in the UK. Some construction workers in the US/Canada have made more than $100,000 annually, depending on their trade."}], "title": "Title_41"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Where is the lowest minimum temperature section of Victoria?", "answers": [{"text": "Victorian Alps", "answer_start": 4}, {"text": "The Victorian Alps", "answer_start": 0}, {"text": "Victorian Alps", "answer_start": 4}], "id": "1005642"}], "context": "The Victorian Alps in the northeast are the coldest part of Victoria. The Alps are part of the Great Dividing Range mountain system extending east-west through the centre of Victoria. Average temperatures are less than 9 \u00b0C (48 \u00b0F) in winter and below 0 \u00b0C (32 \u00b0F) in the highest parts of the ranges. The state's lowest minimum temperature of \u221211.7 \u00b0C (10.9 \u00b0F) was recorded at Omeo on 13 June 1965, and again at Falls Creek on 3 July 1970. Temperature extremes for the state are listed in the table below:"}], "title": "Title_42"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Which commentary crew reported on the sideline for ESPN Deportes?", "answers": [{"text": "John Sutcliffe", "answer_start": 617}, {"text": "John Sutcliffe", "answer_start": 617}, {"text": "Sutcliffe", "answer_start": 622}], "id": "1005643"}], "context": "On December 28, 2015, ESPN Deportes announced that they had reached an agreement with CBS and the NFL to be the exclusive Spanish-language broadcaster of the game, marking the third dedicated Spanish-language broadcast of the Super Bowl. Unlike NBC and Fox, CBS does not have a Spanish-language outlet of its own that could broadcast the game (though per league policy, a separate Spanish play-by-play call was carried on CBS's second audio program channel for over-the-air viewers). The game was called by ESPN Deportes' Monday Night Football commentary crew of Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre, and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe. ESPN Deportes broadcast pre-game and post-game coverage, while Martin, Allegre, and Sutcliffe contributed English-language reports for ESPN's SportsCenter and Mike & Mike."}], "title": "Title_43"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Which country was the last to receive the disease that first spread northwest across Europe?", "answers": [{"text": "northwestern Russia", "answer_start": 333}, {"text": "Russia", "answer_start": 346}, {"text": "Russia", "answer_start": 346}], "id": "1005644"}], "context": "From Italy, the disease spread northwest across Europe, striking France, Spain, Portugal and England by June 1348, then turned and spread east through Germany and Scandinavia from 1348 to 1350. It was introduced in Norway in 1349 when a ship landed at Ask\u00f8y, then spread to Bj\u00f8rgvin (modern Bergen) and Iceland. Finally it spread to northwestern Russia in 1351. The plague was somewhat less common in parts of Europe that had smaller trade relations with their neighbours, including the Kingdom of Poland, the majority of the Basque Country, isolated parts of Belgium and the Netherlands, and isolated alpine villages throughout the continent."}], "title": "Title_44"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Which empire was the last one Genghis Khan conquered or created vassal states out of before he died?", "answers": [{"text": "Western Xia", "answer_start": 168}, {"text": "Western Xia", "answer_start": 168}, {"text": "Western Xia", "answer_start": 168}], "id": "1005645"}], "context": "Before Genghis Khan died, he assigned \u00d6gedei Khan as his successor and split his empire into khanates among his sons and grandsons. He died in 1227 after defeating the Western Xia. He was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia at an unknown location. His descendants extended the Mongol Empire across most of Eurasia by conquering or creating vassal states out of all of modern-day China, Korea, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and substantial portions of modern Eastern Europe, Russia, and Southwest Asia. Many of these invasions repeated the earlier large-scale slaughters of local populations. As a result, Genghis Khan and his empire have a fearsome reputation in local histories."}], "title": "Title_45"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Which network have a Spanish-language outlet broadcast the game in Spanish?", "answers": [{"text": "ESPN Deportes", "answer_start": 22}, {"text": "ESPN Deportes", "answer_start": 22}, {"text": "ESPN Deportes", "answer_start": 22}], "id": "1005646"}], "context": "On December 28, 2015, ESPN Deportes announced that they had reached an agreement with CBS and the NFL to be the exclusive Spanish-language broadcaster of the game, marking the third dedicated Spanish-language broadcast of the Super Bowl. Unlike NBC and Fox, CBS does not have a Spanish-language outlet of its own that could broadcast the game (though per league policy, a separate Spanish play-by-play call was carried on CBS's second audio program channel for over-the-air viewers). The game was called by ESPN Deportes' Monday Night Football commentary crew of Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre, and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe. ESPN Deportes broadcast pre-game and post-game coverage, while Martin, Allegre, and Sutcliffe contributed English-language reports for ESPN's SportsCenter and Mike & Mike."}], "title": "Title_46"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Which theorem revolving about primes have been posed that every large even integer can be written as a prime summed with a semiprime?", "answers": [{"text": "Vinogradov's theorem", "answer_start": 552}, {"text": "Vinogradov's", "answer_start": 552}, {"text": "Vinogradov's theorem", "answer_start": 552}, {"text": "Vinogradov's theorem", "answer_start": 552}], "id": "1005647"}], "context": "In addition to the Riemann hypothesis, many more conjectures revolving about primes have been posed. Often having an elementary formulation, many of these conjectures have withstood a proof for decades: all four of Landau's problems from 1912 are still unsolved. One of them is Goldbach's conjecture, which asserts that every even integer n greater than 2 can be written as a sum of two primes. As of February 2011[update], this conjecture has been verified for all numbers up to n = 2 \u00b7 1017. Weaker statements than this have been proven, for example Vinogradov's theorem says that every sufficiently large odd integer can be written as a sum of three primes. Chen's theorem says that every sufficiently large even number can be expressed as the sum of a prime and a semiprime, the product of two primes. Also, any even integer can be written as the sum of six primes. The branch of number theory studying such questions is called additive number theory."}], "title": "Title_47"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Which theorem revolving about primes have been posed that every large even integer can be written as a prime summed with a semiprime?", "answers": [{"text": "Chen's theorem", "answer_start": 661}, {"text": "Chen's", "answer_start": 661}, {"text": "Chen's theorem", "answer_start": 661}, {"text": "Chen's theorem", "answer_start": 661}], "id": "1005648"}], "context": "In addition to the Riemann hypothesis, many more conjectures revolving about primes have been posed. Often having an elementary formulation, many of these conjectures have withstood a proof for decades: all four of Landau's problems from 1912 are still unsolved. One of them is Goldbach's conjecture, which asserts that every even integer n greater than 2 can be written as a sum of two primes. As of February 2011[update], this conjecture has been verified for all numbers up to n = 2 \u00b7 1017. Weaker statements than this have been proven, for example Vinogradov's theorem says that every sufficiently large odd integer can be written as a sum of three primes. Chen's theorem says that every sufficiently large even number can be expressed as the sum of a prime and a semiprime, the product of two primes. Also, any even integer can be written as the sum of six primes. The branch of number theory studying such questions is called additive number theory."}], "title": "Title_48"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Who actually won the Nobel Prize in Physics?", "answers": [{"text": "Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg", "answer_start": 244}, {"text": "Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg", "answer_start": 244}, {"text": "Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg", "answer_start": 244}], "id": "1005649"}], "context": "On 6 November 1915, a Reuters news agency report from London had the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics awarded to Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla; however, on 15 November, a Reuters story from Stockholm stated the prize that year was being awarded to Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg \"for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays.\":245 There were unsubstantiated rumors at the time that Tesla and/or Edison had refused the prize.:245 The Nobel Foundation said, \"Any rumor that a person has not been given a Nobel Prize because he has made known his intention to refuse the reward is ridiculous\"; a recipient could only decline a Nobel Prize after he is announced a winner.:245"}], "title": "Title_49"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Who created ABC's Wide World of Sports which featured a different sporting event each broadcast?", "answers": [{"text": "Edgar Scherick", "answer_start": 267}, {"text": "Edgar Scherick", "answer_start": 267}, {"text": "Edgar Scherick", "answer_start": 267}], "id": "1005650"}], "context": "Always in search of new programs that would help it compete with NBC and CBS, ABC's management believed that sports could be a major catalyst in improving the network's market share. On April 29, 1961, ABC debuted Wide World of Sports, an anthology series created by Edgar Scherick through his company Sports Programs, Inc. and produced by a young Roone Arledge which featured a different sporting event each broadcast. ABC purchased Sports Programs, Inc. in exchange for shares in the company, leading it to become the future core of ABC Sports, with Arledge as the executive producer of that division's shows. Wide World of Sports, in particular, was not merely devoted to a single sport, but rather to generally all sporting events."}], "title": "Title_50"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Who designed The Forest tapestry in the V&A collection from the same period?", "answers": [{"text": "William Morris", "answer_start": 217}, {"text": "William Morris", "answer_start": 217}, {"text": "William Morris", "answer_start": 217}], "id": "1005651"}], "context": "One of the earliest surviving examples of European quilting, the late 14th-century Sicilian Tristan Quilt, is also held by the collection. The collection has numerous examples of various types of textiles designed by William Morris, including, embroidery, woven fabrics, tapestries (Including 'The Forest' tapestry of 1887), rugs and carpets, as well as pattern books and paper designs. The art deco period is covered by rugs and fabrics designed by Marion Dorn. From the same period there is a rug designed by Serge Chermayeff."}], "title": "Title_51"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Who has performed all the Doctor Who compositions for the series since the 2005 Christmas special?", "answers": [{"text": "the BBC National Orchestra of Wales", "answer_start": 127}, {"text": "BBC National Orchestra of Wales", "answer_start": 131}, {"text": "the BBC National Orchestra of Wales", "answer_start": 127}], "id": "1005652"}], "context": "All the incidental music for the 2005 revived series has been composed by Murray Gold and Ben Foster and has been performed by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales from the 2005 Christmas episode \"The Christmas Invasion\" onwards. A concert featuring the orchestra performing music from the first two series took place on 19 November 2006 to raise money for Children in Need. David Tennant hosted the event, introducing the different sections of the concert. Murray Gold and Russell T Davies answered questions during the interval and Daleks and Cybermen appeared whilst music from their stories was played. The concert aired on BBCi on Christmas Day 2006. A Doctor Who Prom was celebrated on 27 July 2008 in the Royal Albert Hall as part of the annual BBC Proms. The BBC Philharmonic and the London Philharmonic Choir performed Murray Gold's compositions for the series, conducted by Ben Foster, as well as a selection of classics based on the theme of space and time. The event was presented by Freema Agyeman and guest-presented by various other stars of the show with numerous monsters participating in the proceedings. It also featured the specially filmed mini-episode \"Music of the Spheres\", written by Russell T Davies and starring David Tennant."}], "title": "Title_52"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Who shared sideline broadcast team duties with Evan Washburn?", "answers": [{"text": "Tracy Wolfson", "answer_start": 224}, {"text": "Tracy Wolfson", "answer_start": 224}, {"text": "Tracy Wolfson", "answer_start": 224}], "id": "1005653"}], "context": "In the United States, the game was televised by CBS, as part of a cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the NFL. The network's lead broadcast team of Jim Nantz and Phil Simms called the contest, with Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn on the sidelines. CBS introduced new features during the telecast, including pylon cameras and microphones along with EyeVision 360\u2014an array of 36 cameras along the upper deck that can be used to provide a 360-degree view of plays and \"bullet time\" effects. (An earlier version of EyeVision was last used in Super Bowl XXXV; for Super Bowl 50, the cameras were upgraded to 5K resolution.)"}], "title": "Title_53"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Who was the first Huguenot settled at the Cape of Good Hope?", "answers": [{"text": "Maria de la Queillerie", "answer_start": 190}, {"text": "Maria de la Queillerie", "answer_start": 190}, {"text": "Maria de la Queillerie", "answer_start": 190}], "id": "1005654"}], "context": "Individual Huguenots settled at the Cape of Good Hope from as early as 1671 with the arrival of Fran\u00e7ois Villion (Viljoen). The first Huguenot to arrive at the Cape of Good Hope was however Maria de la Queillerie, wife of commander Jan van Riebeeck (and daughter of a Walloon church minister), who arrived on 6 April 1652 to establish a settlement at what is today Cape Town. The couple left for the Far East ten years later. On 31 December 1687 the first organised group of Huguenots set sail from the Netherlands to the Dutch East India Company post at the Cape of Good Hope. The largest portion of the Huguenots to settle in the Cape arrived between 1688 and 1689 in seven ships as part of the organised migration, but quite a few arrived as late as 1700; thereafter, the numbers declined and only small groups arrived at a time."}], "title": "Title_54"}, {"paragraphs": [{"qas": [{"question": "Who were the Super Bowl 50 sideline broadcast team announcers?", "answers": [{"text": "Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn", "answer_start": 224}, {"text": "Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn", "answer_start": 224}, {"text": "Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn", "answer_start": 224}], "id": "1005655"}], "context": "In the United States, the game was televised by CBS, as part of a cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the NFL. The network's lead broadcast team of Jim Nantz and Phil Simms called the contest, with Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn on the sidelines. CBS introduced new features during the telecast, including pylon cameras and microphones along with EyeVision 360\u2014an array of 36 cameras along the upper deck that can be used to provide a 360-degree view of plays and \"bullet time\" effects. (An earlier version of EyeVision was last used in Super Bowl XXXV; for Super Bowl 50, the cameras were upgraded to 5K resolution.)"}], "title": "Title_55"}], "version": "1.1"} --------------------------------------------------------------------------------