├── GUIDE.md ├── LICENSE └── README.md /GUIDE.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | ## Conventions 2 | 3 | - When Arabic is mentioned without any preceding qualifier in this guide, it refers to all varieties of Arabic whether the standard or the regional languages/dialects. 4 | 5 | - The headings in the [Standard Letters](#standard_letters) subsection is structured like this; the number enclosed within parentheses refers to the position in the standard alphabetical order in MSA then followed by the Arabic letter and finally the Eskéndereyya letter and separated by the pipe «|» character. 6 | 7 | - For the [Extended Alphabet](#extended_alphabet), the same rule above applies but instead of the numerical alphabetical order enclosed by parentheses, it's alphabetical. 8 | 9 | ## General rules 10 | 11 | - **Stress:** 12 | 13 | In most cases, stress for multi-syllable words in Arabic is on the **penultimate** syllable. However, this can be overridden when the need arises with these acute accent letters «á», «í», «ú» and less often by these «é», «ó». 14 | 15 | - **Tonality:** 16 | 17 | In general, tonality in Arabic is **soft**. Meaning, the pronunciation of Arabic words will often follow the pattern of these English words; «fan», «man», «ban», «ran» but not those «fun», «done», «bun», «run» unless otherwise indicated by the [bass vowels](#bass_vowels). 18 | 19 | This rule is **very important** if you'd like to sound more like a native and less like a foreigner. 20 | 21 | - **Pausa-only pronunciation:** 22 | 23 | Formal rules of pronunciation in MSA dictate the use of grammatical case vowel endings on words but these are seldom observed in everyday speech even in formal context. So, if you're not going to dabble into MSA or [Classical Arabic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Arabic) poetry or liturgy, you should be fine with [pausa-only](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausa) pronunciation rules. 24 | 25 | However, a future release that supports these use cases is under consideration and will be developed in a way that won't compromise the integrity of the current system in place and how words are represented. 26 | 27 | - **Gemination:** 28 | 29 | Double the consonant to give stress for the sound being reproduced. 30 | 31 | ## Alphabet 32 | 33 | ### Vowels 34 | 35 | - **Weak (Short)** 36 | 37 | These vowels are usually represented by [diacritics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_diacritics) like «Fatħa», «Kasra», «Đamma» in Arabic, while in Eskéndereyya; «a», «e» and «o» are used which are identical to those same letters in [Spanish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language#Segmental_phonology). 38 | 39 | **Examples** 40 | 41 | |English|Eskéndereyya| 42 | |-------|-----------| 43 | | Far | far | 44 | | Fin | fen | 45 | | For | for | 46 | 47 | - **Strong (Long)** 48 | 49 | While these vowels are represented by the letters «ا», «و», «ي» in Arabic, in Eskéndereyya they are **often but not always** represented by those corresponding letters «a», «u», «i». Since these vowels, as you might guessed it, are strong, they overpower other weak vowels in the same multi-syllable word, and consequently shift the stress on their syllable, and getting **often** as a result the acute accent «á», «ú», «í». 50 | 51 | **Examples** 52 | 53 | |English|Eskéndereyya| 54 | |-------|-----------| 55 | | Faraway| fárawey | 56 | | Fear | fir | 57 | | Fool | ful | 58 | 59 | ### Standard Letters 60 | 61 | #### ([1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleph#Arabic)) | أ ء | ä ö ë ï ü ÿ 62 | 63 | This is where the principle of intuitiveness in Eskéndereyya shines through and surpasses other existing systems and standards. Instead of opting for just **one** letter to represent that phoneme or letter in Arabic, six were invented to cover all the cases of orthography. 64 | 65 | I know that this may sound unintuitive and impractical on the face of it but when examined closely, you'd appreciate the intuitiveness and how the fall-backs placed in the system help with learning. 66 | 67 | As you may have noticed in the vowels section, there are five vowels in Eskéndereyya namely «a», «e», «i», «o», «u». Instead of dedicating an independent letter for that sound followed by the appropriate vowel as usual, the roles have been reversed with these vowels getting in the driver seat and pushing the sound itself to the back seat. 68 | 69 | **Examples:** 70 | 71 | |English|Eskéndereyya| 72 | |-------|-----------| 73 | | Apple| äpel| 74 | | Orange | örenj| 75 | | Eggs | ëgs| 76 | | Ear | ïr| 77 | | Umlaut| ümlawt| 78 | 79 | For the special case of the Hamza with [Sokún](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#Sukun), it's represented by the letter «ÿ» like this 80 | 81 | |MSA|Eskéndereyya| 82 | |-------|-----------| 83 | | يَأْمُل | yaÿmol | 84 | 85 | 86 | #### ([2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bet_%28letter%29#Arabic_b.C4.81.CA.BE)) | ب | b 87 | 88 | |English|Eskéndereyya| 89 | |-------|-----------| 90 | | Boy | boy | 91 | 92 | #### ([3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taw#Arabic_t.C4.81.CA.BC)) | ت | t 93 | 94 | |English|Eskéndereyya| 95 | |-------|-----------| 96 | | Team | tim | 97 | 98 | #### ([4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%AE%C4%81%CA%BE)) | ث | ç 99 | 100 | |English|Eskéndereyya| 101 | |-------|-----------| 102 | | Therapy | çérapi | 103 | 104 | #### ([5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimel#Arabic_.C7.A7.C4.ABm)) | ج | j 105 | 106 | |English|Eskéndereyya| 107 | |-------|-----------| 108 | | Jackal | jakal | 109 | 110 | #### ([6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heth#Arabic_.E1.B8.A5.C4.81.CA.BE)) | ح | ħ 111 | 112 | This sound doesn't exist in English but it can be simulated for non native Arabic speakers by reproducing the sound that some men make when they quench their thirst after a long hot summer day by drinking cold beverages like cola or beer. Yep, that sound. 113 | 114 | |MSA|Eskéndereyya| 115 | |-------|-----------| 116 | | حاكِم | ħakem | 117 | 118 | 119 | #### ([7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%AA%C4%81%CA%BE)) | خ | ĥ 120 | 121 | This sound is similar to the sound represented by the letter «j» in standard Spanish and «ch» in Scottish, or at least that's what I was told. 122 | 123 | |Spanish|Eskéndereyya| 124 | |-------|-----------| 125 | | Japón | ĥapón | 126 | 127 | #### ([8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalet#Arabic_d.C4.81l)) | د | d 128 | 129 | |English|Eskéndereyya| 130 | |-------|-----------| 131 | | Dam | daam | 132 | 133 | #### ([9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%8E%C4%81l)) | ذ | ż 134 | 135 | |English|Eskéndereyya| 136 | |-------|-----------| 137 | | The | ża | 138 | 139 | #### ([10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resh#Arabic_r.C4.81.CA.BE)) | ر | r 140 | 141 | |English|Eskéndereyya| 142 | |-------|-----------| 143 | | Rain | reyn | 144 | 145 | #### ([11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayin#Arabic_zayn)) | ز | z 146 | 147 | |English|Eskéndereyya| 148 | |-------|-----------| 149 | | Zoo | zu | 150 | 151 | #### ([12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin_%28letter%29#Arabic_.C5.A1.C4.ABn.2Fs.C4.ABn)) | س | s 152 | 153 | |English|Eskéndereyya| 154 | |-------|-----------| 155 | | Sacred | seykred | 156 | 157 | #### ([13](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin_%28letter%29#Arabic_.C5.A1.C4.ABn.2Fs.C4.ABn)) | ش | ş 158 | 159 | |English|Eskéndereyya| 160 | |-------|-----------| 161 | | Ship | şep | 162 | 163 | #### ([14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsade#Arabic_.E1.B9.A2.C4.81d)) | ص | š 164 | 165 | This is one member of the *notorious* group of [emphatic consonants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphatic_consonant) in Arabic. You can simulate the sound by giving your «s» in English some boost or *bass* from your throat to accompany the usual sound. Otherwise, just go with sound suggested by the fall-back or the visual cue provided by the letter itself. 166 | 167 | |MSA|Eskéndereyya| 168 | |-------|-----------| 169 | | صافي | šafi | 170 | 171 | #### ([15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%8C%C4%81d)) | ض | đ 172 | 173 | Another member of the notorious group of emphatic consonants but this time it's the «[d](#d)» that gets the bass treatment. 174 | 175 | |MSA|Eskéndereyya| 176 | |-------|-----------| 177 | | ضَباب | đapãb | 178 | 179 | #### ([16](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teth#Arabic_.E1.B9.AC.C4.81.CA.BE)) | ط | ŧ 180 | 181 | Another member of the notorious group of emphatic consonants but this time it's the «[t](#t)» that gets the bass treatment. 182 | 183 | |MSA|Eskéndereyya| 184 | |-------|-----------| 185 | | طاريء | ŧareÿ | 186 | 187 | #### ([17](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%92%C4%81%CA%BE)) | ظ | ž 188 | 189 | Another member of the notorious group of emphatic consonants but this time it's the «[ż](#%C5%BC)» that gets the bass treatment. 190 | 191 | |MSA|Eskéndereyya| 192 | |-------|-----------| 193 | | ظافِر | žafer | 194 | 195 | #### ([18](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayin#Arabic_.CA.BFAyn)) | ع | ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ ў 196 | 197 | This follows the same rules for the first letter in the Arabic alphabet «[أ ء](#1)» concerning the sound but instead of the umlaut or diaeresis, you would use the breve mark on the vowels and Sokún like this «ă», «ĕ», «ĭ», «ŏ», «ŭ» and «ў», respectively. 198 | 199 | Regarding the pronunciation and since this sound is not featured in English and it's reportedly one of the most difficult sounds to simulate even from speakers of Eastern languages, we will run a small experiment here that I hope it helps Arabic learners reproduce or perfect that sound. 200 | 201 | The experiment goes like this and I mean no offense to German speakers but this is just the solution that I came up with to approach this problem, you start with the normal pronunciation of the word «[Ja](https://translate.google.com/#de/en/ja)» in German and then gradually go extreme with the way you open your mouth and pronounce the word and in the end when you can barely pronounce the word or any word for that matter, you should get your «ăyn/ĕên ع» right. 202 | 203 | **Examples:** 204 | 205 | |MSA|Eskéndereyya| 206 | |-------|-----------| 207 | | عادِل | ăadel | 208 | | عُلَماء | ŏlamáÿ | 209 | | عِنْوان | ĕnwán | 210 | | عود | ŭd | 211 | | عيد | ĭd | 212 | | مَزارِع | mazareў | 213 | 214 | #### ([19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghayn)) | غ | ğ 215 | 216 | This letter sounds like the Parisian «r» or the German «r» in words like «rund» 217 | 218 | |German|Eskéndereyya| 219 | |-------|-----------| 220 | | Rund | ğunt | 221 | 222 | #### ([20](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe_%28letter%29#Arabic_f.C4.81.CA.BC)) | ف | f 223 | 224 | |English|Eskéndereyya| 225 | |-------|-----------| 226 | | Fair | feyr | 227 | 228 | #### ([21](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qoph#Arabic_q.C4.81f)) | ق | q 229 | 230 | This is like the «a» sound you make in «apple» but on steroids. You just have to go deeper in your throat to make the sound. If this is untenable, you might find solace temporarily in going with the fall-back picked by Eskéndereyya i.e. the sound «k». 231 | 232 | |MSA|Eskéndereyya| 233 | |-------|-----------| 234 | | قادِر | qader | 235 | 236 | #### ([22](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaph#Arabic_k.C4.81f)) | ك | k 237 | 238 | |English|Eskéndereyya| 239 | |-------|-----------| 240 | | Cat | kat | 241 | 242 | #### ([23](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamedh#Arabic_l.C4.81m)) | ل | l 243 | 244 | |English|Eskéndereyya| 245 | |-------|-----------| 246 | | Low | lô | 247 | 248 | #### ([24](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mem#Arabic_m.C4.ABm)) | م | m 249 | 250 | |English|Eskéndereyya| 251 | |-------|-----------| 252 | | Man | man | 253 | 254 | #### ([25](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nun_%28letter%29#Arabic_n.C5.ABn)) | ن | n 255 | 256 | |English|Eskéndereyya| 257 | |-------|-----------| 258 | | Near | nir | 259 | 260 | #### ([26](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_%28letter%29#Arabic_h.C4.81.CA.BE)) | ه | h 261 | 262 | |English|Eskéndereyya| 263 | |-------|-----------| 264 | | High | hȃy | 265 | 266 | #### ([27](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waw_%28letter%29#Arabic_w.C4.81w)) | و | w 267 | 268 | |English|Eskéndereyya| 269 | |-------|-----------| 270 | | Woman | woman | 271 | 272 | #### ([28](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yodh#Arabic_y.C4.81.CA.BC)) | ي | y 273 | 274 | Please note that «y» is never a vowel. If you're looking for a vowel to represent the sound of a long «e», you probably want to reach for an «[i](#vowels)» instead like in the word «ărabi عربي» (Arabic) 275 | 276 | |English|Eskéndereyya| 277 | |-------|-----------| 278 | | You | yu | 279 | 280 | ### Extended Alphabet 281 | 282 | #### ([a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che_%28Persian_letter%29)) | چ | j 283 | 284 | This letter and associated sound is featured in Egyptian Arabic to represent the «[j](#j)» sound because the letter «ج» in MSA is already taken for the «g» sound in Egyptian Arabic. 285 | 286 | #### ([b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che_%28Persian_letter%29)) | پ | p 287 | 288 | Contrary to the wide held belief, the sound «p» does exist in Arabic and native Arabic speakers do differentiate between the «b» and «p» sounds even if they are not aware of that but the problem is that the letter «[ب](#b)» is overloaded and represents both sounds and that's why this borrowed letter «پ» is good to clear this confusion for new and foreign words. 289 | 290 | **Examples:** 291 | 292 | |MSA|Eskéndereyya| 293 | |-------|-----------| 294 | | بَطَل | paŧal | 295 | | طَبْلَة | ŧapla | 296 | 297 | #### ([c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve_%28Arabic_letter%29)) | ڤ | v 298 | 299 | **Examples:** 300 | 301 | |English|Eskéndereyya| 302 | |-------|-----------| 303 | | Van | van | 304 | | Vendetta | vendeta | 305 | 306 | #### ([d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaf#Gaf_with_line)) | گ | g 307 | 308 | The «g» sound in Eskéndereyya doesn't exist natively in MSA and therefore this letter has been borrowed from Farsi to compensate for the lack of the sound. Please note that in Egyptian Arabic the letter «[ج](#j)» is reserved for the sound «g» while it isn't the case in MSA or other languages/dialects varieties like Levantine and Tunisian Arabic, hence the new letter. 309 | 310 | **Examples:** 311 | 312 | |English|Eskéndereyya| 313 | |-------|-----------| 314 | | Gear | gir | 315 | | Game | geym | 316 | 317 | ### ڟ | ẑ 318 | 319 | This letter «ڟ» is not standard even in the extended alphabet but it's useful to convey the common and non-standard pronunciation for the letter «[ظ](#%C5%BE) ž» in regional languages and dialects like Egyptian and Levantine Arabic. 320 | 321 | It's pronounced like a «[z](#%C5%BE)» but with air boost, the same like «ž» is the air-boosted version of «[ż](#%C5%BC)». 322 | 323 | |Egyptian Arabic|Eskéndereyya| 324 | |-------|-----------| 325 | | ظالِم | ẑalem | 326 | 327 | 328 | ## Extended Vowels 329 | 330 | ### Bass Vowels | ã õ ȃ 331 | 332 | Like I said before that tonality in Arabic is most of the time soft and tender esp. for vowels. Think «cat», «hat», «rat», «bat» and **not** «cut», «hut», «rut», «butt». I can't **overemphasize** that enough. However, in some cases the tone gets harsher and more constricted esp. in regional languages/dialects. 333 | 334 | For example, it's «mat مات» like in the English word «mat» in both MSA and Egyptian Arabic but in Syrian Arabic, it'd be pronounced more like «mȃt» as in the English word «mutt» with the «a» sound a bit constricted and harsh. 335 | 336 | That's why those letter were added to convey these sounds more clearly and neatly. For extra "bass" and boost of the sounds though, the tilde letters such as «ã» and «õ» are to be used like in some Islamic terms like «ällã الله» and «qoräãn قُرْآن» 337 | 338 | To recap, the vowels in Arabic go from soft with no diacritic to mildly constricted with an inverted breve mark like «ȃ» to highly constricted with a tilde mark like «ã». 339 | 340 | Please note that empathic consonants in Arabic require a more constricted sound for proper pronunciation and because of this built-in characteristic, it becomes redundant and unnecessary to supply these details with diacritics on successive vowels. 341 | 342 | ### Double Vowels | ô ê 343 | 344 | These «ô» and «ê» should not be mistaken for tonality modulation letters, they're just aliases for «oo» and «ee», respectively. They represent holding the sound for double the time unit dedicated for the single letter and they're featured extensively in regional dialects/languages like Egyptian and Syrian Arabic. 345 | 346 | They're optional to use but recommended nevertheless due to the offered benefits of compactness and neatness. 347 | 348 | |Egyptian Arabic|Eskéndereyya| 349 | |-------|-----------| 350 | | طير | ŧêr/ŧeer | 351 | | تور | tôr/toor | 352 | 353 | ## Exercise 354 | 355 | This is the MSA verse of the song [Ojos Así](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5BzkbSq7pww) by Shakira: 356 | 357 | رب السماء، فيك الرجاء 358 | 359 | في عينيها أرى الحياة 360 | 361 | آتي إليك من هذا الكون 362 | 363 | أرجوك ربي لبي ندائي 364 | 365 | **Eskéndereyya:** 366 | 367 | Rȃbbi assamáï, fik arrajáï 368 | 369 | fi ăynayha ära alħayáti 370 | 371 | äati ïlayha men haża alkawni 372 | 373 | ärjúka rȃbbi labbi nedáï 374 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /LICENSE: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | MIT License 2 | 3 | Copyright (c) 2016 Sami Hasan 4 | 5 | Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy 6 | of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal 7 | in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights 8 | to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell 9 | copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is 10 | furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: 11 | 12 | The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all 13 | copies or substantial portions of the Software. 14 | 15 | THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR 16 | IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 17 | FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 18 | AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 19 | LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 20 | OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE 21 | SOFTWARE. 22 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Eskéndereyya 2 | 3 | ˮ älexandria waz fawnded arawnd a smol enşent ejepşen tawn c. 331 BC bay älexander ża grêt. et bikéym än emportent senter of ża helénestek seveláyzêşen änd remeynd ża kápital of helénestek änd roman änd bizantín ïjept for ölmost 1000 yirz äntel ża moslem konkwest of ïjept en AD 641. ˮ 4 | 5 | If you managed to read and understand the text above successfully, congratulations you're already halfway with proficiency in Eskéndereyya. Now, read on to finish the other half. 6 | 7 | ## Overview 8 | 9 | Eskéndereyya is a writing system that is designed from the ground up to tackle the problem of romanization of Modern Standard Arabic and its derivative languages/dialects but with a new approach that emphasizes ease of use and user friendliness in order to help learners of Arabic as a foreign language to pick up the language more quickly and efficiently. 10 | 11 | ## Design Philosophy 12 | 13 | 1- **Ease of use:** 14 | 15 | The writing system draws on the familiarity of the basic Latin alphabet to a wide segment of the population to onboard new learners of Arabic without requiring them first to invest upfront in learning a new writing system to be able to just explore and get a feeling of the new language. 16 | 17 | 2- **Extensive support:** 18 | 19 | Eskéndereyya was conceived with satisfying present and future needs and requirements in mind and therefore not only does it support the literary or standard variety of the language namely [MSA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic) but also other regional languages or dialects. 20 | 21 | The first release comes with full support for most common sounds in the mainstream varieties of [Egyptian Arabic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic), [Syrian Arabic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantine_Arabic), [Lebanese Arabic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Arabic) and finally [Tunisian Arabic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic) with more to come in the future for other derivative languages/dialects thus providing learners of Arabic of all studying profiles with a wide variety of choices to meet their goals and objectives. 22 | 23 | 3- **Intuitiveness** 24 | 25 | From the start, a great deal of care and energy has been put to ensure that the writing system to be as much intuitive as possible for native speakers of Western languages esp. the Romance subset, and to use cues from those languages to help those speakers navigate texts written in Eskéndereyya. Moreover, the Arabic-specific sounds and letters are represented carefully to have fall-backs that would provide, even for the uninitiated, enough guidance to get immediate and preliminary results from their existing knowledge of European languages. 26 | 27 | 4- **Standardization:** 28 | 29 | This is just a humble attempt to propose a new standard that combines both simplicity and sufficient academic rigor for an adequate and satisfactory solution for the problem of the [romanization of Arabic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic). 30 | 31 | ## Target Audience 32 | 33 | 1- **Arabic learners:** 34 | 35 | This system would cut on the time and effort required for beginners to get familiar with the language, and it would aid current Arabic learners to improve their reading, writing and pronunciation skills, and to help them transition later more smoothly to the Arabic script and other aspects of the language like grammar and composition. 36 | 37 | 2- **Media and news organizations:** 38 | 39 | This could prove helpful to foreign media outlets and news organizations to transliterate Arabic names and terms with accuracy and without confusion or ambiguity. 40 | 41 | 3- **Native Arabic speakers:** 42 | 43 | Believe it or not, this system is also useful to native Arabic speakers to perfect or train on regional accents and other various derivative languages/dialects in the Arabic-speaking world given that the differences in those varieties of Arabic are not adequately captured or worse completely omitted in the written language in Arabic script. 44 | 45 | ## Guide 46 | 47 | Head to the [guide](https://github.com/samihasan/eskendereyya/blob/master/GUIDE.md) for the full primer on Eskéndereyya. 48 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------