├── LICENSE ├── README.md ├── cours ├── 1-ApprendrePython-Introduction.ipynb ├── 2-ApprendrePython-ControleExecution.ipynb ├── 3-ApprendrePython-Structures.ipynb ├── 4-ApprendrePython-Modules.ipynb ├── 5-ApprendrePython-Bibliotheque.ipynb └── fibo.py └── tp ├── SAE03-TP1_types_operateurs.ipynb ├── SAE03-TP2_io_if_while.ipynb ├── SAE03-TP3_listes.ipynb ├── SAE03-TP4_for_range.ipynb └── custom.css /LICENSE: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE 2 | Version 3, 29 June 2007 3 | 4 | Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 5 | Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies 6 | of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 7 | 8 | Preamble 9 | 10 | The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for 11 | software and other kinds of works. 12 | 13 | The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed 14 | to take away your freedom to share and change the works. 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See the 645 | GNU General Public License for more details. 646 | 647 | You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 648 | along with this program. If not, see . 649 | 650 | Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. 651 | 652 | If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short 653 | notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: 654 | 655 | {project} Copyright (C) {year} {fullname} 656 | This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. 657 | This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it 658 | under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. 659 | 660 | The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate 661 | parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands 662 | might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box". 663 | 664 | You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, 665 | if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. 666 | For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see 667 | . 668 | 669 | The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program 670 | into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you 671 | may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with 672 | the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General 673 | Public License instead of this License. But first, please read 674 | . 675 | 676 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | coursIntroPython 2 | ================ 3 | 4 | Cours d'introduction au langage Python, inspiré du tutoriel Python traduit en français. 5 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /cours/4-ApprendrePython-Modules.ipynb: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | { 2 | "cells": [ 3 | { 4 | "cell_type": "code", 5 | "execution_count": null, 6 | "metadata": {}, 7 | "outputs": [], 8 | "source": [ 9 | "from __future__ import print_function" 10 | ] 11 | }, 12 | { 13 | "cell_type": "markdown", 14 | "metadata": {}, 15 | "source": [ 16 | "## Modules" 17 | ] 18 | }, 19 | { 20 | "cell_type": "markdown", 21 | "metadata": {}, 22 | "source": [ 23 | "Python offre un moyen de mettre des définitions dans un fichier et de les utiliser dans un script ou dans un session interactive de l’interpréteur. Un tel fichier s’appelle un module ; les définitions d’un module peuvent être importées dans un autre module ou dans le module principal (la collection de variables à laquelle vous avez accès dans un script exécuté depuis le plus haut niveau et dans le mode calculatrice).\n", 24 | "\n", 25 | "Un module est un fichier contenant des définitions et des instructions Python. Le nom de fichier est le nom du module auquel est ajouté le suffixe '`.py`'. Dans un module, le nom du module (comme chaîne de caractères) est disponible comme valeur de la variable globale **`__name__`**. Par exemple, employez votre éditeur de texte préféré pour créer un fichier appelé `'fibo.py'` dans le répertoire courant avec le contenu suivant :" 26 | ] 27 | }, 28 | { 29 | "cell_type": "code", 30 | "execution_count": null, 31 | "metadata": {}, 32 | "outputs": [], 33 | "source": [ 34 | "# Module nombres de Fibonacci\n", 35 | "def fib(n): # écrit la série de Fibonacci jusqu’à n\n", 36 | " a, b = 0, 1\n", 37 | " while b < n:\n", 38 | " print (b, end=' ')\n", 39 | " a, b = b, a+b\n", 40 | " \n", 41 | "def fib2(n): # retourne la série de Fibonacci jusqu’à n\n", 42 | " result = []\n", 43 | " a, b = 0, 1\n", 44 | " while b < n:\n", 45 | " result.append(b)\n", 46 | " a, b = b, a+b\n", 47 | " return result" 48 | ] 49 | }, 50 | { 51 | "cell_type": "markdown", 52 | "metadata": {}, 53 | "source": [ 54 | "On se déplace dans le répertoire courant, à adapter à votre environnement." 55 | ] 56 | }, 57 | { 58 | "cell_type": "code", 59 | "execution_count": null, 60 | "metadata": {}, 61 | "outputs": [], 62 | "source": [ 63 | "cd src/notebook/coursIntroPython/" 64 | ] 65 | }, 66 | { 67 | "cell_type": "markdown", 68 | "metadata": {}, 69 | "source": [ 70 | "Maintenant lancez l’interpréteur Python et importez ce module avec la commande suivante :" 71 | ] 72 | }, 73 | { 74 | "cell_type": "code", 75 | "execution_count": null, 76 | "metadata": {}, 77 | "outputs": [], 78 | "source": [ 79 | "import fibo" 80 | ] 81 | }, 82 | { 83 | "cell_type": "markdown", 84 | "metadata": {}, 85 | "source": [ 86 | "En utilisant le nom de module vous pouvez accéder aux fonctions :" 87 | ] 88 | }, 89 | { 90 | "cell_type": "code", 91 | "execution_count": null, 92 | "metadata": {}, 93 | "outputs": [], 94 | "source": [ 95 | "fibo.fib(1000)" 96 | ] 97 | }, 98 | { 99 | "cell_type": "code", 100 | "execution_count": null, 101 | "metadata": {}, 102 | "outputs": [], 103 | "source": [ 104 | "fibo.fib2(100)" 105 | ] 106 | }, 107 | { 108 | "cell_type": "markdown", 109 | "metadata": {}, 110 | "source": [ 111 | "Pour connaître les noms qu'un module défini on peut utiliser la fonction `dir()`, qui renvoie la liste triée des chaînes de caractères." 112 | ] 113 | }, 114 | { 115 | "cell_type": "code", 116 | "execution_count": null, 117 | "metadata": {}, 118 | "outputs": [], 119 | "source": [ 120 | "dir(fibo)" 121 | ] 122 | }, 123 | { 124 | "cell_type": "markdown", 125 | "metadata": {}, 126 | "source": [ 127 | "## Modules de la bibliothèques standard" 128 | ] 129 | }, 130 | { 131 | "cell_type": "markdown", 132 | "metadata": {}, 133 | "source": [ 134 | "Beaucoup de fonctionalités de Python sont disponibles dans des bibliothèques appelées *modules*. Pour améliorer la lisibilité et la portabilité du code, ces modules ne sont pas pré-chargés lorsque vous lancez Python : il faut les importer explicitement. Par exemple, il y a un module de *math* qui contient de nombreuses fonctions relatives au mathématiques. Si vous souhaitez utiliser la fonction cosinus, *cos*, vous pouvez importer le module *math* puis indiquer que vous appelez la fonction cos en utilisant la notation préfixée. Il en va de même pour les autres éléments de *math* comme par exemple la constante $\\pi$" 135 | ] 136 | }, 137 | { 138 | "cell_type": "code", 139 | "execution_count": 1, 140 | "metadata": {}, 141 | "outputs": [ 142 | { 143 | "data": { 144 | "text/plain": [ 145 | "1.0" 146 | ] 147 | }, 148 | "execution_count": 1, 149 | "metadata": {}, 150 | "output_type": "execute_result" 151 | } 152 | ], 153 | "source": [ 154 | "import math\n", 155 | "\n", 156 | "math.cos(2 * math.pi)" 157 | ] 158 | }, 159 | { 160 | "cell_type": "markdown", 161 | "metadata": {}, 162 | "source": [ 163 | "On peut renommer un module en utilise le mot clé `as`:" 164 | ] 165 | }, 166 | { 167 | "cell_type": "code", 168 | "execution_count": 5, 169 | "metadata": {}, 170 | "outputs": [ 171 | { 172 | "data": { 173 | "text/plain": [ 174 | "-1.0" 175 | ] 176 | }, 177 | "execution_count": 5, 178 | "metadata": {}, 179 | "output_type": "execute_result" 180 | } 181 | ], 182 | "source": [ 183 | "import math as m\n", 184 | "\n", 185 | "m.cos(m.pi)" 186 | ] 187 | }, 188 | { 189 | "cell_type": "markdown", 190 | "metadata": {}, 191 | "source": [ 192 | "Quand on a fait un import, il faut donc préfixer tous les objets du module (par exemple *math.cos*), ceci permet de lever certaines ambiguïtés lors de la lecture du code.\n", 193 | "\n", 194 | "Cependant, surtout lorsqu'on écrit du code à usage unique, cette notation est lourde. Il est possible d'importer tout le contenu d'un module dans l'espace de noms (*namespace*) courant.\n", 195 | "\n", 196 | "L'espace de noms est constitué par l'ensemble des variables et des fonctions atteignables depuis un endroit du code. Pour connaître le contenu de l'espace de noms courant dans iPython, on peut faire appel à la commande `%whos`" 197 | ] 198 | }, 199 | { 200 | "cell_type": "code", 201 | "execution_count": 2, 202 | "metadata": {}, 203 | "outputs": [ 204 | { 205 | "name": "stdout", 206 | "output_type": "stream", 207 | "text": [ 208 | "Variable Type Data/Info\n", 209 | "------------------------------\n", 210 | "math module th.cpython-39-darwin.so'>\n" 211 | ] 212 | } 213 | ], 214 | "source": [ 215 | "%whos" 216 | ] 217 | }, 218 | { 219 | "cell_type": "markdown", 220 | "metadata": {}, 221 | "source": [ 222 | "Revenons aux modules, pour importer tout le contenu d'un module dans l'espace de noms courant, on peut utiliser:" 223 | ] 224 | }, 225 | { 226 | "cell_type": "code", 227 | "execution_count": 8, 228 | "metadata": {}, 229 | "outputs": [ 230 | { 231 | "data": { 232 | "text/plain": [ 233 | "1.0" 234 | ] 235 | }, 236 | "execution_count": 8, 237 | "metadata": {}, 238 | "output_type": "execute_result" 239 | } 240 | ], 241 | "source": [ 242 | "from math import *\n", 243 | "cos(2 * pi)" 244 | ] 245 | }, 246 | { 247 | "cell_type": "markdown", 248 | "metadata": {}, 249 | "source": [ 250 | "Si on importe ainsi beaucoup de modules, ce qui est assez courant, l'espace de nom va vite être très rempli. Si deux fonctions ou variables portent le même nom, alors c'est la fonction du dernier module importé qui sera conservée. Voyons par exemple à quoi ressemble l'espace de noms courant maintenant que nous avons importé tout le module math:" 251 | ] 252 | }, 253 | { 254 | "cell_type": "code", 255 | "execution_count": 9, 256 | "metadata": {}, 257 | "outputs": [ 258 | { 259 | "name": "stdout", 260 | "output_type": "stream", 261 | "text": [ 262 | "Variable Type Data/Info\n", 263 | "---------------------------------------------------\n", 264 | "acos builtin_function_or_method \n", 265 | "acosh builtin_function_or_method \n", 266 | "asin builtin_function_or_method \n", 267 | "asinh builtin_function_or_method \n", 268 | "atan builtin_function_or_method \n", 269 | "atan2 builtin_function_or_method \n", 270 | "atanh builtin_function_or_method \n", 271 | "ceil builtin_function_or_method \n", 272 | "comb builtin_function_or_method \n", 273 | "copysign builtin_function_or_method \n", 274 | "cos builtin_function_or_method \n", 275 | "cosh builtin_function_or_method \n", 276 | "degrees builtin_function_or_method \n", 277 | "dist builtin_function_or_method \n", 278 | "e float 2.718281828459045\n", 279 | "erf builtin_function_or_method \n", 280 | "erfc builtin_function_or_method \n", 281 | "exp builtin_function_or_method \n", 282 | "expm1 builtin_function_or_method \n", 283 | "fabs builtin_function_or_method \n", 284 | "factorial builtin_function_or_method \n", 285 | "floor builtin_function_or_method \n", 286 | "fmod builtin_function_or_method \n", 287 | "frexp builtin_function_or_method \n", 288 | "fsum builtin_function_or_method \n", 289 | "gamma builtin_function_or_method \n", 290 | "gcd builtin_function_or_method \n", 291 | "hypot builtin_function_or_method \n", 292 | "inf float inf\n", 293 | "isclose builtin_function_or_method \n", 294 | "isfinite builtin_function_or_method \n", 295 | "isinf builtin_function_or_method \n", 296 | "isnan builtin_function_or_method \n", 297 | "isqrt builtin_function_or_method \n", 298 | "lcm builtin_function_or_method \n", 299 | "ldexp builtin_function_or_method \n", 300 | "lgamma builtin_function_or_method \n", 301 | "log builtin_function_or_method \n", 302 | "log10 builtin_function_or_method \n", 303 | "log1p builtin_function_or_method \n", 304 | "log2 builtin_function_or_method \n", 305 | "m module th.cpython-39-darwin.so'>\n", 306 | "math module th.cpython-39-darwin.so'>\n", 307 | "modf builtin_function_or_method \n", 308 | "nan float nan\n", 309 | "nextafter builtin_function_or_method \n", 310 | "perm builtin_function_or_method \n", 311 | "pi float 3.141592653589793\n", 312 | "pow builtin_function_or_method \n", 313 | "prod builtin_function_or_method \n", 314 | "radians builtin_function_or_method \n", 315 | "remainder builtin_function_or_method \n", 316 | "sin builtin_function_or_method \n", 317 | "sinh builtin_function_or_method \n", 318 | "sqrt builtin_function_or_method \n", 319 | "tan builtin_function_or_method \n", 320 | "tanh builtin_function_or_method \n", 321 | "tau float 6.283185307179586\n", 322 | "trunc builtin_function_or_method \n", 323 | "ulp builtin_function_or_method \n" 324 | ] 325 | } 326 | ], 327 | "source": [ 328 | "%whos" 329 | ] 330 | }, 331 | { 332 | "cell_type": "markdown", 333 | "metadata": {}, 334 | "source": [ 335 | "La bonne pratique concilie le meilleur des deux approches. Elle permet d'importer dans l'espace de noms uniquement les fonctions utiles." 336 | ] 337 | }, 338 | { 339 | "cell_type": "code", 340 | "execution_count": 7, 341 | "metadata": {}, 342 | "outputs": [ 343 | { 344 | "data": { 345 | "text/plain": [ 346 | "1.0" 347 | ] 348 | }, 349 | "execution_count": 7, 350 | "metadata": {}, 351 | "output_type": "execute_result" 352 | } 353 | ], 354 | "source": [ 355 | "from math import cos, pi, sin\n", 356 | "cos(2 * pi) + sin(0)" 357 | ] 358 | }, 359 | { 360 | "cell_type": "code", 361 | "execution_count": 4, 362 | "metadata": {}, 363 | "outputs": [ 364 | { 365 | "name": "stdout", 366 | "output_type": "stream", 367 | "text": [ 368 | "Variable Type Data/Info\n", 369 | "--------------------------------------------------\n", 370 | "cos builtin_function_or_method \n", 371 | "math module th.cpython-39-darwin.so'>\n", 372 | "pi float 3.141592653589793\n" 373 | ] 374 | } 375 | ], 376 | "source": [ 377 | "%whos" 378 | ] 379 | }, 380 | { 381 | "cell_type": "markdown", 382 | "metadata": {}, 383 | "source": [ 384 | "*Ce notebook est une adaptation de la traduction française, dirigée par Olivier Berger et mise à jour par Henri Garreta, du tutoriel Python édité par Guido van Rossum et Fred L. Drake.*" 385 | ] 386 | } 387 | ], 388 | "metadata": { 389 | "anaconda-cloud": {}, 390 | "kernelspec": { 391 | "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)", 392 | "language": "python", 393 | "name": "python3" 394 | }, 395 | "language_info": { 396 | "codemirror_mode": { 397 | "name": "ipython", 398 | "version": 3 399 | }, 400 | "file_extension": ".py", 401 | "mimetype": "text/x-python", 402 | "name": "python", 403 | "nbconvert_exporter": "python", 404 | "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", 405 | "version": "3.9.5" 406 | } 407 | }, 408 | "nbformat": 4, 409 | "nbformat_minor": 1 410 | } 411 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /cours/5-ApprendrePython-Bibliotheque.ipynb: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | { 2 | "cells": [ 3 | { 4 | "cell_type": "code", 5 | "execution_count": 2, 6 | "metadata": {}, 7 | "outputs": [], 8 | "source": [ 9 | "from __future__ import print_function" 10 | ] 11 | }, 12 | { 13 | "cell_type": "markdown", 14 | "metadata": {}, 15 | "source": [ 16 | "## Fichiers et entrées/sorties" 17 | ] 18 | }, 19 | { 20 | "cell_type": "markdown", 21 | "metadata": {}, 22 | "source": [ 23 | "Pour écrire ou lire dans un fichier, **`open()`** renvoie un objet de type fichier, et est utilisée plus généralement avec deux arguments : **`open(nomfichier, mode)`**." 24 | ] 25 | }, 26 | { 27 | "cell_type": "code", 28 | "execution_count": 11, 29 | "metadata": {}, 30 | "outputs": [], 31 | "source": [ 32 | "f=open('fichiertravail.txt', 'w')" 33 | ] 34 | }, 35 | { 36 | "cell_type": "markdown", 37 | "metadata": {}, 38 | "source": [ 39 | "Le premier argument est une chaîne de caractères contenant le nom du fichier. Le deuxième argument est une autre chaîne de caractères contenant quelques caractères décrivant la manière d’utiliser le fichier. *mode* vaut `'r'` quand le fichier doit être seulement lu, `'w'` pour seulement être écrit (un fichier déjà existant avec le même nom sera effacé), et `'a'` ouvre le fichier en ajout ; les données écrites dans le fichier seront automatiquement ajoutées à la fin. `'r+'` ouvre le fichier pour la lecture et l’écriture. L’argument mode est facultatif ; `'r'` sera pris par défaut s’il est omis.\n", 40 | "\n", 41 | "Pour écrire dans un fichier, on peut utiliser la primitive **`f.write(`** *chaine* **`)`**, qui écrit la chaîne de caractères dans le fichier" 42 | ] 43 | }, 44 | { 45 | "cell_type": "code", 46 | "execution_count": 12, 47 | "metadata": {}, 48 | "outputs": [], 49 | "source": [ 50 | "f.write('Voici un test\\n')" 51 | ] 52 | }, 53 | { 54 | "cell_type": "markdown", 55 | "metadata": {}, 56 | "source": [ 57 | "Pour écrire quelque chose d’autre qu’une chaîne il est nécessaire de commencer par le convertir en chaîne :" 58 | ] 59 | }, 60 | { 61 | "cell_type": "code", 62 | "execution_count": 13, 63 | "metadata": {}, 64 | "outputs": [], 65 | "source": [ 66 | "value = ('la reponse est', 42)\n", 67 | "s = str(value)\n", 68 | "f.write(s)" 69 | ] 70 | }, 71 | { 72 | "cell_type": "markdown", 73 | "metadata": {}, 74 | "source": [ 75 | "Une fois le fichier utilisé, il faut le fermer avec **`f.close()`**. Après avoir appelé **`f.close()`**, les tentatives d’utiliser l’objet fichier échoueront automatiquement." 76 | ] 77 | }, 78 | { 79 | "cell_type": "code", 80 | "execution_count": 14, 81 | "metadata": {}, 82 | "outputs": [], 83 | "source": [ 84 | "f.close()" 85 | ] 86 | }, 87 | { 88 | "cell_type": "markdown", 89 | "metadata": {}, 90 | "source": [ 91 | "Il existe une façon plus adéquate pour travailler sur un fichier, qui permet de ne pas avoir besoin d'utiliser `close`. Nous verrons cette syntaxe en utilisant **`f.read(`** *taille* **`)`** qui lit une certaine quantité de données et les retourne en tant que chaîne de caractères. *taille* est un argument numérique facultatif. Quand *taille* est omis ou négatif, le contenu entier du fichier sera lu et retourné. Autrement, au plus *taille* octets sont lus et retournés." 92 | ] 93 | }, 94 | { 95 | "cell_type": "code", 96 | "execution_count": 15, 97 | "metadata": {}, 98 | "outputs": [ 99 | { 100 | "name": "stdout", 101 | "output_type": "stream", 102 | "text": [ 103 | "Voici un test\n", 104 | "('la reponse est', 42)\n" 105 | ] 106 | } 107 | ], 108 | "source": [ 109 | "with open('fichiertravail.txt', 'r') as f:\n", 110 | " s = f.read()\n", 111 | " print (s)" 112 | ] 113 | }, 114 | { 115 | "cell_type": "markdown", 116 | "metadata": {}, 117 | "source": [ 118 | "**`f.readline()`** lit une seule ligne à partir du fichier ; un caractère de fin de ligne (`\\n`) est laissé à l’extrémité de la chaîne de caractères lue, et est seulement omis sur la dernière ligne du fichier si le fichier ne se termine pas par une fin de ligne. Cela rend la valeur de retour non ambiguë ; si **`f.readline()`** renvoie une chaîne de caractères vide, la fin du fichier a été atteinte, alors qu’une fin de ligne est représentée par `'\\n'`, une chaîne de caractères contenant seulement une seule fin de ligne." 119 | ] 120 | }, 121 | { 122 | "cell_type": "code", 123 | "execution_count": 25, 124 | "metadata": {}, 125 | "outputs": [ 126 | { 127 | "name": "stdout", 128 | "output_type": "stream", 129 | "text": [ 130 | "Voici un test\n", 131 | "\n", 132 | "('la reponse est', 42)\n" 133 | ] 134 | } 135 | ], 136 | "source": [ 137 | "with open('fichiertravail.txt', 'r') as f:\n", 138 | " s = f.readline()\n", 139 | " while s != '':\n", 140 | " print (s)\n", 141 | " s = f.readline()" 142 | ] 143 | }, 144 | { 145 | "cell_type": "markdown", 146 | "metadata": {}, 147 | "source": [ 148 | "**`f.readlines()`** renvoie une liste contenant toutes les lignes de données dans le fichier. Si un paramètre optionnel `sizehint` est donné, alors elle lit le nombre d’octets indiqué, plus autant d’octets qu’il en faut pour compléter la dernière ligne commencée, et renvoie la liste des lignes ainsi lues. Cela est souvent utile pour per- mettre la lecture par lignes efficace, sans devoir charger entièrement le fichier en mémoire. La liste retournée est entièrement faite de lignes complètes." 149 | ] 150 | }, 151 | { 152 | "cell_type": "code", 153 | "execution_count": 26, 154 | "metadata": {}, 155 | "outputs": [ 156 | { 157 | "name": "stdout", 158 | "output_type": "stream", 159 | "text": [ 160 | "ligne 0 : Voici un test\n", 161 | "\n", 162 | "ligne 1 : ('la reponse est', 42)\n" 163 | ] 164 | } 165 | ], 166 | "source": [ 167 | "with open('fichiertravail.txt', 'r') as f:\n", 168 | " lines = f.readlines()\n", 169 | "for i, l in enumerate(lines):\n", 170 | " print ('ligne', i, ':', l)" 171 | ] 172 | }, 173 | { 174 | "cell_type": "markdown", 175 | "metadata": {}, 176 | "source": [ 177 | "## Le module `pickle`" 178 | ] 179 | }, 180 | { 181 | "cell_type": "markdown", 182 | "metadata": {}, 183 | "source": [ 184 | "Les chaînes de caractères peuvent facilement être écrites et lues dans un fichier. Les nombres demandent un peu plus d’effort, puisque la méthode `read()` renvoie seulement les chaînes de caractères, qui devront être passées vers une fonction comme `int()`, qui prend une chaîne de caractères comme `'123'` et renvoie sa valeur numérique 123. Cependant, quand vous voulez sauvegarder des types de données plus complexes comme des listes, des dictionnaires, ou des instances de classe, les choses deviennent beaucoup plus compliquées.\n", 185 | "\n", 186 | "Plutôt que faire écrire et déboguer constamment par les utilisateurs le code pour sauvegarder des types de données complexes, Python fournit un module standard appelé pickle. C’est un module étonnant qui peut prendre presque n’importe quel objet Python (même quelques formes de code Python !), et le convertir en une représentation sous forme de chaîne de caractères ; ce processus s’appelle *pickling*. Reconstruire l’objet à partir de sa représentation en chaîne de caractères s’appelle *unpickling*. Entre pickling et unpickling, la chaîne de caractères représentant l’objet a pu avoir été enregistrée dans un fichier ou des données, ou avoir été envoyée à une machine éloignée via une connexion réseau.\n", 187 | "\n", 188 | "Si vous avez un objet `x`, et un objet fichier `f` ouvert en écriture, la voie la plus simple de *pickler* l’objet prend seulement une ligne de code :\n", 189 | "\n", 190 | "`pickle.dump(x, f)`\n", 191 | "\n", 192 | "Pour *unpickler* l’objet, si `f` est un objet fichier ouvert en lecture :\n", 193 | "\n", 194 | "`x = pickle.load(f)`" 195 | ] 196 | }, 197 | { 198 | "cell_type": "markdown", 199 | "metadata": {}, 200 | "source": [ 201 | "## La gestion des fichiers" 202 | ] 203 | }, 204 | { 205 | "cell_type": "markdown", 206 | "metadata": {}, 207 | "source": [ 208 | "Il est possible de manipuler les primitives systèmes en Python. La plupart des fonctions du système sont disponible dans le module `os`:" 209 | ] 210 | }, 211 | { 212 | "cell_type": "code", 213 | "execution_count": 27, 214 | "metadata": {}, 215 | "outputs": [], 216 | "source": [ 217 | "import os" 218 | ] 219 | }, 220 | { 221 | "cell_type": "markdown", 222 | "metadata": {}, 223 | "source": [ 224 | "Pour connaître toutes les fonctions disponibles, il est possible d'utiliser `help(os)` ou `dir(os)`.\n", 225 | "\n", 226 | "Pour les tâches courantes de gestion de fichiers et répertoires, la module `shutil` fournit une interface de haut niveau facile à utiliser :" 227 | ] 228 | }, 229 | { 230 | "cell_type": "code", 231 | "execution_count": 29, 232 | "metadata": {}, 233 | "outputs": [], 234 | "source": [ 235 | "import shutil\n", 236 | "shutil.copyfile('fichiertravail.txt', 'macopie.txt')\n", 237 | "shutil.move('macopie.txt', 'lacopie.txt')" 238 | ] 239 | }, 240 | { 241 | "cell_type": "markdown", 242 | "metadata": {}, 243 | "source": [ 244 | "Le module `glob` fournit une fonction pour construire des listes de fichiers à partir de recherches avec jockers (les *) dans des répertoires :" 245 | ] 246 | }, 247 | { 248 | "cell_type": "code", 249 | "execution_count": 36, 250 | "metadata": {}, 251 | "outputs": [ 252 | { 253 | "data": { 254 | "text/plain": [ 255 | "['fichiertravail.txt', 'lacopie.txt']" 256 | ] 257 | }, 258 | "execution_count": 36, 259 | "metadata": {}, 260 | "output_type": "execute_result" 261 | } 262 | ], 263 | "source": [ 264 | "import glob\n", 265 | "glob.glob('*.txt')" 266 | ] 267 | }, 268 | { 269 | "cell_type": "markdown", 270 | "metadata": {}, 271 | "source": [ 272 | "## Accès à internet" 273 | ] 274 | }, 275 | { 276 | "cell_type": "markdown", 277 | "metadata": {}, 278 | "source": [ 279 | "Il y a un certain nombre de modules pour accéder à Internet et pour traiter les protocoles de l’Internet. Deux des plus simples sont `urllib2` pour récupérer des données depuis des url et `smtplib` pour envoyer du courrier :" 280 | ] 281 | }, 282 | { 283 | "cell_type": "code", 284 | "execution_count": 39, 285 | "metadata": {}, 286 | "outputs": [ 287 | { 288 | "name": "stdout", 289 | "output_type": "stream", 290 | "text": [ 291 | " \n", 292 | "\n", 293 | " \n", 294 | "\n", 295 | " \n", 296 | "\n", 297 | " \n", 298 | "\n", 299 | " \n", 300 | "\n", 301 | " \n", 302 | "\n", 303 | " \n", 304 | "\n", 305 | " \n", 306 | "\n", 307 | " \n", 308 | "\n", 309 | " \n", 310 | "\n", 311 | " \n", 312 | "\n", 313 | " \n", 314 | "\n", 315 | " \n", 316 | "\n", 317 | " \n", 318 | "\n", 319 | " \n", 320 | "\n", 321 | " \n", 322 | "\n", 323 | " \n", 324 | "\n", 325 | " \n", 326 | "\n", 327 | " \n", 328 | "\n", 329 | " \n", 330 | "\n", 331 | " \n", 332 | "\n", 333 | " \n", 334 | "\n", 335 | " \n", 336 | "\n", 337 | " \n", 338 | "\n", 339 | " \n", 340 | "\n", 341 | " \n", 342 | "\n", 343 | " \n", 344 | "\n", 345 | " \n", 346 | "\n", 347 | " \n", 348 | "\n", 349 | "