├── .gitignore ├── assets ├── README.md ├── contents │ ├── README.md │ └── concepts │ │ ├── manifests │ │ └── manifests.png │ │ ├── architecture │ │ └── architecture.png │ │ └── resources │ │ └── workloads │ │ └── pods.png └── main │ └── structure.png ├── contents ├── README.md ├── concepts │ ├── README.md │ ├── resources │ │ ├── README.md │ │ ├── authz │ │ │ ├── README.md │ │ │ ├── role.md │ │ │ ├── clusterrole.md │ │ │ ├── rolebinding.md │ │ │ ├── serviceaccount.md │ │ │ └── clusterrolebinding.md │ │ ├── cluster │ │ │ ├── README.md │ │ │ ├── node.md │ │ │ └── namespace.md │ │ ├── scaling │ │ │ ├── README.md │ │ │ ├── poddisruptionbudget.md │ │ │ ├── verticalpodautoscaler.md │ │ │ └── horizontalpodautoscaler.md │ │ ├── security │ │ │ ├── README.md │ │ │ ├── limitrange.md │ │ │ ├── networkpolicy.md │ │ │ ├── resourcequota.md │ │ │ ├── podsecuritypolicy.md │ │ │ └── certificatesigningrequest.md │ │ ├── service │ │ │ ├── README.md │ │ │ ├── ingress.md │ │ │ ├── service.md │ │ │ ├── endpoints.md │ │ │ └── endpointslice.md │ │ ├── storage │ │ │ ├── README.md │ │ │ ├── secret.md │ │ │ ├── configmap.md │ │ │ ├── storageclass.md │ │ │ ├── persistentvolume.md │ │ │ └── persistentvolumeclaim.md │ │ └── workloads │ │ │ ├── README.md │ │ │ ├── job.md │ │ │ ├── cronjob.md │ │ │ ├── daemonset.md │ │ │ ├── deployment.md │ │ │ ├── replicaset.md │ │ │ ├── statefulset.md │ │ │ ├── pods.md │ │ │ └── replicationcontroller.md │ ├── manifests │ │ └── README.md │ └── architecture │ │ └── README.md ├── examples │ └── README.md ├── practices │ └── README.md ├── tools │ ├── README.md │ └── installation │ │ ├── README.md │ │ ├── k3d.md │ │ ├── kind.md │ │ ├── kops.md │ │ ├── rke.md │ │ ├── k3s.md │ │ ├── kubekey.md │ │ ├── kubeone.md │ │ ├── kubeadm.md │ │ ├── kubespray.md │ │ ├── minikube.md │ │ ├── microk8s.md │ │ ├── charmed-kubernetes.md │ │ ├── kubesphere.md │ │ └── kubermatic.md ├── tutorials │ └── README.md └── cheatsheets │ ├── README.md │ ├── kubectl.md │ └── manifests.md ├── CONTRIBUTING.md ├── LICENSE └── README.md /.gitignore: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /assets/README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /assets/contents/README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/concepts/README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubernetes Role 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/concepts/resources/cluster/node.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubernetes Node 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/concepts/resources/workloads/job.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubernetes Job 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/cheatsheets/kubectl.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubernetes kubectl CLI Cheatsheet 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/concepts/resources/service/ingress.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubernetes Ingress 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/concepts/resources/service/service.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubernetes Service 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/concepts/resources/storage/secret.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubernetes Secret 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/tools/installation/k3d.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # K3d (Rancher K3s in Docker) 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/tools/installation/kind.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # KinD (Kubernetes in Docker) 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/tools/installation/kops.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kops (Kubernetes Operations) 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/tools/installation/rke.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # RKE (Rancher Kubernetes Engine) 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/cheatsheets/manifests.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubernetes YAML Manifests Cheatsheet 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/concepts/resources/authz/clusterrole.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubernetes ClusterRole 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/concepts/resources/authz/rolebinding.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubernetes RoleBinding 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/concepts/resources/cluster/namespace.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubernetes Namespace 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/concepts/resources/service/endpoints.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubernetes Endpoints 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/concepts/resources/storage/configmap.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubernetes ConfigMap 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/concepts/resources/workloads/cronjob.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubernetes CronJob 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/concepts/resources/workloads/daemonset.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubernetes DaemonSet 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/tools/installation/k3s.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # K3s (Rancher Lightweight Kubernetes) 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/tools/installation/kubekey.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # KubeKey (KubeSphere Installer) 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/tools/installation/kubeone.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # KubeOne (Kubermatic Installer) 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/concepts/resources/security/limitrange.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubernetes LimitRange 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/concepts/resources/storage/storageclass.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubernetes StorageClass 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/concepts/resources/workloads/deployment.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubernetes Deployment 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/concepts/resources/workloads/replicaset.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubernetes ReplicaSet 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/concepts/resources/workloads/statefulset.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubernetes StatefulSet 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/tools/installation/kubeadm.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubeadm (Official Installation Tool) 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/tools/installation/kubespray.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubespray (Ansible-based Installer) 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/tools/installation/minikube.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # minikube (Local Kubernetes cluster) 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/concepts/resources/authz/serviceaccount.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubernetes ServiceAccount 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/concepts/resources/security/networkpolicy.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubernetes NetworkPolicy 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/concepts/resources/security/resourcequota.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubernetes ResourceQuota 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/concepts/resources/service/endpointslice.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubernetes EndpointSlice 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/tools/installation/microk8s.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # MicroK8s (Canonical Zero-ops Kubernetes) 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/concepts/resources/authz/clusterrolebinding.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubernetes ClusterRoleBinding 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/concepts/resources/security/podsecuritypolicy.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubernetes PodSecurityPolicy 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/concepts/resources/storage/persistentvolume.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubernetes PersistentVolume 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/tools/installation/charmed-kubernetes.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Charmed Kubernetes (Ubuntu Juju) 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/tools/installation/kubesphere.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # KubeSphere (Distributed Kubernetes Platform) 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/concepts/resources/scaling/poddisruptionbudget.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubernetes PodDisruptionBudget 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /assets/main/structure.png: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/HEAD/assets/main/structure.png -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/concepts/resources/scaling/verticalpodautoscaler.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubernetes VerticalPodAutoscaler 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/concepts/resources/storage/persistentvolumeclaim.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubernetes PersistentVolumeClaim 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/tools/installation/kubermatic.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubermatic (Central Kubernetes Management Platform) 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/concepts/resources/scaling/horizontalpodautoscaler.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubernetes HorizontalPodAutoscaler 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/concepts/resources/security/certificatesigningrequest.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubernetes CertificateSigningRequest 2 | 3 | To be completed. 4 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /assets/contents/concepts/manifests/manifests.png: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/HEAD/assets/contents/concepts/manifests/manifests.png -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /assets/contents/concepts/architecture/architecture.png: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/HEAD/assets/contents/concepts/architecture/architecture.png -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /assets/contents/concepts/resources/workloads/pods.png: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/HEAD/assets/contents/concepts/resources/workloads/pods.png -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /CONTRIBUTING.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Contribution Guideline 2 | 3 | If you intend to contribute to the Kubernetes Complete Reference, this guideline is for you. 4 | 5 | ### Who are called contributors? 6 | 7 | Contribution in this Kubernetes reference is not limited to special people of special knowledge. **EVERYONE** can contribute to this repository, and all contributions are welcomed. For clarifying how to contribute to this reference, we divide contribution topics into the following ones. Please note that contributions are not just limited to these topics. You are free to update this guideline too. 8 | 9 | - Contributors who are interested in develop the reference, topics that are currently added to the **Table of Contents** section. 10 | - Developers and maintainers of the tools that are related to the Kubernetes ecosystem. Add your product guideline. 11 | - Who one interested in Kubernetes, by suggestion to add new items in the reference, feel free to file an issue. 12 | - Those ones have read the reference and found bugs, by fixing the bugs or file an issue. 13 | - Who one that has a blog, news channel, group, community, etc., by introducing the reference to others 14 | 15 | ### Copyright agreements: 16 | 17 | - All wrote contents of this repository are distributed with [Apache 2.0](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/LICENSE) license. 18 | - All graphical artifacts like diagrams, infographics, etc., are distributed with their original license. 19 | - Spiritual and material rights of external products and resources are reserved for their original publisher. 20 | - All rights of the original publishers should be reserved. 21 | 22 | ## How to contribute: 23 | 24 | The contribution cycle is so easy. Just follow these steps and contribute: 25 | 26 | 1. Fork the repository. 27 | 2. Write, develop, add, bugfix, etc., everything you want. 28 | 3. Make a repository pull request. 29 | 4. The pull request is merged after confirmation. 30 | 5. **Congratulations!** You are a contributor. 31 | 32 | ## Reference Structure: 33 | 34 | This reference is developed in a simple, readable, and trackable way. 35 | 36 | For making any changes, please follow the structure like the following one: 37 | 38 |

39 | Kubernetes Reference Structure 40 |

41 | 42 | We can't wait for your contributions. DO it NOW. 43 | 44 | Wish you all the best. 45 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/concepts/resources/workloads/pods.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubernetes Pods 2 | 3 | A Pod is an atomic ( which means this is the smallest unit ) unit of work in the Kubernetes. In Kubernetes, you manage Pods instead of containers. Each Pod contains one or more containers. The containers that are running in a pod are shared in the network, storage, and lifecycle, and they are all run on the same node. In most cases, above 90%, the one-container-per-pod model is used, and you can think a Pod is a wrapper around the actual container. The multi-container per Pod has advanced use cases, and it's usually used in complex applications. 4 | 5 | Pods are ephemeral resources in the Kubernetes. They haven't a self-healing mechanism, and when they are stopped and started again, for any reason, all data that exist in them are removed. If you want to keep your data, you should use persistent storage. Another note that you should consider is when the Pod is stopped and started again, the IP address of it may changes. The Service resource is used to discover pods and enables communicating with them by a persistent IP address and DNS name. 6 | 7 | Stopping and starting a pod causes the system to reschedule a new pod. Because of that, the concerns explained above happen. 8 | 9 | Because Pods do not have any self-healing mechanism, we rarely create them directly. Instead, we use Controllers like Deployment, ReplicaSet, DaemonSet, etc., that they create and manage Pods for us. These controllers provide various mechanisms like self-healing, high availability, upgrading, etc. For example, when a node that hosts the pod is failed, the controller tells the system to reschedule a new instance of the pod to run on a healthy node. See more information at Workloads topics. 10 | 11 |

12 | Kubernetes Pods 13 |

14 | 15 | - **Pod 1**: This is a one-container-per-pod model. In most cases, we use this model. 16 | - **Pod 2**: This is a one-container-per-pod model in conjunction with a storage volume. 17 | - **Pod 3**: In this Pod, two containers are running, and the network and lifecycle of them are shared together. 18 | - **Pod 4**: In this Pod, two containers are running, and the network, storage, and lifecycle of them are shared together. 19 | - **Pod 5**: This example is like the previous one but on a larger scale. 20 | 21 | # Example 22 | 23 | Here is a brief example of Pod manifest: 24 | 25 | ```yaml 26 | apiVersion: v1 27 | kind: Pod 28 | metadata: 29 | name: test 30 | labels: 31 | app.kubernetes.io/name: test 32 | app.kubernetes.io/created-by: kubernetes-complete-reference 33 | spec: 34 | containers: 35 | - name: test 36 | image: alpine:latest 37 | command: ["echo", "Hello World!"] 38 | restartPolicy: Never 39 | ``` 40 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/concepts/resources/workloads/replicationcontroller.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubernetes ReplicationController 2 | 3 | As was said in the Pods section, Pods are **ephemeral** resources that they haven't any **self-healing** mechanism. One of our expectations is the high availability of the Pods. Furthermore, in many scenarios, we want to deploy several instances of our applications. The ReplicationController resource is one of the well-known Kubernetes resources that is used to achieve those things. With ReplicationController, we can achieve **self-healing**, **scaling**, and **desired state** for our applications. 4 | 5 | The ReplicationController is watching for any changes in the selected Pods, and it's responsible for making them available based on the desired state that is considered by the user. Three important things should be described in its manifest, the **replicas**, **selector**, and **template**. All Pods that are selected by the ReplicationController are controlled directly with that, and they work as a child of their ReplicationController object. Let's describe the ReplicationController manifest fields that are introduced above: 6 | 7 | - **replicas**: It's a numeric value that shows the desired state. The ReplicationController makes sure that the instance of the running Pods which are selected based on the **selector** field is equal to this number. 8 | 9 | - **selector**: It's a key-value dictionary that the ReplicationController uses to find Pods. The desired state is achieved based on this field. ReplicationController counts the Pods that their Labels are matched to this field and determines the current state. 10 | 11 | - **template**: It contains PodSpec, the specification of the pod. The desired state is achieved by creating new pods that are based on this specification. Please note that the labels of the pod that specify in this field should be the same as the labels that are specified in the **selector** field. The manifest of this field is the same as the Pod manifest. 12 | 13 | # Example 14 | 15 | Here is an example of the ReplicationController manifest: 16 | 17 | ```yaml 18 | apiVersion: v1 19 | kind: ReplicationController 20 | metadata: 21 | name: nginx-rc 22 | labels: 23 | app.kubernetes.io/name: nginx 24 | app.kubernetes.io/resource: rc 25 | app.kubernetes.io/part-of: kubernetes-complete-reference 26 | app.kubernetes.io/created-by: ssbostan 27 | spec: 28 | replicas: 3 29 | selector: 30 | app.kubernetes.io/name: nginx 31 | app.kubernetes.io/resource: pod 32 | app.kubernetes.io/part-of: kubernetes-complete-reference 33 | app.kubernetes.io/created-by: ssbostan 34 | template: 35 | metadata: 36 | labels: 37 | app.kubernetes.io/name: nginx 38 | app.kubernetes.io/resource: pod 39 | app.kubernetes.io/part-of: kubernetes-complete-reference 40 | app.kubernetes.io/created-by: ssbostan 41 | spec: 42 | restartPolicy: Always 43 | containers: 44 | - name: nginx 45 | image: nginx:latest 46 | ports: 47 | - containerPort: 80 48 | ``` 49 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/concepts/manifests/README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubernetes Manifests 2 | 3 | Kubernetes manifests are specifications of the Kubernetes objects that are represented in YAML or JSON format. It's so typical to write manifest in YAML format, and because of that, we intend to introduce the YAML syntax of the Kubernetes manifests. 4 | 5 |

6 | Kubernetes Manifests 7 |

8 | 9 | Each object has three main fields, **apiVersion**, **kind**, **metadata**. Most of them, especially all workloads, have **spec** and **status** fields. 10 | 11 | - **apiVersion**: Points to the API version that exists in your Kubernetes cluster and has the desired resource. 12 | - **kind**: Specifies the wanted Kubernetes resource that exists in the selected API version. 13 | - **metadata**: An instance of the ObjectMeta dictionary that contains the object specifications. 14 | - **spec**: It contains the actual specifications of the object. Each Kubernetes resource has its own spec. 15 | - **status**: The current status of the object. This field is read-only, and the Kubernetes core can only update that. 16 | 17 | # ObjectMeta metadata 18 | 19 | Each Kubernetes object that is related to a persisted resource must have ObjectMeta metadata. It consists of all metadata that is related to the entire object. For example, the object **uid**, **name**, **labels**, **annotations**, **namespace**, etc. You should note that the ObjectMeta that is specified in the **metadata** field of the manifest is a mandatory field, and it should be written for every object. 20 | 21 | Here is the list of the ObjectMeta fields: 22 | 23 | - **name** (Required): Specifies the name of the object. It should be assigned during resource creation and must be unique within the namespace. After object creation, it can't be changed anymore. 24 | 25 | - **labels** (Optional): It's a dictionary of key-value pairs and is used to organize and categorize objects. Labels are one of the most important parts of the Kubernetes objects because they are related to object selectors that are used to identify members of specific categories. They can be queried by the Kubernetes system and the user. 26 | 27 | - **annotations** (Optional): It's a dictionary of unstructured key-value pairs that are used to adding extra info to the object. Annotations are usually used by third-party components and complex systems. They are not queryable. 28 | 29 | - **uid** (Required): The UID is a unique identifier that is assigned to the object by the Kubernetes itself. It's a read-only field and should not be assigned directly by the user. After resource creation, it can't be changed. 30 | 31 | - **namespace** (Optional): This field represents the namespace that the object must be created on that. After creating the object, it cannot be changed. If it's not assigned during the creation of the object, it points to the **default** namespace. 32 | 33 | - **clusterName** (Optional): In multi-cluster environments, it points to the cluster that the object belongs to that. Currently, Kubernetes is not using this field and ignores that throughout resource creation or updating. 34 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /contents/concepts/architecture/README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Kubernetes Architecture 2 | 3 | Each **Kubernetes cluster** is divided into three parts, **Data plane**, **Control plane**, and **Workers**. The data plane, **Etcd**, is responsible for store Kubernetes data like configurations, manifests, resources, etc. The control plane that runs various components is responsible for managing the whole cluster as well as the worker nodes. Worker nodes are responsible for running and managing containers. 4 | 5 |

6 | Kubernetes Architecture 7 |

8 | 9 | ## Data plane: 10 | 11 | **Etcd** is a distributed key-value store that is used as a Kubernetes database to store Kubernetes data. You should note that the meaning of data does not files! We are talking about the cluster configuration, resources, manifests, etc. Because of the nature of distributed systems, we need to run Etcd in a clustered way. So to speak, An etcd cluster needs a majority of nodes, a quorum, to agree on updates to the cluster state. For a cluster with n members, a quorum is (n/2)+1. For any odd-sized cluster, adding one node will always increase the number of nodes necessary for a quorum. All cluster data are stored in the Etcd database. You should have a proper backup solution for it. 12 | 13 | > Minimum viable clusters must have at least three Etcd nodes. 14 | 15 | > Production-ready clusters are run with at least five dedicated Etcd nodes. 16 | 17 | ## Control plane: 18 | 19 | The Kubernetes control plane that was formerly called Master is the brain of Kubernetes that manages the whole cluster and worker nodes. A couple of components that each one has a specific function are run in the control plane nodes. These components are described below. 20 | 21 | > For high availability, at least two control plane nodes must exist in the cluster. 22 | 23 | > Production-ready clusters are run with at least three control plane nodes. 24 | 25 | ### kube-apiserver: 26 | 27 | The API server is the main component of the Kubernetes control plane that exposes the Kubernetes API to clients. All clients (other components and users) are connected to Kube-apiserver to do their works. The API server is the only component that is connected directly to the data plane, Etcd. All data operations should be done through the API server, and this component is responsible for responding to client requests. The API server is a stateless service that can be run in a highly available fashion. Just run several instances and balance traffic between them. 28 | 29 | > For high availability, run at least two instances of Kube-apiserver on different servers. 30 | 31 | ### kube-controller-manager: 32 | 33 | This component is responsible for managing Kubernetes resources. Almost every Kubernetes resource has a controller. For example, checking resource state, controlling the application desired state and replicas, applications high availability, checking nodes and applications liveness are some functions and responsibilities of this component. Although each controller is run in a separate process but to reduce complexity, they are all compiled into a single binary and run in a single process. The high availability of the Kube-controller-manager is done by leader election. In simple words, leader election is a mechanism that guarantees only one instance of service is responsible for making decisions. While all other instances are inactive, but they are ready to hold a new election and announcing a new leader when something happens to the current leader. All instances except the leader are locked and cannot make any decision. 34 | 35 | > For high availability, run at least two instances of Kube-controller-manager on different servers. 36 | 37 | ### kube-scheduler: 38 | 39 | Where Kubernetes pods should be running is the major responsibility of this component. The scheduler is responsible for selecting eligible nodes to run newly created pods. When a new pod is created by a user or a controller, no nodes are assigned for running that pod, and the scheduler must assign a proper node to run that. Many factors like resource requirements, policy constraints, affinity, and anti-affinity are taken into account for scheduling decisions. In the case of high-availability deployment, this component is just like Kube-controller-manager, and more than one instance can not be active at the same time. 40 | 41 | > For high availability, run at least two instances of Kube-scheduler on different servers. 42 | 43 | ### cloud-controller-manager: 44 | 45 | This component is a cloud-specific unit that runs where Kubernetes is deployed on the cloud services. The Cloud-controller-manager connects the Kubernetes cluster to the cloud provider API to achieve cloud functionalities. You should note that this component only runs controllers that are specific to your cloud provider. If Kubernetes is deployed on on-premises servers, no instances of this component are run. Each controller is a separate process, but they are all compiled into a single binary and running as a single process to reduce complexity. 46 | 47 | > For high availability, run at least two instances of Cloud-controller-manager on different servers. 48 | 49 | ## Worker nodes: 50 | 51 | Worker nodes that were formerly called Minions are one of the most important parts of the Kubernetes cluster. They are responsible for running containers. Kubernetes supports various container runtimes and can work with multiple container runtimes at the same time. Each cluster should have at least one worker node to run application containers. 52 | 53 | > For high availability scenarios, at least three worker nodes are recommended. 54 | 55 | ### kubelet: 56 | 57 | The kubelet is a most sensitive component in the Kubernetes ecosystem that is responsible for running containers managed by the Kubernetes. This component from one side connects to the Kubernetes API server and from the other side connects to the Container Runtime. It takes Kubernetes PodSpec and ensures that the containers are described in those PodSpec are running and healthy. All other containers that are not created by the Kubernetes are not managed with the kubelet. The kubelet speaks to Container Runtimes through the CRI, Container Runtime Interface. The CRI is a plugin that enables kubelet to use a wide variety of container runtimes without the need to recompile. 58 | 59 | ### kube-proxy: 60 | 61 | This component is a network proxy that implementing part of the Kubernetes Service concept. Network rules on each node are managed by the Kube-proxy. These network rules allow communication with pods from inside or outside of the cluster. If the node operating system has a packet filtering layer, like Netfilter, it uses that layer. Otherwise, All traffic is routed through the Kube-proxy, and the Kube-proxy is directly responsible for managing and forwarding them to proper destinations. 62 | 63 | ### Container Runtime: 64 | 65 | The Container Runtime is the software that is responsible for running containers. Running the container is not really the function of the Kubernetes - It's a Container Orchestration Engine - and it has not implemented the Container Runtime for itself. Instead, it uses the existing Container Runtimes like Docker, Containerd, CRI-O, etc. A variety of container runtimes can be used by Kubernetes through the Kubelet CRI plugin. Because of the CRI plugin, Kubernetes can use multiple Container Runtimes at the same time. 66 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /LICENSE: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | Apache License 2 | Version 2.0, January 2004 3 | http://www.apache.org/licenses/ 4 | 5 | TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION 6 | 7 | 1. Definitions. 8 | 9 | "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction, 10 | and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document. 11 | 12 | "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by 13 | the copyright owner that is granting the License. 14 | 15 | "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all 16 | other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common 17 | control with that entity. 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11 | Kubernetes Logo 12 |

13 | 14 |

The completest reference for the Kubernetes container orchestration engine.

15 | 16 |

Created by ssbostan and contributors.

17 | 18 | # What is Kubernetes? 19 | 20 | Kubernetes - aka K8s - is a container orchestration engine for automating deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications. With Kubernetes, a set of container engines (Docker, Containerd, CRI-O, etc.) that were deployed on various servers (both physical and virtual) can be brought together to manage complex container-based software environments. The set of these servers is called the Kubernetes Cluster. So to speak, the Kubernetes cluster is a set of nodes that can run containers which they managed centrally with an amazing tool called Kubernetes. Kubernetes is a leading container orchestration engine in the current container ecosystem. 21 | 22 | ## Why we need Kubernetes? 23 | 24 | In software environments that use containers, usually microservices, we have many concerns such as storage and network needs, dynamic configuration per run environments, load balancing, application scaling, high availability, etc. Kubernetes is the answer to these concerns. With the Kubernetes platform, all things such as that described above are managed automatically by this great platform. Before Kubernetes, these concerns were solved manually or automatically in scattered tools. With Kubernetes, all of them are done on just one platform. 25 | 26 | # Table of Contents: 27 | 28 | Kubernetes topics are categorized into these top headers. It may change in future. 29 | 30 | 1. **Kubernetes Concepts** 31 | - [**Kubernetes Architecture**](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/architecture/README.md) 32 | - [Data plane](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/architecture/README.md#data-plane) 33 | - [Etcd cluster](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/architecture/README.md#data-plane) 34 | - [Control plane](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/architecture/README.md#control-plane) 35 | - [kube-apiserver](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/architecture/README.md#kube-apiserver) 36 | - [kube-controller-manager](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/architecture/README.md#kube-controller-manager) 37 | - [kube-scheduler](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/architecture/README.md#kube-scheduler) 38 | - [cloud-controller-manager](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/architecture/README.md#cloud-controller-manager) 39 | - [Worker nodes](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/architecture/README.md#worker-nodes) 40 | - [kubelet](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/architecture/README.md#kubelet) 41 | - [kube-proxy](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/architecture/README.md#kube-proxy) 42 | - [Container Runtime](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/architecture/README.md#container-runtime) 43 | - [**Kubernetes Manifests**](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/manifests/README.md) 44 | - [Manifest Metadata (ObjectMeta)](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/manifests/README.md#objectmeta) 45 | - **Kubernetes Resources** 46 | - **Kubernetes Workloads** 47 | - [Pods](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/resources/workloads/pods.md) 48 | - [ReplicationController](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/resources/workloads/replicationcontroller.md) 49 | - [ReplicaSet](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/resources/workloads/replicaset.md) 50 | - [Deployment](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/resources/workloads/deployment.md) 51 | - [DaemonSet](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/resources/workloads/daemonset.md) 52 | - [StatefulSet](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/resources/workloads/statefulset.md) 53 | - [Job](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/resources/workloads/job.md) 54 | - [CronJob](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/resources/workloads/cronjob.md) 55 | - **Service Discovery and Load Balancing** 56 | - [Service](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/resources/service/service.md) 57 | - [Endpoints](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/resources/service/endpoints.md) 58 | - [EndpointSlice](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/resources/service/endpointslice.md) 59 | - [Ingress](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/resources/service/ingress.md) 60 | - **Config and Storage Resources** 61 | - [ConfigMap](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/resources/storage/configmap.md) 62 | - [Secret](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/resources/storage/secret.md) 63 | - [PersistentVolume](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/resources/storage/persistentvolume.md) 64 | - [PersistentVolumeClaim](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/resources/storage/persistentvolumeclaim.md) 65 | - [StorageClass](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/resources/storage/storageclass.md) 66 | - **High-Availability and Scaling Resources** 67 | - [PodDisruptionBudget](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/resources/scaling/poddisruptionbudget.md) 68 | - [HorizontalPodAutoscaler](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/resources/scaling/horizontalpodautoscaler.md) 69 | - [VerticalPodAutoscaler](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/resources/scaling/verticalpodautoscaler.md) 70 | - **Authentication and Authorization** 71 | - [Role](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/resources/authz/role.md) 72 | - [ClusterRole](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/resources/authz/clusterrole.md) 73 | - [RoleBinding](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/resources/authz/rolebinding.md) 74 | - [ClusterRoleBinding](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/resources/authz/clusterrolebinding.md) 75 | - [ServiceAccount](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/resources/authz/serviceaccount.md) 76 | - **Security and Quota Management Resources** 77 | - [NetworkPolicy](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/resources/security/networkpolicy.md) 78 | - [PodSecurityPolicy](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/resources/security/podsecuritypolicy.md) 79 | - [CertificateSigningRequest](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/resources/security/certificatesigningrequest.md) 80 | - [ResourceQuota](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/resources/security/resourcequota.md) 81 | - [LimitRange](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/resources/security/limitrange.md) 82 | - **Kubernetes Cluster Resources** 83 | - [Namespace](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/resources/cluster/namespace.md) 84 | - [Node](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/concepts/resources/cluster/node.md) 85 | 2. **Kubernetes Cheatsheets** 86 | - [Kubernetes kubectl CLI](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/cheatsheets/kubectl.md) 87 | - [Kubernetes YAML Manifests (All-in-one)](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/cheatsheets/manifests.md) 88 | 3. **Kubernetes Best Practices** 89 | 4. **Kubernetes Tutorials** 90 | - **External Resources** 91 | - [Kubernetes Installation Methods The Complete Guide](https://itnext.io/kubernetes-installation-methods-the-complete-guide-1036c860a2b3) 92 | - [Kubernetes Storage — Part 1 — NFS complete tutorial](https://itnext.io/kubernetes-storage-part-1-nfs-complete-tutorial-75e6ac2a1f77) 93 | - [Kubernetes Storage — Part 2 — GlusterFS complete tutorial](https://itnext.io/kubernetes-storage-part-2-glusterfs-complete-tutorial-77542c12a602) 94 | 5. **Kubernetes Tools** 95 | - **Installation Tools** 96 | - [Kubeadm (Official Installation Tool)](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/tools/installation/kubeadm.md) 97 | - [minikube (Local Kubernetes cluster)](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/tools/installation/minikube.md) 98 | - [Kubespray (Ansible-based Installer)](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/tools/installation/kubespray.md) 99 | - [Kops (Kubernetes Operations)](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/tools/installation/kops.md) 100 | - [Charmed Kubernetes (Ubuntu Juju)](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/tools/installation/charmed-kubernetes.md) 101 | - [KinD (Kubernetes in Docker)](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/tools/installation/kind.md) 102 | - [K3s (Rancher Lightweight Kubernetes)](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/tools/installation/k3s.md) 103 | - [K3d (Rancher K3s in Docker)](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/tools/installation/k3d.md) 104 | - [MicroK8s (Canonical Zero-ops Kubernetes)](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/tools/installation/microk8s.md) 105 | - [RKE (Rancher Kubernetes Engine)](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/tools/installation/rke.md) 106 | - [KubeSphere (Distributed Kubernetes Platform)](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/tools/installation/kubesphere.md) 107 | - [KubeKey (KubeSphere Installer)](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/tools/installation/kubekey.md) 108 | - [Kubermatic (Central Kubernetes Management Platform)](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/tools/installation/kubermatic.md) 109 | - [KubeOne (Kubermatic Installer)](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/contents/tools/installation/kubeone.md) 110 | 6. **Kubernetes Examples** 111 | 112 | # How to contribute: 113 | 114 | All contributions are welcomed. [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/ssbostan/kubernetes-complete-reference/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md) 115 | 116 | Everyone interested in the Kubernetes can contribute to this reference. 117 | 118 | Saeid Bostandoust 119 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------