├── LICENSE ├── README.md └── danglingaws.py /LICENSE: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE 2 | Version 3, 29 June 2007 3 | 4 | Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 5 | Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies 6 | of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 7 | 8 | Preamble 9 | 10 | The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for 11 | software and other kinds of works. 12 | 13 | The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed 14 | to take away your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast, 15 | the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to 16 | share and change all versions of a program--to make sure it remains free 17 | software for all its users. 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It is safest 630 | to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively 631 | state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least 632 | the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. 633 | 634 | {one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.} 635 | Copyright (C) {year} {name of author} 636 | 637 | This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify 638 | it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by 639 | the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or 640 | (at your option) any later version. 641 | 642 | This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 643 | but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 644 | MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 645 | GNU General Public License for more details. 646 | 647 | You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 648 | along with this program. If not, see . 649 | 650 | Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. 651 | 652 | If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short 653 | notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: 654 | 655 | {project} Copyright (C) {year} {fullname} 656 | This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. 657 | This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it 658 | under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. 659 | 660 | The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate 661 | parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands 662 | might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box". 663 | 664 | You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, 665 | if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. 666 | For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see 667 | . 668 | 669 | The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program 670 | into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you 671 | may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with 672 | the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General 673 | Public License instead of this License. But first, please read 674 | . 675 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | ## What this is about 2 | 3 | ### Dangling domains in Amazon Web Services 4 | 5 | This work is inspired by a problem discussed in [this article](http://www.bishopfox.com/blog/2015/10/fishing-the-aws-ip-pool-for-dangling-domains/), where some brave people went fishing in the AWS IP pool. 6 | 7 | There is also an academic approach that evaluates the prevalence and attempts to generally tackle the problem of dangling DNS records ("Dares"), which can be found [here](http://www.cs.wm.edu/~haos/papers/ccs16.dares.pdf). 8 | 9 | **The short story:** For it's simplicity and many more reasons, a lot of websites and services are being hosted on AWS EC2 instances. To be reachable from the internet, active instances [are assigned a public IP by AWS](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/using-instance-addressing.html). This IP is elected from the [pool of public AWS IP addresses](https://ip-ranges.amazonaws.com/ip-ranges.json). However, if an instance is stopped or terminated, the assigned IP is automatically released back into the pool. If a fixed IP address is required, one can allocate an [Elastic IP address](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/elastic-ip-addresses-eip.html). Such address is permanently linked to the allocators account and can then be assigned to specific instances. This is highly desirable when a DNS entry pointing at the instance's address must be maintained. But what happens if one releases the Elastic IP address and at the same time forgets to clear the DNS entry? The released address could then be assigned to another AWS user. Since the DNS entry is still pointing at the given IP, the other user now effectively controls the content of our domain. The potential attacker implicitly inherits all trust put into our domain and can impersonate our site, which poses a security risk and possibly leaks sensitive data. 10 | 11 | You think this never happens? As the article implies, it does. Repeated reallocation of Elastic IPs allows for crawling the AWS IP space for dangling domains, yielding a broad variety of results. 12 | 13 | ## What this tool provides 14 | 15 | This tool was created to assist in identifying forgotten, potentially dangerous DNS entries as those described above. Your AWS account will be queried during the process. The queries are performed using the [Boto3](https://github.com/boto/boto3) API. 16 | 17 | #### Identify candidates for dangling domains 18 | 19 | To achieve that, the tool identifies, downloads and evaluates CloudTrail log files from a given AWS account. The evaluation keeps track of *releaseAddress()* and *allocateAddress()* API-calls and outputs a list of ultimately released addresses. For each IP in the list, the tool performs a reverse DNS lookup and outputs the respective domains. Auditors can then (manually) review the list and identify relevant candidates for dangling domains. 20 | 21 | **!! Beware:** The logic iterates all CloudTrails and attempts to download all log files it can find. This may induce significant access volumes and therefore **AWS charges**. However, the tool will inform you how many log files it has identified and prompts you to confirm the download. If large log file quantities are an issue for you, consider setting the `-fileLimit` option. 22 | 23 | #### Check against a list of given domains 24 | 25 | Setting the `-checkDomains` flag, the tool will instead read a list of domains provided by a text file. The domains are then DNS-lookuped and all corresponding addresses that are not in the AWS IP range are discarded. The remaining IPs are checked against the currenttly allocated Elastic IPs. If any addresses is not covered by an Elastic IP allocation, the tool outputs them. 26 | 27 | ## Getting started 28 | 29 | For the tool to query your account, you must first [configure AWS access](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/userguide/cli-chap-getting-started.html) by `aws configure`. 30 | 31 | Make sure that your user policy grants sufficient access rights to perform all queries. Using the SecurityAudit policy is recommended. 32 | 33 | To use the basic functionality of identifying candidates for dangling domains, use `python danglingaws.py`. 34 | 35 | To view all options, type `python danglingaws.py -h`. 36 | 37 | ## Drawbacks of this solution 38 | 39 | As the tool needs to download all log files to perform a comprehensive evaluation, it remains yet unclear how well the solution will scale in large production environments. Despite the fact that everything runs clean in my small test environment, I can give no guarantee that every functionality works in a bullet-proof manner in other setups. 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /danglingaws.py: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Author: tacticaljmp 2 | 3 | # python danglingaws.py 4 | # For options, consider "python danglingaws.py -h". 5 | 6 | # This tool leverages the Boto3 API. 7 | # For the tool to work properly, prepare account access via "aws configure" first. 8 | # Using the AWS SecurityAudit policy is recommended. 9 | 10 | 11 | # TODO: 12 | # 13 | # - fix number incoherency between identified log files and the progress bar 14 | # - check missing IPs against current EC2 instances' public IPs (and generate warnings) in checkDomains 15 | # - probably differentiate between network interface IPs and Elastic IPs during evaluation 16 | # -> unreserved IPs from network interfaces can still be dangerous 17 | 18 | 19 | import eventlet 20 | import boto3 21 | import os 22 | import gzip 23 | import json 24 | import socket 25 | import argparse 26 | import urllib 27 | import ipaddress 28 | from progress.bar import Bar 29 | 30 | 31 | # Checks if path contains anything. If it contains anything, user input decides whether all files shall 32 | # be removed from the folder or not. However, any folders in the path will not be removed. 33 | # 34 | # path: The path to prepare. 35 | # 36 | def prepareLogFolder(path): 37 | if not os.path.exists(path): 38 | os.makedirs(path) 39 | else: 40 | if os.listdir(path): 41 | print("Specified download folder is not empty - it should be empty though to run everything smoothly. Empty the folder (ALL FILES WILL BE DELETED)? (y/n)") 42 | while True: 43 | answer = raw_input() 44 | if answer == "y": 45 | for file in os.listdir(path): 46 | if os.path.isfile(path + file): 47 | os.remove(path + file) 48 | break 49 | elif answer == "n": 50 | break 51 | 52 | 53 | # Downloads a single file from a S3 bucket. 54 | # 55 | # bucketName: The name of the S3 bucket to download from. 56 | # key: The AWS key of the file to be downloaded. 57 | # toPath: The relative local path where the downloaded file shall be stored. 58 | # 59 | # Returns True on success, or false if downloading failed. 60 | # 61 | def downloadSingleFile(bucketName, key, toPath): 62 | try: 63 | s3 = boto3.resource("s3") 64 | s3.meta.client.download_file(bucketName, key, toPath + str(key).replace("/", "")) 65 | except: 66 | print("Download of file " + str(key) + "failed. ") 67 | return False 68 | return True 69 | 70 | 71 | # Retrieves the content of a file as string. 72 | # 73 | # logfile: The relative path of the file to read from. 74 | # isZipped: If true, the file is unzipped before reading. 75 | # AWS log files are zipped by default. 76 | # 77 | # Returns the content of the file as string on success, or an empty string if reading failed. 78 | # 79 | def getLogfileContent(logfile, isZipped = True): 80 | try: 81 | if isZipped: 82 | with gzip.open(logfile) as f: 83 | return str(f.read()) 84 | else: 85 | f = open(logfile, "r") 86 | return str(f.read()) 87 | except: 88 | return "" 89 | 90 | 91 | # Iterates all CloudTrails of the configured AWS account and tries to identify and download all 92 | # log files from the respective S3 buckets. Uses multiple threads to speed up the download. 93 | # 94 | # toPath: The relative path where the downloaded log files will be stored. This folder 95 | # should be empty. 96 | # fileLimit: Sets a maximum of log files to be downloaded. This limit is applied after 97 | # the filtering. 98 | # threads: Sets the maximum number of threads to be spawned for parallel downloads. 99 | # 100 | # Returns the number of downloaded log files on success, or -1 in case of failure. 101 | # 102 | def downloadLogfiles(toPath, fileLimit, threads): 103 | # Check if download path exists and if it is empty 104 | prepareLogFolder(toPath) 105 | 106 | # Get trails for account's current region 107 | print("Iterating CloudTrails ...") 108 | try: 109 | client = boto3.client("cloudtrail") 110 | trailList = client.describe_trails()["trailList"] 111 | except: 112 | print("Iterating CloudTrails failed. ") 113 | return -1 114 | 115 | # Iterate trails and retrieve log files 116 | for trail in trailList: 117 | print("Found trail in current region: ") 118 | print(trail["Name"]) 119 | print("Corresponding log bucket is ") 120 | print(trail["S3BucketName"]) 121 | 122 | # Access log buckets 123 | try: 124 | s3 = boto3.resource("s3") 125 | bucket = s3.Bucket(trail["S3BucketName"]) 126 | except: 127 | print("Accessing log bucket " + trail["S3BucketName"] + " failed. ") 128 | return -1 129 | 130 | # Identify log files 131 | print("Identifying log files... ") 132 | try: 133 | # Assemble log file key prefix 134 | client = boto3.client("sts") 135 | accountID = client.get_caller_identity()["Account"] 136 | 137 | if trail.has_key("S3KeyPrefix"): 138 | prefix = trail["S3KeyPrefix"] + "/" 139 | else: 140 | prefix = "" 141 | 142 | # Filter bucket contents for potential log files. Sort out the digest files. 143 | logfiles = bucket.objects.filter(Prefix = "AWSLogs/" + prefix + accountID + "/" + "CloudTrail/") 144 | 145 | print("Found " + str(len(list(logfiles))) + " log files.") 146 | 147 | if fileLimit == 0: 148 | print("INFO: File limit is set to unlimited. ") 149 | else: 150 | print("INFO: File limit is set to " + str(fileLimit) + ". ") 151 | logfiles = logfiles.limit(fileLimit) 152 | except: 153 | print("Identification of log files failed.") 154 | return -1 155 | 156 | # Prompt for continuing 157 | print("Ready to download log files - this may take a while. Proceed? (y/n)") 158 | while True: 159 | answer = raw_input() 160 | if answer == "y": 161 | break 162 | elif answer == "n": 163 | print("No download.") 164 | return 0 165 | 166 | print("INFO: Using " + str(threads) + " threads ... ") 167 | 168 | try: 169 | # Spawning threads to parallelize downloads 170 | bar = Bar("Downloading...", max = len(list(logfiles))) 171 | pool = eventlet.GreenPool(size = threads) 172 | for logfile in logfiles: 173 | pool.spawn(downloadSingleFile, trail["S3BucketName"], logfile.key, toPath) 174 | bar.next() 175 | pool.waitall() 176 | bar.finish() 177 | except: 178 | print("Download of log files for trail " + trail["Name"] + " failed.") 179 | return -1 180 | 181 | print("Download finished.") 182 | return len(list(logfiles)) 183 | 184 | 185 | # Evaluates AWS log files. Crawls the files for all releaseAddress() calls and identifies potentially 186 | # dangerous IPs by checking if these released addresses have ever been associated to an EC2 instance 187 | # or network interface. 188 | # 189 | # fromPath: The relative local path of the log files to be evaluated. 190 | # 191 | # Returns a list of potentially dangerous released IPs. 192 | # 193 | def evaluateLogfiles(fromPath): 194 | releasedIPs = [] 195 | associatedIDs = [] 196 | allocatedIPMap = {} 197 | releasedIDs = [] 198 | 199 | print("Evaluating log files for releaseAddress() calls ... ") 200 | 201 | try: 202 | for filename in os.listdir(fromPath): 203 | if os.path.isfile(fromPath + filename): 204 | try: 205 | currentContent = getLogfileContent(fromPath + filename) 206 | records = json.loads(currentContent)["Records"] 207 | except: 208 | print("Failed to interpret JSON from log file " + fromPath + filename) 209 | continue 210 | try: 211 | # Find allocationIds of allocated IPs and map them 212 | for event in records: 213 | if event["eventName"] == "AllocateAddress": 214 | allocatedIPMap[str(event["responseElements"]["allocationId"])] = str(event["responseElements"]["publicIp"]) 215 | # Find allocationIds of released IPs 216 | for event in records: 217 | if event["eventName"] == "ReleaseAddress": 218 | releasedIDs.append(str(event["requestParameters"]["allocationId"])) 219 | # Find allocationIds of associated IPs 220 | for event in records: 221 | if event["eventName"] == "AssociateAddress": 222 | associatedIDs.append(str(event["requestParameters"]["allocationId"])) 223 | except: 224 | print("Failed to gather required information from log file " + fromPath + filename) 225 | continue 226 | except: 227 | print("Failed in accessing local log files!") 228 | 229 | # Discard all releasedIDs that have never been associated 230 | releasedIDs = list(set(releasedIDs) & set(associatedIDs)) 231 | 232 | # Resolve releasedIPs via mapping 233 | for releasedID in releasedIDs: 234 | try: 235 | releasedIPs.append(allocatedIPMap[releasedID]) 236 | except: 237 | print("Could not resolve IP address with allocation ID " + releasedID) 238 | 239 | # Remove duplicate entries 240 | releasedIPs = list(set(releasedIPs)) 241 | 242 | print("Evaluation done.") 243 | 244 | return releasedIPs 245 | 246 | 247 | # Retrieves all currently associated public IPs for all EC2 instances and network interfaces for 248 | # the configured AWS account. 249 | # 250 | # Returns a list of associated public IPs. 251 | # 252 | def getCurrentIPs(): 253 | currentIPs = [] 254 | 255 | print("Retrieving currently associated public IPs from EC2 instances and network interfaces ...") 256 | 257 | try: 258 | client = boto3.client("ec2") 259 | except: 260 | print("Accessing AWS failed ...") 261 | return currentIPs 262 | 263 | # Get public IPs from current EC2 instances 264 | try: 265 | instances = client.describe_instances() 266 | for instance in instances["Reservations"][0]["Instances"]: 267 | if instance.has_key("PublicIpAddress"): 268 | currentIPs.append(instance["PublicIpAddress"]) 269 | except: 270 | print("Failed to retrieve public IPs from current EC2 instances.") 271 | 272 | # Get public IPs from current EC2 network interfaces 273 | try: 274 | interfaces = client.describe_network_interfaces() 275 | for interface in interfaces["NetworkInterfaces"]: 276 | if interface.has_key("Association"): 277 | currentIPs.append(interface["Association"]["PublicIp"]) 278 | except: 279 | print("Failed to retrieve public IPs from current EC2 network interfaces.") 280 | 281 | # Remove duplicate entries 282 | currentIPs = list(set(currentIPs)) 283 | 284 | print("Done.") 285 | 286 | return currentIPs 287 | 288 | 289 | # Reads a list of domains from a local file. The function DNS-resolves the domains and checks whether 290 | # the acquired IPs are in AWS IP range. The AWS acccount is then queried for currently allocated Elastic IPs. 291 | # The function outputs a list of all AWS IPs in the given domain scope that are not permanently bound to the account. 292 | # 293 | # domainFile: The relative local path to a file that contains the domains to check, one per line. 294 | # 295 | # Returns true on success. Returns false if an exception is thrown. 296 | # 297 | def checkDomains(domainFile): 298 | # Read list of domains from file 299 | print("Reading domains from file " + domainFile + " ...") 300 | domains = [] 301 | try: 302 | with open(domainFile, "r") as file: 303 | for line in file: 304 | domains.append(line.replace("\n", "")) 305 | print("Done.") 306 | except: 307 | print("Error reading from domain file " + domainFile) 308 | return False 309 | 310 | # Do DNS lookup 311 | print("Performing DNS lookup for domains ...") 312 | ips = [] 313 | for domain in domains: 314 | try: 315 | currentIP = socket.gethostbyname(domain) 316 | print(domain + "\t\t" + currentIP) 317 | ips.append(currentIP) 318 | except: 319 | print("Error resolving " + domain + ". Skipping.") 320 | print("Done.") 321 | 322 | # Get current AWS range file 323 | print("Reading AWS IP range file from https://ip-ranges.amazonaws.com/ip-ranges.json ...") 324 | try: 325 | rangefile = urllib.urlopen("https://ip-ranges.amazonaws.com/ip-ranges.json").read() 326 | ranges = json.loads(rangefile) 327 | print("Done.") 328 | except: 329 | print("Failed.") 330 | return False 331 | 332 | # Filter IPs for AWS range 333 | try: 334 | filteredIPs = [] 335 | for ip in ips: 336 | for prefix in ranges["prefixes"]: 337 | if ipaddress.ip_address(ip.decode("unicode-escape")) in ipaddress.ip_network(prefix["ip_prefix"]): 338 | filteredIPs.append(ip) 339 | # Remove duplicate entries 340 | filteredIPs = list(set(filteredIPs)) 341 | except: 342 | print("Error while filtering IPs for AWS range.") 343 | return False 344 | print("IPs in AWS range: ") 345 | for filteredIP in filteredIPs: 346 | print(filteredIP) 347 | 348 | # Get currently allocated Elastic IPs 349 | print("Retrieving currently allocated Elastic IPs ...") 350 | try: 351 | client = boto3.client("ec2") 352 | elasticIPs = [] 353 | for address in client.describe_addresses()["Addresses"]: 354 | elasticIPs.append(address["PublicIp"]) 355 | 356 | if elasticIPs: 357 | for elasticIP in elasticIPs: 358 | print(elasticIP) 359 | else: 360 | print("None allocated.") 361 | except: 362 | print("Could not retrieve Elastic IPs.") 363 | return False 364 | 365 | # Calculate missing IPs = filtered IPs - elastic IPs 366 | missingIPs = list(set(filteredIPs) - set(elasticIPs)) 367 | 368 | # Print out findings 369 | print("\nThe following IPs in scope are not part of your Elastic IPs: ") 370 | for missingIP in missingIPs: 371 | print(missingIP) 372 | 373 | return True 374 | 375 | 376 | 377 | 378 | # MAIN -------------------------------------------------- 379 | 380 | # Argument handling 381 | parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(formatter_class = argparse.ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter) 382 | parser.add_argument("-offline", action = "store_true", default = False, help = "Set this flag to disable download from AWS. Only log files specified by the path argument are evaluated.") 383 | parser.add_argument("-path", action = "store", default = "logs/", help = "Specifies the relative path where downloaded log files from AWS will be/are stored.") 384 | parser.add_argument("-threads", action = "store", type = int, default = 256, help = "Sets the maximum number of threads to be spawned for parallel log file download.") 385 | parser.add_argument("-fileLimit", action = "store", type = int, default = 0, help = "Sets a limit for how many log files will be downloaded from AWS. This limit is applied after the filtering. Set to 0 to remove the limit.") 386 | parser.add_argument("-checkDomains", action = "store_true", default = False, help = "Option to check a given list of domains. No log files will be downloaded and evaluated, instead the tool will check if any of the given domains' IPs are not linked to one of your Elastic IPs.") 387 | parser.add_argument("-domainFile", action = "store", default = "domains.txt", help = "Specify this to set an alternative input file for domains to be checked via the checkDomains option. The tool will expect the file to contain one domain per line.") 388 | args = parser.parse_args() 389 | 390 | if args.checkDomains: 391 | checkDomains(args.domainFile) 392 | else: 393 | # Eventlet preparation (necessary for download threading) 394 | eventlet.monkey_patch(all = True) 395 | 396 | # Option to skip download 397 | if not args.offline: 398 | downloadLogfiles(args.path, args.fileLimit, args.threads) 399 | 400 | # Evaluate log files and get released IPs 401 | releasedIPs = evaluateLogfiles(args.path) 402 | 403 | # Retrieve currently associated IPs 404 | currentIPs = getCurrentIPs() 405 | 406 | # Sort out the currently associated IPs 407 | releasedIPs = list(set(releasedIPs) - set(currentIPs)) 408 | 409 | # Do reverse DNS lookup on the potentionally dangerous IPs 410 | # Print out the findings, including aliases 411 | print("\nReleased IP findings (with their current domains): \n") 412 | for releasedIP in releasedIPs: 413 | try: 414 | dnsResponse = socket.gethostbyaddr(releasedIP) 415 | print(releasedIP + "\t\t" + dnsResponse[0]) 416 | for alias in dnsResponse[1]: 417 | print("\t\t" + alias) 418 | except: 419 | print("Reverse DNS failed for address " + releasedIP) 420 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------