├── .gitignore ├── README.md └── grammar ├── 英语语法-名词从句.md ├── 英语语法-限定词1.md ├── 英语语法-句子类型.md ├── 英语语法-人称代词.md ├── 英语语法-句子简化.md ├── 英语语法-完成进行时.md ├── 英语语法-基本句子结构.md ├── 英语语法-被动语态.md ├── 英语语法-限定词2.md ├── 英语语法-形容词adjective.md ├── 英语语法-关系从句.md ├── 英语语法-副词.md ├── 英语语法-动名词.md ├── 英语语法-定语从句.md ├── 英语语法-状语从句.md ├── 英语语法-动词不定式.md ├── 英语语法-介词.md ├── 英语语法-完成时.md └── 英语语法-基本语法.md /.gitignore: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | .idea 2 | *.ipr 3 | *.iws 4 | *.iml -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # english-learn 2 | english learn: grammar vocabulary sentence translate ，英语学习，语法，词汇，句子，翻译 博客网站浏览查看：https://removeif.github.io/categories/English/ 3 | 4 | ## 语法 5 | 6 | + [x] [关系从句](https://github.com/removeif/english-learn/blob/master/grammar/英语语法-关系从句.md) 7 | + [x] [副词](https://github.com/removeif/english-learn/blob/master/grammar/英语语法-副词.md) 8 | + [x] [动名词](https://github.com/removeif/english-learn/blob/master/grammar/英语语法-动名词.md) 9 | + [x] [动词不定式](https://github.com/removeif/english-learn/blob/master/grammar/英语语法-动词不定式.md) 10 | + [x] [定语从句](https://github.com/removeif/english-learn/blob/master/grammar/英语语法-定语从句.md) 11 | + [x] [被动语态](https://github.com/removeif/english-learn/blob/master/grammar/英语语法-被动语态.md) 12 | + [x] [人称代词](https://github.com/removeif/english-learn/blob/master/grammar/英语语法-人称代词.md) 13 | + [x] [介词](https://github.com/removeif/english-learn/blob/master/grammar/英语语法-介词.md) 14 | + [x] [句子简化](https://github.com/removeif/english-learn/blob/master/grammar/英语语法-句子简化.md) 15 | + [x] [句子类型](https://github.com/removeif/english-learn/blob/master/grammar/英语语法-句子类型.md) 16 | + [x] [名词从句](https://github.com/removeif/english-learn/blob/master/grammar/英语语法-名词从句.md) 17 | + [x] [基本句子结构](https://github.com/removeif/english-learn/blob/master/grammar/英语语法-基本句子结构.md) 18 | + [x] [完成时](https://github.com/removeif/english-learn/blob/master/grammar/英语语法-完成时.md) 19 | + [x] [完成进行时](https://github.com/removeif/english-learn/blob/master/grammar/英语语法-完成进行时.md) 20 | + [x] [形容词adjective](https://github.com/removeif/english-learn/blob/master/grammar/英语语法-形容词adjective.md) 21 | + [x] [状语从句](https://github.com/removeif/english-learn/blob/master/grammar/英语语法-状语从句.md) 22 | + [x] [基本语法](https://github.com/removeif/english-learn/blob/master/grammar/英语语法-基本语法.md) 23 | + [x] [限定词1](https://github.com/removeif/english-learn/blob/master/grammar/英语语法-限定词1.md) 24 | + [x] [限定词2](https://github.com/removeif/english-learn/blob/master/grammar/英语语法-限定词2.md) 25 | 26 | ## 词汇 27 | 28 | ## 句子 29 | 30 | ## 翻译 31 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /grammar/英语语法-名词从句.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | **概念：三种句子充当另外一句子的四种句子成分** 2 | 3 | #### 1. 陈述句：句前 + that (当宾语时可省略) 4 | 5 | ​ a. That the moon itself does not give off lights is common knowledge. 6 | 7 | ​ b. I’ve learned (that) love, not time heals all wounds. 8 | 9 | #### 2. 一般疑问：变陈述句语序，句前 + whether(当宾语时可用if) 10 | 11 | ​ a. My question is whether people will live on the moon someday. 12 | 13 | ​ b. I don’t know if/whether he needs my help. 14 | 15 | #### 3. 特殊疑问：变陈述句语序 16 | 17 | ​ a. Money is what we are badly in need of. 18 | 19 | | 句子类型 | 引导词 | 从句中作用 | 20 | | -------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------ | 21 | | 陈述句 | that | 不做成分 | 22 | | 一般疑问 | whether, if | 不做成分 | 23 | | 特殊疑问 | 连接副词when, where, why, how连接代词who, whom, what; which, whose | 连接副词做状语who, whom, what做主语/表语/宾语which, whose做定语,后+名词连用 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | #### it形式主语：it在句首，主句在后面 28 | 29 | ​ a. It is common knowledge that the moon itself does not give off light. 30 | 31 | ​ b. It is not known where they came from. 32 | 33 | ##### it形式宾语：复合宾语中：动词 + it + 宾补 + 宾语从句 34 | 35 | ​ I find it encouraging how many young women are pursuing careers in 36 | 37 | science. 38 | 39 | **双宾语：**Could you tell me where the post office is? 40 | 41 | **介词后做宾语：** You should vote for which candidate you assume best. 42 | 43 | **形容词后做宾语：** I am afraid that I can’t come. 44 | 45 | **并列宾语从句中that不省略：** I once read that “” and that “”. 46 | 47 | #### reason后的表语从句：引导词用that，不用because. 48 | 49 | ​ The reason (why) he was dismissed is that he was careless and irresponsible. 50 | 51 | **嵌套：**a. I realized that what I said was not exactly what I meant to say. 52 | 53 | ​ b. The question is how what you have learned can be put into practice. 54 | 55 | 参考文章: 56 | [参考链接](https://github.com/yizutianya/English_Grammar_Learning) 57 | 58 | 59 | 60 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /grammar/英语语法-限定词1.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #### 数量限定词 2 | 3 | ##### 只与可数名词连用 4 | 5 | **只接单数** one each every 6 | 7 | **只接复数** two（three） both a couple of a few several many a number of 8 | 9 | ##### 只与不可数名词连用 10 | 11 | a little little much a great deal of a large amount of 12 | 13 | ##### 与可数名词复数或不可数名词连用均可 14 | 15 | not any some a lot of lots of plenty of most all 16 | 17 | ##### 数量词与of连用 18 | 19 | all/most/some/any of+特指限定词+复数可数或不可数名词 20 | 21 | most books 22 | 23 | most of books 不正确 24 | 25 | most of my/these/the/john’s books 26 | 27 | many/a few/few/several/both/two/three of +特指限定词+ 复数可数名词 28 | 29 | many students 30 | 31 | many of students 不正确 32 | 33 | many of these students 34 | 35 | much/a little/little of +特指限定词+ 不可数名词 36 | 37 | much water 38 | 39 | much of water 不正确 40 | 41 | much of the water 42 | 43 | ##### 其他数量词 a lot of , lots of , a couple of , plenty of , a number of , a great deal of 直接+名词 44 | 45 | ##### all和both特殊用法 46 | 47 | all/both my students 可以不加of，其他much/many数量限定词不可这么用 48 | 49 | all students 50 | 51 | all of my students 52 | 53 | all of students 不正确 54 | 55 | ##### 数量词a few, few（只接可数）, a little, little（只接不可数） 56 | 57 | **a little，a few为肯定之意，等同于some，有一些** 58 | 59 | His theory is rather difficult; few people understand it.=almost no people understand it. 60 | 61 | I have little interest in English, so I am very poor at it. 62 | 63 | **little，few为否定之意，等同于几乎没有** 64 | 65 | His theory is rather difficult, but a few people understand it. 66 | 67 | I have a little interest in English, so I like learning it. 68 | 69 | only a little，only a few very few，very little 70 | 71 | some and any 72 | 73 | ##### 陈述句：some 一般用肯定，any一般用否定，表示”一些“。可与可数或不可数名词连用。 74 | 75 | I need some medicine to cure my cough. 76 | 77 | I don’t have any friends here. 78 | 79 | ##### 疑问句：多用any；在期待对方回答”是“的时候，要用some 80 | 81 | Have you got any medicine to cure your cough? 82 | 83 | Would you like to give me some advice? Can I have some more wine? 84 | 85 | ##### any可以表示”任何一个，无论哪一个“，用于任何句型。 86 | 87 | You can catch any bus. They all go to the railway station. 88 | 89 | 英语学习-[语法系列github仓库](https://github.com/removeif/english-learn)，欢迎收藏star 90 | 91 | 参考文章: 92 | [参考链接](https://github.com/yizutianya/English_Grammar_Learning) 93 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /grammar/英语语法-句子类型.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #### 一般疑问句：助动词+主语+谓语（yes or no 回答） 2 | 3 | #### 特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句 4 | 5 | ​ What time i convenient for you 6 | 7 | ​ How late are you open 8 | 9 | ​ Where were we 10 | 11 | ​ What was I just going to say 12 | 13 | ​ What’s in your mind 14 | 15 | ​ What’s going on 16 | 17 | ​ When did you begin to study English 18 | 19 | #### 选择疑问句：提供两种或两种以上情形提对方选择 20 | 21 | ​ Do you like tea or coffee 22 | 23 | ​ Did you speak to them, or did the manager 24 | 25 | ​ Which ice cream would you like, chocolate, vanilla or strawberry. 26 | 27 | #### 反意疑问句： 28 | 29 | ​ I am going to look like a lemon, aren’t I? 30 | 31 | ​ You have completed that job,haven’t you? 32 | 33 | ​ You have not completed that job, have you? 34 | 35 | #### 祈使句：表示请求，命令，劝告，建议等 36 | 37 | ​ **主语you省略** 38 | 39 | ​ **动词原型，没有时态，不用情态动词** 40 | 41 | ​ Stop bugging me 42 | 43 | ​ Don’t judge a book by its cover 44 | 45 | ​ Don’t get me wrong 46 | 47 | ​ Let’s just have a rest 48 | 49 | ​ Let’s hope for the best 50 | 51 | ​ Let’s talk over dinner 52 | 53 | ​ Let bygones be bygones 54 | 55 | ​ Strike while the iron is hot 56 | 57 | ​ Make hay while the sun shines 58 | 59 | #### 感叹句：what 60 | 61 | ##### 1.what + a(n) + 形容词 + 可数名词单数 + 谓语部分 62 | 63 | ​ what a lovely boy he is. 64 | 65 | ##### 2.what + 形容词 +不可数名词或可数名词复数 + 谓语部分 66 | 67 | ​ what foolish mistakes you have made 68 | 69 | ​ what nice weather(it is) 70 | 71 | ##### 3.what + a(n) +可数名词单数：是 72 | 73 | ​ **没有感情色彩的普通名词时: 有两种理解** 74 | 75 | ​ what a day: 可以是今天天气多好，也可以是天气很糟糕 76 | 77 | ​ **有感情色彩的名词** 78 | 79 | ​ what a mess 80 | 81 | #### 感叹句： how 82 | 83 | ##### 1.how + 形容词 or 副词 + 谓语部分 84 | 85 | ​ How lovely the boy is 86 | 87 | ​ How fast time flies 88 | 89 | ##### 2.How + 主谓部分 90 | 91 | ​ How he ssnores！ 92 | 93 | ​ How I hate exams! 94 | 95 | ##### 3.How + 形容词 + a(n) +可数名词单数 + 主谓部分 96 | 97 | ​ How lovely a boy he is. 98 | 99 | 英语学习-[语法系列github仓库](https://github.com/removeif/english-learn)，欢迎收藏star 100 | 101 | 参考文章: 102 | [参考链接](https://github.com/yizutianya/English_Grammar_Learning) 103 | 104 | 105 | 106 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /grammar/英语语法-人称代词.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | ##### 主格人称代词 2 | 3 | **作用：主句或从句中做主语** 4 | 5 | ​ She is my daughter. 6 | 7 | ​ It was he who helped me when I was in trouble. 8 | 9 | **顺序： you, he and I ； We, you and they（I总是 放在最后）** 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | ###### 表示泛指的主格代词 14 | 15 | **one：任何人，包括说话人** 16 | 17 | ​ One is knocking at the door.(错误，说话人不算，所以不能用one) 18 | 19 | ​ Somebody is knocking at the door. 20 | 21 | ​ One后面使用的代词，美国一般用he，him，himself，his. 22 | 23 | **We/You/They 可以表示泛指：人们** 24 | 25 | ​ They say = People say or It is said 26 | 27 | ​ They say it is going to be a cold winter. 28 | 29 | **she(her)的拟人化：表示country, motherland, moon, earth, ship.** 30 | 31 | ​ The ship lost most of her rigging in the storm 32 | 33 | ##### 宾格人称代词 34 | 35 | **作用：做宾语（也可做表语）** 36 | 37 | ​ I like her. 38 | 39 | ​ Who is it? It’s me. 40 | 41 | ​ **注意：做表语时，后面跟定语从句时，需要用主格人称代词。** 42 | 43 | ​ It was he in whom we had the greatest faith(he在从句中做介词宾语) 44 | 45 | **主格和宾格人称代词可以做同位语：** 46 | 47 | ​ We teachers should be patient with students. 48 | 49 | ​ Our teachers are all nice to us students. 50 | 51 | **做宾语时的位置** 52 | 53 | **直接宾语前：** He bought me a pen as birthday gift. 54 | 55 | **直接宾语后：**He bought a pen for me as a birthday gift ; I’ve lent much monery to him. 56 | 57 | **若直接宾语是人称代词，只能置后，但是不适用于不定代词：** 58 | 59 | ​ I will give it to you. 60 | 61 | ​ I‘ll show you something ; I didn’t give Rex any. 62 | 63 | **在短语动词中间：**Hand them in ; throw it away ; pick it up. 64 | 65 | ​ 若是名词，则中间和后边都可：hand your papers in = hand in your papers. 66 | 67 | ##### 物主代词(名词性&形容词性) 68 | 69 | **作用：人称代词的所有格形式，表所有关系。** 70 | 71 | **形容词性：不能单独使用：** Your book is over there ; His sister is lovely. 72 | 73 | ​ 表强调时后+own：I wish I had my own house. 74 | 75 | **名词性：单独使用；避免重复：**This is not my book. Mine(=my book) is in my bog. 76 | 77 | ​ of + 名词性物主代词： a friend of mine ; a teacher of hers= a teacher of her own. 78 | 79 | ##### 反身代词 80 | 81 | **必须主语宾语为同一人时，做宾语：**God helps those who help themselves. 82 | 83 | **强调主语：** 84 | 85 | ​ He himself went to visit the old lady(他亲自去看望那个老太太的) 86 | 87 | ​ **不产生歧义下可置后：** 88 | 89 | ​ He went to visit the old lady himself. 90 | 91 | ​ He spoke to the boss himself.（有歧义） 92 | 93 | **强调宾语：反身代词在宾语后** 94 | 95 | ​ He saw Tom himself(他看到Tom本人了) 96 | 97 | ​ I will send this gift to John himself(给john本人，不是通过转交) 98 | 99 | **介词+反身动词** 100 | 101 | ​ **（1）by oneself：独自一人地** 102 | 103 | ​ I went there by myself(我自己一个人去了那里) 104 | 105 | ​ I went there myself(我亲自去了那) 106 | 107 | ​ **（2）of oneself：自动地** 108 | 109 | ​ The door opened of itself(门自动地开了) 110 | 111 | 参考文章: 112 | [参考链接](https://github.com/yizutianya/English_Grammar_Learning) 113 | 114 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /grammar/英语语法-句子简化.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #### 名词从句 2 | 3 | **逻辑思路：从句--->动名词or不定式** 4 | 5 | ##### that引导的主语从句：动名词当主语 6 | 7 | ​ It surprised us that John won the marathon. 8 | 9 | ​ John’s winning the marthon suprised us. 10 | 11 | ##### that引导的同谓语从句：+ of 变成复合结构 12 | 13 | ​ There was no chance that Davy would come from the battle alive. 14 | 15 | ​ There was no chance of Davy coming from the battle alive. 16 | 17 | ##### that引导的宾语从句：转换动名词or不定式(取决于主句谓语动词) 18 | 19 | ​ a. I hope that I can drive to work in my own car. 20 | 21 | ​ I hope to drive to work in my own car. 22 | 23 | ​ b. I consider that I will emigrate to America in the future. 24 | 25 | ​ I consider emigrating to America in the future. 26 | 27 | ​ c. Jane’s mother insisted that she should go swimming with her brother. 28 | 29 | ​ Jane’s mother insisted on her going swimming with her brother. 30 | 31 | ##### 名词从句不定式简化： 32 | 33 | ​ a. I don’t know what I should do. 34 | 35 | ​ I don’t know what to do. 36 | 37 | ​ b. Tell me how I can get to the bus station. 38 | 39 | ​ Tell me how to get to the bus station. 40 | 41 | #### 定语从句 42 | 43 | **逻辑思路：从句--->短语(只有关系词做主语时可简化)** 44 | 45 | **从句有be动词：去掉be动词and关系代词** 46 | 47 | ##### 主动：现在分词；被动：过去分词；形容词短语也可 48 | 49 | ​ a. The man who is standing at the gate is my English teacher. 50 | 51 | ​ The man standing at the gate is my English teacher. 52 | 53 | ​ b. Books that are written in English are more expensive. 54 | 55 | ​ Books written in English are more expensive. 56 | 57 | ​ c. The people who were responsible for the incident were all punished. 58 | 59 | ​ The people responsible for the indident were all punished. 60 | 61 | ##### 从句没有be动词：去掉关系代词；动词--->现在分词 62 | 63 | ​ a. They live in a room that faces the south. 64 | 65 | ​ They live in a room facing the south. 66 | 67 | ​ b. English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters. 68 | 69 | ​ English has an alphabet consisting of 26 letters. 70 | 71 | ##### 不定式替换：the only，the last，the next，序数词，最高级修饰的名词 72 | 73 | ​ a. The only one that understands me. 74 | 75 | ​ The only one to understand me. 76 | 77 | ​ b. The next train that arrives is from New York. 78 | 79 | ​ The next train to arrive is from New York. 80 | 81 | ​ c. Jango was the second person that fell into this trap. 82 | 83 | ​ Jango was the second person to fall into this trap. 84 | 85 | #### 状语从句 86 | 87 | **注意：主句从句的主语相同时，才可以简化。** 88 | 89 | **有be动词：去掉be动词(常见：时间，地点，条件，让步)** 90 | 91 | ##### 主动：现在分词；被动：过去分词；形容词or名词短语也可 92 | 93 | ​ a. Metals expand when heated and contract when (they are) cooled. 94 | 95 | ​ b. When (he was) a student in the university, he read a lot. 96 | 97 | ​ c. while (he was) waitting, he took out a magazine to read. 98 | 99 | ​ d. A tiger can’t be tamed unless (it is) caught very young. 100 | 101 | ##### 没有be动词：从句主语省略，动词变成现在分词 102 | 103 | ​ a. Since I came to Beijing, I have made many new friends. 104 | 105 | ​ Since coming to Beijing, I have made many new friends. 106 | 107 | ​ b. After I finished my homework, I fed the dog. 108 | 109 | ​ After finishing my homework, I fed the dog. 110 | 111 | ​ c. After he jumped out of a boat, the man was bitten by a shark. 112 | 113 | ​ After jumping out of a boat, the man was bitten by a shark. 114 | 115 | 参考文章: 116 | [参考链接](https://github.com/yizutianya/English_Grammar_Learning) 117 | 118 | 119 | 120 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /grammar/英语语法-完成进行时.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #### 现在完成进行时 2 | 3 | ##### (一)到现在仍在延续的动作 4 | 5 | **1. 与一段时间连用：强调动作的持续性，开始于过去的动作持续到现在，并且还会继续持续** 6 | 常与for + 时间段、since + 时间点、all morning、all day、all week表示段时间的状语连用 7 | 8 | ​ It began raining two hours ago and it’s still raining. It has been raining for two hours. 9 | 10 | **2. 可不与时间段连用；表示最近一段时间内正在持续的活动** 11 | 12 | ​ I have been thinking about changing my job. 我最近一直在考虑换工作。 13 | 14 | ##### (二)刚刚结束的动作 15 | 16 | **1. 动作持续到说话为止** 17 | 18 | ​ a. Where have you been? I’ve been looking for you for the last half hour. 19 | 20 | ​ b. Thank you for the binoculars. I’ve been wanting a pair for ages. 21 | 22 | **2. 不久前刚刚结束的动作(完成时没有的用法)** 23 | 24 | ​ a. Your friend is out of breath. you ask, “Have you been running?” 25 | 26 | ​ b. Why are your clothes so dirty? what have you been doing? 27 | 28 | ​ c. The little boy is dirty from head to foot because he has been playing in the mud. 29 | 30 | ##### (三)重复发生的的动作 31 | 32 | **说话时刻以前的一段时间内重复发生的动作** 33 | 34 | ​ a. Every Sunday they meet in the same bar. They’re been going there for years. 35 | 36 | ​ b. I’ve been getting up early since I entered the college. 37 | 38 | ​ c. The price has been going up recently. I wonder whether it will remain so. 39 | 40 | ​ d. You’ve been staying up late again? 41 | 42 | ##### 与现在完成时比较(一) 43 | 44 | **相同点：** 45 | 46 | **1. 都是延续性谓语动作live, learn, study, sleep, snow, wait, work, teach, stay** 47 | 48 | **2. 与时间段连用(这时两种时态几乎没有多大的区别)** 49 | 50 | ​ a. I have been learning/ have learned English for ten years. 51 | 52 | ​ b. I have been living/ have lived here since 3 years ago. 53 | 54 | **不同点：** 55 | 56 | **现在完成时只与段时间连用才能表示这类动作。** 57 | 58 | a. I have worked/ have been working in this company for 3 years. 59 | 60 | b. I have worked in this company(现在不在了，表示过去的经历) 61 | 62 | c. I have been working in this company. (现在还在这家公司) 63 | 64 | d. He has been sleeping/ has slept for three hours. 65 | 66 | e. He has slept(他睡过了，所以现在不困了) 67 | 68 | g. he has been sleeping(现在还在睡) 69 | 70 | ##### 与现在完成时比较(二) 71 | 72 | **完成进行时强调动作过程** 73 | 74 | **完成时强调动作的结果** 75 | 76 | a. My hands are very dirty. I’ve been painting the house(理由，做的动作过程) 77 | 78 | b. I have painted the house green. The house was white, but now it’s green. 79 | 80 | c. Sorry about the mess--I’ve been painting the house. 81 | 82 | ##### 与现在完成时比较(三) 83 | 84 | **1. 短暂动词的完成进行时表示重复。** 85 | 86 | ​ **短暂动词的完成时不能与一段时间的时间状语连用。但是完成进行时可以，表示重复动作** 87 | 88 | ​ a. Over the past few years, many towns in the United States have been joining with neighboring communites to share the costs of government. 89 | 90 | ​ b. Over the past few years, many towns in the United States have joined with … 91 | 92 | ​ c.I’ve got up early since I entered the college. 93 | 94 | **2. 重复动作的分割性** 95 | 96 | ​ **完成进行时表示不间断动作。如果要表达做事情的次数，不能用现在完成进行时** 97 | 98 | ​ a. I have been sitting in class since 8 o’ clock this morning. 99 | 100 | ​ b. I have had three classes since 8 o’ clock this morning. 101 | 102 | ​ c. The phone has been ringing for almost a minute, why doesn’t someone answer it? 103 | ​ d. The phone has rung four times this mrning, and each time it has been for Clint. 104 | 105 | ##### 与现在完成时比较(四) 106 | 107 | **不能用进行时的动词，同样不能用现在完成进行时** 108 | 109 | a. How long have you known Jane? 110 | 111 | b. How long have you been knowing Jane? 112 | 113 | 参考文章: 114 | [参考链接](https://github.com/yizutianya/English_Grammar_Learning) 115 | 116 | 117 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /grammar/英语语法-基本句子结构.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 2 | #### subject + intransitive verb: 主 + 不及物动词 3 | 4 | Man proposes; God disposes 5 | 6 | Modesty benefits; pride hurts 7 | 8 | The sun rises and the sun sets. Stars glitter and stars vanish. There are ups and downs in life 9 | 10 | ##### 常常带有状语 11 | 12 | ​ Great minds think alike 13 | 14 | ​ The sun sets in the west 15 | 16 | #### Subject + Link Verb + Subject Complement: 主 + 系动词 + 表语（主语补足语） 17 | 18 | He looks unhappy 19 | 20 | The leaf will trun yellow in autumn 21 | 22 | I’ve got to return the book this afternoon; it falls overdue a week 23 | 24 | The best proof of love is trust 25 | 26 | Bread is the staff of life 27 | 28 | ##### 介词短语也可以做表语 29 | 30 | ​ Beauty is in the eye of the beholder 31 | 32 | ##### 表示特征状态: feel, look. sound, taste, smell, seem, appear 33 | 34 | ​ The iron feels hot. 35 | 36 | ​ The rose doesn’t smell much 37 | 38 | ##### 状态转变: become, grow, get, turn, fall, go, come 39 | 40 | ​ Our supplies of sugar and rice fell short 41 | 42 | ​ The jokes fell flat 43 | 44 | ​ fall asleep 45 | 46 | ​ fall due 47 | 48 | ​ go hungry go sour go wrong 49 | 50 | ​ Hope your dreams will come ture 51 | 52 | ​ The leaf will turn yellow in autumn 53 | 54 | ​ I’ve got to return the book this afternoon. it falls overdue a week 55 | 56 | ##### 状态保持: continue, remain, stay, keep, hold, rest, prove 57 | 58 | ​ The weather continued fine for several days 59 | 60 | ​ He held silent fo the whole day 61 | 62 | ​ He has fallen into the habit of doing morning exercises 63 | 64 | ​ You may rest assured that he will come to the party 65 | 66 | ##### 近似不及物动词的系动词 67 | 68 | ​ Mr. Bean often acted weird in public 69 | 70 | ​ All the audience sat silent 71 | 72 | ​ He was born poor 73 | 74 | ​ The boy blushed scarlet 75 | 76 | ​ I married young 77 | 78 | ​ He died young 79 | 80 | ​ Jane Austin died a spinster 81 | 82 | ​ He died a hero’s death 83 | 84 | #### Subject + + Transsitive Verb + Object: 主 + 谓 +宾 85 | 86 | ​ Beauty will buy no beef 87 | 88 | ​ I want to go home now 89 | 90 | ​ I’ve finished reading the book 91 | 92 | ​ I’ll pick you up this evening 93 | 94 | #### Subject + Dative Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object: 主 + 谓 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 95 | 96 | ​ He showed the guard this passport 97 | 98 | ​ I will buy you a meal 99 | 100 | ​ **1. assign, award, bring, deliver, deny, feed, give, grant, hand, lend, offer, owe, pass** 101 | 102 | ​ **pass, pay, promise, post, read, recomment, sell, send, show, take, write** 103 | 104 | ​ He showed his passport to the guard 105 | 106 | ​ He showed the guard his passport 107 | 108 | ​ **2. 介词用for: book, buy, build, change, choose, cook, fetch, find, get, keep, make,** **order, prepare, sing** 109 | 110 | ​ I am going to buy a gift for her 111 | 112 | ​ I am going to buy her a gift 113 | 114 | ​ **3. 不能用介词: charge, cost, bet** 115 | 116 | ​ I’ll bet you ten dollars 117 | 118 | ​ The repairman charged me ten dollars 119 | 120 | ​ **特殊: ask** 121 | 122 | ​ Can I ask you a question? 123 | 124 | ​ Can I ask a question of you 125 | 126 | #### Subject + Factitive Verb + Object + Object Complement 127 | 128 | ​ They appointed John chairman 129 | 130 | ​ I believe him to be true 131 | 132 | ​ The chairman declared the meeting over 133 | 134 | ​ They elected John chairman 135 | 136 | ​ You can leave the door open 137 | 138 | ​ A hedge between keeps friendship green 139 | 140 | ​ **双宾语和复合宾语区分:宾语后加上be，若能成完整句子则是补足语** 141 | 142 | 143 | 参考文章: 144 | [参考链接](https://github.com/yizutianya/English_Grammar_Learning) 145 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /grammar/英语语法-被动语态.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 2 | #### 构成：be + 过去分词 3 | 4 | ##### 不同时态的被动语态be变化 5 | 6 | `is, is being, has been, was, was being, had been, will be, will have been` 7 | 8 | #### 不用by情况 9 | 10 | + **实施者明显** 11 | 12 | ​ a. The rubbish hasn’t been collected. 13 | 14 | ​ b. Your hand will be X-rayed. 15 | 16 | ​ c. The streets are swept every day. 17 | 18 | + **实施者未知或没必要提及** 19 | 20 | ​ a. The President has been murdered. 21 | 22 | ​ b. My car has been moved. 23 | 24 | ​ c. Rice is grown in many countries. 25 | 26 | ​ d. The library was built in 1890. 27 | 28 | + **泛指人们** 29 | 30 | ​ `acknowledge, assume, believe, claim, consider, estimate, feel, find, know, presume, report,` 31 | 32 | ​ `say, think` 33 | 34 | ​ People believe him to be honest. 35 | 36 | ​ He is believed to be honest. 37 | 38 | + **主句主语是`one`, you, they 通常用被动语态** 39 | 40 | ​ One/ You see this kind of advertisement everywhere. 41 | 42 | ​ This kind of advertisement is seen everywhere. 43 | 44 | ​ They are building a new public library in our town. 45 | 46 | ​ A new public library is being built in our town. 47 | 48 | + **避免改换主语(可以接by短语)** 49 | 50 | ​ When he arrived home, a detective arrested him. 51 | 52 | ​ When he arrived home, he was arrested. 53 | 54 | #### 不及物动词没有被动语态 55 | 56 | He came here last night. 57 | 58 | He looks fine. 59 | 60 | #### 双宾语可以有两种被动语态(人做主语更常见) 61 | 62 | Someone gave me a gift. 63 | 64 | I was given a gift. 65 | 66 | Someone gave a gift to me. 67 | 68 | A gift was given to me. 69 | 70 | #### 静态被动语态 71 | 72 | | 句子 | 解释 | 73 | | ------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------ | 74 | | Now the door is locked | 这里的is locked 只是强调动作，起着形容词的作用。 | 75 | | I locked the door two minutes ago. The door was locked by me two minutes ago. | 这里的was locked强调动作 | 76 | 77 | Clint broke the window last night 78 | 79 | The window was broken last night 80 | 81 | Now the window is broken. 82 | 83 | + **常见`interested, excited, satisfied, married, disappointed, scared, frightened, worried, lost`** 84 | 85 | ​ a. I am interested in grammar. 86 | 87 | ​ b. I am satisfied with Clint’s grammar course. 88 | 89 | ​ c. She is married to her teacher. 90 | 91 | ​ d. The table is made of wood. 92 | 93 | ​ e. Are you scared of snake? 94 | 95 | #### get与被动语态(get与过去分词连用) 96 | 97 | + **可以构成被动语态** 98 | 99 | ​ a. My watch got broken while I was playing with the children. 100 | 101 | ​ b. He got caught by the police because he exceeded the speed limit. 102 | 103 | + **可以接静态的被动形式，表示主语的状态** 104 | 105 | ​ a. I stopped working because I got tired. 106 | 107 | ​ b. I got worried because he was two hours late. 108 | 109 | ​ c. She is getting dressed to the party and has trouble deciding what clothes to wear. 110 | 111 | #### have/get sth done 112 | 113 | `have sth done或者get sth done` 114 | 115 | + **安排别人把事情做好(主要用法)** 116 | 117 | ​ a. Are you going to repair the car yourself? 118 | 119 | ​ b. No, I’m going to have it repaired. 120 | 121 | ​ c. I want to have/get my iterms repaired. (My iterms need repairing.) 122 | 123 | ​ d. I must get my hair cut = I want someone to cut my hair. 124 | 125 | ​ e. You should get/have your bike repaired. 126 | 127 | ​ g. If you don’t get our of my house, I’ll have you arrested. 128 | 129 | + **意外或不行的事情** 130 | 131 | ​ a. I got my car stolen last year. 132 | 133 | ​ b. Have you ever had your passport stolen? 134 | 135 | ​ c. Joe had his leg broken in a fight. 136 | 137 | ​ d. It took me two hours to get the washing done. 138 | 139 | ​ e. Don’t get your plans changed. 140 | 141 | 142 | 参考文章: 143 | [参考链接](https://github.com/yizutianya/English_Grammar_Learning) 144 | 145 | 146 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /grammar/英语语法-限定词2.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #### 冠词 2 | 3 | #### a 辅音因素开头的名词前， an 元音因素开头的名词前 4 | 5 | #### 单数可数名词：不能单独使用，必须用冠词或其他限定词 6 | 7 | #### 复数可数名词 or 不可数名词： 8 | 9 | ​ **（1）不能同冠词连用** 10 | 11 | ​ **（2）复数名词 or 不可数名词** 12 | 13 | ​ **泛指：不用the** 14 | 15 | ​ Life is hard sometimes 16 | 17 | ​ **特指：用the** 18 | 19 | ​ The writer is writing a book about the life of blacks in America. 20 | 21 | ​ I love music, poetry and art. 22 | 23 | ​ I don’t like the film, but I like the music(of the film) 24 | 25 | ​ **表示特指的时候，一般会带有后置定语** 26 | 27 | ##### 第一次提到单数可数名词前用不定冠词a/an，再次出现要用定冠词the 28 | 29 | ##### 谈到对话双方都知道的事物要用the（比如自己房间里的东西） 30 | 31 | ​ can you turn off the light, please? 32 | 33 | ##### 表示世界上独一无二的事物用the 34 | 35 | ​ the earth, the sky, the equator, the moon, the world, the universe 36 | 37 | ##### 做形容词的only、最高级、序数词修饰的名词前+the 38 | 39 | ​ the only/best way to cope with the problem. 40 | 41 | ​ this is the first time I’ve come to Beijing. 42 | 43 | ##### 乐器、乐团+the（运动不+the）[play football/chess/tennis] 44 | 45 | ​ the Beatles 46 | 47 | ​ the Philaadelphia Orchestra 48 | 49 | ​ play/learn the guitar learn the piano 50 | 51 | ##### 独一无二的身份不+the 52 | 53 | ​ Henry was elected chairman of the committee 54 | 55 | ​ For the first time I am king of myself 56 | 57 | ##### 限定词彼此互斥，不能同时出现在名词前面 58 | 59 | ​ (1)冠词：the an a 60 | 61 | ​ (2)物主形容词： my your his her our their 62 | 63 | ​ (3)指示形容词： this that these those 64 | 65 | ​ (4)名词属格： Tom’s John’s 66 | 67 | ##### 特殊名词前省略the 68 | 69 | ​ (1)nature : in nature (2)society: in society (3)space: in space 70 | 71 | ​ (4)man在泛指整个人类时，不加冠词 72 | 73 | ​ (5)history在泛指整个历史时，不加冠词 74 | 75 | ​ (6)三餐前不+冠词：have something for breakfast/lunch/supper/dinner 76 | 77 | ##### 交通工具 78 | 79 | ​ 若用介词on：+冠词the（on foot 步行不加the）on the train/plane/boat 80 | 81 | ​ 若不用介词on，如用by时，不加the： by bicycle/boat/bus/car/plane/train/metro 82 | 83 | ##### 其他固定介词搭配 84 | 85 | ​ face to face , arm in arm , hand in hand , shoulder to shoulder , side by side 86 | 87 | ​ inch by inch , day after day , dentist after dentist 88 | 89 | ##### school/the school 90 | 91 | ​ bed, church, court, hospital, prison, school/college/unversity, sea, work, office 92 | 93 | ​ **当人们去这些地方做在这些地方应该做的事情时，不加冠词，表示抽象概念** 94 | 95 | ​ **当要去这些地方不是要做特定的事，而是由于其他原因，要用the** 96 | 97 | ​ his mother is in hospital and he has been in the hospital to take care of her. 98 | 99 | ​ Bill Blinton came into office in 1992./Bill Clinton came into the office and saw sth. 100 | 101 | ​ to church(to pray) 102 | 103 | ​ to hospital(as patients) 104 | 105 | ​ to/at sea(出海/在海上) 106 | 107 | ​ to/at/from(去上班/在上班/下班) 108 | 109 | ​ go to sea(as sailors) go to the sea(go to the seaside) 110 | 111 | ​ be at sea(as passengers or crew) be at the sea(be at the seaside) 112 | 113 | ​ by sea(by ship) 114 | 115 | ​ by the sea(by the seaside) 116 | 117 | ​ be in office(在任职) be in the office(在办公室里) 118 | 119 | ​ be out of office(离职) be out of the office(离开办公室) 120 | 121 | ##### 泛指的四种表达 122 | 123 | ​ **1.不带the的不可数名词** 124 | 125 | ​ I like music 126 | 127 | ​ **2.不带the的复数可数名词** 128 | 129 | ​ bananas are yellow I am afraid of dogs 130 | 131 | ​ **3.the+单数可数名词（也可表示特指）** 132 | 133 | ​ the whale is the largest mammal on earth 134 | 135 | ​ the whale is dead 136 | 137 | ​ **4.a/an+单数可数名词（也可以表示一个）** 138 | 139 | ​ I ate a banana this morning 140 | 141 | ​ A banana is yellow 142 | 143 | ​ 英语学习-[语法系列github仓库](https://github.com/removeif/english-learn)，欢迎收藏star 144 | 145 | 参考文章: 146 | [参考链接](https://github.com/yizutianya/English_Grammar_Learning) 147 | 148 | 149 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /grammar/英语语法-形容词adjective.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #### 两种形容词的区别 2 | 3 | **ing：**描述引起人某种感觉的事物（主语通常是事物） 4 | 5 | **ed：**描述人对事物的感觉（主语通常是人） 6 | 7 | The interesting children can make other people feel interested in them. 8 | 9 | #### 位置 10 | 11 | **1.限定词+形容词+名词** 12 | 13 | ​ I am reading an interesting book. 14 | 15 | **2.不定代词+形容词** 16 | 17 | ​ There is something(某事) wrong with my computer. 18 | 19 | #### 形容词顺序 20 | 21 | **观点形容词(opinion adjective)+描绘形容词(descriptive adjective)** 22 | 23 | ​ a beautiful white table 24 | 25 | **描绘形容词顺序** 26 | 27 | ​ size->shape->age->color->origin->material 28 | 29 | ​ This beautiful big round old red chinese wooden table was mine. 30 | 31 | #### 比较级和最高级 32 | 33 | ##### 单音节：-er -est 34 | 35 | ​ **-e结尾：**-r -st 36 | 37 | ​ large->larger brave->braver 38 | 39 | ​ **-y结尾：**变y->i 加-er -est 40 | 41 | ​ shy->shier 42 | 43 | ​ **元音+辅音：双写最后字母后加-er -est** 44 | 45 | ​ fat->fatter big->bigger sad->sadder 46 | 47 | ##### 双音节：前面+more most 48 | 49 | ​ **特例：y结尾双音节词，变y->i 加-er -est** 50 | 51 | ​ happy->happier early->earlier 52 | 53 | ​ **early和showly** 54 | 55 | ​ early是不可分割：故变earlier 56 | 57 | ​ slowly是组合词：故变more slowly 58 | 59 | ##### 多音节：前面+more most 60 | 61 | **特殊：** 62 | 63 | | 原级 | 比较级 | 最高级 | 64 | | --------- | --------------- | ----------------- | 65 | | good/well | better | best | 66 | | bad/ill | worse | worst | 67 | | far | farther/further | farthest/furthest | 68 | | old | older/elder | oldest/eldest | 69 | | little | less | least | 70 | | many/much | more | most | 71 | | late | later/latter | latest/last | 72 | | up | upper | uppermost/upmost | 73 | 74 | **特别说明** 75 | 76 | ​ **A:farther(多用实际距离) further(表示抽象，进一步)** 77 | 78 | ​ further discussion 79 | 80 | ​ **B:older(大小，用于比较级中) elder(成员长幼关系，并非大小，不用比较级中)** 81 | 82 | ​ my elder brother his eldest son 83 | 84 | ​ I am seven years older than Rex 85 | 86 | ​ **C:later, latter, latest, last** 87 | 88 | ​ later(时间上”较迟“)：I am on the phone right, Could you call me later? 89 | 90 | ​ latter(顺序上”后者“)：The latter point is the most important. 91 | 92 | ​ latest(最新的，最近的)：the latest games the latest fashions. 93 | 94 | ​ last(1.上一次,最近一次；2.所有事物中的最后一个) 95 | 96 | ​ 1.The last game, I won. last week 97 | 98 | ​ 2.The last three pages of the chapter 99 | 100 | #### 原级比较 101 | 102 | **如同：A + as + 形容词 or 副词 + as + B** 103 | 104 | ​ You are as lazy as she. 105 | 106 | ​ The work is not as difficult as you think. 107 | 108 | **如同的否定句：可用so代替第一个as** 109 | 110 | ​ The work is not so difficult as you think. 111 | 112 | **表示几倍/几分之几：A + 几倍(three times)/几分之几(a third) + as + 形容词 or 副词 +as + B** 113 | 114 | ​ This book is twice as thick as that one. 115 | 116 | ​ The Earth has a mass nearly one hundred times as much as that of the Moon. 117 | 118 | **A + the same + 名词 + as + B** 119 | 120 | ​ I am as old as you 121 | 122 | ​ I am the same age as you. 123 | 124 | #### 形容词比较级注意 125 | 126 | ##### 1.than前面必须有比较级 127 | 128 | ##### 2.必须是同类事物比较 129 | 130 | ​ **a.两个彼此独立的同类事物比较** 131 | 132 | ​ This question is less difficult than that question. 133 | 134 | ​ **b.自身比较：A + 比较级 + 情形1 + than + 情形2** 135 | 136 | ​ He did much better in the finals this term than last term 137 | 138 | ​ **c.前后有从属关系时，加other，else与整体区别开来，避免逻辑错误** 139 | 140 | ​ She works harder than any other student in her class.(不说other就把自身也比较了) 141 | 142 | ##### 3.比较级前+the的情况：有介词短语 of the two时. 143 | 144 | ​ I think this painting is the more interesting of the two. 145 | 146 | #### 越来越…… 147 | 148 | **单音节：比较级 + and + 比较级：**That female singer is getting fatter and fatter. 149 | 150 | **多音节：more and more 形容词原级：** 151 | 152 | As summer approaches, the sea seems more and more beautiful. 153 | 154 | #### 可以修饰比较级的词 155 | 156 | a bit, a little bit, a little, a lot, a great deal, any, even, far, by far, much, very much, no, rather, still, slightly. 不用：very, many, quite, fairly. 157 | 158 | Are you feeling any better? 159 | 160 | Things are no better than before 161 | 162 | He makes far fewer mistakes in spellings than before 163 | 164 | #### 否定比较级可表示最高级：few， nothing， never， not 165 | 166 | How have you been? 167 | 168 | It couldn’t be worse 169 | 170 | Few are better qualified for the job than he is. 171 | 172 | I have never heard a better song(This is the best song that I have ever heard) 173 | 174 | #### 最高级注意 175 | 176 | ##### 1.the + 最高级 + in +地方-不说：It is the most expensive car of the world- 177 | 178 | ​ It is the most expensive car in the world. 179 | 180 | ##### 2.第几最高： the + 序数词 + 最高级 + in + 地方 181 | 182 | ​ The Huanghe River is the second longset river in China. 183 | 184 | ​ THe Yangtze River is the longest river in China, but it is the third longset river in the world 185 | 186 | ##### 3.the + 最高级 + of + 所属范围 187 | 188 | ​ The youngest (one) of the family is most successful.（理解时+one，but实际应用时省去） 189 | 190 | ​ Gold is sthe least useful of all metals. 191 | 192 | ​ The Atlantic is not the largest of the world’s oceans. 193 | 194 | ​ Silk is the strongest of all natural fibers, ranking in strength with the synthetic fiber nylon. 195 | 196 | ​ A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever. 197 | 198 | ​ 特别：of + 范围放置句首：Of all metals, gold is the least useful. 199 | 200 | ##### 4.最高级是否加the 201 | 202 | ​ a.形容词需要+the：This is the most interesting book of all. 203 | 204 | ​ b.副词可加可不加：He works hardest in his class. 205 | 206 | ​ c.most不加the的特殊用法=very much：The story is most interesting. 207 | 208 | #### 无等级形容词：含绝对含义-可用nearly，almost，the most closely，more nearly修饰- 209 | 210 | absolute, alone, dead, empty, equal, eternal, final, harizontal, perfect, primary, pregnant, round, single, square, straight, supreme, unique, unanimous. 211 | 212 | 英语学习-[语法系列github仓库](https://github.com/removeif/english-learn)，欢迎收藏star 213 | 214 | 参考文章: 215 | [参考链接](https://github.com/yizutianya/English_Grammar_Learning) 216 | 217 | 218 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /grammar/英语语法-关系从句.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #### 概念：用句子修饰另一句子中的概念(词 to 整个句子) 2 | 3 | **单词：** The woman who lives next door is a famous dancer. 4 | 5 | **短语：** He likes climbing mountains, which is a good exercise. 6 | 7 | **分句**： He said that he had no time, which isn’t true. 8 | 9 | **整句：** He arrived an hour later, which annoyed his girlfriend very much. 10 | 11 | #### 形成：两个句子共用的概念为连接点 12 | 13 | He laughs best who laughs last. 14 | 15 | ​ **句子1.** he laughs best **句子2.** he laughs last 关系词 who 16 | 17 | ​ **共用He，句1：描述事实，句2：限定作用** 18 | 19 | #### 种类：形式区别：有无 “，” 20 | 21 | **限制性：提供必要信息，若去掉，含义不明** 22 | 23 | I don’t like people 意思不明 24 | 25 | I don’t like people who never keep their words. 26 | 27 | **非限制性：补充附加信息，若去掉，含义仍明** 28 | 29 | Beijing, which is the capital of China, has developed into an international city. 30 | 31 | #### 关系词：根据关系词在从句中充当的成分，被分为：关系代词，关系副词 32 | 33 | #### 关系代词 34 | 35 | | 关系代词 | 用法 | 例句 | 36 | | ------------------ | ------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------ | 37 | | who:只指人 | 前不可加介词 | The girl who you work with is his girl friend | 38 | | whom:只指人 | 只宾/表,宾语非限制性必用 | Li, with whom you work, is his girl friend | 39 | | which:不指人 | 非限制性句首时用as | As I expected, he didn’t believe me | 40 | | that:指人or物 | 不加介词，无非限制性 | The world in which we live is made up of matter. | 41 | | whose+名词指人or物 | whose = of which | These children sit in a schoolroom of which all the windows are broken. | 42 | 43 | ##### 特殊关系代词 44 | 45 | **as：正如** 46 | 47 | **限制性：只能用在such，the same，as，so** 48 | 49 | ​ a. He’ll repeat such points as are discussed in the book. 50 | 51 | ​ b. Such a student as works hard will be sure to succeed. 52 | 53 | ​ c. He tried to make as few mistakes as he could avoid. 54 | 55 | ​ d. He is not the same playboy as we knew. 56 | 57 | **非限制性：位于句首必须用as** 58 | 59 | As is known, the whale is not fish but a mammal. 60 | 61 | **代替全句：as：主从句内容一致 which：主从句内容互斥** 62 | 63 | She has married again, as was expected. 64 | 65 | She has married again, which was unexpected. 66 | 67 | ##### what：等于 先行词 + 关系词 68 | 69 | **单独使用：不能有先行词** 70 | 71 | She is not what she used to be = She is not the girl that she used to be. 72 | 73 | **what+名词：所有的…** 74 | 75 | a. I will give you what help I can. 76 | 77 | b. What money I have has been given to you = All the money that I have… 78 | 79 | **辨析：结构上也可以理解成名词从句，意思上如下** 80 | 81 | **名词从句：整个句子的意思** 82 | 83 | What he said shows that he is cruel. 84 | 85 | **what从句：只指what这个人或物** 86 | 87 | He is not what he was a few years ago. 88 | 89 | ##### than：主句有比较级 90 | 91 | a. Don’t drink more wine than is good for health. 92 | 93 | b. Don’t give him more money than is needed, since money will burn a hole in his pocket. 94 | 95 | **but：eq that/who/whom…not** 96 | 97 | ​ a. There is no man but errs = There is no man who doesn’t err. 98 | 99 | ​ b. There are few but admire his talent = There are few who don’t admire his talent. 100 | 101 | ​ c. There are very few people in this club but he knows =whom he doesn’t know. 102 | 103 | #### 关系副词 104 | 105 | ##### 限制性 or 非限制性 从句中必做状语 106 | 107 | | 关系副词 | 先行词 | 例句 | 108 | | ----------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | 109 | | when=on which | 时间:day,year,time | I’ll never forget the day (when) I met you(紧随其后可省略)I’ll never forget the time which I spent on campus(不做状语时) | 110 | | where=in/at which | (抽象)地点place,housesituation, point,joint | When you read books, you had better make a mark at the spot where you have any question(定语从句修饰spot)When you read book, you had better make a mark where you have any question(状语从句) | 111 | | why无非限制性 | 原因:why等 | This is the reason why I didn’t come herewhy = for which | 112 | | 方式the way | in whichthat省略 | You know the old golden rule, “Care for others the way in which you would like them to care for you” | 113 | 114 | ##### 介词+关系代词(whom/which/whose) 115 | 116 | **动词/形容词搭配的介词，可前可后** 117 | 118 | | 线索 | 说明 | 例句 | 119 | | -------------------------------------- | -------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | 120 | | 从句中介词和动词搭配形容词搭配名词搭配 | 最常用常见较少 | He is the man on whom I think you can depend.He referred me to some books with which I am not very familiar.I am sending you an inquiry, to which your prompt attention is highly appreciated. | 121 | | 介词先行词搭配 | at the ratewith ease | The speed at which an animal lives is determined by measuring the rate at which it uses oxygen. | 122 | | 修饰部分of which | 最高级+of whom/which | The total cultivated area is 13,000 acres, of which 10,000 acres are irrigated fields. | 123 | | in which to do | 此结构注意 | A house in which to store grains = A house to store grains inI can’t think of anybody whom to invite 没有介词不能用介词不能置后不能用关系副词代替 | 124 | 125 | ##### 引导词辨析 126 | 127 | | 从句 | that | which | 128 | | -------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------ | 129 | | 定语从句 | 充当成分The rumor that he spread everywhere turned out to be untrue.(充当定语) | 单独使用Anger is a wind which blows out the lamp of the mind. | 130 | | 名词从句 | 不当成分THe rumor that Tom was a thief truned out to be untrue.(句子完整) | which + 名词连用You should vote for which candidate you assume best. | 131 | 132 | ##### 复杂定语从句 133 | 134 | | 定语从句后置 | 先行词和定语从句分开 | Consequently, nothing seems good or normal that does not accord with the requirements of the free market. | 135 | | ------------ | -------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | 136 | | 带有插入语 | 表达个人观点紧跟关系词后 | He ran all the way from the station, which I thought was incredible. | 137 | | 并列定语从句 | and/or/but连接多个从句修饰同一词 | I’d much rather receive a gift that was unique or that I knew my friend had put some thought into. | 138 | | 嵌套修饰 | 定语从句修饰“先行词+定语从句” | He is the only person that we know who speaks so many foreign languages. | 139 | 140 | 141 | 参考文章: 142 | [参考链接](https://github.com/yizutianya/English_Grammar_Learning) 143 | 144 | 145 | 146 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /grammar/英语语法-副词.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #### 时间副词 2 | 3 | ##### 种类 4 | 5 | ​ **1.确切时间：** yesterday, today, now, tomorrow 6 | 7 | ​ **2.不确切时间：** already, recently, lately, before, soon, then, afterwards 8 | 9 | ​ **3.副词短语：** this morning, last night, in the morning, a week ago, three months ago, 10 | 11 | ​ at once, in a while, in recent days. 12 | 13 | ##### 位置 14 | 15 | ​ **确切时间副词：句首 or 句末(更常见)（祈使句只在句末）** 16 | 17 | ​ Tomorrow I’m leaving for Beijing on a businiess tour. 18 | 19 | ​ I’m leaving for Beijing on a business tour a week ago. 20 | 21 | ​ Come to my office this afternoon. 22 | 23 | ​ **不确切时间副词：句首 or 句中 or 句末** 24 | 25 | ​ Very soon we’ll be there 26 | 27 | ​ We’ll very soon be there 28 | 29 | ​ I have been busy recently. 30 | 31 | ​ before, early, immediately, late 句末 32 | 33 | ​ Ｉhave never heard such a story before. 34 | 35 | ​ He came to school late. 36 | 37 | ​ **总结：句末保险，句中的副词不多，祈使句只在句末。** 38 | 39 | #### 地点副词 40 | 41 | ##### 种类 42 | 43 | ​ **1.表示方向：** away, down, in, off, on, over, out, round, up 44 | 45 | ​ **2.表示位置：** here, there, somewhere, anywhere, nowhere, everywhere 46 | 47 | ​ **介词短语：** in the park, at home, in the street 48 | 49 | ##### 位置（一般：动词后） 50 | 51 | ​ **1.方向副词在地点副词之前：** He often walks around in the garden after supper. 52 | 53 | ​ **2.大地点副词在后：** He works in a foreign-funded company in Beijing. 54 | 55 | ​ **3.方向副词：** away, down, in, off, on, over, out, round, up, here, there可以倒装 56 | 57 | ​ **倒装1：副词+动态动词+名词主语** 58 | 59 | ​ Here comes the teacher. 60 | 61 | ​ Round and round flew the plane. 62 | 63 | ​ **倒装2：副词+物主代词+动态动词** 64 | 65 | ​ Away they went. 66 | 67 | ​ Here he comes. 68 | 69 | ​ **4.介词短语+动词+主语 倒装：** down, from, in, on, over, out ,of, round, up 70 | 71 | ​ From the trees hang a lot of monkeys. 72 | 73 | ​ Down this street stand a lot of shops. 74 | 75 | ​ On the ground lies a man whose legs are broken. 76 | 77 | **总结：一般句末；有些倒装结构句首。** 78 | 79 | #### 频率副词 80 | 81 | ##### 种类 82 | 83 | ​ **1.确切频率：** daily, weekly, monthly, yearly/annually, twice a week/month/year 84 | 85 | ​ **2.不确切频率：** always, often, usually, sometimes, occasionally, frequently, continually, 86 | 87 | ​ repeatedly, once, ever, never, rarely, seldom(否定). 88 | 89 | ##### 位置 90 | 91 | ##### 1.不确切频率在 句中 92 | 93 | ​ **1)实义动词前(am, is, are, was, were)，助动词后(will, should, have)** 94 | 95 | ​ a. I often do some shopping on weekends. 96 | 97 | ​ b. She is often late for school. 98 | 99 | ​ c. I have never seen him since we parted. 100 | 101 | ​ **2)多个助动词时，在第一个助动词后** 102 | 103 | ​ a. This project will never be finished. 104 | 105 | ​ b. You should never have trusted him. 106 | 107 | ​ **3)加强语气，在系动词 or 助动词 前** 108 | 109 | ​ a. You really will get a reward one day. 110 | 111 | ​ b. I always have been patient. 112 | 113 | ​ **4)只有助动词而省略了实义动词的句子，在助动词前** 114 | 115 | ​ a. You should have known better thaan to trust him. I never will(trust him) 116 | 117 | ​ b. Can you find a plaace to park your car in the street? Yes, I usually can. 118 | 119 | ​ **也要用在省略了标语的系动词前：** No, she never was. 120 | 121 | ##### 2.确切频率在 句末 122 | 123 | ​ a. Milk is delivered daily. 124 | 125 | ​ b. We have meetings twice a week. 126 | 127 | ##### 3.不确切频率也可用在句首 or 句末 128 | 129 | ​ a. Often/Sometimes/Usually I work late into the night. 130 | 131 | ​ often不单独在句末，需加very or quite修饰 132 | 133 | ​ b. He comes late for school quite often. 134 | 135 | ##### 4.always除在祈使句中句首，其他时候在句末 136 | 137 | ​ a. You always make the same mistakes. 138 | 139 | ​ b. Always remember not to argue with your boss. 140 | 141 | ##### 5.否定句中的频率副词 142 | 143 | ​ a.often/sometimes/usually not 144 | 145 | ​ His wife complains that he sometimes doesn’t listen to her. 146 | 147 | ​ b.not always 148 | 149 | ​ He doesn’t always leave before 6 o’clock, sometimes he works until 8 o’clock. 150 | 151 | ##### 6.never, rarely, seldom 152 | 153 | ​ a.不能再与not连用 154 | 155 | ​ He seldom goes out at night. 156 | 157 | ​ b.若在句首则倒装 158 | 159 | ​ Never have I heard such a story (I have enever heard such a story) 160 | 161 | ​ **总结：不确切频率在句中，确切频率在句末。** 162 | 163 | #### 程度副词 164 | 165 | **意义：表示程度或大小，修饰形容词、副词、动词、甚至名词** 166 | 167 | ##### 位置：被修饰词前 168 | 169 | **比较** 170 | 171 | ​ Only I saw him at the party last night(Nobody else saw him) 172 | 173 | ​ I only saw him at the party last night(I didn’t talk to him) 174 | 175 | ​ I saw only him at the party last night(I didn’t see any other friends) 176 | 177 | ​ I saw him only at the party last night(I didn’t see him at other places) 178 | 179 | ​ I saw him at the party only last night(I didn’t see him until last night) 180 | 181 | **enough：在所修饰形容词 or 副词之后** 182 | 183 | ​ He is not old enough to go to school 184 | 185 | ​ He didn’t work quickly enough 186 | 187 | **否定副词不与否定词连用 barely, scarcely, hardly** 188 | 189 | ​ **注意：与频率副词rarely区别** 190 | 191 | ​ 不说：He hardly attends class 192 | 193 | ​ 应说：He rarely attends class 194 | 195 | **可以修饰名词的程度副词** 196 | 197 | ​ quite, only, even, particularly, especially, almost, rather. 198 | 199 | ​ quite some, quite an expert 200 | 201 | ​ It was quite a surprise. 202 | 203 | ​ rather a bore, rather a shame 204 | 205 | ​ **注意：quite在a/an前，rather可前可后** 206 | 207 | ​ quite a nice day. 208 | 209 | ​ rather a long way a rather long way. 210 | 211 | ​ vegetables, especially spinach, are good for you 212 | 213 | ​ He is almost a child 214 | 215 | ​ Even a boy knows the answer 216 | 217 | #### 方式副词 218 | 219 | **修饰：动词专用** 220 | 221 | **构成：数目不固定，可由形容词+ly构成** 222 | 223 | ##### 位置：修饰动词的后边 224 | 225 | | 有宾语时，宾语在前 | I can’t speak English well.He can finish the job quickly. | 226 | | ------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------ | 227 | | 若动词后成分很长，则在动词前 | He firmly believes that he will succeed.I happily pronouce you man and wife. | 228 | | 动词+介词+宾语，可位于宾语后或介词前 | The class is listening to the teacher carefullyThe class is listening carefully to the teacher | 229 | | 方式副词在被动分词之前 | I was badly paid in that company when I just graduated.When do you think you will have completely finished? | 230 | 231 | #### 句子副词 232 | 233 | **修饰：整个句子** 234 | 235 | ##### 位置：句首 236 | 237 | **意义：** 238 | 239 | **表示说话角度：** Geologically, a thousand years is a short time. 240 | 241 | **表示说话人态度：** Frankly, I think he is dishonest. 242 | 243 | ​ Hopefully, we can get there in time 244 | 245 | **比较方式副词和句子副词** 246 | 247 | ​ **句子副词：** Happily, he didn’t die. 幸好，他还活着 248 | 249 | ​ **方式副词：** He didn’t die happily. 他不是安然地离开了这个世界 250 | 251 | ##### 其他位置 252 | 253 | **副词顺序：方式副词+地点副词+时间副词** 254 | 255 | ​ She sang an English song nicely in the auditorium last night. 256 | 257 | ​ She checked the accounts carefully in the office this morning. 258 | 259 | **(不)确定性副词：probably, possibly, perhaps, certainly, definitely, surely.不在句末** 260 | 261 | ​ He has probably not been there before. 262 | 263 | ​ I definitely know how to deal with this matter. 264 | 265 | 参考文章: 266 | [参考链接](https://github.com/yizutianya/English_Grammar_Learning) 267 | 268 | 269 | 270 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /grammar/英语语法-动名词.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #### 做主语 2 | 3 | ##### 1. 直接句首做主语：谓语动词用单数 4 | 5 | ​ a. Seeing is believing. 6 | 7 | ​ b. Reading is like permitting a man to talk a long time, and refusing you the right to answer. 8 | 9 | ​ c. Having a successsful marriage takes effort and patience, and communication is the key. 10 | 11 | ##### 2. It is no good doing sth句型 12 | 13 | ​ **it形式主语，真正主语是doing sth** 14 | 15 | ​ **no可以替换为：any/some good, any/some/no use, a waste of time.** 16 | 17 | ​ a. Is it any good trying to explain? 18 | 19 | ​ c. It’s not much use my buying salmon if you don’t like fish. 20 | 21 | ​ d. it’s simply a waste of time and money seeing that movie. 22 | 23 | ##### 3. there be句型 24 | 25 | ​ **1) there is no point (in) doing something,做某事没有意义** 26 | 27 | ​ a. there is no point in my going out to date somedone, I might really like if I met him a the time, but who, right now, has no chance of being anything to me but a transitional man 28 | 29 | ​ **2) there is no use/good (in) doing something** 30 | 31 | ​ a. there is no use your arguing with him 32 | 33 | ​ b. there is no use your complaining to me about this. 34 | 35 | ​ **3) there is no doing something = it’s impossible to do something = we can’t do something.** 36 | 37 | ​ a. there is no denying the fact that...毋庸置疑 38 | 39 | ​ b. there is no gainsaying the fact that...毋庸置疑 40 | 41 | ​ c. there is no telling what will happen tomorrow. 42 | 43 | ​ d. there’s no knowing the future = it’s impossible to know the future, or we can’t know it. 44 | 45 | #### 做宾语 46 | 47 | ##### 1. 一些动词后只能用动名词做宾语 48 | 49 | ​ **appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, feel like, finish, can’t help, invlove,** 50 | 51 | ​ **overlook, permit, postpone, practise, risk, can’t stand, suggest, tolerate, understand.** 52 | 53 | ​ a. I will overlook your being so rude to my sister this time but don’t let it happen again. 54 | 55 | ​ b. Many of the things we do invlove taking some risk in order to achieve a sitisfactory result 56 | 57 | ​ c. Being a bad-tempered man , he would not tolerate having this lectures interrupted. 58 | 59 | #### 接动名词和不定式有区别的动词： 60 | 61 | **很多动词接动名词和不定式均可**，但是意思有很大差别。 62 | 63 | ##### 1. demand, deserve, need, require, want 64 | 65 | **动名词：主动形式表示被动** 66 | 67 | **不定式：必须用被动形式** 68 | 69 | ​ a. The garden needs watering/ to be watered. 不说 The garden needs being watered. 70 | 71 | ​ b. Your hair needs cutting/ to be cut. 72 | 73 | ##### 2. remember, forget, stop, go on, regret. 74 | 75 | **动名词：表示发生于这些动词之前的事** 76 | 77 | **不定式：表示发生在这些动词之后的事** 78 | 79 | **1) remember** 80 | 81 | **remember doing sth: remember/ recall something that happened in the past.** 82 | 83 | **记得已做过某事** 84 | 85 | ​ a. I still remember being taken to Beijing for the first time. 86 | 87 | ​ b. I don’t remember/recall locking my suitcase 88 | 89 | ​ = as far as I know, my suitcase should be open 90 | 91 | **remember to do sth: remember to perform a responsibility, duty or task.** 92 | 93 | **记得需要履行的职责 or 任务。** 94 | 95 | ​ a. Remember to go to the post office, won’t you? 96 | 97 | ​ b. Remember to do some shopping after work. 98 | 99 | ​ c. Clint always remembers to turn off the lights when he leaves the room. 100 | 101 | ##### 2) forget 102 | 103 | **forget doing sth: forget something that happened in the past.** 104 | 105 | **忘记了已做过的某事** 106 | 107 | ​ I forgot locking the door. So when I came back, I found the door locked. 108 | 109 | ​ as far as I know, the door should be open. 110 | 111 | forget to do sth: forget to perform a responsibility, duty or task. 112 | 113 | **忘记要做的事** 114 | 115 | ​ As well as getting on everybody’s nerves, he’s got a habit of borrowing money and forgetting to pay it back. 116 | 117 | ##### 3) stop 118 | 119 | **stop doing: 停下经常做的或手头正在做的事情** 120 | 121 | ​ I really must stop smoking. 122 | 123 | **stop to do: 停下来去做某事** 124 | 125 | ​ stop to have a rest. 126 | 127 | ##### 4) go on 128 | 129 | **go on doing sth: 继续做一直在做的事情。** 130 | 131 | ​ a. The teacher went on explaining the text. 132 | 133 | ​ b. Peter went on sleeping despite the noise. 134 | 135 | **go on to do sth: 改做另一件事** 136 | 137 | ​ a. He welcomed the new students and then went on to explain the college regulations. 138 | 139 | ​ b. Finishing the new words, the teacher went on to attack the text. 140 | 141 | ##### 5) regret 142 | 143 | **regret doing sth: regret something that happened in the past.** 144 | 145 | **对已发生的事情感到遗憾** 146 | 147 | ​ a. I don’t regret telling her what I thought, even if it upset her. 148 | 149 | ​ b. I regret letting slip that opportunity. 150 | 151 | ​ c. I regret lending him so much money. He never paid me back. 152 | 153 | ​ d. Now he regrets not having gone to university. 154 | 155 | **regret to do something: regret to say, to tell someone, or to inform someone of some bad news 遗憾的告诉或通知某人某个坏消息。** 156 | 157 | ​ a. We regret to inform you that we are unable to offer you employment. 158 | 159 | ​ b. I regret to tell you that you failed the test. 160 | 161 | ​ c. We regret to inform you that the flight has been cancelled. 162 | 163 | #### 动名词的其他结构 164 | 165 | #### 1. have difficulty (in) doing sth 166 | 167 | ​ trouble 168 | 169 | ​ problem 170 | 171 | ​ (a lot of fun) 172 | 173 | ​ (lots of) pleasure 174 | 175 | ​ a hard time 176 | 177 | ​ a good time 178 | 179 | ​ a difficult time 180 | 181 | **注意: take the trouble to do sth, trouble to do sth, have (no) time to do sth.** 182 | 183 | ​ a. I worked sos late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus. 184 | 185 | ​ b. I have a hard time getting used to living in a big place. 186 | 187 | ##### 2. can’t help doing, can’t resist doing, can’t keep from doing, can’t hold back from doing 188 | 189 | ​ can’t keep back from doing 190 | 191 | ​ **注意: can’t help but do, can’t but do, can’t choose but do,etc.** 192 | 193 | ​ No one can help liking Tom; he is such a cute boy. 194 | 195 | ##### 3. be worth doing值得做；主动形式表示被动 196 | 197 | ​ be worthy of being done 或 be worthy to be done. 198 | 199 | ​ a. The book is worth reading. 200 | 201 | ​ b. The book is worthy of being read. 202 | 203 | ​ c. The book is worthy to be read. 204 | 205 | #### 动名词的复合结构 206 | 207 | **物主代词(his, my ,your等)所有格名词(Mary’s Tom’s)与动名词连用，即构成动名词的符合结构。用来引出动名词的逻辑主语，以区别于句子主语。** 208 | 209 | Clint insisted on reading the letter. (Clint看了信) 210 | 211 | Clint insisted on my reading the letter. (我不得不看信) 212 | 213 | Would you mind telling us the whole story? (你告诉) 214 | 215 | Would you mind Tom’s telling us the whole story? = Would you mind if Tom tells us the story 216 | 217 | He disliked working late 218 | 219 | He disliked my working late 220 | 221 | I object to making private calls on this phone 222 | 223 | I object to his making private calls on this phone. 224 | 225 | ##### 用法 226 | 227 | **做主语或宾语** 228 | 229 | ​ a. Tom’s coming home at last was a great consolation (做主语) 230 | 231 | ​ b. Do you mind my making a suggestion? (做及物动词宾语) 232 | 233 | ​ c. Our discussion of earthquakes would be imncomplete if we didn’t raise the possibility of their being caused by external forces. 234 | 235 | **物主代词(his)可以改为宾格代词(him) or 所有格名词(Tom’s)改成普通格名词(Tom)** 236 | 237 | ​ a. It’s no use Tom arguing with his boss. 238 | 239 | ​ b. Do you mind me making a suggestion? 240 | 241 | ​ c. I am annoyed about John forgetting to pay. 242 | 243 | ##### 应用原则： 244 | 245 | ​ **1) 若动名词复合结构在句中做主语，最好用所有格形式** 246 | 247 | ​ a. Tom’s refusing to accept the invitation upset me. 248 | 249 | ​ b. His refusing to accept the invitation upset me. 250 | 251 | ​ c. It was a great consolation his coming home at last. 252 | 253 | ​ **2)动名词复合结构在句中做宾语时候，用普通格或所有格均可** 254 | 255 | ​ a. Do you mind me making a suggestion? 256 | 257 | ​ b. I am annoyed about John forgetting to pay. 258 | 259 | 参考文章: 260 | [参考链接](https://github.com/yizutianya/English_Grammar_Learning) 261 | 262 | 263 | 264 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /grammar/英语语法-定语从句.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 2 | #### 完整句子做定语 3 | 4 | 形容词做定语放在被修饰词前面 5 | 6 | 完整句子做定语放在被修饰词后面 7 | 8 | #### 定语从句的重要概念 9 | 10 | **先行词**：被修饰或限定的词（the people） 11 | 12 | **关系词**：重复指代先行词，起连接作用并在定语从句中充当成分 13 | 14 | **代词作用**：重复指代先行词，从句中充当成分 15 | 16 | **连接作用**：连接主句和从句的作用 17 | 18 | #### 关系代词的用法 19 | 20 | 先行词指人`who，whom` 21 | 22 | 先行词指物`which` 23 | 24 | 先行词指人或物均可：`that，whose` 25 | 26 | #### 先行词指人 27 | 28 | **who和whom区别** 29 | 30 | + **`who`在从句中`可做主语，宾语，表语`，但who之前不可用介词** 31 | 32 | ​ I like the people `who` I work with 33 | 34 | ​ I like the people `with whom` I work 35 | 36 | + **`whom`在定语从句中`不能做主语`，可以`做表语或宾语`** 37 | 38 | ​ A rich person is not one `who` has the most, but is one `who` needs the least. 39 | 40 | + **表示人或物的所有关系：whose + 名词：在从句中可做`主语，动词宾语，介词宾语**` 41 | 42 | a. When I looked through the window, I saw a girl `whose beauty` took my breath away. 43 | 44 | b. It was a meeting `whose importance` I did not realize at the time 45 | 46 | ​ **动词宾语** 47 | 48 | c. Atlas(in Greek mythology) was a kneeling man `on whose` shoulders the world rested. 49 | 50 | ​ **介词宾语** 51 | 52 | #### 先行词指物 53 | 54 | + **a. which可以指代单个名词** 55 | 56 | ​ Perhaps it is human to appreciate little `that which` we have and to long for `that which` we have not 57 | 58 | + **b. which可以指代单个短语** 59 | 60 | ​ He likes **climbing mountains**, `which` is a good exercise. 61 | 62 | + **c. which可以指代前面整个句子** 63 | 64 | ​ **She wore her swimming things in the office**, `which` shocked her boss a great deal. 65 | 66 | **非限定性定语从句：被修饰的句子不需要定语从句意思也完整，只是补充说明** 67 | 68 | #### that指代人或指代物：注意`不可以用在介词后面` 69 | 70 | The world `that/which` we live in is made up of matter. 71 | 72 | The world in `which` we live is made up of matter. 73 | 74 | #### 最好用that情况 75 | 76 | + **先行词有人也有物时，用that** 77 | 78 | ​ The writer and his novels `that` the article deals with are quite familiar to us. 79 | 80 | * **先行词为指物的all, little, few, much, none, the first用that** 81 | 82 | ​ a. All that glitters is not gold. 83 | 84 | ​ b. This book contains little that is useful. 85 | 86 | ​ c. There is not much that can be done. 87 | 88 | ​ d. As long as you stand up to the difficulties, there are none that cannot be overcome. 89 | 90 | + **先行词是不定代词something, anything, nothing, everything用that** 91 | 92 | ​ a. Is there ***anything*** that I can do for you? 93 | 94 | ​ b.Greater expense does not always equal better gift, I would much rather receive **a gift** that was unique or that I knew my friend had put some thought into rather than **something** that cost a lot of money but that I didn’t need or want. I would much rather receive **something** that made me laugh, made me reminisce, or fit my personality that **something** that cost a lot but that I will just throw in my closet and forget about. 95 | 96 | + **先行词被any, only, all, every, no, some, much, few, little, 序数词，最高级，the only, the one, the very, the right, the last，修饰时用that** 97 | 98 | ​ a. Tell us all things **that** you know. 99 | 100 | ​ b. There is no difficulty (**that**) they can’t overcome. 101 | 102 | ​ c. The only thing **that** we should do is find our way home. 103 | 104 | ​ d. The very problem **that** I want to solve is like this. 105 | 106 | ​ e. He is the only man **that** can speak four foreign languages in our company. 107 | 108 | #### 关系代词省略 109 | 110 | **关系代词who, whom, which, that 若在定语从句中用作宾语，可以省略** 111 | 112 | ​ a. Tina likes the present which I gave her for her birthday. 113 | 114 | ​ b. Tina likes the present that I gave her for her birthday. 115 | 116 | ​ c. Tina likes the present I gave her for ther birthday. 117 | 118 | ​ d. I like the people who I work with. 119 | 120 | ​ e. I like the people I work with. 121 | 122 | ​ f. I’m talking about friends who you can share almost everything with. 123 | 124 | ​ g. I’m talking abouot friends you can share almost everything with. 125 | 126 | #### 关系副词的用法：when, where, why，从句中做时间状语，地点状语， 原因状语 127 | 128 | + **先行词指时间** 129 | 130 | ​ when 引导限制性和非限制性定语从句，先行词须是表示***时间的名词*** 131 | 132 | ​ day, year, time, ***when可以用on which来替换*** 133 | 134 | ​ a. I’ll never forget ***the day*** when I met you. 135 | 136 | ​ b. I’ll never forget ***the day*** on which I met you. 137 | 138 | ​ c. We will put off the outing until ***next week***, when we won’t be so busy. 139 | 140 | ​ d. The ***day*** may soon come when we don’t bother to go to office but just work at home. 141 | 142 | + **关系副词when在从句中做时间状语** 143 | 144 | ​ ***当心***：`表示时间的先行词，若定语从句中不缺少状语和是缺少宾语或主语，要用which或` 145 | 146 | `that来引导定语从句。因为when来引导定语从句的前提条件是：when 在其引导的定语从句中做时间状语。` 147 | 148 | ​ a. ***The day***, which began brightly, ended with a violent storm. (which做主语) 149 | 150 | ​ b. I’ll never forget ***the time*** which I spent on campus. (which做spent宾语) 151 | 152 | ​ c. I’ll never forget ***the day*** when we first met in the park. (when做时间状语修饰met) 153 | 154 | 155 | 156 | #### where的用法 = at which或in which 157 | 158 | + **where引导定语从句，先行词必须是表示地点的名词，如place, house** 159 | 160 | ​ a. Do you know ***any place*** where I can buy Clint’s grammar book? 161 | 162 | ​ b. Do you know ***any place*** at which I can buy Clint’s grammar book? 163 | 164 | ​ c. This is ***the town*** where(in which) I spent my childhood. 165 | 166 | ​ d. This is ***the restaurant*** where I often have my breakfast. 167 | 168 | + **关系副词where在从句中做地点状语** 169 | 170 | ​ a. This is ***the town*** where I spent my childhood. 171 | 172 | ​ b. This is ***the town*** which I told you about before. which做about的宾语 173 | 174 | ​ c. The library **where** students often study was on fire last night. 175 | 176 | ​ d. The library, **which** was built in the 1930’s, needs to be renovated. 177 | 178 | ​ e. One of the ***places*** which I want to visit someday is Tibet. which做visit宾语 179 | 180 | 181 | 182 | **why的用法：只用来引导限制定语从句，先行词是reason等表示原因的名词** 183 | 184 | **因为说明原因，所以不是补充说明，不能做非限制定语从句 = for which** 185 | 186 | This is ***the reason*** why I didn’t come here 187 | 188 | #### 限制性和非限制性的定语从句 189 | 190 | 形式上：有无 “，” 分割开来 191 | 192 | **限制性定语从句** 193 | 194 | ​ 作用：用来提供必要的信息，限定身份或性质，限制范围，若去掉从句，含义不明 195 | 196 | ​ 例子：I don’t like people意思不明 197 | 198 | ​ I don’t like people who never keep their words. 199 | 200 | **非限制性定语从句** 201 | 202 | ​ 作用：提供附加的非必要信息，补充说明或解释，去掉从句，不会引起误解。 203 | 204 | ​ 例子：Beijing, which is the capital of China, has developed into an international city. 205 | 206 | **如果定语从句修饰一个专有名词，我用一般用逗号，就是要用非限定性定语从句。** 207 | 208 | **因为专有名词本身意思已经很完整，不需要限制，只是用定语从句进行补充** 209 | 210 | #### 用不用逗号的句子意义有差别 211 | 212 | | 限制性 | 非限制性 | 解释 | 213 | | -------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | 214 | | he has a daughter who works in a hospital | he has a daughter, who works in a hospital | a，表示他有多个女儿，其中一个在医院工作b，强调他有一个女儿，不是儿子，在医院工作 | 215 | | the food which wasn’t in the fridge all went off. | the food, which wasn’t in the fridge, all went off | a，没有放在冰箱里的那部分食物坏了b，食物都坏了，因为没有放在冰箱里。此时的定语从句补充说明变坏的原因。 | 216 | 217 | `限制性定语从句一般翻译成定语形式“….的”` 218 | 219 | **非性质性定语从句往往翻译成各种状语** 220 | 221 | a. the food, which wasn’t in the fridge, all went off. 222 | 223 | ​ **翻译成原因状语从句** 224 | 225 | b. the Ambassador gave a dinner to the scientists, with whom the especially wished to talk 226 | 227 | ​ **翻译成原因状语从句** 228 | 229 | c. the people were desperate for work, any work, which could support their family. 230 | 231 | ​ **条件状语从句** 232 | 233 | d. the millionaire had another house built, which he didn’t need at all 234 | 235 | ​ **让语状语从句** 236 | 237 | #### that引导的定语从句和同位语从句的区别 238 | 239 | + **that是否做成分：that在定语从句中充当成分，在同位语从句中不做任何成分** 240 | 241 | ​ a. the rumor that he spread everywhere turned out to be untrue. 242 | 243 | ​ b. the rumor that tom was a thief turned out to be untrue. 244 | 245 | ​ a 中that在从句he spread everywhere 做成分，充当spread的宾语，为定语从句 246 | 247 | ​ b 中that在从句tom was a thief中不做任何成分。 248 | 249 | + **从句作用** 250 | 251 | ​ 定语从句相当于形容词，他对先行词起到修饰，描述和限制的作用。 252 | 253 | ​ 同位语从句相当于一个名词，他是前面名词的内容的具体表述。两者是同位的关系。 254 | 255 | 256 | 参考文章: 257 | [参考链接](https://github.com/yizutianya/English_Grammar_Learning) 258 | 259 | 260 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /grammar/英语语法-状语从句.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | **本质：**连接词(关键)表达分句之间逻辑关系 2 | 3 | **种类：**时间，地点，原因，目的，结果，条件，让步，比较，方式 4 | 5 | **时间状语：**说明两个从句的时间 6 | 7 | **when：**调节两个时间点【起始点&结束点(完成时)】来说明主从句发生顺序 8 | 9 | ##### **三要点：** 10 | 11 | + 同 时 态：从句先发生 12 | 13 | + 有完成时：强调已完成的时间点 14 | 15 | + 从 句 中：现在表将来 16 | 17 | | (主句/从句)时态 | 例句 | 18 | | --------------- | --------------------------------------------------- | 19 | | 将来/现在 | I’ll speak to him when he arrives. | 20 | | 将来/现在完成 | I’ll give you a call when I have finished the work. | 21 | | 过去/过去 | I started my dinner when he left. | 22 | | 过去/过去完成 | He left when I had got there. | 23 | | 过去完成/过去 | I had started my dinner when he left. | 24 | 25 | **whenever：强调无论何时(每次)** 26 | 27 | Smile whenever you pick up the phone, for the caller will be able to notice it. 28 | 29 | **while + 延续动词：从句发生期间发生** 30 | 31 | The doorbell rang while we were watching TV. 32 | 33 | **until：主句持续到从句的时间点保持同一状态** 34 | 35 | **肯定形式：持续发生状态** 36 | 37 | We’ll stay here till it stops raining. 38 | 39 | **否定形式：持续未发生状态** 40 | 41 | I did not realize I would need English in the future until I came to Japan. 42 | 43 | ##### 三种特殊结构 44 | 45 | | until句首 | Until he saw his mother, the little boy didn’t smile. | 46 | | --------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | 47 | | 主句倒装 | Not until he saw his mother did the little boy smile. | 48 | | 强调 | It was not until he saw his mother that the little boy smiled. | 49 | 50 | **一…就：**as soon as, once, the minute, the moment, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly. 51 | 52 | **说明：强调主从句说明的两个时间点同时发生；时态一般一致** 53 | 54 | It began to rain as soon as/immediately/the moment I arrived home. 55 | 56 | **特殊：倒装比较方式，主句动作刚结束(过去完成)，从句动作就开始(过去)** 57 | 58 | 1. No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain. 59 | 60 | ​ 2. Hardly/Scarcely had I arrived home when it began to rain. 61 | 62 | ​ 3. No sooner had we begun having dinner than the doorbell rang. 63 | 64 | **时间短语引导：** 65 | 66 | next time, by the time, every time, each time, the day, the week. 67 | 68 | a. The day he returned, his father was already dead. 69 | 70 | ​ b. Next time you come, remember to bring along your sister. 71 | 72 | ​ c. Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble. 73 | 74 | **在…之前：by the time** 75 | 76 | **强调：主句动作(完成时)在从句动作之前已经完成** 77 | 78 | a. By the time they arrived, we had already left. 79 | 80 | ​ b. By the time they arrive, we will have already left. 81 | 82 | ##### 地点状语 83 | 84 | **主句后边：一般** 85 | 86 | Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories. 87 | 88 | **主句前边：需要灵活翻译** 89 | 90 | wherever there is love, there is also wealth and success. 91 | 92 | **wherever, anywhere, everywhere引导** 93 | 94 | wherever I happens to be, I can make myself at home. 95 | 96 | ##### 原因状语 97 | 98 | **Because** 99 | 100 | **语气最强，只有它能回答why问句。听话人未知原因** 101 | 102 | You want to know why I am leaving? 103 | 104 | ​ I am leaving because I’m fed up with the job and boss. 105 | 106 | **强调词：only，just** 107 | 108 | ​ You shouldn’t get angry just because some people speak ill of you. 109 | 110 | **Since：已知道的原因，既然** 111 | 112 | Since Monday is Bob’s birthday, let’s throw him a party. 113 | 114 | **As：和since差不多** 115 | 116 | She didn’t hear us come in as she was asleep. 117 | 118 | **For：推断理由** 119 | 120 | Pay attention to your enemies, for they are the first to discover your mistakes. 121 | 122 | **介词短语表原因：because of，due to(非句首)，owing to(句首)：只接名词** 123 | 124 | Owing to his carelessness we had an accident. 125 | 126 | **because否定转移：从句的否定转移到主句** 127 | 128 | I didn’t attend the meeting because he was present. 129 | 130 | **复合连词表原因：seeing (that)，now (that)，considering (that)，given (that) = since** 131 | 132 | Now that the semester is finished, I’m going to rest a few days and then take a trip. 133 | 134 | **In that：原因就在于** 135 | 136 | The girl is like her mother in that she also has very delicate feeling. 137 | 138 | ##### 目的状语 139 | 140 | **常用连词：so that，in order that，that；从句：有表能力的情态动词** 141 | 142 | I spoke slowly and clearly so that/ in order that the audience could understand me. 143 | 144 | **不定式简化** 145 | 146 | **In order for sb to do sth** 147 | 148 | I spoke slowly and clearly in order for the audience to understand me. 149 | 150 | **In order to(可句首)/so as to do：主从句主语一致** 151 | 152 | All the key words in the article are printed in bold type so as to attract attention. 153 | 154 | **以免连词：lest，for fear (that)，in case：以免，生怕** 155 | 156 | Take an umbrella with you lest it would rain. 157 | 158 | **其他连词：in the hope that，on purpose that，for the pupose that，to the end that** 159 | 160 | The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students could hear more clearly. 161 | 162 | ##### 结果状语 163 | 164 | **常用连词：so…that，such…that，such that(such = so+adj.)** 165 | 166 | His anger was so explosive that he lost control of himself. 167 | 168 | **主句倒装** 169 | 170 | a. So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed. 171 | 172 | ​ b. Such a fool was he that he believed him. 173 | 174 | **不定式简化** 175 | 176 | **such…as to do sth，such as to do sth，so…as to do sth (as不能省略)** 177 | 178 | Her voice was such as to make everyone stare. 179 | 180 | **其他短语：to the degree/extent (that)，to such a degree/extent (that)(句首时倒装)** 181 | 182 | a. To such an extent did his health deteriorate that he was forced to retire. 183 | 184 | ​ b. The bereaved mother was grieved to the deggree that she couldn’t eat for 3 days. 185 | 186 | **so和such区别** 187 | 188 | **1.a. so + 形容词 or 副词 b. such + 名词** 189 | 190 | ​ a. This is so expensive a house that I can’t afford to buy it. 191 | 192 | ​ b. This is such an expensive house that I can’t afford to buy it. 193 | 194 | **2. a. so + 形容词 + a(n) + 名词 b. so + many/much/few/little + 名词** 195 | 196 | ​ a. This is so expensive a house that I can’t afford to buy it. 197 | 198 | **3. 数量词/限定词 + such + 名词** 199 | 200 | ​ one such man; no such man; every such man; five hundred such men 201 | 202 | ##### 让步状语 203 | 204 | **常用连词：though, although, even though, even if. (主句前不用but，可用yet/still)** 205 | 206 | Though he tried hard, yet he failed. 207 | 208 | **介词让步：despite, in spite of, for all, notwithstanding后只接名词(短语)** 209 | 210 | ​ Although it was dangerous, … = Despite the danger, … 211 | 212 | **句首while：表示尽管** 213 | 214 | While I sympathize with your point of view, I can not accept it. 215 | 216 | **No matter 特殊疑问词 = 特殊疑问词 + ever** 217 | 218 | ​ Whoever may trouble you, I will help you to the last. 219 | 220 | **as倒装：(adj/ adv/ 分词/ 名词/ 短语) + as + 主语 + 谓语** 221 | 222 | ​ a. Young as he is, he is knowledgeable. 223 | 224 | ​ b. Much as I respect him, I can not agree with him. 225 | 226 | ​ c. Child as he is, he is knowledgeable. 227 | 228 | ​ d. Lazy a boy as he is, he is kind to help others. 229 | 230 | ​ f. Praised as he was, he remained modest. 231 | 232 | **(as/so) + 形容词 + as + 主谓，放在句首** 233 | 234 | ​ As amusing and perceptive as graffiti may sometimes be, it has by no means won universal approval. 235 | 236 | **be倒装** 237 | 238 | ​ Be it ever so humble, there is no place like home. 239 | 240 | ​ = However humble it may be, there is no place like home. 241 | 242 | ##### 比较状语 243 | 244 | **as** 245 | 246 | **结构1: as 形容词/副词 + as** 247 | 248 | ​ The work is not as difficult as you think. 249 | 250 | **结构2: as + 形容词 +a(n) + 可数名词 + as** 251 | 252 | ​ Americans tend to think from small to large. Let us take as simple an example as the addressing of envelopes. 253 | 254 | **结构3: 否定句中so代替as** 255 | 256 | ​ He is not so/as clever as you. 257 | 258 | **than: 必须同类比较，必有比较级** 259 | 260 | ​ He is taller than me. 261 | 262 | **三种倍数** 263 | 264 | ​ a. A is … times bigger than B. 265 | 266 | ​ b. A is … times as big as B. 267 | 268 | ​ c. A is … times the size of B. 269 | 270 | **The more … , the more: 先翻译从句，后翻译主句** 271 | 272 | ​ a. The more she practiced, the worse she sang. 273 | 274 | ​ b. The less you open your heart to others, the more your heart suffers. 275 | 276 | ​ c. The nearer it is drawn to the surface of the earth, the more a body weighs. 277 | 278 | **(just)as … , so ...：类比** 279 | 280 | ​ a. Just as dark clouds cannot long hide the sun, so no lies can cover up the fact. 281 | 282 | ​ b. As it is the mark of great minds to say many things in a few words, so it is the mark of little minds to use many words to say nothing. 283 | 284 | **A is to B (what/as) C is to D** 285 | 286 | ​ Air is to man what/as water is to fish = What/As water is to fish, so is air to man. 287 | 288 | **No more … than或not … any more than：同 … 一样不能（than后面肯定式，否定意思）** 289 | 290 | ​ You are no more clever than he. = You are as stupid as he. 291 | 292 | **Not more … than ...：平起平坐** 293 | 294 | ​ You are not more clever than he = You both are clever, not stupid. 295 | 296 | **Not A so much as B/ not so much A as B：** 297 | 298 | ​ 1. 与其说A，不如说B（A，B是平行结构[同介词短语，动词不定时]） 299 | 300 | ​ a. The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things as to teach you the art of learning. 301 | 302 | ​ b. The trumpet player was certainly loud, but I was not bothered by this loudness so much as by his lack of talent. 303 | 304 | ##### 方式状语 305 | 306 | **常用连词：as, like, as if, as though, the way** 307 | 308 | ​ a. When in Rome, do as the Romans do. 309 | 310 | ​ b. Work like you don’t need money, love like you’ve never been hurt, dance like nobody’s watching. 311 | 312 | ​ c. Do it the way you were taught. 313 | 314 | ​ d. He looks (as though/as if) he is an actor. 315 | 316 | ​ e. Do as I say, not as I do. 317 | 318 | 英语学习-[语法系列github仓库](https://github.com/removeif/english-learn)，欢迎收藏star 319 | 320 | 参考文章: 321 | [参考链接](https://github.com/yizutianya/English_Grammar_Learning) 322 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /grammar/英语语法-动词不定式.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 2 | #### 做主语：It + to do sth 句型 3 | 4 | ##### 1. It + to do sth句型；it做形式主语 5 | 6 | ​ a. It is easier to spend money than to make money. 7 | 8 | ​ b. It takes time to study English well. 9 | 10 | ​ 形式主语it不能用this或that替换 11 | 12 | ​ This is impossible for people to stare directly at the sun.应用it 13 | 14 | ##### 2. 不定式置于句首做主语，谓语动词要用单数。 15 | 16 | ​ a. To err is human; to forgive, divine 17 | 18 | ​ b. To solve this problem takes a genius like Einstein. 19 | 20 | ​ c. To love for the sake of being loved is human, but to love for the sake of loving is angelic. 21 | 22 | ​ d. To send a letter is a good way to go somewhere without moving anything but your heart. 23 | 24 | #### 做宾语：动词 + to do 25 | 26 | ##### 1. 直接跟在一个及物动词后面做宾语 27 | 28 | ​ **特点一：句子的主语和不定式的逻辑主语是一致的，动作都是由主语发出。** 29 | 30 | ​ **特点二：这时句子谓语动词多是描写态度；不定式动作则说明行为。** 31 | 32 | ​ a. I hope to see you again. 33 | 34 | ​ b. This company refused to cooperate with us. 35 | 36 | ​ c. He promised not to tell anyone about it. 37 | 38 | ​ **接不定式做宾语的动词有** 39 | 40 | ​ agree, appear, beg, begin, dare, decide, expect, fail, forget, happen, hate, hesitate 41 | 42 | ​ hope, intend, like, love, manage, mean, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise, propose 43 | 44 | ​ refuse, regret, remember, seem, start, swear, try, want, wish 45 | 46 | ##### 2. 连接词引导宾语从句的简略形式：动词 + 连接代词or连接副词or连词whether + to do 47 | 48 | ​ a. I wonder who to invite. (= who I should invite) 49 | 50 | ​ b. Show us what to do. (= what we must do) 51 | 52 | ​ c. I don’t know whether to answer his letter. (= whether I should answer) 53 | 54 | ​ **类似动词还有：**`ask, consider, decide, discover, explain, forget, find out, guess, imagine,` 55 | 56 | ​ `know, learn, observe, remember, see, tell, teach, think, understand, wonder` 57 | 58 | 59 | 60 | #### 做宾语补足语：动词 + sb to do sth 61 | 62 | ##### 1. 通常结构：动词 + sb to do sth 63 | 64 | ​ a. They don’t allow people to smoke in the theater. 65 | 66 | ​ b. The chairman declared the meeting to be over. 67 | 68 | ​ c. Allow me to drink to your success. 69 | 70 | ​ d. Allow me to propose a toast to our friendship. 71 | 72 | ​ f. My mother wishes me to return to China. 73 | 74 | ​ **常用动词：**`advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, help, like` 75 | 76 | ​ `order, permit, persuade, remind, teach, tell, want, warn, wish(hope不可)` 77 | 78 | ##### 2. 在let, make, have, see, hear, feel, watch, notice, listen to等动词后面，不定式做宾语补足语to要省略，改为被动语态，则必须带to(详见“不带to的不定式”) 79 | 80 | #### 做定语：名词 + to do sth 81 | 82 | ##### 1. 动宾关系 83 | 84 | ​ **被修饰名词在逻辑上做不定式的宾语** 85 | 86 | ​ a. She has four children to take care of. 87 | 88 | ​ b. I had no place to live in. 89 | 90 | ​ c. You just regard me as a thing, an object to look at, to use, to touch, but not to listen to or to take seriously. 91 | 92 | ​ d. I gave the kid a comic to read. 93 | 94 | ​ e. He needs a place to live in. 95 | 96 | ​ f. I have no partner to speak English with. 97 | 98 | ​ g. I need a pen to write with. 99 | 100 | ​ h. I need a piiece of paper to write on. 101 | 102 | ​ **注意：** 103 | 104 | ​ **1. 不定式一般不用被动形式** 105 | 106 | ​ **2. 不定式动词后面不能再加宾语** 107 | 108 | ​ a. I gave the kid a comic to read it. * 109 | 110 | ​ b. I need something to eat it. * 111 | 112 | ​ **3. 不定式动词后介词不省略** 113 | 114 | ​ a. I have no partner to speak English. * 115 | 116 | ​ b. I need a pen to write. * 117 | 118 | ##### 2. 被only, last, next, 序数词, 最高级修饰的名词通常用不定式做定语 119 | 120 | ​ a. I don’t think he is the best man to do the job. 121 | 122 | ​ b. The next train to arrive is from New York. 123 | 124 | ​ c. Clint was the second person to fall into this trap. 125 | 126 | ​ d. Clint was the only person to survive the air crash. 127 | 128 | 129 | 130 | #### 做独立成分 131 | 132 | 修饰整个句子： to begin with, to tell the truth, to make a long story short, so to speak, to be brief/exaact/frank/honest, to say nothing of(姑且不所说), to say the least(至少可以这么说) 133 | 134 | a. To begin with, on behalf of (代表)all of your American guests, I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality. 135 | 136 | b. I have a point there, to say the least. 137 | 138 | c. To make a long story short, he is in hospital now. 139 | 140 | #### 做状语：目的在状语 and 结果状语 141 | 142 | ##### 1.做目的状语 143 | 144 | a. Hating people is like burning down your own house to get rid of a rat. 145 | 146 | b. To avoid criticsim, do nothing, say nothing, be nothing. 147 | 148 | c. To acquire knowledge, one must study; but to acquire wisdom, one must observe. 149 | 150 | d. We had better start early to catch the train. 151 | 152 | e. I went to the post office to mail a letter. 153 | 154 | **可以用in order to do 或 so as to do 强调目的状语** 155 | 156 | ​ a. We had better start early so as to catch the train. 157 | 158 | ​ b. I went to the post office in order to mail a letter. 159 | 160 | ​ c. I quote others in order to better express my own self. 161 | 162 | ​ d. The teacher raised her voice in order for us to hear more clearly. 163 | 164 | ​ **注意：so as to不放在句首；to do和in order to do可以放句首。** 165 | 166 | ##### 2.做结果状语 167 | 168 | **1. 直接做结果状语** 169 | 170 | ​ a. He lived to be a hundred years. 171 | 172 | ​ b. What have I done to offend you? 173 | 174 | ​ c. He lived to see second world war.(= he lived until he saw world war II) 175 | 176 | **2. never to do表结果** 177 | 178 | ​ a. John left his hometown ten years ago, never to return. 179 | 180 | ​ b. We parted never to see each other. 181 | 182 | **3. only to do引出意想不到或不愉快的结果** 183 | 184 | ​ a. We hurried to the railway station, only to find the train had just left. 185 | 186 | ​ b. All too often, women complain that they’re educated as equals, only to go out into the workforce to be treated as inferiors. 187 | 188 | ​ c. He worked very hard, only to find he had not finished half of the job. 189 | 190 | **4. enough to** 191 | 192 | ​ a. He is not old enough to go to school. 193 | 194 | ​ b. The teacher speaks loudly enough to make himself heard clearly. 195 | 196 | **5. too...to结构：太...而不能** 197 | 198 | ​ a. The box is too heavy for me to even move. 199 | 200 | ​ b. The tea is too hot to drink. 201 | 202 | #### 形容词后的不定式 203 | 204 | ##### 1. 句子主语和不定式可以构成逻辑上的主谓关系 205 | 206 | **这类形容词通常表示人的性格特征或行为表现** 207 | 208 | brave, careful, careless, clever, considerate, cruel, foolish, generous, kind, modest, nice 209 | 210 | polite, rude, selfish, silly, stupid, thoughtful. 211 | 212 | ​ a. He was surprised to learn how much he had spent. 213 | 214 | ​ b. The boy was careless to break the window. 215 | 216 | ##### 2. 句子主语和不定式构成逻辑上的动宾关系 217 | 218 | a. She is interesting to listen to = It is interesting to listen to her. 219 | 220 | b. Relativity theory isn’t easy to understand = it isn’t easy to understand relativity theory. 221 | 222 | c. She is very nice to talk to = It is very nice to talk to her. 223 | 224 | d. Mary is easy to get on with = It is easy to get on with Mary. 225 | 226 | e. English is difficult to speak. 227 | 228 | f. Football is very interesting to watch. 229 | 230 | g. Barbara is interesting to listen to because she reads a lot. 231 | 232 | ##### 在动宾关系的情况需要注意： 233 | 234 | ​ **1)不定式动词不用被动式(最容易出错)** 235 | 236 | ​ a. English is difficult to be spoken 237 | 238 | ​ b. Football is interesting to be watched 239 | 240 | ​ **2)不定式后不加宾语** 241 | 242 | ​ a. Football is very interesting to watch it 243 | 244 | ​ b. She is nice to talk to her 245 | 246 | ​ **3)不定式动词所带介词不能省略** 247 | 248 | ​ a. She is interesting to listen 249 | 250 | ​ b. She is easy to get on 251 | 252 | ● It’s impossble for fish to live without water. 253 | 254 | ● it’s necessary for students to do more exercise in learning English. 255 | 256 | ● The boy was made to sing the song once again. 257 | 258 | ● He couldn’t help bursting into tears after he heard the news. 259 | 260 | ● She could not but admit that they were justified in this 261 | 262 | ● They forbade him to go to the park 263 | 264 | ● The first explorer to reach California by land was Strong Smith, a trapper who crossed the southwestern deserts of the United States in 1826 265 | 266 | ● He was the first to arrive and the last to leave 267 | 268 | ● The teachers don’t know what it takes to start and run a school. 269 | 270 | #### 不带to的不定式 271 | 272 | ##### 动词的复合宾语中to省去 273 | 274 | **1. 感觉动词：see, hear, watch, notice, feel, observe** 275 | 276 | **2. 使役动词：let, make, have** 277 | 278 | ​ a. The teacher has us write a composition every week. 279 | 280 | ​ b. I saw a man enter the shop. 281 | 282 | ​ **但为被动结构时，后面需要 + to** 283 | 284 | ​ a. A man was seen to enter the shop. 285 | 286 | #### 一些短语中to省略 287 | 288 | had better, would rather, would sooner, would just a soon, might(just) as well, cannot but 289 | 290 | **cannot choose but, cannot help but** 291 | 292 | ​ a. I cannot but admire his courage. 293 | 294 | ​ b. We might as well put up here for tonight. 295 | 296 | ​ c. I couldn’t help but fall in love with you. 297 | 298 | **do nothing/anything/everything but do省略** 299 | 300 | a. I have nothing to do but wait. 301 | 302 | b. I have no choice but to wait(but前没有do，则不定式 + to) 303 | 304 | c. He needs nothing but to succeed. 305 | 306 | d. He will do anything but give in 307 | 308 | **在解释do的精确含义的名词从句和定语从句做主语的句子中，be动词后直接 + do** 309 | 310 | e. All that I could do then was wait. 311 | 312 | f. What I could do then was wait. 313 | 314 | g. All you do now is complete this form. 315 | 316 | h. No mountains too high for you to climb. All you have to do is have some climbing faith. 317 | 318 | g. No rivers too wide for you to make it across. All you have to do is believe it when you pray. 319 | 320 | ​参考文章: 321 | [参考链接](https://github.com/yizutianya/English_Grammar_Learning) 322 | 323 | 324 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /grammar/英语语法-介词.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 2 | ### 介词 3 | **特点：** 不能单独使用，后面需带宾语（名词，代词，数词，动名词，动名词短语，名词从句） 4 | 5 | **搭配：** 在介词前的词：动词（depend on）名词（pay attention to）形容词（be kind to） 6 | 7 | **充当：** 8 | 与其宾语构成介词短语后可充当主语，补足语 ，定语，状语 9 | 10 | **作用：词与词之间的表示关系** 11 | 12 | #### 种类： 13 | 14 | ##### 简单介词（at, by, for, from, in,near, of, off, on） 15 | 16 | ##### 复合介词 17 | 18 | ​ 简单链接：inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without 19 | 20 | ​ 搭配连用：as to, from above, from behind, from beneath, from under, until after 21 | 22 | ##### 介词短语： 23 | 24 | at the cost of, at the mercy of, at odds with, by means of, by reason of, by virtue of, 25 | 26 | by way of, in place of, in favor of, in spite of, with an eye to. 27 | 28 | 关于：in/with reference to, in/with respect to, in/ with regard to 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | #### 时间介词： 33 | 34 | ##### 1.at, in, on 35 | 36 | ###### 1)at(时间点) 37 | 38 | ​ a.特定时刻：at nine after ten 39 | 40 | ​ b.不确定时刻：at night, at dawn, at midnight, at that time, at the moment, at Christmas 41 | 42 | ​ c.年龄段： 43 | 44 | ​ at the age of eight/at eight 45 | 46 | ​ He got married at twenty 47 | 48 | ###### 2)in(时间段) 49 | 50 | ​ a.长时间段 51 | 52 | ​ in the morning/afternoon/evening 53 | 54 | ​ in spring/summer/autumn/winter 55 | 56 | ​ in the past, in the past ten years 57 | 58 | ​ in the twenty-first cenfury 59 | 60 | ​ a man in his thirties 61 | 62 | ​ b.在时间之内/后，表将来时 63 | 64 | ​ He said he would come back in a month 65 | 66 | ​ The train is leaving in a minute 67 | 68 | ​ c.in+动名词：在做...过程中 69 | 70 | ​ In crossing the river, we caught some fish. 71 | 72 | ​ In working, we can learn a lot. 73 | 74 | ​ d.几月：in October 75 | 76 | ###### 3)on(表示具体日期) 77 | 78 | ​ a.具体日期和星期 79 | 80 | ​ on Monday On my birthday 81 | 82 | ​ b.特定某天上午、下午等 83 | 84 | ​ On the night of December 31,1999 85 | 86 | ​ On the eve of christmas/New Year 87 | 88 | ​ On a hot midnight in July 89 | 90 | ​ c.在第几天 91 | 92 | ​ On his first day to school. 93 | 94 | ​ On the tenth day I was in Beijing. 95 | 96 | ​ d.on+动名词 or 名词 = as soon as：一...就... 97 | 98 | ​ On hearing the bad news, she burst into tears. 99 | 100 | ​ On arriving, I came directly to visit you. 101 | 102 | ​ The first thing I did on arrival of Beijing was visit him. 103 | 104 | **at the beginning of 在..的开头** 105 | 106 | ​ at the begining of a book there is often a table of contents. 107 | 108 | ​ at the begining of the concert. 109 | 110 | ​ at the beginning of January. 111 | 112 | **in the begining：at first = in the early stages** 113 | 114 | ​ In the begining, I wrote to my family regularly. later I just gave up 115 | 116 | **at the end of** 117 | 118 | ​ But at the end of this process, unfortunately, the students are none the wiser. 119 | 120 | ​ At the end of abook there may be an index 121 | 122 | ​ At the end of the concert at the end of January 123 | 124 | **in the end：eventually = at last：最终....** 125 | 126 | ​ Jim couldn’t decide where to go for his holidays. He didn’t go anywhere in the end. 127 | 128 | **有last/next/this/every不再加介词** 129 | 130 | ​ I’ll see your next Friday. 131 | 132 | **during for** 133 | 134 | ​ during在...期间内，强调这时间内发生了什么 for表示延续时间的长短 135 | 136 | ​ I had lived in the countryside for 8 years before I moved to Beijing. 137 | 138 | ​ I studied in this university for 4 years. During that time most of my time was spent in learning English. 139 | 140 | ​ My father was in hospital for six weeks during the summer. 141 | 142 | **during接表示一段时间的名词：stay， visit，travel** 143 | 144 | ​ During my visit to China 145 | 146 | ​ During the travel to the south 147 | 148 | ​ During the Middle ages 149 | 150 | ###### for+时间段 151 | 152 | ​ for six years for two months for ever for two hours 153 | 154 | ###### from 155 | 156 | ​ 和to 或 till/untill连用 157 | 158 | ​ Most people work from nine to five. 159 | 160 | ###### since 161 | 162 | ​ 和时间点连用，从那一时刻起。现在完成时，过去完成时连用 163 | 164 | ​ He has been here since last Sunday 165 | 166 | ​ I haven’t seen him since two years ago 167 | 168 | ​ I haven’t seen him for two years 169 | 170 | ​ It’s two years since I last saw him 171 | 172 | ###### for 173 | 174 | 和时间段连用，表示动作延续到说话的那一刻。现在完成时，过去完成时连用 175 | 176 | ​ I have lived here for a year 177 | 178 | ​ I have lived here since this time last year 179 | 180 | before, after, till/until(可做介词接短语，可做连词接从句) 181 | 182 | ​ 后接时间点，某时刻前（before）某时刻后（after）直到某一时刻（till/until） 183 | 184 | ​ We finished the work before 10 o’ clock 185 | 186 | ​ I’ll wait for you till 10 o’ clock 187 | 188 | ###### till/until特点 189 | 190 | ​ 延续性句子谓语(肯定)+till/untill+时间点（若是从句，则从句中谓语动词为短暂性动词） 191 | 192 | ​ 短暂性句子谓语(否定)+till/untill+时间点（若是从句，则从句中谓语动词为短暂性动词） 193 | 194 | ​ He didn’t finish the work untill 10 o’ clock（finish短暂动词，用否定） 195 | 196 | ​ He didn’t leave the office till 12 o’ clock 197 | 198 | ​ He will stay here until next Sunday（stay延续性动词，用肯定） 199 | 200 | ###### by 201 | 202 | ​ a.no later than：不迟于某个时间，到了某个时间 203 | 204 | ​ by the end of next year 205 | 206 | ​ b.by引导时间状语常与将来完成时 or 过去完成时连用 207 | 208 | ​ By the end of next year I’ll have learned 2000 words 209 | 210 | ​ By the end of last year I had learned 2000 words 211 | 212 | 213 | 214 | #### 方位介词 215 | 216 | ##### at, in 217 | 218 | **at表示小地方** 219 | 220 | at home, at the office, ata school, at the bridge, at the crossroads, at the bus-stop 221 | 222 | at the doctor’s, at the hairdresser’s 223 | 224 | **in表示大地方** 225 | 226 | in a country, in a town, in a village, in the street, in the forest, in a field, in a desert 227 | 228 | **其他情况** 229 | 230 | in a line/in a row/in a queue 231 | 232 | in a photo/in a picture 233 | 234 | in a mirror 235 | 236 | in the sky/in the world 237 | 238 | in a book/in a newspaper/in a magazine/in a letter 239 | 240 | in the front/back row(at the front/back) 241 | 242 | in the front/back of the car 243 | 244 | at the front/back of the building/cinema/classroom 245 | 246 | ##### 谈论建筑 247 | 248 | **at表示事情发生场合** 249 | 250 | I met him at the cinema last night. 251 | 252 | **in表示建筑物本身** 253 | 254 | I enjoyed the film but it was very cold in the cinema 255 | 256 | **in强调在建筑里，at包括建筑物周围及里面** 257 | 258 | at the restaurant(可以是餐馆内，也可以是在餐馆附近的某个地方) 259 | 260 | in the restaurant(在餐馆里) 261 | 262 | at the cinema(在电影院，不一定在里面) 263 | 264 | in the cinema(在里面) 265 | 266 | There were a lot of people in the shop, It was very crowed 267 | 268 | Go along this road, then turn left at the shop 269 | 270 | ##### on, over, above 271 | 272 | **on表示两者接触** 273 | 274 | Put away the books on the desk 275 | 276 | The dictionary on the table is not mine 277 | 278 | There is some water in the bottle 279 | 280 | There is a label on the bottle 281 | 282 | There is somebody at the door. Shall I go and see who it is? 283 | 284 | There is a notice on the door. It says “Do not disturb” 285 | 286 | **on的其他情况** 287 | 288 | on the left/on the right 289 | 290 | on the first/second floor 291 | 292 | on a map 293 | 294 | on the page/on page seven(at the top/bottom of the page) 295 | 296 | on the menu 297 | 298 | on the list 299 | 300 | on a farm 301 | 302 | on the way to school 303 | 304 | on the corner of street, in the corner of the room 305 | 306 | ##### over不仅接触，还有覆盖的含义 307 | 308 | Spread the cloth over the table 309 | 310 | Mon put a rug over me when I was asleep 311 | 312 | ##### over还可以表示正上方 313 | 314 | There is a bridge over the river 315 | 316 | There is a lamp over the desk 317 | 318 | ##### above仅表示上下位关系，不接触，也不是正上方 319 | 320 | The sun rose above the horizon 321 | 322 | There is a bridge above the river 323 | 324 | He is over me(He is my immediate superior) 325 | 326 | He is above me 327 | 328 | ##### below,under,beneath 329 | 330 | under在下方，可接触，可不接触 331 | 332 | I put the money under the mattess 333 | 334 | The dog is groveling under the table 335 | 336 | ##### below表示两个表面之间间隔距离 337 | 338 | They live below us 339 | 340 | ##### beneath可以替换under，但是偏向抽象含义 341 | 342 | He would think it beneath him to tell a lie 343 | 344 | She married beneath her 345 | 346 | #### 手段介词 347 | 348 | ##### by 349 | 350 | **表示行为方式** 351 | 352 | send something by post 353 | 354 | do something by hand 355 | 356 | pay by check/by credit card(pay in cash) 357 | 358 | **某事发生：by mistake/by accident/by chance(on purpose)** 359 | 360 | **表示交通工具** 361 | 362 | by car, by train, by plane/air, by boat/sea/ship, by bus, 363 | 364 | by bicycle, by metro/subway/underground(on foot) 365 | 366 | by car(in a car, im my car, in the car) 367 | 368 | I don’t mind going by car but I don’t want to go in your car 369 | 370 | **car, taxi前用介词in** 371 | 372 | They didn’t come in their car. They came in a taxi. 373 | 374 | **自行车和公共交通设施前用on** 375 | 376 | on the train/by train, on his bicycle/by bicycle 377 | 378 | **表示通过 某种手段达到预期效果（与with区别）** 379 | 380 | We succeeded by cooperating with them 381 | 382 | Our mission is to help our clients achieve their business goals by providing a service 383 | 384 | for the timely delivery of qualified staff to support their operational needs. 385 | 386 | ##### with 387 | 388 | **表示用具体的工具做某事** 389 | 390 | I killed a fly with a flyflap 391 | 392 | We can see with our eyes and write with our hands 393 | 394 | ##### in 395 | 396 | **表示以某种方式做某事** 397 | 398 | Write in pencil/in ink 399 | 400 | Express this in your own words 401 | 402 | Speak in a low voice 403 | 404 | Pay in installments 405 | 406 | ##### through 407 | 408 | **与by相近，through一般多根名词连用， by多跟 动名词连用** 409 | 410 | they talked to each other through an interpreter. 411 | 412 | 参考文章: 413 | [参考链接](https://github.com/yizutianya/English_Grammar_Learning) 414 | 415 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /grammar/英语语法-完成时.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #### 现在完成时(一)：开始于过去的动作一直持续到现在，有可能继续持续。谓语动词为延续性动词 2 | 3 | I have lived here for 3 years. 我仍然住在这里，而且还可能继续住下去。 4 | 5 | ​ **如果在搬家时说这句话，则live这件事只持续到目前为止。** 6 | 7 | The teacher has taught in this school since I came here. 8 | 9 | I’ve worked in this company since I left school. 10 | 11 | ​ **since表明了动作开始的时间点。** 12 | 13 | **有上下问明确告知，动作只持续到说话的时刻为止。** 14 | 15 | ​ a. A: Have you waited long? 16 | 17 | ​ B: I’ve waited for three hours. 18 | 19 | ​ b. I’ve waited for him all day; I don’t want to wait any longer. 20 | 21 | ##### 特点： 22 | 23 | 1. 谓语动词为延续性动词 24 | 25 | 2. 动作的发生时间是过去，持续到现在，还可能继续持续下去。 26 | 27 | 3. 常常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用，是说明某个状态持续了多久。 28 | 29 | ##### 与现在完成时搭配的时间状语 30 | 31 | **1. since + 时间点** 32 | 33 | ​ a. I’ve worked in thiss company since 1980 34 | 35 | ​ b. I’ve worked in this company since I left school. (从句中一般过去时) 36 | 37 | **2. for + 时间段** 38 | 39 | ​ a. I’ve worked in this company for three years. 40 | 41 | ​ b. Great changes have taken place in Beijing for the past few years. 42 | 43 | **3. 到目前为止：**until now, up until now, up to now, up till now, so far. 44 | 45 | ​ a. We have up until now failed to take any action to decide on a common language that would further communication between nations. 46 | 47 | **4. 在最近几世纪/年/月以来：**in the past few years, over the past few years, during the last three months, for the last few centuries, through centuries, throughout history. 48 | 49 | ​ a. Throughout history man has had to accept the fact that all living things must die, for the very nature of life includes death. 50 | 51 | ​ b. Through centuries the bizarre anticss of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists anad fascinated writers. 52 | 53 | #### 现在完成时(二)：过去发生但与现在仍有联系的动作或状态 54 | 55 | a. He has broken his leg. 他现在还在医院，所以不能和同学一起郊游。 56 | 57 | b. He broke this leg. 退摔断过，单纯表示一种过去的经历，但现在腿已经好了。 58 | 59 | c. You should have put the milk into icebox; I expect it has become undrinkable by now. 60 | 61 | ​ **牛奶变质是过去某一时刻的动作，但其影响延续到现在。现在牛奶已经不能喝了。** 62 | 63 | ##### 第二种现在完成时使用技巧。 64 | 65 | **1. 不与一段时间的时间状语连用：**常见 come, go, leave, kill, die, lose, buy, start, give, marry 66 | 67 | ​ ~~he has left his hometown for 3 years.~~ 68 | 69 | ​ **改正：** 70 | 71 | ​ a. He left this hometown 3 years ago. 72 | 73 | ​ b. It’s 3 years since he left this home town. 74 | 75 | ​ c. He hasn’t come back since he left his hometown 3 years ago. 76 | 77 | ​ d. He has been away from his home town for 3 years. 78 | 79 | **2. 终止性动词的完成时句子若用否定，表示尚未发生的事情，则可以为一种状态，从而表示延续。** 80 | 81 | ​ a. I haven’t seen a film for weeks. 82 | 83 | ​ b. I haven’t heard form my girlfriends since I came to America 84 | 85 | ​ c. I haven’t bought a pair of shoes for a year. 86 | 87 | **3. 与不确定时间的时间状语连用** 88 | 89 | ​ **这种完成时，可以同一些表示不确定的时间状语连用：**already, yet, lately, often, just, never 90 | 91 | ​ a. A: would you like something to eat? 92 | 93 | ​ B: No, thanks. I’ve just had dinner. 94 | 95 | ​ b. The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker. 96 | 97 | ​ c. Has it stopped raining yet? 98 | 99 | ​ d. He has already arrived. 100 | 101 | ​ f. I have often thought that it would be perfect if we could fly without any aid. 102 | 103 | **4. 具有新闻性质：表示最近才发生的动作，提供新消息。有新闻性质** 104 | 105 | ​ a. The President has been assassinated. 106 | 107 | ​ b. He can’t go on holiday because he has broken his leg. 108 | 109 | ​ **强调的时间内容，而不算是发生的过去具体时间。** 110 | 111 | ​ **通常的日常对话，以现在完成时开始问答。过去时间咋唉说话人的脑子中已经确定了，则继续用一般过去时。** 112 | 113 | ​ c. I hear that famous Chinese comedian has died. 114 | 115 | ​ Really? When did she die? She was dead late last night. 116 | 117 | #### 现在完成时(三)：表示到目前为止的一个时间段内重复发生的动作。 118 | 119 | For more than eighty years, scientists have argued over whehter life exists on the planet Mars. 120 | 121 | We have taken three tests so far this week. 122 | 123 | ##### 其他现在完成时的结构 124 | 125 | **1. This/ That/ It is + 序数词 + 名词 + that + 现在完成时** 126 | 127 | ​ a. It is the third thime that I’ve come to Beijing. 128 | 129 | ​ b. It is the fifth time that someone has knocked at my door. 130 | 131 | ​ c. This is the thenth cup of coffee that I’ve drunk this evening. 132 | 133 | **2. This/ That/ It is + 最高等或only修饰名词 + 现在完成时** 134 | 135 | ​ a. This is the most interesting movie that I’ve ever seen 136 | 137 | ​ b. This is the best wine I have ever drunk 138 | 139 | ​ c. This is the hardest job I have ever had. 140 | 141 | **3. 如果是It was the second/ best… that 后面要用过去完成时** 142 | 143 | ​ a. It was the fifth time that someone had knocked at my door that night. 144 | 145 | **总结：一直在持续； 重复发生；影响现状** 146 | 147 | ##### 现在完成时与一般过去时比较 148 | 149 | **不同时态，表明了说话的时间不同。** 150 | 151 | a. I haven’t seen him this morning. 152 | 153 | b. I didn’t see him this morning. 154 | 155 | a. 句用了现在完成时，而完成时生死要与现在发生联系的。所以a说话的时间是this morning 156 | 157 | b. 句用的是一般过去时，说明this morning已经成为了过去，所以b说话时间是今早后 158 | 159 | c. I have called thim three times this morning. 160 | 161 | d. I called thim three times this morning. 162 | 163 | c. 表示到现在为止的一个是时间段内重复的动作。所以c说话时间是this morning 164 | 165 | d. 过去时，和现在没有什么联系，所以说话时间是今早后 166 | 167 | **延续性动词的两种时态区别** 168 | 169 | a. He lives in Beijing. He has lived here for 3 years. (可能还继续住在这里) 170 | 171 | b. He lived in Beijing for 3 years and then emigrated to America (曾经住过，已经搬走了) 172 | 173 | ##### 过去完成时：过去某时刻之前就开始的动作； 174 | 175 | ​ **(1)该过去时刻仍然在继续，或该过去时刻刚刚停止** 176 | 177 | ​ **(2)在该过去时刻之前的某一时刻已经停止的动作做** 178 | 179 | ​ **(3)在该过去时刻之前一段时间内重复的动作** 180 | 181 | **(1)** 182 | 183 | a. I had stayed in America for two years when he moved here. 184 | 185 | b. I had lived in 兵庫 for one and a half years when I came to Aizu. 186 | 187 | **有上下文表示持续过去这一时刻刚刚停止** 188 | 189 | c. I had waited for her for two hours in susch a severe winter when she eventually turned up 190 | 191 | d. There had been fifty colleges in our city up till 1993. 192 | 193 | **(2)** 194 | 195 | a. She had made everything ready before I came. 196 | 197 | b. Her baby had fallen asleep when she went into the room. 198 | 199 | c. Before John got home, Mary had gone to bed. 200 | 201 | d. I had just poured myself a cup of tea when the phone rang. When I came back from answering it, the cup was empty. Somebody had drunk the tea or thrown it away. 202 | 203 | **(3)** 204 | 205 | a. I had written her 100 letters when she finally promised to marry me. 206 | 207 | b. I had proposed to her five times, but she still refused to marry me. 208 | 209 | ##### 过去完成时的其他用法 210 | 211 | **1. intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think, propose, wish** 212 | 213 | ​ **动词的过去完成时，可以表示过去未能时间的计划，设想，意图或希望等** 214 | 215 | ​ a. I had planned to go shopping with you but my mother came to see me just when I was about to go. 216 | 217 | ​ b. She had hoped that he would come to date her, but he didn’t show up. 218 | 219 | ​ c. I had intended to see you, but I was busy. 220 | 221 | ​ d. They had hoped to see you off at the airport, but they got there too late. 222 | 223 | **2. 用在It was the + 序数词 或最高级 that 句中。** 224 | 225 | ​ a. Last week I attended an international conference and saw Mr. Machine. It was the third time that I had met him. 226 | 227 | ##### 一把拿过去时与过去完成时的比较 228 | 229 | **1. 两个或以上相继发生的动作，用and 或 but 按动作发生的先后顺序连接，此时要用一般过去时。 过去完成时则强调主语在过去某一时刻回顾更早的动作，具体来说。当我们在讨论过去某一事件时，想到了在这之前已经发生的某事，这时用过去完成时。** 230 | 231 | ​ a. He opened the door and entered, but found nobody. 232 | 233 | ​ b. He served in the army for ten years; then retired and married. His children are now at school. 234 | 235 | ​ c. When I had written my letters I did some gardening. 236 | 237 | ​ d. When I wrote him a letter, he came at once. 238 | 239 | ​ e. When the singer had sung her song, she sat down.如果说when the singer sang her song, she sat down.给中一种印象，这位歌手喜欢坐着唱歌。 240 | 241 | ##### 将来完成时：站在将来某一时间来谈某一个动作的完成情况 242 | 243 | **动作开始的时间可以是过去，现在，未来。但并不重要，说话人强调的是他们一共有5门** 244 | 245 | ​ a. We started our exam yesterday and we will have taken five exams by next Friday. 246 | 247 | ​ b. We have started our exam today and we will have taken five exams by next Friday. 248 | 249 | ​ c. We will start our exam tomorrow and we will have taken five exams by next Friday. 250 | 251 | **1. 同现在完成时第一种用法的将来完成时** 252 | 253 | ​ a. I will have taught English in New Oriental School for five years by the end of next month. 254 | 255 | ​ b. I will have learned 8000 words by the end of next year. 256 | 257 | ​ c. I will have waited for her for two hourss when she arrives at 2 o’clock this afternoon. 258 | 259 | **2. 同现在完成时第二种用法的将来完成时：对将来有影响** 260 | 261 | ​ a. We will have finished our exam by the end of next week. 262 | 263 | ​ b. By the year 2050, scientists probably will have discovered a cure for cancer. 264 | 265 | ​ c. I will graduate in July. I will see you in September. By the time I see you, I will have graduated. 266 | 267 | ​ d. I will have finished my homework by the time I go out on a date tonight. 268 | 269 | **3. 同现在完成时第二种用法的将来完成时：重复发生。** 270 | 271 | ​ a. By five o’ clock this afternoon the spaceship will have traveled eleven times round the world. 272 | 273 | #### 完成时的三种思维用法 274 | 275 | ​ **1. 延续到现在的动作或状态，可能继续延续，也可能到现在为止。** 276 | 277 | ​ **2. 过去发生但与现在仍有联系的动作或状态。对现在有影响。** 278 | 279 | ​ **3. 到目前为止的一个时间段内重复发的动作。** 280 | 281 | ​ **4.不同时间的完成时本质上是一样的。只是说话人的立足时间不同。** 282 | 283 | ● Sorry I’m late. The car broke down on my way here. 284 | 285 | ● Yesterday I had a phone call from Clint. I was very surprised. I had written to him many times but he had never replied to my letters. 286 | 287 | ● The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. It was his first flight. He had never flown before. 288 | 289 | ● Last spring I went to France. It was the first time that I had been there. 290 | 291 | ● Look! Somebody has spilt milk on the carpet. Well, it wasn’t me. I didn’t do it. I wonder who it was then. 292 | 293 | ● I lost my key, so I couldn’t get into my house. But now I have found it. 294 | 295 | ● He has been in the army for five years. 296 | 297 | ● I’ve already had lunch. 298 | 299 | 英语学习-[语法系列github仓库](https://github.com/removeif/english-learn)，欢迎收藏star 300 | 301 | 参考文章: 302 | [参考链接](https://github.com/yizutianya/English_Grammar_Learning) 303 | 304 | 305 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /grammar/英语语法-基本语法.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #### 五种句型 2 | 3 | **学习语法：分析句子=>理清句子成分=>理清句子关系** 4 | 5 | **句子基本结构：主语部分+谓语部分（名词+动词）** 6 | 7 | ##### 五种句型： 8 | 9 | + 主 谓 表 I am a Webaholic 10 | 11 | + 主 谓 Internet dating hurts 12 | 13 | + 主 谓 宾 I like chatting online 14 | 15 | + 主 谓 间宾 主宾 Chatting on the internet brings me a lot of fun 16 | 17 | + 主 谓 宾 宾补 We can call Internet addicts a Webaholic 18 | 19 | **关键在于谓语动词：动词构成了一个句子的骨架** 20 | 21 | ##### 1 主语+系动词+主语补足语（表语） 22 | 23 | **系动词（Linking Verb）** 24 | 25 | 作用：无具体动作，仅起连接作用； 26 | 27 | 后面所接成分：说明主语特点性质特征 28 | 29 | **种类：be动词（am is are）** 30 | 31 | ​ look sound smell taste feel seem appear become turn 32 | 33 | **表语：名词 or 形容词** 34 | 35 | ##### 2 主语+谓语（+状语） 36 | 37 | **不及物动词（Intransitive Verb）vi** 38 | 39 | 特点：主语自身可以完成，不需要作用对象 40 | 41 | 习惯：带状语（修饰动作的成分） 42 | 43 | ##### 3 主语+谓语+宾语 44 | 45 | **及物动词（Transitive Verb）vt** 46 | 47 | 作用；：说明主语动作作用对象（宾语：主语动作承受对象） 48 | 49 | ##### 4 主语+谓语+间宾+直宾 50 | 51 | **双宾动词（Dative Verb）** 52 | 53 | 特点：后面成分有人（间接宾语[接受者]）又有物（直接宾语[承受者]） 54 | 55 | ##### 5 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 56 | 57 | **宾补动词（Factitive Verb）** 58 | 59 | ##### 6 区分双宾语和复合宾语 60 | 61 | **在间接宾语后加上be动词，若能成句，则是补足语。** 62 | 63 | | 动词种类 | 句型 | 64 | | -------------------------------------------------------- | --------------- | 65 | | Linking verb | 主+系+表 | 66 | | Intransitive Verb | 主+谓 | 67 | | Transitive Verb | 主+谓+宾 | 68 | | Transitive Verb with direct object and indirect object | 主+谓+间宾+直宾 | 69 | | Transitive Verb with direct object and object complement | 主+谓+宾+宾补 | 70 | 71 | #### 动词分类 72 | 73 | ##### 1 实义动词（Notional Verb） 74 | 75 | **特点：** 76 | 77 | 词义：完整 78 | 79 | 作用：能独立充当谓语 80 | 81 | 分类：助动词和情态动词以外的动词 82 | 83 | ##### 2 助动词（Auxiliary Verb） 84 | 85 | **特点：** 86 | 87 | 词义：不完整 88 | 89 | 作用：无法独立充当谓语 90 | 91 | ​ 必须和实义动词连用，构成各种时态、语态、语气、否定、疑问 92 | 93 | **分类：** 94 | 95 | Be: am, is, are, was, were, been, being 96 | 97 | Do: does, did 98 | 99 | Have: has, had, having 100 | 101 | | 助动词 | 变化形式 | 功能 | 例句 | 102 | | -------------------- | ----------------------------------- | -------------------- | --------------------------------------------- | 103 | | Be | am, is, are, was, were, been, being | 帮助构成进行时态 | I am studying grammar.He is playing football. | 104 | | 帮助构成被动语态 | | | | 105 | | I was cheated. | | | | 106 | | Do | Does, did | 帮助实义动词构成否定 | I do not like English. | 107 | | 帮助实义动词构成疑问 | Do you like English? | | | 108 | | Have | Has, had, having | 帮助构成完成时态 | I have studied English for 3 years | 109 | 110 | **be do have可作实义动词又可作助动词** 111 | 112 | | | 例句 | 词义 | 词性及作用 | 113 | | ---- | ---------------------------------- | ------ | ------------------ | 114 | | be | I am a student | “是” | 系动词, 作谓语 | 115 | | | I am studying grammar | 无词义 | 助动词, 构成进行时 | 116 | | have | I have two brothers | “有” | 实义动词, 作谓语 | 117 | | | I have studied English for 3 years | 无词义 | 助动词, 构成完成时 | 118 | | do | I often do my homework at home | “做” | 实义动词, 作谓语 | 119 | | | I do not like English | 无词义 | 助动词, 构成否定 | 120 | 121 | ##### 3 情态动词(Modal Verb) 122 | 123 | **特点：** 124 | 125 | 词义：有词义，表示可能、建议、愿望、必要、允许、能力、怀疑、表示说话者对某种行为或状态的看法或态度 126 | 127 | 作用：无法独立充当谓语，必须和实义动词一起构成复合谓语 128 | 129 | 常见： can/could may/might must shall/should will/would have to ought to used to need/dare 130 | 131 | #### 句子的变化 132 | 133 | ##### 1 陈述句否定 134 | 135 | **谓语动词含有助动词或情态动词** 136 | 137 | **变形：助动词或情态动词后 + not** 138 | 139 | ​ 例：He is a teacher. He is not a teacher. 140 | 141 | ​ I can swim. I cannot swim. 142 | 143 | ​ He will come to the party he will not come to the party 144 | 145 | **谓语动词是实义动词** 146 | 147 | 变形：借助助动词do not来构成，第三人称用does + not + 动词原形，过去式did + not 148 | 149 | ​ 例：I like English. I do not like English. 150 | 151 | ​ He likes English.. He does not like English. 152 | 153 | ​ There are some dogs. There aren’t any dogs. 154 | 155 | **否定的缩写** 156 | 157 | | I am | Am not | Null | 158 | | ------------------ | ---------- | --------- | 159 | | We/You/They are | Are not | Aren’t | 160 | | She/He/It is | Is not | Isn’t | 161 | | I/He/She/It was | Was not | Wasn’t | 162 | | We/You/They were | Were not | Weren’t | 163 | | I/You/We/They do | Do not | Don’t | 164 | | He/She/It does | Does not | Doesn’t | 165 | | Did | Did not | Didn’t | 166 | | I/You/We/They have | Have not | Haven’t | 167 | | He/She/It has | Has not | Hasn’ | 168 | | Had | Had not | Hadn’t | 169 | | 情态动词 | | | 170 | | Will | Will not | Won’t | 171 | | Would | Would not | Wouldn’t | 172 | | Shall | Shall not | Shan’t | 173 | | Should | Should not | Shouldn’t | 174 | | Can | Cannot | Can’t | 175 | | Could | Could not | Couldn’t | 176 | | May | May not | Null | 177 | | Might | Might not | Mightn’t | 178 | | Must | Must not | Mustn’t | 179 | 180 | 其他词变化：and->or already->yet both->either some->any 181 | 182 | 祈使句： 祈使句前+don’t Don’t open the door. 183 | 184 | 不定式： 不定式前+not She asks the boy not to play in the street. 185 | 186 | ##### 2 一般疑问句 187 | 188 | **谓语动词含有助动词或情态动词** 189 | 190 | 变形：助动词 or 情态动词移至句首 191 | 192 | ​ 例：He is a teacher. Is he a teacher? Yes, he is/No, he isn’t 193 | 194 | **谓语动词是实义动词** 195 | 196 | 变形：加do does did于句首，实义动词变原形 197 | 198 | ​ 例：He likes English. Does he like English? Yes, he does/No, he doesn’t. 199 | 200 | ​ I like English. Do you like English? Yes, I do/No, I don’t. 201 | 202 | ##### 3 特殊疑问句 203 | 204 | **不接名词连用的疑问句** 205 | 206 | **对人提问：who** 207 | 208 | ​ He can sing in English. Who can sing in English. 209 | 210 | ​ I saw him at the party last night. Who did you see at the party last night? 211 | 212 | **对事或物：what** 213 | 214 | ​ I like English. What do you like? 215 | 216 | ​ I am studying English grammar. What are you doing? 217 | 218 | ​ I am studying English grammar. What are you studying? 219 | 220 | ​ I’d like to go swimming tomorrow. What would you like to do tomorrow? 221 | 222 | **对时间提问：when** 223 | 224 | ​ I was born in 1980. When were you born? 225 | 226 | **对地点提问：where** 227 | 228 | ​ He lives in Beijing. Where does he live? 229 | 230 | **对方式提问：how** 231 | 232 | ​ He goes to school by bus. How does he go to school? 233 | 234 | **对原因提问：why** 235 | 236 | ​ I often study at the library because it’s quiet. Why do you often study at the library? 237 | 238 | **接名词连用的疑问词** 239 | 240 | **Which：** 241 | 242 | ​ Could you lend me your pen? 243 | 244 | ​ Sure. I have two pens. This pen has black ink. That pen has red ink. 245 | 246 | ​ Which pen/Which one/Which do you want? 247 | 248 | ​ That red one. Thanks. 249 | 250 | ​ Which也可不接名词。这时which用作代词。 251 | 252 | **Whose：** 253 | 254 | ​ 必须接名词 255 | 256 | ​ This is his book. Whose book is this? 257 | 258 | ​ I borrowed Jack’s car last night. Whose car did you borrow last night? 259 | 260 | **How用法详解** 261 | 262 | **单独使用：对动作方式的提问** 263 | 264 | ​ How do you go to work? 265 | 266 | ​ I drive/ By car/I take a taxi/I take a bus/By bus. 267 | 268 | ​ How did he break his leg? 269 | 270 | ​ He fell off the ladder. 271 | 272 | **和形容词 or 副词连用** 273 | 274 | ​ How old are you? 275 | 276 | ​ How tall is he? 277 | 278 | ​ How big is your new house? 279 | 280 | ​ How far is it from your home to school? 281 | 282 | ​ How well does he speak English? 283 | 284 | ​ How quickly can you get here? 285 | 286 | **对频率提问：how often/how many times?** 287 | 288 | I write to my parents once a month. How often do you write to your parents? 289 | 290 | I go shopping twice a week. How often do you go shopping?/How many times a week do you go shopping? 291 | 292 | **其他频率短语** 293 | 294 | Every 295 | 296 | Once a ---> day/week/month/year 297 | 298 | Twice a 299 | 300 | Three times 301 | 302 | #### 一般时态和现在时态 303 | 304 | **The present simple tense** 305 | 306 | is used to express a general truth or fact, or an action that occurs regularly or habitually. Generally, the present simple tense verb conveys a sense of permanence. 307 | 308 | Truth or fact 309 | 310 | The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 311 | 312 | The earth moves around the sun. 313 | 314 | An action that occurs regularly or habitually 315 | 316 | I often spend two hours reading English in the morning. 317 | 318 | Classes begin at nine in the morning 319 | 320 | **1.事实** 321 | 322 | The world is round. 323 | 324 | **2.经常性，习惯性动作或状态** 325 | 326 | He doesn't work hard. 327 | 328 | (1)常连用频率副词(助动词后，实义动词前) 329 | 330 | ​ always frequently usually sometimes generally occasionally often 331 | 332 | ​ never seldom rarely 333 | 334 | **3.以there或here开头句子中，表正在发生的短暂动作** 335 | 336 | Here comes your wife= your wife is coming. 337 | 338 | There goes our bus; we'll have to wait for the next one. 339 | 340 | **4.条件状语(if unless)，时间状语(when as soon as before after )从句中，表示将来动作** 341 | 342 | Please let me know when he comes back. 343 | 344 | What are you going to do when you leave school? 345 | 346 | I'll be glad if she comes over to visit me. 347 | 348 | **The past simple tense** 349 | 350 | is used to express a completed action which took place eat a specified time in the past. 351 | 352 | The specified time is either stated or implied. 353 | 354 | A completed action 355 | 356 | I saw him in the library yesterday morning. 357 | 358 | I began to learn English ten years ago. 359 | 360 | A past action that occurred regularly or habitually 361 | 362 | I slept for eight hours last night. 363 | 364 | She lived in our town for three years,but now she is living in Beijing. 365 | 366 | **1.过去动作或状态** 367 | 368 | He was late for school this morning. 369 | 370 | I bought this computer three years ago. 371 | 372 | **2.过去一段时间一直持续或反复发生的动作** 373 | 374 | I lived in the country for ten years. 375 | 376 | He used to do morning exercises. 377 | 378 | He took a walk after supper when he was alive. 379 | 380 | The future simple tense 381 | 382 | is used to express an action that will occur at some time in the future. 383 | 384 | Will or Be Going To can be used to express sort of certainty. 385 | 386 | According to the weather report, it will be windy tomorrow.说话人认为将要发生 387 | 388 | According to the weather report, it is going to be windy tomorrow.根据明显迹象判断 389 | 390 | Be Going To is used to express a definite plan. 391 | 392 | I have bought a computer and I'm going to learn the computer science. 393 | 394 | Will is used to express a willingness. 395 | 396 | The telephone is ringing; I will answer it. 397 | 398 | **Will(说话时做出的决定)** 399 | 400 | **Be Going To(对话前做出的决定)** 401 | 402 | #### 进行时态 403 | 404 | **时态构成** 405 | 406 | 助动词+进行分词 be+doing 407 | 408 | **意义** 409 | 410 | 该时刻(具体时间，另一个具体活动背景下)，活动正在进行 411 | 412 | **现在进行时** 413 | 414 | ##### 1.说话此刻正在进行 415 | 416 | What program are you watching? 417 | 418 | He is not available now. He is talking on another phone. 419 | 420 | ##### 2.现阶段正在持续的动作 421 | 422 | what are you doing these days? 423 | 424 | I am learning the usage of verb tenses. 425 | 426 | ##### 3.最近的将来已定的安排(计划 安排做) 427 | 428 | What are you doing on Saturday night? 429 | 430 | I'm doing some shopping with Jane. I am taking a makeup test tomorrow. 431 | 432 | ##### 4.与always forever continually constantly等连用，表示抱怨，厌烦 433 | 434 | Jack is always borrowing money and forgetting to pay you back. 435 | 436 | He's continually asking me for money. 437 | 438 | #### 过去进行时 439 | 440 | ##### 1.过去特定时刻发生的事情 441 | 442 | I was discussing my thesis with my director at this time last night. 443 | 444 | What were you doing at 10 o'clock last night? I was having dinner with my friends 445 | 446 | ##### 2.过去进行时(背景)+一般过去时(背景下发生的短暂动作或状态) 447 | 448 | The phone rang while I was having my bath, as usual. 449 | 450 | I was watching TV when the phone rang. 451 | 452 | #### 将来进行时(will be doing) 453 | 454 | ##### 1.将来某特定时刻活动正在进行 455 | 456 | I'll be lying on a beach in Sanya this time tomorrow. 457 | 458 | Don't telephone after eight tomorrow. I'll be having a meeting. 459 | 460 | #### 名词 461 | 462 | **名词短语(名词与它前面的修饰语)** 463 | 464 | These red roses are for you. 465 | 466 | I have three close friends. 467 | 468 | I really need a new computer. 469 | 470 | **1.功能** 471 | 472 | ​ 主语 宾语(介词不能单独使用，后面所接宾语) 表语 473 | 474 | **2.修饰语** 475 | 476 | ​ 限定词: 泛指，特指，定量，不定量(these three a the my that)，冠 词(a an the) 477 | 478 | ​ 形容词: red close new best small 479 | 480 | **3.位置** 481 | 482 | ​ 限定词在形容词前: 限定词+形容词+名词: three red roses. 483 | 484 | #### 名词可数与不可数 485 | 486 | **名词分类** 487 | 488 | 专有名词 Paris, the United States, Bill Gates 489 | 490 | ##### 普通名词 491 | 492 | ​ **可数名词** 493 | 494 | ​ 个体名词 student tree hospital house piano 495 | 496 | ​ 集体名词 team committee police group family 497 | 498 | ​ **不可数名词** 499 | 500 | ​ 物质名词 paper water cotton air 501 | 502 | ​ 抽象名词 birth happiness evolution technology hope 503 | 504 | ​ 简单名词 story student teacher 505 | 506 | ​ 复合名词 girlfriend roommate mother-in-law 507 | 508 | ##### 相对性 509 | 510 | **paper** 511 | 512 | ​ I need some paper to write a letter(纸 不可数) 513 | 514 | ​ I have a term paper to write on weekends(论文 可数) 515 | 516 | ​ I bought a paper(报纸 可数) 517 | 518 | ​ room(空间 不可数; 房间 可数) 519 | 520 | ##### 可数名词与不可数名词比较 521 | 522 | **可数名词:** 前面可以+ a or an or 数词(two) 523 | 524 | **不可数名词:** 不可+ 525 | 526 | ##### 变形及读音 527 | 528 | **1.末尾+s(清辅音s 浊辅音z)** 529 | 530 | **2.-s -x -ch -sh结尾+es读[iz] 若ch发音为[k]时+s (stomach/stomachs)** 531 | 532 | **3.辅音字母+y: 变y->ies 读[iz]; 元音字母+y: 直接+s 读[z]** 533 | 534 | **4.特殊变化** 535 | 536 | ​ **1)o结尾 读[z]** 537 | 538 | ​ potato/potatoes tomato/tomatoes hero/heroes piano/pianos photo/photos radio/radios 539 | 540 | ​ **2)f或fe结尾 f, fe->ves 读[s] or 直接+读[s]** 541 | 542 | ​ half/halves knife/knives leaf/leaves life/lives 543 | 544 | ​ belief/beliefs chief/chiefs cliff/cliffs proof/proofs roof/roofs 545 | 546 | ​ **3)单复数同形** 547 | 548 | ​ aircraft deer giraffe sheep 549 | 550 | ​ **4)man/woman 构成的复合名词(都变)** 551 | 552 | ​ man teacher/men teachers woman pilot/women pilots 553 | 554 | ​ **5)名词+介词或介词短语构成的复合名词(名词变)** 555 | 556 | ​ passer-by/passers-by looker-on/lookers-on 557 | 558 | #### 不可数名词 559 | 560 | ##### 1.物质名词不可数 561 | 562 | ​ beer blood coffee cream gasoline honey juice milk oil tea water wine 563 | 564 | ​ bread butter cheese ice ice-cream meat beef chicken fish chalk copper cotton glass gold iron 565 | 566 | ​ air fog oxygen smoke 567 | 568 | ##### 2.抽象名词 569 | 570 | ​ advice anger beauty confidence fun happiness health honesty informaation love luch peace 571 | 572 | ##### 3.总称名词不可数 573 | 574 | ​ furniture fruit jewelry luggage equipment poetry machinery 575 | 576 | ##### 不可数名词的度量 577 | 578 | **1.piece** 579 | 580 | ​ advice bread baggage chalk equipment furniture information jewelry luggage music news 581 | 582 | **2.bottle cup drop glass** 583 | 584 | ​ beer blood coffee milk tea water wine 585 | 586 | **3.else** 587 | 588 | ​ a loaf of bread a tube of toothpaste a pack of cigarette a slice of meat 589 | 590 | #### 名词所有格 591 | 592 | **1.单数名词后+'s** 593 | 594 | **2.复数名词后+s' ;复数型名词后+'s** 595 | 596 | ​ her friends' money 597 | 598 | ​ the children's Day 599 | 600 | **3.复合名词后+'s** 601 | 602 | ​ my father-in-law' s company 603 | 604 | ​ everyone else' s viewpoints 605 | 606 | ​ Henry the Eighth' s wives 607 | 608 | ​ the President of America' s secretary 609 | 610 | **4.and连接的并列名词: 共有情况: 最后+'s ; 各自所有情况: 每个名词后+'s** 611 | 612 | **5.重量 度量 价值** 613 | 614 | ​ two pounds' weight a ton's weight a ton' s steel two dollars' worth of sugar 615 | 616 | **6.省略** 617 | 618 | ​ **1)前文以出现，避免重复** 619 | 620 | ​ This bike is mine, not Michael's 621 | 622 | ​ **2)表示店铺或教堂(要加the)** 623 | 624 | ​ at the baker's at the butcher's at the chemist's at the doctor's 625 | 626 | ​ **3)人名后的所有格省去名词表示住宅** 627 | 628 | ​ go to my sister's I called at my uncle's yesterday. 629 | 630 | **7.of所有格的其他关系** 631 | 632 | ​ **1)主谓关系** 633 | 634 | ​ the visitor's departure the teacher's request the growth of agriculture 635 | 636 | ​ **2)动宾关系** 637 | 638 | ​ the children's education the boy's punishment the discussion of the plan 639 | 640 | 英语学习-[语法系列github仓库](https://github.com/removeif/english-learn)，欢迎收藏star 641 | 642 | 参考文章: 643 | [参考链接](https://github.com/yizutianya/English_Grammar_Learning) 644 | 645 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------