├── .gitignore ├── README.md ├── build.gradle ├── gradlew ├── gradlew.bat ├── settings.gradle └── src └── main ├── java └── com │ └── github │ └── simplesteph │ └── protobuf │ ├── ComplexMain.java │ ├── EnumMain.java │ ├── OptionsMain.java │ ├── ProtoToJSONMain.java │ └── SimpleMain.java └── proto ├── complex.proto ├── enum_example.proto ├── option_example.proto └── simple.proto /.gitignore: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | .gradle/ 2 | .idea/ 3 | build/ 4 | gradle 5 | *.bin 6 | *.iml 7 | .project 8 | .settings 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | # Created by https://www.toptal.com/developers/gitignore/api/gradle,java 13 | # Edit at https://www.toptal.com/developers/gitignore?templates=gradle,java 14 | 15 | ### Java ### 16 | # Compiled class file 17 | *.class 18 | 19 | # Log file 20 | *.log 21 | 22 | # BlueJ files 23 | *.ctxt 24 | 25 | # Mobile Tools for Java (J2ME) 26 | .mtj.tmp/ 27 | 28 | # Package Files # 29 | *.jar 30 | *.war 31 | *.nar 32 | *.ear 33 | *.zip 34 | *.tar.gz 35 | *.rar 36 | 37 | # virtual machine crash logs, see http://www.java.com/en/download/help/error_hotspot.xml 38 | hs_err_pid* 39 | 40 | ### Gradle ### 41 | .gradle 42 | build/ 43 | 44 | # Ignore Gradle GUI config 45 | gradle-app.setting 46 | 47 | # Avoid ignoring Gradle wrapper jar file (.jar files are usually ignored) 48 | !gradle-wrapper.jar 49 | 50 | # Cache of project 51 | .gradletasknamecache 52 | 53 | # # Work around https://youtrack.jetbrains.com/issue/IDEA-116898 54 | # gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties 55 | 56 | ### Gradle Patch ### 57 | **/build/ 58 | 59 | # End of https://www.toptal.com/developers/gitignore/api/gradle,java -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Protocol Buffers Example in Java 2 | 3 | This is a companion repository for my [Protocol Buffers course](http://bit.ly/protocol-buffers-github) 4 | 5 | [![course logo](https://i.imgur.com/8fFmWAV.png)](http://bit.ly/protocol-buffers-github) 6 | 7 | # Content 8 | 9 | - Sample Code 10 | - Proper Gradle Setup 11 | - Few .proto files -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /build.gradle: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | buildscript { 2 | repositories { 3 | mavenCentral() 4 | } 5 | dependencies { 6 | classpath 'com.google.protobuf:protobuf-gradle-plugin:0.8.17' 7 | } 8 | } 9 | 10 | apply plugin: 'java' 11 | apply plugin: "com.google.protobuf" 12 | apply plugin: 'idea' 13 | 14 | group 'com.github.simplesteph.protobuf' 15 | version '1.0-SNAPSHOT' 16 | sourceCompatibility = '11' 17 | 18 | repositories { 19 | mavenCentral() 20 | } 21 | 22 | dependencies { 23 | implementation group: 'com.google.protobuf', name: 'protobuf-java', version: '3.19.1' 24 | implementation group: 'com.google.protobuf', name: 'protobuf-java-util', version: '3.19.1' 25 | 26 | implementation 'com.google.protobuf:protobuf-gradle-plugin:0.8.18' 27 | testImplementation group: 'junit', name: 'junit', version: '4.12' 28 | } 29 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /gradlew: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | #!/usr/bin/env sh 2 | 3 | # 4 | # Copyright 2015 the original author or authors. 5 | # 6 | # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); 7 | # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. 8 | # You may obtain a copy of the License at 9 | # 10 | # https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 11 | # 12 | # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software 13 | # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, 14 | # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. 15 | # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and 16 | # limitations under the License. 17 | # 18 | 19 | ############################################################################## 20 | ## 21 | ## Gradle start up script for UN*X 22 | ## 23 | ############################################################################## 24 | 25 | # Attempt to set APP_HOME 26 | # Resolve links: $0 may be a link 27 | PRG="$0" 28 | # Need this for relative symlinks. 29 | while [ -h "$PRG" ] ; do 30 | ls=`ls -ld "$PRG"` 31 | link=`expr "$ls" : '.*-> \(.*\)$'` 32 | if expr "$link" : '/.*' > /dev/null; then 33 | PRG="$link" 34 | else 35 | PRG=`dirname "$PRG"`"/$link" 36 | fi 37 | done 38 | SAVED="`pwd`" 39 | cd "`dirname \"$PRG\"`/" >/dev/null 40 | APP_HOME="`pwd -P`" 41 | cd "$SAVED" >/dev/null 42 | 43 | APP_NAME="Gradle" 44 | APP_BASE_NAME=`basename "$0"` 45 | 46 | # Add default JVM options here. You can also use JAVA_OPTS and GRADLE_OPTS to pass JVM options to this script. 47 | DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS='"-Xmx64m" "-Xms64m"' 48 | 49 | # Use the maximum available, or set MAX_FD != -1 to use that value. 50 | MAX_FD="maximum" 51 | 52 | warn () { 53 | echo "$*" 54 | } 55 | 56 | die () { 57 | echo 58 | echo "$*" 59 | echo 60 | exit 1 61 | } 62 | 63 | # OS specific support (must be 'true' or 'false'). 64 | cygwin=false 65 | msys=false 66 | darwin=false 67 | nonstop=false 68 | case "`uname`" in 69 | CYGWIN* ) 70 | cygwin=true 71 | ;; 72 | Darwin* ) 73 | darwin=true 74 | ;; 75 | MINGW* ) 76 | msys=true 77 | ;; 78 | NONSTOP* ) 79 | nonstop=true 80 | ;; 81 | esac 82 | 83 | CLASSPATH=$APP_HOME/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar 84 | 85 | 86 | # Determine the Java command to use to start the JVM. 87 | if [ -n "$JAVA_HOME" ] ; then 88 | if [ -x "$JAVA_HOME/jre/sh/java" ] ; then 89 | # IBM's JDK on AIX uses strange locations for the executables 90 | JAVACMD="$JAVA_HOME/jre/sh/java" 91 | else 92 | JAVACMD="$JAVA_HOME/bin/java" 93 | fi 94 | if [ ! -x "$JAVACMD" ] ; then 95 | die "ERROR: JAVA_HOME is set to an invalid directory: $JAVA_HOME 96 | 97 | Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the 98 | location of your Java installation." 99 | fi 100 | else 101 | JAVACMD="java" 102 | which java >/dev/null 2>&1 || die "ERROR: JAVA_HOME is not set and no 'java' command could be found in your PATH. 103 | 104 | Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the 105 | location of your Java installation." 106 | fi 107 | 108 | # Increase the maximum file descriptors if we can. 109 | if [ "$cygwin" = "false" -a "$darwin" = "false" -a "$nonstop" = "false" ] ; then 110 | MAX_FD_LIMIT=`ulimit -H -n` 111 | if [ $? -eq 0 ] ; then 112 | if [ "$MAX_FD" = "maximum" -o "$MAX_FD" = "max" ] ; then 113 | MAX_FD="$MAX_FD_LIMIT" 114 | fi 115 | ulimit -n $MAX_FD 116 | if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then 117 | warn "Could not set maximum file descriptor limit: $MAX_FD" 118 | fi 119 | else 120 | warn "Could not query maximum file descriptor limit: $MAX_FD_LIMIT" 121 | fi 122 | fi 123 | 124 | # For Darwin, add options to specify how the application appears in the dock 125 | if $darwin; then 126 | GRADLE_OPTS="$GRADLE_OPTS \"-Xdock:name=$APP_NAME\" \"-Xdock:icon=$APP_HOME/media/gradle.icns\"" 127 | fi 128 | 129 | # For Cygwin or MSYS, switch paths to Windows format before running java 130 | if [ "$cygwin" = "true" -o "$msys" = "true" ] ; then 131 | APP_HOME=`cygpath --path --mixed "$APP_HOME"` 132 | CLASSPATH=`cygpath --path --mixed "$CLASSPATH"` 133 | 134 | JAVACMD=`cygpath --unix "$JAVACMD"` 135 | 136 | # We build the pattern for arguments to be converted via cygpath 137 | ROOTDIRSRAW=`find -L / -maxdepth 1 -mindepth 1 -type d 2>/dev/null` 138 | SEP="" 139 | for dir in $ROOTDIRSRAW ; do 140 | ROOTDIRS="$ROOTDIRS$SEP$dir" 141 | SEP="|" 142 | done 143 | OURCYGPATTERN="(^($ROOTDIRS))" 144 | # Add a user-defined pattern to the cygpath arguments 145 | if [ "$GRADLE_CYGPATTERN" != "" ] ; then 146 | OURCYGPATTERN="$OURCYGPATTERN|($GRADLE_CYGPATTERN)" 147 | fi 148 | # Now convert the arguments - kludge to limit ourselves to /bin/sh 149 | i=0 150 | for arg in "$@" ; do 151 | CHECK=`echo "$arg"|egrep -c "$OURCYGPATTERN" -` 152 | CHECK2=`echo "$arg"|egrep -c "^-"` ### Determine if an option 153 | 154 | if [ $CHECK -ne 0 ] && [ $CHECK2 -eq 0 ] ; then ### Added a condition 155 | eval `echo args$i`=`cygpath --path --ignore --mixed "$arg"` 156 | else 157 | eval `echo args$i`="\"$arg\"" 158 | fi 159 | i=`expr $i + 1` 160 | done 161 | case $i in 162 | 0) set -- ;; 163 | 1) set -- "$args0" ;; 164 | 2) set -- "$args0" "$args1" ;; 165 | 3) set -- "$args0" "$args1" "$args2" ;; 166 | 4) set -- "$args0" "$args1" "$args2" "$args3" ;; 167 | 5) set -- "$args0" "$args1" "$args2" "$args3" "$args4" ;; 168 | 6) set -- "$args0" "$args1" "$args2" "$args3" "$args4" "$args5" ;; 169 | 7) set -- "$args0" "$args1" "$args2" "$args3" "$args4" "$args5" "$args6" ;; 170 | 8) set -- "$args0" "$args1" "$args2" "$args3" "$args4" "$args5" "$args6" "$args7" ;; 171 | 9) set -- "$args0" "$args1" "$args2" "$args3" "$args4" "$args5" "$args6" "$args7" "$args8" ;; 172 | esac 173 | fi 174 | 175 | # Escape application args 176 | save () { 177 | for i do printf %s\\n "$i" | sed "s/'/'\\\\''/g;1s/^/'/;\$s/\$/' \\\\/" ; done 178 | echo " " 179 | } 180 | APP_ARGS=`save "$@"` 181 | 182 | # Collect all arguments for the java command, following the shell quoting and substitution rules 183 | eval set -- $DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS $JAVA_OPTS $GRADLE_OPTS "\"-Dorg.gradle.appname=$APP_BASE_NAME\"" -classpath "\"$CLASSPATH\"" org.gradle.wrapper.GradleWrapperMain "$APP_ARGS" 184 | 185 | exec "$JAVACMD" "$@" 186 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /gradlew.bat: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | @rem 2 | @rem Copyright 2015 the original author or authors. 3 | @rem 4 | @rem Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); 5 | @rem you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. 6 | @rem You may obtain a copy of the License at 7 | @rem 8 | @rem https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 9 | @rem 10 | @rem Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software 11 | @rem distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, 12 | @rem WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. 13 | @rem See the License for the specific language governing permissions and 14 | @rem limitations under the License. 15 | @rem 16 | 17 | @if "%DEBUG%" == "" @echo off 18 | @rem ########################################################################## 19 | @rem 20 | @rem Gradle startup script for Windows 21 | @rem 22 | @rem ########################################################################## 23 | 24 | @rem Set local scope for the variables with windows NT shell 25 | if "%OS%"=="Windows_NT" setlocal 26 | 27 | set DIRNAME=%~dp0 28 | if "%DIRNAME%" == "" set DIRNAME=. 29 | set APP_BASE_NAME=%~n0 30 | set APP_HOME=%DIRNAME% 31 | 32 | @rem Resolve any "." and ".." in APP_HOME to make it shorter. 33 | for %%i in ("%APP_HOME%") do set APP_HOME=%%~fi 34 | 35 | @rem Add default JVM options here. You can also use JAVA_OPTS and GRADLE_OPTS to pass JVM options to this script. 36 | set DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS="-Xmx64m" "-Xms64m" 37 | 38 | @rem Find java.exe 39 | if defined JAVA_HOME goto findJavaFromJavaHome 40 | 41 | set JAVA_EXE=java.exe 42 | %JAVA_EXE% -version >NUL 2>&1 43 | if "%ERRORLEVEL%" == "0" goto execute 44 | 45 | echo. 46 | echo ERROR: JAVA_HOME is not set and no 'java' command could be found in your PATH. 47 | echo. 48 | echo Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the 49 | echo location of your Java installation. 50 | 51 | goto fail 52 | 53 | :findJavaFromJavaHome 54 | set JAVA_HOME=%JAVA_HOME:"=% 55 | set JAVA_EXE=%JAVA_HOME%/bin/java.exe 56 | 57 | if exist "%JAVA_EXE%" goto execute 58 | 59 | echo. 60 | echo ERROR: JAVA_HOME is set to an invalid directory: %JAVA_HOME% 61 | echo. 62 | echo Please set the JAVA_HOME variable in your environment to match the 63 | echo location of your Java installation. 64 | 65 | goto fail 66 | 67 | :execute 68 | @rem Setup the command line 69 | 70 | set CLASSPATH=%APP_HOME%\gradle\wrapper\gradle-wrapper.jar 71 | 72 | 73 | @rem Execute Gradle 74 | "%JAVA_EXE%" %DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS% %JAVA_OPTS% %GRADLE_OPTS% "-Dorg.gradle.appname=%APP_BASE_NAME%" -classpath "%CLASSPATH%" org.gradle.wrapper.GradleWrapperMain %* 75 | 76 | :end 77 | @rem End local scope for the variables with windows NT shell 78 | if "%ERRORLEVEL%"=="0" goto mainEnd 79 | 80 | :fail 81 | rem Set variable GRADLE_EXIT_CONSOLE if you need the _script_ return code instead of 82 | rem the _cmd.exe /c_ return code! 83 | if not "" == "%GRADLE_EXIT_CONSOLE%" exit 1 84 | exit /b 1 85 | 86 | :mainEnd 87 | if "%OS%"=="Windows_NT" endlocal 88 | 89 | :omega 90 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /settings.gradle: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | rootProject.name = 'protobuf-example-java' 2 | 3 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /src/main/java/com/github/simplesteph/protobuf/ComplexMain.java: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | package com.github.simplesteph.protobuf; 2 | 3 | import example.complex.Complex; 4 | import example.complex.Complex.*; 5 | 6 | import java.util.Arrays; 7 | 8 | public class ComplexMain { 9 | 10 | 11 | public static void main(String[] args) { 12 | 13 | System.out.println("Complex example"); 14 | 15 | DummyMessage oneDummy = newDummyMessage(55, "one dummy message"); 16 | 17 | ComplexMessage.Builder builder = ComplexMessage.newBuilder(); 18 | 19 | // singular message field 20 | builder.setOneDummy(oneDummy); 21 | 22 | // repeated field 23 | builder.addMultipleDummy(newDummyMessage(66, "second dummy")); 24 | builder.addMultipleDummy(newDummyMessage(67, "third dummy")); 25 | builder.addMultipleDummy(newDummyMessage(68, "fourth dummy")); 26 | 27 | builder.addAllMultipleDummy(Arrays.asList( 28 | newDummyMessage(69, "other dummy"), 29 | newDummyMessage(70, "other other dummy") 30 | )); 31 | 32 | ComplexMessage message = builder.build(); 33 | 34 | System.out.println(message.toString()); 35 | 36 | 37 | // GET EXAMPLE 38 | // message.getMultipleDummyList(); 39 | 40 | } 41 | 42 | public static DummyMessage newDummyMessage(Integer id, String name){ 43 | // same learning as "SimpleMain" 44 | DummyMessage.Builder dummyMessageBuilder = DummyMessage.newBuilder(); 45 | DummyMessage message = dummyMessageBuilder.setName(name) 46 | .setId(id) 47 | .build(); 48 | 49 | return message; 50 | } 51 | 52 | } 53 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /src/main/java/com/github/simplesteph/protobuf/EnumMain.java: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | package com.github.simplesteph.protobuf; 2 | 3 | import example.enumerations.EnumExample; 4 | import example.enumerations.EnumExample.EnumMessage; 5 | 6 | public class EnumMain { 7 | 8 | public static void main(String[] args) { 9 | 10 | System.out.println("Example for Enums"); 11 | 12 | EnumMessage.Builder builder = EnumMessage.newBuilder(); 13 | 14 | builder.setId(345); 15 | 16 | // example with Enums 17 | builder.setDayOfTheWeek(EnumExample.DayOfTheWeek.FRIDAY); 18 | 19 | EnumMessage message = builder.build(); 20 | 21 | System.out.println(message); 22 | } 23 | } 24 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /src/main/java/com/github/simplesteph/protobuf/OptionsMain.java: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | package com.github.simplesteph.protobuf; 2 | 3 | import com.example.options.OptionMessageOther; 4 | 5 | public class OptionsMain { 6 | 7 | 8 | public static void main(String[] args) { 9 | OptionMessageOther other = OptionMessageOther.newBuilder().build(); 10 | } 11 | } 12 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /src/main/java/com/github/simplesteph/protobuf/ProtoToJSONMain.java: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | package com.github.simplesteph.protobuf; 2 | 3 | import com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException; 4 | import com.google.protobuf.util.JsonFormat; 5 | import example.simple.Simple; 6 | 7 | import java.util.Arrays; 8 | 9 | public class ProtoToJSONMain { 10 | 11 | public static void main(String[] args) throws InvalidProtocolBufferException { 12 | 13 | 14 | Simple.SimpleMessage.Builder builder = Simple.SimpleMessage.newBuilder(); 15 | 16 | // simple fields 17 | builder.setId(42) // set the id field 18 | .setIsSimple(true) // set the is_simple field 19 | .setName("My Simple Message Name"); // set the name field 20 | 21 | // repeated field 22 | builder.addSampleList(1) 23 | .addSampleList(2) 24 | .addSampleList(3) 25 | .addAllSampleList(Arrays.asList(4, 5, 6)); 26 | 27 | 28 | // Print this as a JSON 29 | String jsonString = JsonFormat.printer() 30 | // .includingDefaultValueFields() - options 31 | .print(builder); 32 | System.out.println(jsonString); 33 | 34 | 35 | // parse JSON into Protobuf 36 | Simple.SimpleMessage.Builder builder2 = Simple.SimpleMessage.newBuilder(); 37 | 38 | JsonFormat.parser() 39 | .ignoringUnknownFields() 40 | .merge(jsonString, builder2); 41 | 42 | System.out.println(builder2); 43 | 44 | } 45 | } 46 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /src/main/java/com/github/simplesteph/protobuf/SimpleMain.java: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | package com.github.simplesteph.protobuf; 2 | 3 | import example.simple.Simple.SimpleMessage; 4 | 5 | import java.io.FileInputStream; 6 | import java.io.FileNotFoundException; 7 | import java.io.FileOutputStream; 8 | import java.io.IOException; 9 | import java.util.Arrays; 10 | 11 | public class SimpleMain { 12 | 13 | public static void main(String[] args) { 14 | 15 | System.out.println("Hello world!"); 16 | 17 | SimpleMessage.Builder builder = SimpleMessage.newBuilder(); 18 | 19 | // simple fields 20 | builder.setId(42) // set the id field 21 | .setIsSimple(true) // set the is_simple field 22 | .setName("My Simple Message Name"); // set the name field 23 | 24 | // repeated field 25 | builder.addSampleList(1) 26 | .addSampleList(2) 27 | .addSampleList(3) 28 | .addAllSampleList(Arrays.asList(4, 5, 6)); 29 | 30 | System.out.println(builder.toString()); 31 | 32 | SimpleMessage message = builder.build(); 33 | 34 | // write the protocol buffers binary to a file 35 | try { 36 | FileOutputStream outputStream = new FileOutputStream("simple_message.bin"); 37 | message.writeTo(outputStream); 38 | outputStream.close(); 39 | } catch (FileNotFoundException e) { 40 | e.printStackTrace(); 41 | } catch (IOException e) { 42 | e.printStackTrace(); 43 | } 44 | 45 | // send as byte array 46 | // byte[] bytes = message.toByteArray(); 47 | 48 | try { 49 | System.out.println("Reading from file... "); 50 | FileInputStream fileInputStream = new FileInputStream("simple_message.bin"); 51 | SimpleMessage messageFromFile = SimpleMessage.parseFrom(fileInputStream); 52 | System.out.println(messageFromFile); 53 | } catch (FileNotFoundException e) { 54 | e.printStackTrace(); 55 | } catch (IOException e) { 56 | e.printStackTrace(); 57 | } 58 | 59 | } 60 | } 61 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /src/main/proto/complex.proto: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | syntax = "proto3"; 2 | 3 | package example.complex; 4 | 5 | message ComplexMessage { 6 | DummyMessage one_dummy = 2; 7 | repeated DummyMessage multiple_dummy = 3; 8 | } 9 | 10 | message DummyMessage { 11 | int32 id = 1; 12 | string name = 2; 13 | } -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /src/main/proto/enum_example.proto: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | syntax = "proto3"; 2 | 3 | package example.enumerations; 4 | 5 | message EnumMessage { 6 | int32 id = 1; 7 | DayOfTheWeek day_of_the_week = 2; 8 | } 9 | 10 | enum DayOfTheWeek { 11 | UNKNOWN = 0; 12 | MONDAY = 1; 13 | TUESDAY = 2; 14 | WEDNESDAY = 3; 15 | THURSDAY = 4; 16 | FRIDAY = 5; 17 | SATURDAY = 6; 18 | SUNDAY = 7; 19 | } 20 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /src/main/proto/option_example.proto: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | syntax = "proto3"; 2 | 3 | package example.options; 4 | 5 | option java_package = "com.example.options"; 6 | option java_multiple_files = true; 7 | 8 | message OptionMessageTest { 9 | int32 id = 1; 10 | bool is_simple = 2; 11 | string name = 3; 12 | repeated int32 sample_list = 4; 13 | } 14 | 15 | message OptionMessageOther { 16 | string hello = 1; 17 | } -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /src/main/proto/simple.proto: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | syntax = "proto3"; 2 | 3 | package example.simple; 4 | 5 | message SimpleMessage { 6 | int32 id = 1; 7 | bool is_simple = 2; 8 | string name = 3; 9 | repeated int32 sample_list = 4; 10 | } --------------------------------------------------------------------------------