├── LICENSE ├── README.md ├── README.pdf └── requests-doviz.py /LICENSE: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE 2 | Version 3, 29 June 2007 3 | 4 | Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 5 | Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies 6 | of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 7 | 8 | Preamble 9 | 10 | The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for 11 | software and other kinds of works. 12 | 13 | The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed 14 | to take away your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast, 15 | the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to 16 | share and change all versions of a program--to make sure it remains free 17 | software for all its users. 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It is safest 630 | to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively 631 | state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least 632 | the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. 633 | 634 | 635 | Copyright (C) 636 | 637 | This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify 638 | it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by 639 | the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or 640 | (at your option) any later version. 641 | 642 | This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 643 | but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 644 | MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 645 | GNU General Public License for more details. 646 | 647 | You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 648 | along with this program. If not, see . 649 | 650 | Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. 651 | 652 | If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short 653 | notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: 654 | 655 | Copyright (C) 656 | This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. 657 | This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it 658 | under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. 659 | 660 | The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate 661 | parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands 662 | might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box". 663 | 664 | You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, 665 | if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. 666 | For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see 667 | . 668 | 669 | The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program 670 | into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you 671 | may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with 672 | the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General 673 | Public License instead of this License. But first, please read 674 | . 675 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Python Öğren 4 Saatte Python'a Başlangıç 2 | 3 | **([PDF Olarak Erişim](./README.pdf))** 4 | 5 | ##  Python Nedir? 6 | 7 | Python; veri biliminden web uygulaması geliştirmeye, API oluşturmaktan sistem yönetimine kadar hem kişisel bilgisayarlarda, hem sunucu dünyasında hem de gömülü ve mobil cihazlarda kullanım alanı bulan, öğrenmesi kolay ve kod geliştirirken işleri oldukça hızlandıran bir dil. 8 | 9 | ## Neden Python Öğrenelim? 10 | 11 | - Yüzbinlerce kütüphaneye sahip 12 | - Öğrenmesi ve yazımı kolay 13 | - Okuması rahat 14 | - Günlük işler için çok kısa sürede çözüm üretmeye müsait 15 | 16 | ## Başlangıç 17 | 18 | ### Kurulum 19 | 20 | Bilgisayarlarımızda Python'un kurulu olduğundan emin olmamız gerekiyor. Bunun için, adresinden işletim sistemimize uygun olan sürümü indiriyoruz. 21 | 22 | Kurulum aşamaları indirdiğimiz dosyayı açtığımızda çıkan ekranı takip ettiğimizde tamamlanıyor. Kod yazmaya hazırız! 23 | 24 | ### Test Edelim 25 | 26 | Python'u test edebilmek için işletim sistemlerine göre birkaç yöntem mevcut. Onlara göre bakalım: 27 | 28 | #### GNU/Linux ve MacOS 29 | 30 | Ubuntu, Fedora, OpenSuse gibi bir GNU/Linux dağıtımında çalışıyorsanız, tek yapmanız gereken bir terminal açıp `python3` yazmak ve entera basmaktan ibaret. Eğer hata almak yerine şöyle bir ekran görüyorsanız hazırsınız: 31 | 32 | ``` 33 | ➜ ~ python3 34 | Python 3.7.6 (default, Jan 5 2020, 20:31:56) 35 | [Clang 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.16)] on darwin 36 | Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. 37 | >>> 38 | ``` 39 | 40 | #### Windows 41 | 42 | Windows'ta kurulum yönteminize göre, PowerShell'i açıp `python` yazmak ve Enter'a basmak yeterli olur. Ayrıca bir arayüz kullanmak isterseniz uygulamalar arasından IDLE'yi açabilirsiniz. 43 | 44 | ### İlk Komutlar 45 | 46 | Python'un bizimle etkileşime geçtiği yer kendi komut satırı. 47 | 48 | Python'un bizden bir şeyler beklediğini `>>> ` yazmasından anlayabiliriz. 49 | 50 | ``` 51 | >>> 52 | ``` 53 | 54 | Burada istersek matematiksel işlemleri yapabiliriz. Mesela elimizde yer alan fatura ödemelerinin toplamı için bir hesap makinesine ihtiyacımız olsun: 55 | 56 | ``` 57 | >>> 35.4 + 90 + 105.2 58 | 230.60 59 | ``` 60 | 61 | Sondaki çıktının noktadan sonraki kısmı daha uzun gözükebilir. Onu şimdilik görmezden gelelim ve devam edelim. 62 | 63 | ### Nasıl Çıkarız? 64 | 65 | Python'a bir şeyler yazdık ama onu nasıl kapatıp çıkacağımızı henüz görmedik. İstediğimiz hesaplamayı yaptıktan sonra, Python'dan çıkmak için `exit()` yazıp entera basmamız yeterli. 66 | 67 | `exit()` yazmamız yazılım dünyasında `exit fonksiyonunu çalıştırdık. Bu fonksiyon Python'u kapatıp çıkıyor` olarak geçiyor. 68 | 69 | ## Kütüphaneler & Kütüphane/Kitaplık Nedir? 70 | 71 | Python'da bizim kullanabilmemiz için uzun uzun, detaylıca yazılmış hazır kodları kullanmamızı sağlayan birkaç teknoloji var. Biz de olabildiğince bu nimetlerden faydalanıp, günler hatta aylar harcayıp kendimiz yazmak yerine varolanı kullanıyoruz. Mesela hava durumu için bir websitesine girip ordan hava durumunu bulacak kodu ya da Ethereum'un satış fiyatını alıp bize söyleyecek kodu uzun uzun yazmak yerine, yazılmış bir tanesini alıp kullanabiliyoruz. 72 | 73 | Bunlara ise Python dünyasında `modül` deniyor. 74 | 75 | ### Kütüphane Kurulumu 76 | 77 | Python'a yeni kütüphaneler(modüller) eklemek için `pip` komutunu kullanıyoruz. Bir terminal açıp: 78 | 79 | ```bash 80 | pip install requests 81 | ``` 82 | 83 | yazmamız yeterli. Bu örnekte kurduğumuz modülün adı **requests** oldu. 84 | 85 | ### Kütüphane Kullanımı 86 | 87 | Python'da bir kitaplığı kullanmak istersek, isminin başına `import` yazmamız yeterli. 88 | 89 | ```python 90 | >>> import requests 91 | ``` 92 | 93 | ### API Ne İşe Yarar? Örnek API 94 | 95 | Mesela, CollectAPI'den döviz fiyatlarını ve alakalı bazı bilgileri almak istersek kendilerinin API'si olan `https://collectapi.com/tr/api/economy/altin-doviz-ve-borsa-api` adresini ziyaret edebiliriz. 96 | 97 | ### API Kullanımı 98 | 99 | Şimdi Python'da bu web sayfasındaki içeriği nasıl görebileceğimize bakalım. 100 | 101 | ```python 102 | >>> import requests 103 | >>> requests.get('https://api.collectapi.com/economy/allCurrency') 104 | 105 | ``` 106 | 107 | En sondaki 200, isteğin başarılı sonuçlandığı anlamına geliyor. Peki daha detaylı bilgi nasıl alırız? 108 | 109 | Elde ettiğimiz sonucun detaylarına şöyle ulaşabiliriz: 110 | 111 | ```python 112 | >>> requests.get('https://api.collectapi.com/economy/allCurrency').text 113 | ... 114 | >>> requests.get('https://api.collectapi.com/economy/allCurrency').headers 115 | ... 116 | ``` 117 | 118 | Bu satırlarda her seferinde tekrardan bir bağlantı kurup, karşı tarafa o anki değerleri sorduk. Bu çoğu zaman verimli bir yöntem değil. İşi kolaylaştırmak için, sadece bir kere `requests.get(...)` yazdıktan sonra elde ettiğimiz sonucu saklamaya ihtiyacımız var. 119 | 120 | ### Değişkenler ve Temel Veri Tipleri 121 | 122 | Değişken, bilgisayar belleğinde saklanan bir değeri temsil eder. 123 | Örneğin; 124 | ``` 125 | ad = "Aylin" 126 | yas = 26 127 | ``` 128 | `ad` ve `yas` isminde 2 değişken oluşturduk ve "=" koyarak bu değişkenlere değer atadık. 129 | 130 | Python standartlarına göre temel veri tipleri aşağıdaki şekildedir: 131 | 132 | 1. String (Karakter Dizisi): Karakter dizilerini belirtmek için kullanılır. Tek veya çift tırnak kullanılarak tanımlanır. 133 | Örnek: `para_birimi = "bitcoin"` 134 | 2. Number (Sayı): Tam sayı, ondalıklı sayı v.b. nümerik değerler için kullanılır. Örnek: `para_miktari = 50` 135 | 3. List (Liste): Bir veya birden fazla değeri listelemek için kullanılır. Köşeli parantez ile tanımlanır. 136 | Örnek: `para_birimleri = ["bitcoin", "ethereum", "dolar"]` 137 | 4. Boolean (Mantıksal değer): Doğru ya da yanlış olmak üzere iki değere sahiptir. Bu iki değer, `True` ve `False` olarak tanımlanır. 138 | Örnek: `kart_gecerli_mi = True` 139 | 5. Tuple (Demet): Yapı olarak listeye benziyor. Listeden farklı olarak değerleri değiştirilemez. Normal parantez ile tanımlanır. 140 | Örnek: `para_birimleri = ("bitcoin", "ethereum", "dolar")` 141 | 6. Dictionary (Sözlük): Anahtar-değer(key-value) ikilisi şeklindeki değerlerin kümesidir. Küme parantezi ile gösterilir. Her bir sözlük elemanı `anahtar:değer` şeklinde tanımlanır. 142 | Örnek: `{'para_birimi':'TL', 'miktar':1000}` 143 | `para_birimi` anahtarının değeri `TL`, `miktar` anahtarının değeri ise 1000 olan iki elemanlı bir sözlük tanımladık. 144 | 145 | ### Veriyi Saklamak 146 | 147 | Python'da bir veriyi saklamak için, ona bir isim vermemiz ve araya "=" koymamız gerekiyor: 148 | 149 | 150 | ```python 151 | >>> para_birimleri = requests.get('https://api.collectapi.com/economy/allCurrency') 152 | >>> para_birimleri.text 153 | ... 154 | >>> para_birimleri.headers 155 | ... 156 | ``` 157 | 158 | Artık veriyi ilk seferinde sakladık. `para_birimleri` yazarak ulaşabiliriz. 159 | 160 | ### Bu Veri Neden Çirkin Gözüküyor? JSON Nedir? 161 | 162 | Verinin görüntüsü aslında bilgisayarın kolay anlayabileceği, bizim de biraz güzelleştirdikten sonra rahatça algılayacağımız bir biçime sahip. Burada kullanılan notasyona JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) deniyor. 163 | 164 | ```json 165 | {"result": [{"name": "Dolar", "code": "USD", "buying": 6.5791, "buyingstr": "6.5791", "selling": 6.5845, "sellingstr": "6.5845", "rate": 2.07, "time": "20:40:29", "date": "2020-03-30", "datetime": "2020-03-30T17:40:29.000Z", "calculated": 0}, {"name": "Euro", "code": "EUR", "buying": 7.2483, "buyingstr": "7.2483", "selling": 7.2543, "sellingstr": "7.2543", "rate": 0.9, "time": "20:40:28", "date": "2020-03-30", "datetime": "2020-03-30T17:40:28.000Z", "calculated": 0}, {"name": "\u0130ngiliz Sterlini", "code": "GBP", "buying": 8.1341, "buyingstr": "8.1341", "selling": 8.1432, "sellingstr": "8.1432", "rate": 1.25, "time": "20:40:29", "date": "2020-03-30", "datetime": "2020-03-30T17:40:29.000Z", "calculated": 0}, {"name": "\u0130svi\u00e7re Frang\u0131", "code": "CHF", "buying": 6.8484, "buyingstr": "6.8484", "selling": 6.8563, "sellingstr": "6.8563", "rate": 0.97, "time": "20:39:41", "date": "2020-03-30", "datetime": "2020-03-30T17:39:41.000Z", "calculated": 0}, {"name": "Kanada Dolar\u0131", "code": "CAD", "buying": 4.6441, "buyingstr": "4.6441", "selling": 4.649, "sellingstr": "4.649", "rate": 0.8, "time": "20:40:09", "date": "2020-03-30", "datetime": "2020-03-30T17:40:09.000Z", "calculated": 0}], "success": true} 166 | ``` 167 | 168 | Yukarıdaki JSON objesini daha anlaşılır biçimde görmek için formatlandırmak istersek, Visual Studio Code gibi bir uygulamayı veya internetten bulacağımız bir online JSON formatter aracını kullanabiliriz. Alternatif olarak https://codebeautify.org/jsonviewer sitesinden de faydalanabiliriz. Bu şekilde baktıktan sonra ihtiyacımız olan fiyatlandırmanın nerede olduğunu bularak yolumuza devam edebiliriz. 169 | 170 | Python'da ihtiyacımız olan kısmı almak için: 171 | 172 | ```python 173 | >>> para_birimleri.json() 174 | ... 175 | ``` 176 | 177 | Tümünü bu şekilde elde ettik. Şimdi içinden istediğimiz kısmını alalım. Önce kaç tane veri olduğuna bakalım: 178 | 179 | ```python 180 | >>> len(para_birimleri.json()) 181 | 5 182 | ``` 183 | 184 | Bu veri türüne Python'da `list` deniyor. Toplam 5 adet para birimi tablosunu bir arada gördüğümüz anlamına geliyor. JSON görselleştiricide baktığımızda gördüğümüzle aynı kapıya çıktık. 185 | 186 | İlk sıradaki tabloyu görmek istersek: 187 | 188 | ```python 189 | >>> para_birimleri.json()["result"][0] 190 | ... 191 | ``` 192 | 193 | Burada satır gittikçe karmaşıklaşmaya başladı. Bunu basitleştirmek için yine bir isimlendirme kullanabiliriz. 194 | 195 | ```python 196 | >>> tumbirimler = para_birimleri.json()["result"] 197 | >>> tumbirimler[0] 198 | {'name': 'Dolar', 'code': 'USD', 'buying': 6.5775, 'buyingstr': '6.5775', 'selling': 6.5813, 'sellingstr': '6.5813', 'rate': 2.02, 'time': '20:59:14', 'date': '2020-03-30', 'datetime': '2020-03-30T17:59:14.000Z', 'calculated': 0} 199 | ``` 200 | 201 | Peki gelen bu süslü parantezle başlayıp bitenler ne? Bunlar Python'da `dictionary` olarak adlandırılıyor. Mesela, `code` alanında yazan değeri almak istersek: 202 | 203 | ```python 204 | >>> tumbirimler[0]["code"] 205 | USD 206 | ``` 207 | 208 | ## Uygulamalar 209 | 210 | Uygulama olarak bir Telegram botu yazacağız. Bunun için öncelikle terminal ekranından aşağıdaki komut ile Telegram paketini yerel sistemimize kurmalıyız: 211 | 212 | ```bash 213 | pip install python-telegram-bot 214 | ``` 215 | 216 | Artık uygulamaya geçebiliriz. Şimdi yapacaklarımıza sırayla göz atıp botumuzu yazmaya başlayalım: 217 | 218 | 1. Belirli aralıklarla bu değeri almak 219 | 2. Dolar değeri Euro değerinden büyük mü diye bakmak 220 | 3. Telegram'dan bot oluşturmak -> BotFather -> 221 | 222 | NOT: Bu adrese yaptığımız istek ile Telegram botumuzla ilgili tüm gelişmeleri gözlemliyoruz. 223 | Örneğin; biri botunuza mesaj attığı zaman mesaj atan kişinin adını, ne mesaj yazdığını ve chat_id değerini buradan görebilirsiniz. 224 | 225 | 4. Python ile bota mesaj göndermek 226 | ```python 227 | >>> import telegram 228 | >>> bot = telegram.Bot(token='BOT_TOKEN') 229 | >>> bot.send_message(USER_ID, "Merhaba!") 230 | ``` 231 | 5. Dosyaya uygulamayı koymak 232 | 6. Dolar değeri Euro değerinden büyükse botun mesaj göndermesi 233 | 234 | ```python 235 | import requests 236 | import telegram 237 | import time 238 | 239 | bot = telegram.Bot(token='TELEGRAM_TOKEN_BURAYA') 240 | 241 | base_currency = 6 242 | 243 | while True: 244 | response = requests.get(f"https://api.collectapi.com/economy/exchange?int={base_currency}&to=USD&base=EUR", 245 | headers = { 246 | "content-type": "application/json", 247 | "authorization": "apikey COLLECTAPI_TOKEN_BURAYA" 248 | } 249 | ) 250 | 251 | json = response.json() 252 | exchange_data = json["result"]["data"][0] 253 | calculated_dollar = exchange_data["calculated"] 254 | 255 | if calculated_dollar > base_currency: 256 | bot.send_message(TELEGRAM_CHAT_ID_DEGERI, f"{str(base_currency)} Euro'nun Dolar karşılığı {str(calculated_dollar)} $ dır") 257 | time.sleep(30) 258 | ``` 259 | 260 |
Python Öğren - Python'a 4 Saatte Başlangıç
261 |
Eğitmenler: Güray Yıldırım, Aylin Gümüş, Muhammed Taha Ayan
262 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /README.pdf: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/peptr/python-ogren-4-saatte-python-baslangic/3e2d701b8a05128b4b924b5373bcfdd200e99a55/README.pdf -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /requests-doviz.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | import requests # Requests modülü import edildi 2 | import json 3 | import telegram 4 | import time 5 | 6 | bot = telegram.Bot(token="") 7 | 8 | base_currency = 1000 9 | 10 | while True: 11 | sonuc = requests.get( 12 | f"https://api.collectapi.com/economy/currencyToAll?int={base_currency}&base=TRY", 13 | 14 | headers={ 15 | "content-type": "application/json", 16 | "authorization": "apikey " 17 | } 18 | ) 19 | 20 | json = sonuc.json() 21 | success = json["success"] 22 | results = json["result"]["data"] # List 23 | 24 | for result in results: # For döngüsü ile listenin her elemanı sırayla result değişkenine atandı 25 | if result["code"] == "USD": # Eğer listede sıradaki eleman dolarsa işlem yapılacak 26 | calculated_dollar = result["calculated"] # Number 27 | string = result["calculatedstr"] # String 28 | 29 | print("$" + string) # $123.45 30 | 31 | # print(result["calculated"]) 32 | # print(result["calculatedstr"]) 33 | 34 | if calculated_dollar > base_currency: 35 | bot.send_message("", f"{str(base_currency)} €'nun karşılığı {str(calculated_dollar)} $'dır") 36 | time.sleep(30) # 30 saniye bekliyoruz 37 | 38 | # print(results[0]) # Listedeki ilk eleman 39 | # print(len(json)) # 2 40 | # print(success) # True 41 | # print(len(results)) # 167 42 | # print(sonuc) # 200 Object 43 | # print(sonuc.text) # String 44 | # print(sonuc.json()) # JSON Object 45 | # print(json) # JSON Object 46 | # print(json.dumps(sonuc.json())) # String --------------------------------------------------------------------------------