├── install_V3.0_on_Fusion.md ├── README.md ├── install_OVA_V2.0_virtualbox.md ├── errorlog.md └── LICENSE /install_V3.0_on_Fusion.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | 2 | ## VMware fusion 3 | - update ipadress to 192.168.4.0/24 subnet 4 | 5 | 6 | ## labipa 7 | - login in GUI with root (via other), set keyboard etc and logout again 8 | - append `/home *(rw)` to /etc/exports & `systemctl restart nfs-server` 9 | - append `\tguest ok = yes` to /etc/samba/smb.conf & `for i in smb nmb; do systemctl restart $i; done` 10 | `tet` 11 | 12 | - execute this: 13 | ```bash 14 | # labipa has an error in the FreeIPA configuration 15 | grep preauth /var/log/krb5kdc.log 16 | echo $'password\npassword\npassword' | kinit admin # password expired 17 | ipa config-mod --homedirectory /home/ldap --defaultshell /bin/bash 18 | for i in `ipa user-find | grep "User login: " | sed 's/User login: //g'`; do ipa user-mod $i --homedir=/home/ldap/$i --shell=/bin/bash; done 19 | for i in ldapuser1 ldapuser2 ldapuser3 ldapuser4 ldapuser5 isabelle; do mkdir /home/ldap/$i; chown $i:$i /home/ldap/$i; done 20 | ``` 21 | ## server1 22 | - `` 23 | 24 | ## server2 25 | - `yum clean all` 26 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | ## Install instructions Lab Environment _Red Hat RHCSA-RHCE 7 Cert Guide_ 2 | 3 | The Linux exams of Linux Foundation and RedHat are performance based. To pass you **must** practise. Sander van Vugt offers an lab environment created with VMware fusion. He offers two versions 4 | - V2.0, available for download at http://rhatcert.com or through the book’s website at [http://pearsonitcertification.com](http://www.pearsonitcertification.com/promotions/book-registration-red-hat-rhcsa-rhce-7-cert-guide-premium-140923#vm). 5 | - V3.0 is available through http://rhatcert.com only. 6 | - You can also create the lab environment from scratch with Vagrant and Ansible [RHCSA RHCE Lab environment](../../../RHCSA-RHCE-Lab-Environment/tree/eth1). 7 | 8 | You can run these lab environments in VMware Fusion/Workstation, in virtualBox or on Linux import them in LVM. 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | | | Pro | Con | 13 | |--- |---|---| 14 | | [V2.0](http://www.rhatcert.com/downloads/) |1) has CentoS 7.1 similar to some exams,
eg nmcli v 0.9| 1) yum update takes long & probably fails
2) needs little tweaking for alls labs to work | 15 | | [V3.0](http://www.rhatcert.com/downloads/) |1) updates from private repository 1511
2) Sander recommends this version | 1) you'd never practised with 7.0.1406
2) needs little tweaking for alls labs to work| 16 | | [Vagrant](../../../RHCSA-RHCE-Lab-Environment/) | 1) always latest CentoS version,
updates to 7.3 automatically
2) works out of the box
3) could be adapted for [certdepot](http://certdepot.com) | 1) you'll probably not see this RHEL
version on the exam
2) no support for Virtualization labs
3) you'd never practised with 7.0.1406| 17 | 18 | | | vmware | virtualbox | libvirt | any Cloud | 19 | |---|---|---|---|---| 20 | || - macOS $/€ 82
- Windows $250 | free | comes with
Linux|- works on
any ssh client
- recurring $€| 21 | | [V2.0](http://www.rhatcert.com/downloads/) | - supported
- supports LVM | - works
- no LVM | - should work
- supports LMV | - not tested | 22 | | [V3.0](http://www.rhatcert.com/downloads/) | - supported
- supports LVM | | - should work
- supports LVM | - not tested | 23 | | [Vagrant](../../../RHCSA-RHCE-Lab-Environment/) | - [not
recommended](http://blog.scottlowe.org/2016/09/28/why-now-using-virtualbox-with-vagrant/)
- [$$](https://www.vagrantup.com/vmware/#buy-now) | | - not tested
- should work
- supports vmx | - not tested | 24 | 25 | Linux Foundation 26 | [Handbook](http://training.linuxfoundation.org/go/candidate_handbook) 27 | 28 | ## RHCSE 29 | [RHCSE skills-assessment](http://www.redhat.com/en/services/training/skills-assessment) 30 | 31 | ## Pro Tip 32 | On **macOS** switch from VirtualBox to VMware Fusion by following these steps
- shutdown virtualbox
- execute: 33 | ```bash 34 | netstat -rn | grep -e 192.168.4 -e Destination 35 | sudo route -n delete 192.168.4.0/24 36 | open -a VMware\ Fusion; sleep 5 37 | netstat -rn | grep -e 192.168.4 -e Destination 38 | route get 192.168.4.0 39 | ``` 40 | 41 | On **macOS** switch from VMware Fusion to VirtualBox:
- shutdown VMware Fusion
- execute: 42 | ```bash 43 | netstat -rn | grep -e 192.168.4 -e Destination 44 | LABIPAVBOXNET=`ifconfig | pcregrep -M -o '^[^\t:]+:([^\n]|\n\t)*192.168.4' | egrep -o -m 1 '^[^:]+'` 45 | echo $LABIPAVBOXNET 46 | sudo route -n add 192.168.4.0/24 -interface $LABIPAVBOXNET 47 | netstat -rn | grep -e 192.168.4 -e Destination 48 | route get 192.168.4.0 49 | ssh-keygen -R 192.168.4.200; ssh-keygen -R 192.168.4.210; ssh-keygen -R 192.168.4.220 50 | vagrant status 51 | ``` 52 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /install_OVA_V2.0_virtualbox.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | ## Install instructions Lab Environment _Red Hat RHCSA-RHCE 7 Cert Guide_ 2 | 3 | Sander van Vugt offers an lab environment created with VMware fusion. It is available for download at http://rhatcert.com or through the book’s website 4 | at [http://pearsonitcertification.com](http://www.pearsonitcertification.com/promotions/book-registration-red-hat-rhcsa-rhce-7-cert-guide-premium-140923#vm). Importing this in VirtualBox on macOS is not a trivial case as VMware Fusion uses different network settings. This guide explains how to import Sander's Lab and get a working environment (and maybe learn to understand `nmcli` better). 5 | 6 | Notice that on Sander's site there is a updated version with two major changes 7 | - updated to RHEL 7.2 8 | - server1 & server2 use the repository ftp://labipa.example.com/pub and have disabled all online repositories. 9 | 10 | This guide does **not** apply to the prerelease version 3.0: ![rhatcert prerelease-vms3 0](https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/16225624/18987281/476202fc-8701-11e6-9ef0-85eb0eb21c1e.png) 11 | 12 | Alternatively create a lab with Vagrant and Ansible by building your [RHCSA RHCE Lab environment](../../../RHCSA-RHCE-Lab-Environment/) from scratch. 13 | 14 | # Create a host-only network 15 | Open the setting of VirtualBox, go to Network, create an new Host-only Network ![create host-only network](https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/16225624/18674769/a0e60e08-7f50-11e6-9518-a41f4e08bad6.png) 16 |
and assign it an network `192.168.4.0/24` with an host ip eg `192.168.4.4` ![subnet192 168 4](https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/16225624/18674930/0fe6f42a-7f51-11e6-9da0-4bd75428a341.png) 17 | 18 | ## Import _Server1_ into VirtualBox 19 | Download the ovf v2.0 and extract the zip file. 20 | 21 | Import the each of the ovf files in VirtualBox 22 | ![import labipa server1](https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/16225624/18675014/5266025a-7f51-11e6-96db-aebb874096b7.png) 23 | 24 | 25 | Before pressing Import, rename the VM and remove dvd & usb ![rename vm and remove dvd usb](https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/16225624/18675161/cb83c7bc-7f51-11e6-8871-d0e84ae8ce4a.png) 26 |
On the FreeIPA server update memory to 2GB. 27 | 28 | Before starting the VM, edit the Settings ![edit vm](https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/16225624/18677881/9d7f3fdc-7f5a-11e6-9c87-d6e1cc06352c.png) 29 | 30 | Add an host adapter and connect it to host-only network `192.168.4.0/24` ![add host adapter and connect to host-only network](https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/16225624/18675323/4a892ca0-7f52-11e6-8783-0ec111df9d2b.png) 31 | 32 | The VM now has 2 adapters: 33 | - Adapter 2 connected to eg. `enp0s8`/`eth0` on subnet 192.168.4.0/24 and will **not** be the default gateway. 34 | - Adapter 1 connected to eg. `enp0s17`/`eth1` will be NAT for internet access (eg 10.0.2.2/24) but will **not** be setting DNS 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | Then start the new vm ![start server1](https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/16225624/18676011/8b31155e-7f54-11e6-86ee-d4c739acd62b.png) In Terminal connect with ssh and excute these commands for Server1: 39 | ```bash 40 | ssh root@192.168.4.210 41 | cat /etc/centos-release; nmcli --version 42 | mkdir /etc/openldap/cacerts # make the lab easier ;-) 43 | nmcli connection add con-name eth1 type ethernet ifname enp0s17 autoconnect yes save yes 44 | nmcli connection modify eth1 ipv4.ignore-auto-dns yes 45 | nmcli device disconnect enp0s17;nmcli connection up eth1 46 | cat /etc/resolv.conf 47 | ip r 48 | # RHEL 7.0 uses NetworkManager v0.9.9.1 and doesn't support ipv4.gateway, therefor use ipv4.addresses without 'gw' 49 | nmcli connection modify eth0 ipv4.never-default yes ipv6.never-default yes ipv4.addresses "192.168.4.210/24" 50 | systemctl restart NetworkManager; systemctl restart NetworkManager 51 | ip r 52 | # systemctl set-default graphical.target # optional 53 | yum -y update --security ; shutdown now 54 | ``` 55 | ![untitled 23](https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/16225624/18674509/c3c944ea-7f4f-11e6-9a2b-967423186654.png) 56 | 57 | To save the current state create a snapshot ![take snapshot copy](https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/16225624/18677143/213924d0-7f58-11e6-9eb1-f9f164a6b16c.png) 58 | 59 | 60 | Your server1 is ready for exercises ![snapshot created](https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/16225624/18674637/292f860a-7f50-11e6-9325-848844b7b7a6.png) 61 | 62 | ## FreeIPA 63 | Like Server1, with these commands 64 | ```bash 65 | ssh root@192.168.4.220 66 | cat /etc/centos-release; nmcli --version 67 | grep -B2 -A1 8.8.8.8 /etc/named.conf 68 | ip r 69 | # RHEL 7.1+ uses NetworkManager v1.0.0 which does support ipv4.gateway 70 | nmcli connection modify eth0 ipv4.never-default yes ipv6.never-default yes ipv4.gateway "" ipv4.dns 192.168.4.200 71 | ip r del default via 192.168.4.2 dev eth0 72 | nmcli connection add con-name eth1 type ethernet ifname eth1 save yes autoconnect no 73 | nmcli connection modify eth1 ipv4.ignore-auto-dns yes ipv6.ignore-auto-dns yes connection.autoconnect yes 74 | sleep 2 75 | ip route add default via 10.0.2.2 dev eth1 76 | ip r 77 | echo $'password\npassword\npassword' | kinit admin # password expired 78 | klist 79 | yum -y update --security ; shutdown now 80 | ``` 81 | 82 | 83 | ## Server2 84 | Like Server1, with these commands 85 | ```bash 86 | ssh root@192.168.4.220 87 | cat /etc/centos-release; nmcli --version 88 | mkdir /etc/openldap/cacerts 89 | nmcli connection add con-name eth1 type ethernet ifname eth1 autoconnect yes save yes 90 | nmcli connection modify eth1 ipv4.ignore-auto-dns yes 91 | nmcli device disconnect eth1;nmcli connection up eth1 92 | cat /etc/resolv.conf 93 | ip r 94 | nmcli connection modify eth0 ipv4.never-default yes ipv6.never-default yes ipv4.addresses "192.168.4.220/24" 95 | systemctl restart NetworkManager; systemctl restart NetworkManager 96 | ip r 97 | yum -y update --security ; shutdown now 98 | ``` 99 | Alternatively 100 | ```bash 101 | ssh root@192.168.4.220 102 | cat /etc/centos-release; nmcli --version 103 | nmcli connection add con-name eth1 type ethernet ifname eth1 save yes autoconnect no 104 | nmcli connection modify eth1 ipv4.ignore-auto-dns yes connection.autoconnect yes 105 | sleep 1 106 | nmcli connection modify eth0 ipv4.never-default yes ipv6.never-default yes ipv4.addresses "192.168.4.220/24" 107 | sleep 1 108 | ip r del default via 192.168.4.2 dev eth0 109 | sleep 1 110 | ip r 111 | cat /etc/resolv.conf # yum only works if FreeIPA @ 192.168.4.200 is up and serving DNS 112 | # 'yum -y groupinstall Directory\ Client' fails on server2 113 | yum -y update --security ; shutdown now 114 | ``` 115 | 116 | 117 | # VMware Fusion 118 | Tested with VMWare Fusion 8.5 on macOS. 119 | 120 | ## labipa V2.0 121 | ```bash 122 | nmcli connection modify eth0 ipv4.dns 192.168.4.200 ipv6.dns fd00::200 123 | systemctl restart NetworkManager 124 | sleep 2 125 | cat /etc/resolv.conf 126 | echo $'password\npassword\npassword' | kinit admin 127 | # https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/7/html/Linux_Domain_Identity_Authentication_and_Policy_Guide/Configuring_IPA_Users-Specifying_Default_User_Settings.html 128 | ipa config-mod --homedirectory /home/ldap --defaultshell /bin/bash 129 | for i in `ipa user-find | grep "User login: " | sed 's/User login: //g'`; do echo $'password'| kinit admin; ipa user-mod $i --homedir=/home/ldap/$i --shell=/bin/bash | grep -E "Modified|Home|Login"; echo $'password\npassword\npassword'| kinit $i ; done 130 | ``` 131 | shutdown labipa and in VMware Fusion create a snaphot and call it 'begin' 132 | 133 | ## server1 134 | ```bash 135 | yum whatprovides */host | grep bind 136 | mkdir -p /etc/openldap/cacerts 137 | ``` 138 | 139 | ## server2 140 | ```bash 141 | yum -y install bash-completion 142 | yum whatprovides */host | grep bind 143 | mkdir -p /etc/openldap/cacerts 144 | ``` 145 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /errorlog.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Unauthorized Errorlog [Red Hat RHCSA ®/ RHCE® 7 Cert Guide](http://www.sandervanvugt.com/book-red-hat-rhcsa-rhce-7-cert-guide/) 2 | 3 | ## Chapter 2: Using Essential Tools 4 | - p51 man pages index caches can also be **U** pdated with `man -u` instead of `mandb`. 5 | To play around with indexes, delete them all with `find /var/cache/man/ -name index.db -delete` see `man man` 6 | - p 7 | 8 | ## Chapter 4: Working with Text Files 9 | | | Glob | regex| 10 | |--|--|--| 11 | | `*` | any string including empty | 0 or more of preceding character | 12 | | `?` | match any _single_ character | 1 or more of preceding character | 13 | | `^` | | start of string | 14 | | `!` | negate, eg **[!a-d]** any _except_ a-d | **\[!\]** | 15 | | `.` | match files starting with *.extention*, eg. `tar c .` or `cp .* ~ `| any character except newline **a.c**: abc, aac, a2c | 16 | | `\` | remove special meaning of **?**, *****, **[** & **]** | | 17 | | `{ }` | terms are seperated with commas eg `cp {*.pdf,*.doc}` | | 18 | | `[ ]` | specifies a range eg **[a-z]** or **[a,o,u]**| | 19 | | `' '`| escape bash expansion (globbing) eg `touch 'foo*'` | | 20 | | | | | 21 | | | | | 22 | | | | | 23 | | | | | 24 | | | | x | 25 | for more details see `man glob` and `man 7 regex` or [Wildcards mini-guide](http://tldp.org/LDP/GNU-Linux-Tools-Summary/html/x11655.htm) 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | ## Chap 6 30 | - p137 step 6. `for i in lucy, lori, bob;do useradd $i; done` --> `for i in lucy lori bob;do useradd $i; done` 31 | - p139 wrong **groupmems -g sales -l** "This shows users who are a member of this group as a secondary group assignment~~, but also users who are a member of this group as the primary group assignment~~." 32 |
**lid -g ** shows both primary and secondary group memberships eg try: 33 | 34 | ```bash 35 | for i in lucy lori bob; do useradd $i; done 36 | usermod -g lucy bob #make group lucy the primary group of bob 37 | usermod -aG lucy lori #add lori to the group lucy 38 | groupmems -g lucy -l 39 | lid -g lucy 40 | lid lori 41 | ``` 42 | - p142 `nslcd service is configured and started when using autconfig-tui` —> `sssd service is configured and started when using authconfig-tui` (with an h). Maybe a change from rhel6? Try the exercise and then run `find / -name nslc` or `systemctl list-unit-files | grep -e sssd -e nslcd` and you'll find nothing related to nslcd. 43 |
see `man authconfig | grep -A2 nslcd` and notice **Used to** 44 | - p145 Step 5 first create the directory `mkdir /etc/openldap/cacerts` then get the certificate with `scp labipa.example.com:/root/cacert.p12 /etc/openldap/cacerts` otherwise scp will create a file cacerts not a file /etc/openldap/cacerts/ca.crt. 45 | 46 | - p142 **authconfig-tui** command is _deprecated_, see `man authconfig-tui | grep depr`. [CertDepot](https://www.certdepot.net/ldap-client-configuration-authconfig/) has two alternative exercises: 47 | #### the nslcd option 48 | see https://arthurdejong.org/nss-pam-ldapd/setup 49 | ```bash 50 | yum install -y openldap-clients nss-pam-ldapd 51 | sed -i 's/FORCELEGACY=no/FORCELEGACY=yes/g' /etc/sysconfig/authconfig 52 | sed -i 's/USESSSD=yes/USESSSD=no/g' /etc/sysconfig/authconfig 53 | grep -E "USESSSDAUTH|USESSSD|FORCELEGACY" /etc/sysconfig/authconfig 54 | mkdir -p /etc/openldap/cacerts 55 | scp labipa.example.com:/etc/ipa/ca.crt /etc/openldap/cacerts/ 56 | authconfig --update \ 57 | --enableldap --enableldapauth --enableldaptls \ 58 | --enableforcelegacy --disablesssd --disablesssdauth\ 59 | --ldapserver="labipa.example.com" \ 60 | --ldapbasedn="dc=example,dc=com" 61 | systemctl list-unit-files | grep -e sssd -e nslcd 62 | nslcd -V 63 | grep -v -e "#" -e "^$" /etc/nslcd.conf 64 | authconfig --test | grep SSSD # SSSD ... disabled 65 | grep -E "pam_sss|pam_ldap|pam_krb5|$" /etc/pam.d/system-auth 66 | getent passwd ldapuser1 67 | su - ldapuser1 68 | whoami 69 | exit 70 | authconfig --enablemkhomedir --update 71 | su - ldapuser1 72 | pwd 73 | exit 74 | ``` 75 | 76 | #### the System Security Services Daemon option 77 | With CentOS 7.0 (images V2.0) you might try sssd on Server2 instead (/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-logind crashed on Server1 with CentOS 7.0) 78 | ```bash 79 | yum install -y sssd # on Server2 80 | mkdir -p /etc/openldap/cacerts 81 | scp labipa.example.com:/etc/ipa/ca.crt /etc/openldap/cacerts/ 82 | grep -E "USESSSDAUTH|USESSSD|FORCELEGACY" /etc/sysconfig/authconfig 83 | authconfig --update \ 84 | --enableldap --enableldapauth --enableldaptls \ 85 | --disableforcelegacy --enablesssdauth --enablesssd \ 86 | --ldapserver="labipa.example.com" \ 87 | --ldapbasedn="dc=example,dc=com" \ 88 | --enablemkhomedir 89 | systemctl list-unit-files | grep -e sssd -e nslcd 90 | grep -v -e "#" -e "^$" -e "^\[" /etc/sssd/sssd.conf 91 | authconfig --test | grep SSSD # SSSD ... *enabled* 92 | grep -E "pam_sss|pam_ldap|pam_krb5|$" /etc/pam.d/system-auth 93 | getent passwd ldapuser1 94 | su - ldapuser1 95 | id 96 | pwd 97 | exit 98 | ``` 99 | To get a better understanding of /etc/pam.d/system-auth, read `man pam.d` (or equivalent `man 5 pam.conf`). See p567 100 | #### /etc/pam.d/system-auth compare nslcd and sssd 101 | ```txt 102 | NSLCD / yum install -y openldap-clients nss-pam-ldapd SSSD / yum install -y sssd 103 | #%PAM-1.0 #%PAM-1.0 104 | # This file is auto-generated. # This file is auto-generated. 105 | # User changes will be destroyed the next time authconfig is run. # User changes will be destroyed the next time authconfig is run. 106 | auth required pam_env.so auth required pam_env.so 107 | auth sufficient pam_fprintd.so < 108 | auth sufficient pam_unix.so nullok try_first_pass auth sufficient pam_unix.so nullok try_first_pass 109 | auth requisite pam_succeed_if.so uid >= 1000 quiet_success auth requisite pam_succeed_if.so uid >= 1000 quiet_success 110 | auth sufficient pam_ldap.so use_first_pass | auth sufficient pam_sss.so use_first_pass 111 | auth required pam_deny.so auth required pam_deny.so 112 | 113 | account required pam_unix.so broken_shadow account required pam_unix.so broken_shadow 114 | account sufficient pam_localuser.so account sufficient pam_localuser.so 115 | account sufficient pam_succeed_if.so uid < 1000 quiet account sufficient pam_succeed_if.so uid < 1000 quiet 116 | account [default=bad success=ok user_unknown=ignore] pam_ldap.so | account [default=bad success=ok user_unknown=ignore] pam_sss.so 117 | account required pam_permit.so account required pam_permit.so 118 | 119 | password requisite pam_pwquality.so try_first_pass local_users_o password requisite pam_pwquality.so try_first_pass local_users_o 120 | password sufficient pam_unix.so sha512 shadow nullok try_first_pa password sufficient pam_unix.so sha512 shadow nullok try_first_pa 121 | password sufficient pam_ldap.so use_authtok | password sufficient pam_sss.so use_authtok 122 | password required pam_deny.so password required pam_deny.so 123 | 124 | session optional pam_keyinit.so revoke session optional pam_keyinit.so revoke 125 | session required pam_limits.so session required pam_limits.so 126 | -session optional pam_systemd.so -session optional pam_systemd.so 127 | session optional pam_oddjob_mkhomedir.so umask=0077 | session optional pam_mkhomedir.so umask=0077 128 | session [success=1 default=ignore] pam_succeed_if.so service in cro session [success=1 default=ignore] pam_succeed_if.so service in cro 129 | session required pam_unix.so session required pam_unix.so 130 | session optional pam_ldap.so | session optional pam_sss.so 131 | ``` 132 | grep -v -e "#" -e "^$" /etc/nsswitch.conf 133 | ```text 134 | nslcd: sssd: 135 | passwd: files sss ldap | passwd: files sss 136 | shadow: files sss ldap | shadow: files sss 137 | group: files sss ldap | group: files sss 138 | hosts: files dns hosts: files dns 139 | bootparams: nisplus [NOTFOUND=return] files bootparams: nisplus [NOTFOUND=return] files 140 | ethers: files ethers: files 141 | netmasks: files netmasks: files 142 | networks: files networks: files 143 | protocols: files protocols: files 144 | rpc: files rpc: files 145 | services: files sss services: files sss 146 | netgroup: files sss ldap | netgroup: files sss 147 | publickey: nisplus publickey: nisplus 148 | automount: files ldap | automount: files sss 149 | aliases: files nisplus aliases: files nisplus 150 | ``` 151 | 152 | ## Chap 7 : lapipa 153 | 1 154 | 2 155 | 3 156 | scp root@server1.example.com:/etc/yum.repos.d/labipa.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/ 157 | 158 | ### Chap 8 Networking 159 | In https://www.safaribooksonline.com/library/view/learning-path-red/9780134664040/RCSA_01_09_08.html favorites mentions netstat —> ip -s link & ss -tulpen, see https://dougvitale.wordpress.com/2011/12/21/deprecated-linux-networking-commands-and-their-replacements/ 160 | Appendix A “10. tar xvf /tmp/etchome.tgz /etc/passwd” should be “tar xvf /tmp/etchome.tgz etc/passwd" 161 | Appendix B: Table 2.4 remove 162 | “at (i) or after (a) the current cursor position.” 163 | “The ! forces …are doing” 164 | “, which allows you … the selection” 165 | “Use d to cut, or y to copy the selection.” 166 | Appendix B: Why is "Table 3.6 Overview of tar Options” missing? 167 | Appendix B & Appendix C: Table 2.4 add 168 | in visual mode use to cut 169 | in visual mode use to copy 170 | Appendix C: Table 2.4 add 171 | ^ or 0 172 | 173 | ### Chap 18 Managing and Understanding the Boot Procedure 174 | - p413 _Understanding Wants_: **default** .wants are in **/usr/lib**/systemd/system/*.wants, system-specific (created with `systemctl enable`) wants are in **/etc**/systemd/system/*.wants ** 175 | - p147 from [Understanding systemd units and unit files](https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/understanding-systemd-units-and-unit-files#unit-section-directives) 176 | - `[Unit]` 177 | - **Wants=**: This directive is similar to Requires=, but less strict. Systemd _will attempt_ to start any units listed here when this unit is activated. If these units are not found or fail to start, the current unit will **continue** to function. This is the recommended way to configure most dependency relationships. Again, this implies a parallel activation unless modified by other directives. 178 | - **Requires=**: This directive lists any units upon which this unit _essentially_ depends. If the current unit is activated, the units listed here _must_ successfully activate as well, else this unit will **fail**. These units are started _in parallel_ with the current unit by default. 179 | - `[Install]` 180 | - **WantedBy=:** 181 |
The WantedBy= directive is the **most common way** to specify how a unit should be enabled. This directive allows you to specify a dependency relationship in a similar way to the Wants= directive does in the [Unit] section. The difference is that this directive is included in the ancillary unit allowing the primary unit listed **to remain relatively clean**. When a unit with this directive is enabled, a _directory_ will be created within /etc/systemd/system named after the specified unit with `.wants` appended to the end. Within this, a symbolic link to the current unit will be created, creating the dependency. For instance, if the current unit has WantedBy=multi-user.target, a directory called multi-user.target.wants will be created within /etc/systemd/system (if not already available) and a symbolic link to the current unit will be placed within. Disabling this unit removes the link and removes the dependency relationship. 182 | - **RequiredBy=**: This directive is very similar to the WantedBy= directive, but instead specifies a required dependency that will cause the activation to **fail** if not met. When enabled, a unit with this directive will create a directory ending with **.requires**. 183 | - from _man 7 systemd.unit_: 184 | - Along with a unit file foo.service, the directory foo.service**.wants/** may exist. All unit files symlinked from such a directory are **implicitly** added as dependencies of _type Wants=_ to the unit. This is useful to hook units into the start-up of other units, **without having to modify their unit files.** For details about the semantics of Wants=, see below. The preferred way to create symlinks in the .wants/ directory of a unit file is with the enable command of the systemctl(1) tool which reads information from the [Install] section of unit files (see below). A similar functionality exists for Requires= type dependencies as well, the directory suffix is .requires/ in this case. 185 | - **Wants=** 186 |
A weaker version of _Requires=_. Units listed in this option will be started if the configuring unit is. However, if the listed units fail to start or cannot be added to the transaction this has no impact on the validity of the transaction as a whole. This is the 187 | recommended way to hook start-up of one unit to the start-up of another unit. 188 |
Note that dependencies of this type _may also be configured_ outside of the unit configuration file **by adding symlinks** to a .wants/ directory accompanying the unit file. 189 | - p417 `cat /usr/lib/systemd/system/iptables.service` file doesn't exist on Server2 (non-GUI) 190 | - p418 on Server**2** `systemctl start iptables` generates message `Failed to issue method call: Unit iptables.service failed to load: No such file or directory.` as iptables is not installed on non-GUI. Therefor `systemctl enable iptables`also failes on Server2.
Notice that `systemctl mask iptables` **does** generate the link to /dev/null although the services is not installed on Server2. 191 | - p149 from _man systeemctl_: 192 |
`systemctl isolate` 193 |
Start the unit specified on the command line and its dependencies and **stop all others**. 194 |
This is similar to changing the runlevel in a traditional init system. The isolate command will **immediately stop** processes that are not enabled in the new unit, possibly including the graphical environment or terminal you are currently using. 195 |
Note that this is allowed **only** on units where **AllowIsolate=** is enabled. 196 | 197 | ## Chapter 16: Basic Kernel Management 198 | - p383 demonstrate how to create options in an /etc/modprobe.d/\*.conf file with options that will persist after reboot. 199 | Notice that these commands disconnect the network, run `modprobe -r` from the console, put the commands in a bash-script (and hope tcp will not notice the disconnection) or reboot. 200 | In a second tty (eg ctrl-leftalt-F2 or `chvt 2`) run `udevadm monitor` and see the udev events. 201 | ```bash 202 | modinfo e1000 | grep -e parm: -e description: # what params do we have? 203 | ethtool eth0 | grep -A2 "Advertised link modes" # what is the advertised Speed? 204 | echo "options e1000 Speed=100" > /etc/modprobe.d/e1000.conf 205 | modprobe -r e1000 206 | modprobe e1000 207 | ethtool eth0 | grep -A2 "Advertised link modes" 208 | rm -f /etc/modprobe.d/e1000.conf 209 | modprobe -r e1000 210 | modprobe e1000 211 | ethtool eth0 | grep -A2 "Advertised link modes" 212 | ``` 213 | See `man 5 modprobe.d` for details on the .conf file. 214 | 215 | ### Chapter 25: Configuring External Authentication and Authorization 216 | - p563 see service principles with passwords in keytab using `klist -kt /etc/krb5.keytab` 217 | - p563 Centos 7.2 `man authconfig` states "The **authconfig-tui** is _deprecated_. No new configuration settings will be supported by its text user interface. Use **system-config-authentication GUI** application or the command line options instead." dated 22 July 2011 218 | 219 | ```bash 220 | ┌────────────────┤ Authentication Configuration ├─────────────────┐ 221 | │ │ 222 | │ User Information Authentication │ 223 | │ [*] Cache Information [*] Use MD5 Passwords │ 224 | │ [*] Use LDAP [*] Use Shadow Passwords │ 225 | │ [ ] Use NIS [*] Use LDAP Authentication │ 226 | │ [ ] Use IPAv2 [ ] Use Kerberos │ 227 | │ [ ] Use Winbind [ ] Use Fingerprint reader │ 228 | │ [ ] Use Winbind Authentication │ 229 | │ [*] Local authorization is sufficient │ 230 | │ │ 231 | │ ┌────────┐ ┌──────┐ │ 232 | │ │ Cancel │ │ Next │ │ 233 | │ └────────┘ └──────┘ │ 234 | │ │ 235 | │ │ 236 | └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ 237 | ``` 238 | - p569 for the exercises to work, create a few accounts first 239 | https://www.certdepot.net/sys-understand-authconfig/ 240 | ```bash 241 | dig labipa.example.com 242 | yum groups info Directory\ Client 243 | yum groups install Directory\ Client -y 244 | # make sure that sssd is running 245 | systemctl status sssd 246 | mkdir -p /etc/openldap/cacerts 247 | scp labipa.example.com:/etc/ipa/ca.crt /etc/openldap/cacerts 248 | sed -i 's/USESSSDAUTH=no/USESSSDAUTH=yes/g' /etc/sysconfig/authconfig 249 | grep -E "USESSSDAUTH|USESSSD|FORCELEGACY" /etc/sysconfig/authconfig 250 | 251 | # sssd service running, "su - ldapuser1" works fine 252 | authconfig --update \ 253 | --enablecachecreds \ 254 | --disableforcelegacy \ 255 | --enableshadow \ 256 | --enableldap \ 257 | --enableldapauth \ 258 | --ldapserver="labipa.example.com" \ 259 | --ldapbasedn="dc=example,dc=com" \ 260 | --enableldaptls \ 261 | --enablemkhomedir 262 | 263 | 264 | # without this package 'su - ldapuser1' fails 265 | # if you forgot, install nnss-pam-ldap and run authconfig again 266 | # no sssd installed, only ldap and krb5. kinit ldapuser1 & su - ldapuser1 succeed: 267 | authconfig --update \ 268 | --disableforcelegacy \ 269 | --enableshadow \ 270 | --enableldap \ 271 | --enableldapauth \ 272 | --ldapserver="labipa.example.com" \ 273 | --ldapbasedn="dc=example,dc=com" \ 274 | --enableldaptls \ 275 | --enablekrb5 \ 276 | --krb5kdc="labipa.example.com" \ 277 | --krb5adminserver="labipa.example.com" \ 278 | --krb5realm="EXAMPLE.COM" \ 279 | --enablekrb5kdcdns \ 280 | --enablekrb5realmdns \ 281 | --enablemkhomedir 282 | --update \ # update configuration files 283 | --disableforcelegacy # use SSSD implicitly 284 | --enableshadow \ # enable shadowed passwords by default 285 | --enableldap \ # enable LDAP for user information by default 286 | --enableldapauth \ # enable LDAP for authentication by default 287 | --ldapserver="labipa.example.com" \ 288 | --ldapbasedn="dc=example,dc=com" \ 289 | --enableldaptls \ 290 | --enablekrb5 \ # enable kerberos authentication by default 291 | --krb5kdc="labipa.example.com" \ # default kerberos KDC 292 | --krb5adminserver="labipa.example.com" \ 293 | --krb5realm="EXAMPLE.COM" \ # default kerberos realm 294 | --enablekrb5kdcdns \ # enable use of DNS to find kerberos KDCs 295 | --enablekrb5realmdns \ # enable use of DNS to find kerberos realms 296 | --enablemkhomedir #\ 297 | 298 | 299 | # with both ldap disabled "kinit ldapuser1" works fine, "su - ldapuser1" fails with "su: user ldapuser1 does not exist": 300 | authconfig --update \ 301 | --disableforcelegacy \ 302 | --enableshadow \ 303 | --disableldap \ 304 | --disableldapauth \ 305 | --ldapserver="labipa.example.com" \ 306 | --ldapbasedn="dc=example,dc=com" \ 307 | --enableldaptls \ 308 | --enablekrb5 \ 309 | --krb5kdc="labipa.example.com" \ 310 | --krb5adminserver="labipa.example.com" \ 311 | --krb5realm="EXAMPLE.COM" \ 312 | --enablekrb5kdcdns \ 313 | --enablekrb5realmdns \ 314 | --enablemkhomedir 315 | 316 | # ldapauth disabled, no sssd installed, only ldap and krb5. kinit ldapuser1 & su - ldapuser1 succeed: 317 | authconfig --update \ 318 | --disableforcelegacy \ 319 | --enableshadow \ 320 | --enableldap \ 321 | --disableldapauth \ 322 | --ldapserver="labipa.example.com" \ 323 | --ldapbasedn="dc=example,dc=com" \ 324 | --enableldaptls \ 325 | --enablekrb5 \ 326 | --krb5kdc="labipa.example.com" \ 327 | --krb5adminserver="labipa.example.com" \ 328 | --krb5realm="EXAMPLE.COM" \ 329 | --enablekrb5kdcdns \ 330 | --enablekrb5realmdns \ 331 | --enablemkhomedir 332 | 333 | # both nslcd and sssd are running(?) or enabled(?) 334 | # kinit ldapuser1; su - ldapuser1 works fine 335 | authconfig --update \ 336 | --disableforcelegacy \ 337 | --enablesssd \ 338 | --enablesssdauth \ 339 | --enableshadow \ 340 | --enableldap \ 341 | --disableldapauth \ 342 | --ldapserver="labipa.example.com" \ 343 | --ldapbasedn="dc=example,dc=com" \ 344 | --enableldaptls \ 345 | --enablekrb5 \ 346 | --krb5kdc="labipa.example.com" \ 347 | --krb5adminserver="labipa.example.com" \ 348 | --krb5realm="EXAMPLE.COM" \ 349 | --enablekrb5kdcdns \ 350 | --enablekrb5realmdns \ 351 | --enablemkhomedir 352 | 353 | # both nslcd and sssd are running 354 | # kinit ldapuser1; su - ldapuser1 works fine 355 | # sssd service failed 356 | yum groups install Directory\ Client -y 357 | yum install -y nss-pam-ldapd 358 | yum install -y sssd nss-pam-ldapd pam_krb5 krb5-workstation 359 | authconfig --update \ 360 | --enableldap --enableldapauth --enableldaptls \ 361 | --disableforcelegacy --enablesssdauth --enablesssd \ 362 | --ldapserver="labipa.example.com" \ 363 | --ldapbasedn="dc=example,dc=com" \ 364 | --enablemkhomedir 365 | # nslcd.service disabled 366 | # sssd.service enabled 367 | authconfig --update \ 368 | --enableldap --enableldapauth --enableldaptls \ 369 | --disableforcelegacy --enablesssdauth --enablesssd \ 370 | --enablekrb5 --enablekrb5kdcdns --enablekrb5realmdns \ 371 | --ldapserver="labipa.example.com" \ 372 | --ldapbasedn="dc=example,dc=com" \ 373 | --krb5kdc="labipa.example.com" \ 374 | --krb5adminserver="labipa.example.com" \ 375 | --krb5realm="EXAMPLE.COM" \ 376 | --enablemkhomedir 377 | # nslcd.service enabled 378 | # sssd.service enabled 379 | 380 | authconfig --update \ 381 | --enableldap --enableldapauth --enableldaptls \ 382 | --disableforcelegacy --enablesssdauth --enablesssd \ 383 | --enablekrb5 --disablecachecreds --disablecache \ 384 | --ldapserver="labipa.example.com" \ 385 | --ldapbasedn="dc=example,dc=com" \ 386 | --krb5kdc="labipa.example.com" \ 387 | --krb5adminserver="labipa.example.com" \ 388 | --krb5realm="EXAMPLE.COM" \ 389 | --enablemkhomedir 390 | 391 | 392 | systemctl --type=service | grep -e sssd -e nslcd -e UNIT 393 | grep -v -e "#" -e "^$" /etc/nsswitch.conf 394 | nslcd -V 395 | grep -E "pam_sss|pam_ldap|pam_krb5|$" /etc/pam.d/system-auth 396 | grep -v -e "#" -e "^$" /etc/nslcd.conf 397 | grep -v -e "#" -e "^$" -e "\[" /etc/sssd/sssd.conf 398 | authconfig --test | grep SSSD # SSSD ... *enabled* 399 | systemctl restart sssd 400 | systemctl status -l sssd 401 | kinit admin 402 | getent passwd ldapuser1 403 | su - ldapuser1 404 | authconfig-tui 405 | yum search pam_ldap 406 | yum search nss-pam-ldapd 407 | yum -y install nss-pam-ldapd 408 | authconfig-tui 409 | kinit admin 410 | kinit ldapuser1 411 | ``` 412 | 413 | [IdM client install manual](https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/7/html/Linux_Domain_Identity_Authentication_and_Policy_Guide/Installing_the_IPA_Client_on_Linux.html) RHEL 7 414 | ```bash 415 | systemctl list-unit-files | grep -e chronyd -e ntpd 416 | systemctl mask chronyd.service # see p863 417 | yum -y install ipa-client 418 | # make sure the admin password is not expired on labipa 419 | ipa-client-install --force-join \ 420 | --domain="example.com" \ 421 | --mkhomedir --force-ntpd \ 422 | --request-cert \ 423 | -p admin -w password -U #unattended 424 | systemctl --type=service | grep -E "chronyd|ntpd|sssd|nslcd" # no nslcd! 425 | grep -E "pam_sss|pam_ldap|pam_krb5|$" /etc/pam.d/system-auth # no pam_ldap nor pam_krb5 !! 426 | klist -kt /etc/krb5.keytab 427 | systemctl status -l systemd-logind # everthing ok? if not try: 428 | grep systemd-logind /var/log/audit/audit.log | audit2allow -M mypol;semodule -i mypol.pp 429 | 430 | ``` 431 | ### Chapter 23: Configuring Remote Mounts and FTP 432 | - p533 to change defaults, on labipa run: `ipa config-mod --homedirectory /home/ldap --defaultshell /bin/bash` 433 | to change existing users, on labipa run `for i in `ipa user-find | grep "User login: " | sed 's/User login: //g'`; do ipa user-mod $i --homedir=/home/ldap/$i --shell=/bin/bash; done` 434 | 435 | ### Chapter 25: Configuring External Authentication and Authorization 436 | - p567 To get a better understanding of /etc/pam.d/system-auth, read `man pam.d` (or equivalent `man 5 pam.conf`). 437 | 438 | ### Chapter 34: Configuring DNS 439 | - p750 Exercise 34.1 440 | ```bash 441 | yum clean all # server2 V3.0 has issues with yum 442 | yum -y install unbound vim bind-utils # bind-utils for dig 443 | yum list installed | grep unbound 444 | ss -tulpen | grep :53 # is anything bound to port 53? 445 | systemctl start unbound; systemctl enable unbound 446 | ss -tulpen | grep :53 # is unbound bound to ip-adresses? 447 | cp -n /etc/unbound/unbound.conf ~ # make a backup, just in case 448 | # vim /etc/unbound/unbound.conf # see p750 449 | # listen on all interfaces 450 | sed -i 's/# interface: 0.0.0.0$/interface: 0.0.0.0/g' /etc/unbound/unbound.conf 451 | # accept requests from 192.168.4.0/24 452 | sed -i 's/# access-control: ::ffff:127.0.0.1 allow/# access-control: ::ffff:127.0.0.1 allow\n\taccess-control: 192.168.4.0\/24 allow/g' /etc/unbound/unbound.conf 453 | # forward all requests to 192.168.4.200 454 | echo $'forward-zone:\n\tname: \".\"\n\tforward-addr: 192.168.4.200' | tee -a /etc/unbound/unbound.conf 455 | # don't require DNSSEC validation for the example.com domain 456 | sed -i 's/# domain-insecure: "example.com"/domain-insecure: "example.com"/g' /etc/unbound/unbound.conf 457 | unbound-checkconf 458 | firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=dns; firewall-cmd --reload 459 | firewall-cmd --list-all 460 | systemctl restart unbound 461 | ss -tulpen | grep :53 # is unbound bound to ip-adresses? 462 | man dig | grep -A5 adflag 463 | dig @192.168.4.220 example.com DNSKEY # no ad-bit 464 | dig @192.168.4.220 rhatcert.com DNSKEY | grep -E " ad|$" 465 | ``` 466 | - p751 Listing 34.2 can not be true: 467 | - _either_ the domain is signed and returns the `ad` "Authenticated Data" flag, 468 | - _or_ the domain is not signed, doesn't return the ad-bit and can't return DNSKEYs. 469 | Try it yourself and verify that the rhatcert.com domain now is signed and the AD-flag is shown. 470 | - p752 TIP part2: using `unbound-control-setup` is far from travial. Unless practised, don't try on the exam. 471 | - p752 you get the trust anchors 472 | - p752 473 | 474 | 475 | ### Chapter 40: Managing Time Synchronization 476 | - p863 chronyd is not compatible with ipa, and [this won't change any soon](https://fedorahosted.org/freeipa/ticket/4963#comment:5) 477 | 478 | ### Chapter 41: Final Preparation 479 | - p877 Selfstudy candidates can take two types of exams 480 | 481 | | | individual exam | classroom exam | 482 | |--|--|--| 483 | | location | **few** locations, [check here](https://www.redhat.com/en/services/training/locations-facilities) | multiple locations | 484 | | date/time | self select, upon seat availability | **limited** dates, fixed time & date | 485 | | price | $/€500+VAT | $/€500+VAT | 486 | | designation | EX200K or EX300K \(Kiosk\)| EX200 or EX300 | 487 | | test provider | [PSI](https://www.examslocal.com/) | RedHat | 488 | | SSO provider | RedHat account | RedHat account | 489 | 490 | 491 | 492 | 493 | RedHat now refers to *individual exams* to what Sander calls **Kiosk** exams and they have a trailing **K** eg EX200K. You can find them listed at [PSI](https://www.examslocal.com/). Take the following steps to book an kiosk exam at you local training provider. 494 | - create an account at RedHat, do not use your Linux Foundation credentials as at the test location authentication with Linux Foundation will *fail*, see [SSO login problem that prevents the exam from being taken](https://www.certdepot.net/bad-experience-redhat-labs-exam/). 495 | - [login at RedHat](https://www.redhat.com/wapps/ugc/protected/account.html) and in EU verify you have you VAT number added (*if you have one*). 496 | - select an **individual** exam [EX200](https://www.redhat.com/en/services/training/ex200-red-hat-certified-system-administrator-rhcsa-exam#)/[EX300](https://www.redhat.com/en/services/training/ex300-red-hat-certified-engineer-rhce-exam) 497 | - then select *Enroll* 498 | - then select the city where you want to take the exam 499 | - add to cart 500 | - pay for your exam 501 | - it might take a few days for your voucher code to become available. 502 | - you get a voucher code that you can use to book at the selected venue at a date & time you prefer. The voucher is valid for 1 year. 503 | - ??? 504 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /LICENSE: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | GNU AFFERO GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE 2 | Version 3, 19 November 2007 3 | 4 | Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 5 | Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies 6 | of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 7 | 8 | Preamble 9 | 10 | The GNU Affero General Public License is a free, copyleft license for 11 | software and other kinds of works, specifically designed to ensure 12 | cooperation with the community in the case of network server software. 13 | 14 | The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed 15 | to take away your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast, 16 | our General Public Licenses are intended to guarantee your freedom to 17 | share and change all versions of a program--to make sure it remains free 18 | software for all its users. 19 | 20 | When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not 21 | price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you 22 | have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for 23 | them if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you 24 | want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new 25 | free programs, and that you know you can do these things. 26 | 27 | Developers that use our General Public Licenses protect your rights 28 | with two steps: (1) assert copyright on the software, and (2) offer 29 | you this License which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute 30 | and/or modify the software. 31 | 32 | A secondary benefit of defending all users' freedom is that 33 | improvements made in alternate versions of the program, if they 34 | receive widespread use, become available for other developers to 35 | incorporate. Many developers of free software are heartened and 36 | encouraged by the resulting cooperation. However, in the case of 37 | software used on network servers, this result may fail to come about. 38 | The GNU General Public License permits making a modified version and 39 | letting the public access it on a server without ever releasing its 40 | source code to the public. 41 | 42 | The GNU Affero General Public License is designed specifically to 43 | ensure that, in such cases, the modified source code becomes available 44 | to the community. It requires the operator of a network server to 45 | provide the source code of the modified version running there to the 46 | users of that server. Therefore, public use of a modified version, on 47 | a publicly accessible server, gives the public access to the source 48 | code of the modified version. 49 | 50 | An older license, called the Affero General Public License and 51 | published by Affero, was designed to accomplish similar goals. This is 52 | a different license, not a version of the Affero GPL, but Affero has 53 | released a new version of the Affero GPL which permits relicensing under 54 | this license. 55 | 56 | The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and 57 | modification follow. 58 | 59 | TERMS AND CONDITIONS 60 | 61 | 0. Definitions. 62 | 63 | "This License" refers to version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License. 64 | 65 | "Copyright" also means copyright-like laws that apply to other kinds of 66 | works, such as semiconductor masks. 67 | 68 | "The Program" refers to any copyrightable work licensed under this 69 | License. Each licensee is addressed as "you". "Licensees" and 70 | "recipients" may be individuals or organizations. 71 | 72 | To "modify" a work means to copy from or adapt all or part of the work 73 | in a fashion requiring copyright permission, other than the making of an 74 | exact copy. The resulting work is called a "modified version" of the 75 | earlier work or a work "based on" the earlier work. 76 | 77 | A "covered work" means either the unmodified Program or a work based 78 | on the Program. 79 | 80 | To "propagate" a work means to do anything with it that, without 81 | permission, would make you directly or secondarily liable for 82 | infringement under applicable copyright law, except executing it on a 83 | computer or modifying a private copy. Propagation includes copying, 84 | distribution (with or without modification), making available to the 85 | public, and in some countries other activities as well. 86 | 87 | To "convey" a work means any kind of propagation that enables other 88 | parties to make or receive copies. Mere interaction with a user through 89 | a computer network, with no transfer of a copy, is not conveying. 90 | 91 | An interactive user interface displays "Appropriate Legal Notices" 92 | to the extent that it includes a convenient and prominently visible 93 | feature that (1) displays an appropriate copyright notice, and (2) 94 | tells the user that there is no warranty for the work (except to the 95 | extent that warranties are provided), that licensees may convey the 96 | work under this License, and how to view a copy of this License. If 97 | the interface presents a list of user commands or options, such as a 98 | menu, a prominent item in the list meets this criterion. 99 | 100 | 1. Source Code. 101 | 102 | The "source code" for a work means the preferred form of the work 103 | for making modifications to it. "Object code" means any non-source 104 | form of a work. 105 | 106 | A "Standard Interface" means an interface that either is an official 107 | standard defined by a recognized standards body, or, in the case of 108 | interfaces specified for a particular programming language, one that 109 | is widely used among developers working in that language. 110 | 111 | The "System Libraries" of an executable work include anything, other 112 | than the work as a whole, that (a) is included in the normal form of 113 | packaging a Major Component, but which is not part of that Major 114 | Component, and (b) serves only to enable use of the work with that 115 | Major Component, or to implement a Standard Interface for which an 116 | implementation is available to the public in source code form. A 117 | "Major Component", in this context, means a major essential component 118 | (kernel, window system, and so on) of the specific operating system 119 | (if any) on which the executable work runs, or a compiler used to 120 | produce the work, or an object code interpreter used to run it. 121 | 122 | The "Corresponding Source" for a work in object code form means all 123 | the source code needed to generate, install, and (for an executable 124 | work) run the object code and to modify the work, including scripts to 125 | control those activities. However, it does not include the work's 126 | System Libraries, or general-purpose tools or generally available free 127 | programs which are used unmodified in performing those activities but 128 | which are not part of the work. For example, Corresponding Source 129 | includes interface definition files associated with source files for 130 | the work, and the source code for shared libraries and dynamically 131 | linked subprograms that the work is specifically designed to require, 132 | such as by intimate data communication or control flow between those 133 | subprograms and other parts of the work. 134 | 135 | The Corresponding Source need not include anything that users 136 | can regenerate automatically from other parts of the Corresponding 137 | Source. 138 | 139 | The Corresponding Source for a work in source code form is that 140 | same work. 141 | 142 | 2. Basic Permissions. 143 | 144 | All rights granted under this License are granted for the term of 145 | copyright on the Program, and are irrevocable provided the stated 146 | conditions are met. This License explicitly affirms your unlimited 147 | permission to run the unmodified Program. The output from running a 148 | covered work is covered by this License only if the output, given its 149 | content, constitutes a covered work. This License acknowledges your 150 | rights of fair use or other equivalent, as provided by copyright law. 151 | 152 | You may make, run and propagate covered works that you do not 153 | convey, without conditions so long as your license otherwise remains 154 | in force. You may convey covered works to others for the sole purpose 155 | of having them make modifications exclusively for you, or provide you 156 | with facilities for running those works, provided that you comply with 157 | the terms of this License in conveying all material for which you do 158 | not control copyright. Those thus making or running the covered works 159 | for you must do so exclusively on your behalf, under your direction 160 | and control, on terms that prohibit them from making any copies of 161 | your copyrighted material outside their relationship with you. 162 | 163 | Conveying under any other circumstances is permitted solely under 164 | the conditions stated below. Sublicensing is not allowed; section 10 165 | makes it unnecessary. 166 | 167 | 3. Protecting Users' Legal Rights From Anti-Circumvention Law. 168 | 169 | No covered work shall be deemed part of an effective technological 170 | measure under any applicable law fulfilling obligations under article 171 | 11 of the WIPO copyright treaty adopted on 20 December 1996, or 172 | similar laws prohibiting or restricting circumvention of such 173 | measures. 174 | 175 | When you convey a covered work, you waive any legal power to forbid 176 | circumvention of technological measures to the extent such circumvention 177 | is effected by exercising rights under this License with respect to 178 | the covered work, and you disclaim any intention to limit operation or 179 | modification of the work as a means of enforcing, against the work's 180 | users, your or third parties' legal rights to forbid circumvention of 181 | technological measures. 182 | 183 | 4. Conveying Verbatim Copies. 184 | 185 | You may convey verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you 186 | receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and 187 | appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice; 188 | keep intact all notices stating that this License and any 189 | non-permissive terms added in accord with section 7 apply to the code; 190 | keep intact all notices of the absence of any warranty; and give all 191 | recipients a copy of this License along with the Program. 192 | 193 | You may charge any price or no price for each copy that you convey, 194 | and you may offer support or warranty protection for a fee. 195 | 196 | 5. Conveying Modified Source Versions. 197 | 198 | You may convey a work based on the Program, or the modifications to 199 | produce it from the Program, in the form of source code under the 200 | terms of section 4, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: 201 | 202 | a) The work must carry prominent notices stating that you modified 203 | it, and giving a relevant date. 204 | 205 | b) The work must carry prominent notices stating that it is 206 | released under this License and any conditions added under section 207 | 7. This requirement modifies the requirement in section 4 to 208 | "keep intact all notices". 209 | 210 | c) You must license the entire work, as a whole, under this 211 | License to anyone who comes into possession of a copy. This 212 | License will therefore apply, along with any applicable section 7 213 | additional terms, to the whole of the work, and all its parts, 214 | regardless of how they are packaged. This License gives no 215 | permission to license the work in any other way, but it does not 216 | invalidate such permission if you have separately received it. 217 | 218 | d) If the work has interactive user interfaces, each must display 219 | Appropriate Legal Notices; however, if the Program has interactive 220 | interfaces that do not display Appropriate Legal Notices, your 221 | work need not make them do so. 222 | 223 | A compilation of a covered work with other separate and independent 224 | works, which are not by their nature extensions of the covered work, 225 | and which are not combined with it such as to form a larger program, 226 | in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an 227 | "aggregate" if the compilation and its resulting copyright are not 228 | used to limit the access or legal rights of the compilation's users 229 | beyond what the individual works permit. Inclusion of a covered work 230 | in an aggregate does not cause this License to apply to the other 231 | parts of the aggregate. 232 | 233 | 6. Conveying Non-Source Forms. 234 | 235 | You may convey a covered work in object code form under the terms 236 | of sections 4 and 5, provided that you also convey the 237 | machine-readable Corresponding Source under the terms of this License, 238 | in one of these ways: 239 | 240 | a) Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product 241 | (including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by the 242 | Corresponding Source fixed on a durable physical medium 243 | customarily used for software interchange. 244 | 245 | b) Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product 246 | (including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by a 247 | written offer, valid for at least three years and valid for as 248 | long as you offer spare parts or customer support for that product 249 | model, to give anyone who possesses the object code either (1) a 250 | copy of the Corresponding Source for all the software in the 251 | product that is covered by this License, on a durable physical 252 | medium customarily used for software interchange, for a price no 253 | more than your reasonable cost of physically performing this 254 | conveying of source, or (2) access to copy the 255 | Corresponding Source from a network server at no charge. 256 | 257 | c) Convey individual copies of the object code with a copy of the 258 | written offer to provide the Corresponding Source. This 259 | alternative is allowed only occasionally and noncommercially, and 260 | only if you received the object code with such an offer, in accord 261 | with subsection 6b. 262 | 263 | d) Convey the object code by offering access from a designated 264 | place (gratis or for a charge), and offer equivalent access to the 265 | Corresponding Source in the same way through the same place at no 266 | further charge. You need not require recipients to copy the 267 | Corresponding Source along with the object code. If the place to 268 | copy the object code is a network server, the Corresponding Source 269 | may be on a different server (operated by you or a third party) 270 | that supports equivalent copying facilities, provided you maintain 271 | clear directions next to the object code saying where to find the 272 | Corresponding Source. Regardless of what server hosts the 273 | Corresponding Source, you remain obligated to ensure that it is 274 | available for as long as needed to satisfy these requirements. 275 | 276 | e) Convey the object code using peer-to-peer transmission, provided 277 | you inform other peers where the object code and Corresponding 278 | Source of the work are being offered to the general public at no 279 | charge under subsection 6d. 280 | 281 | A separable portion of the object code, whose source code is excluded 282 | from the Corresponding Source as a System Library, need not be 283 | included in conveying the object code work. 284 | 285 | A "User Product" is either (1) a "consumer product", which means any 286 | tangible personal property which is normally used for personal, family, 287 | or household purposes, or (2) anything designed or sold for incorporation 288 | into a dwelling. In determining whether a product is a consumer product, 289 | doubtful cases shall be resolved in favor of coverage. For a particular 290 | product received by a particular user, "normally used" refers to a 291 | typical or common use of that class of product, regardless of the status 292 | of the particular user or of the way in which the particular user 293 | actually uses, or expects or is expected to use, the product. A product 294 | is a consumer product regardless of whether the product has substantial 295 | commercial, industrial or non-consumer uses, unless such uses represent 296 | the only significant mode of use of the product. 297 | 298 | "Installation Information" for a User Product means any methods, 299 | procedures, authorization keys, or other information required to install 300 | and execute modified versions of a covered work in that User Product from 301 | a modified version of its Corresponding Source. The information must 302 | suffice to ensure that the continued functioning of the modified object 303 | code is in no case prevented or interfered with solely because 304 | modification has been made. 305 | 306 | If you convey an object code work under this section in, or with, or 307 | specifically for use in, a User Product, and the conveying occurs as 308 | part of a transaction in which the right of possession and use of the 309 | User Product is transferred to the recipient in perpetuity or for a 310 | fixed term (regardless of how the transaction is characterized), the 311 | Corresponding Source conveyed under this section must be accompanied 312 | by the Installation Information. But this requirement does not apply 313 | if neither you nor any third party retains the ability to install 314 | modified object code on the User Product (for example, the work has 315 | been installed in ROM). 316 | 317 | The requirement to provide Installation Information does not include a 318 | requirement to continue to provide support service, warranty, or updates 319 | for a work that has been modified or installed by the recipient, or for 320 | the User Product in which it has been modified or installed. Access to a 321 | network may be denied when the modification itself materially and 322 | adversely affects the operation of the network or violates the rules and 323 | protocols for communication across the network. 324 | 325 | Corresponding Source conveyed, and Installation Information provided, 326 | in accord with this section must be in a format that is publicly 327 | documented (and with an implementation available to the public in 328 | source code form), and must require no special password or key for 329 | unpacking, reading or copying. 330 | 331 | 7. Additional Terms. 332 | 333 | "Additional permissions" are terms that supplement the terms of this 334 | License by making exceptions from one or more of its conditions. 335 | Additional permissions that are applicable to the entire Program shall 336 | be treated as though they were included in this License, to the extent 337 | that they are valid under applicable law. If additional permissions 338 | apply only to part of the Program, that part may be used separately 339 | under those permissions, but the entire Program remains governed by 340 | this License without regard to the additional permissions. 341 | 342 | When you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option 343 | remove any additional permissions from that copy, or from any part of 344 | it. (Additional permissions may be written to require their own 345 | removal in certain cases when you modify the work.) You may place 346 | additional permissions on material, added by you to a covered work, 347 | for which you have or can give appropriate copyright permission. 348 | 349 | Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, for material you 350 | add to a covered work, you may (if authorized by the copyright holders of 351 | that material) supplement the terms of this License with terms: 352 | 353 | a) Disclaiming warranty or limiting liability differently from the 354 | terms of sections 15 and 16 of this License; or 355 | 356 | b) Requiring preservation of specified reasonable legal notices or 357 | author attributions in that material or in the Appropriate Legal 358 | Notices displayed by works containing it; or 359 | 360 | c) Prohibiting misrepresentation of the origin of that material, or 361 | requiring that modified versions of such material be marked in 362 | reasonable ways as different from the original version; or 363 | 364 | d) Limiting the use for publicity purposes of names of licensors or 365 | authors of the material; or 366 | 367 | e) Declining to grant rights under trademark law for use of some 368 | trade names, trademarks, or service marks; or 369 | 370 | f) Requiring indemnification of licensors and authors of that 371 | material by anyone who conveys the material (or modified versions of 372 | it) with contractual assumptions of liability to the recipient, for 373 | any liability that these contractual assumptions directly impose on 374 | those licensors and authors. 375 | 376 | All other non-permissive additional terms are considered "further 377 | restrictions" within the meaning of section 10. If the Program as you 378 | received it, or any part of it, contains a notice stating that it is 379 | governed by this License along with a term that is a further 380 | restriction, you may remove that term. If a license document contains 381 | a further restriction but permits relicensing or conveying under this 382 | License, you may add to a covered work material governed by the terms 383 | of that license document, provided that the further restriction does 384 | not survive such relicensing or conveying. 385 | 386 | If you add terms to a covered work in accord with this section, you 387 | must place, in the relevant source files, a statement of the 388 | additional terms that apply to those files, or a notice indicating 389 | where to find the applicable terms. 390 | 391 | Additional terms, permissive or non-permissive, may be stated in the 392 | form of a separately written license, or stated as exceptions; 393 | the above requirements apply either way. 394 | 395 | 8. Termination. 396 | 397 | You may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly 398 | provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to propagate or 399 | modify it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under 400 | this License (including any patent licenses granted under the third 401 | paragraph of section 11). 402 | 403 | However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your 404 | license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) 405 | provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and 406 | finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright 407 | holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means 408 | prior to 60 days after the cessation. 409 | 410 | Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is 411 | reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the 412 | violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have 413 | received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that 414 | copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after 415 | your receipt of the notice. 416 | 417 | Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the 418 | licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under 419 | this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently 420 | reinstated, you do not qualify to receive new licenses for the same 421 | material under section 10. 422 | 423 | 9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies. 424 | 425 | You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or 426 | run a copy of the Program. Ancillary propagation of a covered work 427 | occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission 428 | to receive a copy likewise does not require acceptance. However, 429 | nothing other than this License grants you permission to propagate or 430 | modify any covered work. These actions infringe copyright if you do 431 | not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or propagating a 432 | covered work, you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so. 433 | 434 | 10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients. 435 | 436 | Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically 437 | receives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and 438 | propagate that work, subject to this License. You are not responsible 439 | for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License. 440 | 441 | An "entity transaction" is a transaction transferring control of an 442 | organization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an 443 | organization, or merging organizations. If propagation of a covered 444 | work results from an entity transaction, each party to that 445 | transaction who receives a copy of the work also receives whatever 446 | licenses to the work the party's predecessor in interest had or could 447 | give under the previous paragraph, plus a right to possession of the 448 | Corresponding Source of the work from the predecessor in interest, if 449 | the predecessor has it or can get it with reasonable efforts. 450 | 451 | You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the 452 | rights granted or affirmed under this License. For example, you may 453 | not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of 454 | rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation 455 | (including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that 456 | any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for 457 | sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it. 458 | 459 | 11. Patents. 460 | 461 | A "contributor" is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this 462 | License of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The 463 | work thus licensed is called the contributor's "contributor version". 464 | 465 | A contributor's "essential patent claims" are all patent claims 466 | owned or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or 467 | hereafter acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted 468 | by this License, of making, using, or selling its contributor version, 469 | but do not include claims that would be infringed only as a 470 | consequence of further modification of the contributor version. For 471 | purposes of this definition, "control" includes the right to grant 472 | patent sublicenses in a manner consistent with the requirements of 473 | this License. 474 | 475 | Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free 476 | patent license under the contributor's essential patent claims, to 477 | make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and 478 | propagate the contents of its contributor version. 479 | 480 | In the following three paragraphs, a "patent license" is any express 481 | agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent 482 | (such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to 483 | sue for patent infringement). To "grant" such a patent license to a 484 | party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a 485 | patent against the party. 486 | 487 | If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license, 488 | and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone 489 | to copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through a 490 | publicly available network server or other readily accessible means, 491 | then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so 492 | available, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the 493 | patent license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner 494 | consistent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent 495 | license to downstream recipients. "Knowingly relying" means you have 496 | actual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the 497 | covered work in a country, or your recipient's use of the covered work 498 | in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that 499 | country that you have reason to believe are valid. 500 | 501 | If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or 502 | arrangement, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a 503 | covered work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties 504 | receiving the covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify 505 | or convey a specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license 506 | you grant is automatically extended to all recipients of the covered 507 | work and works based on it. 508 | 509 | A patent license is "discriminatory" if it does not include within 510 | the scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is 511 | conditioned on the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are 512 | specifically granted under this License. You may not convey a covered 513 | work if you are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is 514 | in the business of distributing software, under which you make payment 515 | to the third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying 516 | the work, and under which the third party grants, to any of the 517 | parties who would receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory 518 | patent license (a) in connection with copies of the covered work 519 | conveyed by you (or copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily 520 | for and in connection with specific products or compilations that 521 | contain the covered work, unless you entered into that arrangement, 522 | or that patent license was granted, prior to 28 March 2007. 523 | 524 | Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting 525 | any implied license or other defenses to infringement that may 526 | otherwise be available to you under applicable patent law. 527 | 528 | 12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom. 529 | 530 | If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or 531 | otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not 532 | excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a 533 | covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this 534 | License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may 535 | not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that obligate you 536 | to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey 537 | the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this 538 | License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program. 539 | 540 | 13. Remote Network Interaction; Use with the GNU General Public License. 541 | 542 | Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, if you modify the 543 | Program, your modified version must prominently offer all users 544 | interacting with it remotely through a computer network (if your version 545 | supports such interaction) an opportunity to receive the Corresponding 546 | Source of your version by providing access to the Corresponding Source 547 | from a network server at no charge, through some standard or customary 548 | means of facilitating copying of software. This Corresponding Source 549 | shall include the Corresponding Source for any work covered by version 3 550 | of the GNU General Public License that is incorporated pursuant to the 551 | following paragraph. 552 | 553 | Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have 554 | permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed 555 | under version 3 of the GNU General Public License into a single 556 | combined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this 557 | License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work, 558 | but the work with which it is combined will remain governed by version 559 | 3 of the GNU General Public License. 560 | 561 | 14. Revised Versions of this License. 562 | 563 | The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of 564 | the GNU Affero General Public License from time to time. Such new versions 565 | will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to 566 | address new problems or concerns. 567 | 568 | Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the 569 | Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU Affero General 570 | Public License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the 571 | option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered 572 | version or of any later version published by the Free Software 573 | Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of the 574 | GNU Affero General Public License, you may choose any version ever published 575 | by the Free Software Foundation. 576 | 577 | If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future 578 | versions of the GNU Affero General Public License can be used, that proxy's 579 | public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you 580 | to choose that version for the Program. 581 | 582 | Later license versions may give you additional or different 583 | permissions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any 584 | author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a 585 | later version. 586 | 587 | 15. Disclaimer of Warranty. 588 | 589 | THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY 590 | APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT 591 | HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY 592 | OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, 593 | THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR 594 | PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM 595 | IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF 596 | ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. 597 | 598 | 16. Limitation of Liability. 599 | 600 | IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING 601 | WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS 602 | THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY 603 | GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE 604 | USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF 605 | DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD 606 | PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), 607 | EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 608 | SUCH DAMAGES. 609 | 610 | 17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16. 611 | 612 | If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided 613 | above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, 614 | reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates 615 | an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the 616 | Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a 617 | copy of the Program in return for a fee. 618 | 619 | END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS 620 | 621 | How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs 622 | 623 | If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest 624 | possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it 625 | free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. 626 | 627 | To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest 628 | to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively 629 | state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least 630 | the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. 631 | 632 | 633 | Copyright (C) 634 | 635 | This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify 636 | it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published 637 | by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or 638 | (at your option) any later version. 639 | 640 | This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 641 | but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 642 | MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 643 | GNU Affero General Public License for more details. 644 | 645 | You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License 646 | along with this program. If not, see . 647 | 648 | Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. 649 | 650 | If your software can interact with users remotely through a computer 651 | network, you should also make sure that it provides a way for users to 652 | get its source. For example, if your program is a web application, its 653 | interface could display a "Source" link that leads users to an archive 654 | of the code. There are many ways you could offer source, and different 655 | solutions will be better for different programs; see section 13 for the 656 | specific requirements. 657 | 658 | You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, 659 | if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. 660 | For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU AGPL, see 661 | . 662 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------