├── LICENSE ├── README.md ├── TDWG-IG ├── Readme.md ├── TDWG_FinalCharter.docx └── TDWG_Final_Charter.md ├── _config.yml └── docs ├── README.md ├── _config.yml ├── plan ├── step1.md ├── step2.md ├── step3.md ├── step4.md └── step5.md ├── resources.md └── resources ├── 2016-12-06-notes-from-meeting-costa-rica.MD ├── 2021-01-20-notes-meeting.md ├── images ├── dataset-format.png ├── dataset-interaction-level.png ├── dataset-repos.png ├── dataset-schemas.png ├── dataset-years.png ├── dwca-chart.png ├── image1.png ├── image2.png ├── image3.png ├── tm-k-4.png └── wc-keywords.png ├── interaction_types_all.tsv └── list-of-resources-of-interest-on-Interaction-Data.md /LICENSE: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE 2 | Version 3, 29 June 2007 3 | 4 | Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 5 | Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies 6 | of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 7 | 8 | Preamble 9 | 10 | The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for 11 | software and other kinds of works. 12 | 13 | The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed 14 | to take away your freedom to share and change the works. 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See the 645 | GNU General Public License for more details. 646 | 647 | You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 648 | along with this program. If not, see . 649 | 650 | Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. 651 | 652 | If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short 653 | notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: 654 | 655 | {project} Copyright (C) {year} {fullname} 656 | This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. 657 | This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it 658 | under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. 659 | 660 | The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate 661 | parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands 662 | might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box". 663 | 664 | You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, 665 | if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. 666 | For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see 667 | . 668 | 669 | The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program 670 | into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you 671 | may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with 672 | the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General 673 | Public License instead of this License. But first, please read 674 | . 675 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # TDWG Biological Interaction Data Interest Group 2 | 3 | ## Rationale 4 | 5 | Species interaction is a concern in Biology and either in other areas, like Agriculture. Despite many efforts to collect and share species interaction data, its lacks a data standard which allows universally exchange of data and information. Therefore, the goal of this Interest Group is to discuss and formalize biodiversity interaction data aiming at developing a data standard under the Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG) umbrella. 6 | 7 | After a meeting held during the TDWG Conference in Costa Rica, on the 6/Dec/2016, this group was proposed and presented to the TDWG community at the closing session. 8 | 9 | ## Planned steps 10 | 11 | 1. Figure out and use a robust theory of biological interactions, including food webs and network ecology concepts. [PLAN_STEP_1](docs/plan/step1.md) 12 | 2. Landscaping review: collect information of available resources about species interaction data, study cases and *standard* development, creating a list and providing a detailed description of funcionalities, advantages and disadvantages of each resource. [PLANT_STEP_2](docs/plan/step2.md) 13 | 3. Share bibliography references (articles, reports, documents etc.) between collaborators to enrich discussions and promote a standarization of species data.[PLANT_STEP_3](docs/plan/step3.md) 14 | 3. Create a **core** standard for species interaction data. [PLAN_STEP_4](docs/step4.md) 15 | 4. Development of conceptal models for data centralisation and aggregation. [PLANT_STEP_5](docs/plan/step5.md) 16 | 17 | ## How to contribute 18 | 19 | You can use the [GitHub issues](https://github.com/tdwg/interaction/issues) to contribute with amendment (including modifications in this text) or starting relevant discussion topics. To create an issue click on green large button at right top "New Issue", or open a existing issue to contribute within the discussion. 20 | 21 | A mailing list resource will be provided soon. Meanwhile, click in "Watch" and select "Watching" to be notified of all conversations. 22 | 23 | Participation is open to all interested parties. 24 | 25 | We have regular virtual meetings scheduled to happen every **15 days**. If you are interested in participating, please, send an email to [joseasalim@usp.br](mailto:joseasalim@usp.br) so that your is name added to the list of participants. Additionally, we encorage any new incomer to join our [TDWG Biological Interaction Data Group](https://groups.google.com/g/tdwg-interaction). 26 | 27 | ## Resources 28 | 29 | List of [Shared Resources](docs/resources.md) 30 | 31 | ## Conveners 32 | 33 | ### Antonio Mauro Saraiva 34 | Full Professor, Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Politécnica 35 | Research Center on Biodiversity and Computing - BioComp. USP 36 | saraiva(at)usp.br 37 | 38 | ### Jen Hammock 39 | Project Manager, Encyclopedia of Life, Smithsonian 40 | National Museum of Natural History, MRC #106 41 | hammockj(at)si.edu 42 | 43 | ## Core Members 44 | 45 | - Anne Thessen - Ronin Institute 46 | - Annie Simpson - US Geological Survey 47 | - Antonio Mauro Saraiva - Universidade de São Paulo 48 | - Chris Mungall - Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory 49 | - Dmitry Schigel - Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), Secretariat 50 | - Francisco Pando - Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC 51 | - Jennifer Hammock - Encyclopedia of Life 52 | - John Wiezorek - University of California, Berkeley 53 | - Jorrit Poelen - Global Biotic Interactions 54 | - José Augusto Salim - Universidade Estadual de Campinas 55 | - Juliana Saragiotto Silva - Instituto Federal de Mato Grosso 56 | - Katja Schulz - Smithsonian Institution 57 | - Prabha Prabhakar - Strand Life Sciences 58 | - Quentin Groom - Botanic Garden Meise 59 | - Remy Jomier - Service du Patrimoine Naturel 60 | - Willem Coetzer - South Africa Inst Aquatic Biodiversity 61 | - Debora Drucker - Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA) 62 | - Filipi Soares - Universidade de São Paulo 63 | - Fransciso E. Fonturbel - Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso 64 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /TDWG-IG/Readme.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | This folder will contain the documents related to the formalization of an Interest Group at TDWG 2 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /TDWG-IG/TDWG_FinalCharter.docx: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/interaction/8799aa3298a63309b6cc408057a584904b6a7d0c/TDWG-IG/TDWG_FinalCharter.docx -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /TDWG-IG/TDWG_Final_Charter.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Biological Interaction Data Interest Group – BID-IG 2 |   3 | # TDWG Interest Group (Open) 4 |   5 | ## Convenors 6 | 7 | **Antonio Mauro Saraiva** 8 | 9 | 10 | Full Professor, Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Politécnica 11 | 12 | Research Center on Biodiversity and Computing - BioComp. USP 13 | 14 | Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, travessa 3, nº 158, sala C2-56 15 | 16 | São Paulo, Brazil 17 | 18 | Email: saraiva(at)usp.br 19 |   20 | 21 | **Jen Hammock** 22 | 23 | 24 | Project Manager, Encyclopedia of Life, Smithsonian 25 | 26 | National Museum of Natural History, MRC #106 27 | 28 | 10th St. & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, D.C. 20560, USA 29 | 30 | hammockj(at)si.edu 31 | 32 | ## Core Members 33 | 34 | **Anne Thessen** - Ronin Institute 35 | **Annie Simpson** - US Geological Survey 36 | **Antonio Mauro Saraiva** - Universidade de São Paulo 37 | **Chris Mungall** - Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory 38 | **Dmitry Schigel** - Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), Secretariat 39 | **Francisco Pando** - Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC 40 | **Jennifer Hammock** - Encyclopedia of Life, Smithsonian Institution 41 | **John Wiezorek** - University of California, Berkeley 42 | **Jorrit Poelen** - Global Biotic Interactions 43 | **José Augusto Salim** - Universidade de São Paulo 44 | **Juliana Saragiotto Silva** - Instituto Federal de Mato Grosso 45 | **Katja Schulz** - Smithsonian Institution 46 | **Prabha Prabhakar** - Strand Life Sciences 47 | **Quentin Groom** - Botanic Garden Meise 48 | **Remy Jomier** - Service du Patrimoine Naturel 49 | **Willem Coetzer** - South Africa Inst Aquatic Biodiversity 50 | 51 | ## Summary 52 | 53 | Scientists use a variety of methods to collect, record, and store biological interaction data, that include predator-prey, parasite-host, pollinator-plant, among others. Uses for those data are equally diverse, as they are collected primarily to answer different scientific questions. Biological interaction data can be very important in other situations and domains. For example, they could play an important role in building decision support systems for conservation and sustainable use in agriculture. 54 | Despite of their importance, a very limited amount of biological interaction data is available online, especially if compared to the amount of data registers available on occurrence data portals, which have been boosted by the development and adoption of a data standard, the Darwin Core. Numerous efforts are underway to aggregate, organize, and efficiently disseminate biological interaction data. However, we lack a formal data standard to support that work. 55 | 56 | Therefore, in this Interest Group we want to discuss, formalize and develop a common background to help standardize biological interaction data in the Biodiversity Informatics community, avoiding duplication of efforts, sharing knowledge and solutions. Our final aim is to promote digitization, sharing, aggregation and, ultimately, a wide use of biological interaction data. 57 | 58 | ## Becoming Involved 59 |   60 | During the 2016 TDWG Conference, in Santa Clara de San Carlos, Costa Rica, a group of people has gathered to start discussing this issue under the TDWG umbrella. We, now, propose the creation of an Interest Group on Biological Data Interactions where this topic can be discussed within the broader biodiversity informatics community. 61 | All interested parties are encouraged to become involved with the Interest Group or specific Task Groups it may convene in the future. Membership of the group is open. If you work with biological interaction data at any level, whether digitization, publication, aggregation or analysis, and you would like to be able to universally share and benefit from all advantages which a data standard can provide, you are welcome to join the Biological Interaction Data Interest Group. 62 |   63 | Please contact the convenors or any core member about how to become involved. 64 |   65 | The TDWG process requires that any new Task Group be launched through an Interest Group. The Biological Interaction Data Interest Group can facilitate establishment of new Task Groups that relate to this topic. Please contact the convenor to discuss potential projects or join existing Task Groups. 66 |   67 |   68 | ## Resources 69 | - https://github.com/BioComp-USP/interaction-data-group 70 | 71 | Since this is not yet a formal TDWG group we have been working under the BioComp-USP GitHub repository, and we will move to the TDWG repository as soon as we have an Interest Group on Interaction Data approved by the TDWG exec. 72 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /_config.yml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | theme: jekyll-theme-slate 2 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Species Interaction Data Group 2 | 3 | ## Rationale 4 | 5 | Species interaction is a concern in Biology and either in other areas, like Agriculture. Despite many efforts to collect and share species interaction data, its lacks a data standard which allows universally exchange of data and information. Therefore, the goal of this Interest Group is to discuss and formalize biodiversity interaction data aiming at developing a data standard under the Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG) umbrella. 6 | 7 | After a meeting held during the TDWG Conference in Costa Rica, on the 6/Dec/2016, this group was proposed and presented to the TDWG community at the closing session. 8 | 9 | ## Planned steps 10 | 11 | 1. Figure out and use a robust theory of biological interactions, including food webs and network ecology concepts. [PLAN_STEP_1](docs/plan/step1.md) 12 | 2. Landscaping review: collect information of available resources about species interaction data, study cases and *standard* development, creating a list and providing a detailed description of funcionalities, advantages and disadvantages of each resource. [PLANT_STEP_2](docs/plan/step2.md) 13 | 3. Share bibliography references (articles, reports, documents etc.) between collaborators to enrich discussions and promote a standarization of species data.[PLANT_STEP_3](docs/plan/step3.md) 14 | 3. Create a **core** standard for species interaction data. [PLAN_STEP_4](docs/step4.md) 15 | 4. Development of conceptal models for data centralisation and aggregation. [PLANT_STEP_5](docs/plan/step5.md) 16 | 17 | ## How to contribute 18 | 19 | You can use the [GitHub issues](https://github.com/tdwg/interaction/issues) to contribute with amendment (including modifications in this text) or starting relevant discussion topics. To create an issue click on green large button at right top "New Issue", or open a existing issue to contribute within the discussion. 20 | 21 | A mailing list resource will be provided soon. Meanwhile, click in "Watch" and select "Watching" to be notified of all conversations. 22 | 23 | Participation is open to all interested parties. 24 | 25 | We have regular virtual meetings scheduled to happen every 15 days. If you are interested in participating, please, send an email to [joseasalim@usp.br](mailto:joseasalim@usp.br) so that your is name added to the list of participants. 26 | 27 | ## Resources 28 | 29 | List of [Shared Resources](docs/resources.md) 30 | 31 | ## Conveners 32 | 33 | ### Antonio Mauro Saraiva 34 | Full Professor, Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Politécnica 35 | Research Center on Biodiversity and Computing - BioComp. USP 36 | saraiva(at)usp.br 37 | 38 | ### Jen Hammock 39 | Project Manager, Encyclopedia of Life, Smithsonian 40 | National Museum of Natural History, MRC #106 41 | hammockj(at)si.edu 42 | 43 | ## Core Members 44 | 45 | - Anne Thessen - Ronin Institute 46 | - Annie Simpson - US Geological Survey 47 | - Antonio Mauro Saraiva - Universidade de São Paulo 48 | - Chris Mungall - Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory 49 | - Dmitry Schigel - Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), Secretariat 50 | - Francisco Pando - Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC 51 | - Jennifer Hammock - Encyclopedia of Life 52 | - John Wiezorek - University of California, Berkeley 53 | - Jorrit Poelen - Global Biotic Interactions 54 | - José Augusto Salim - Universidade de São Paulo 55 | - Juliana Saragiotto Silva - Instituto Federal de Mato Grosso 56 | - Katja Schulz - Smithsonian Institution 57 | - Prabha Prabhakar - Strand Life Sciences 58 | - Quentin Groom - Botanic Garden Meise 59 | - Remy Jomier - Service du Patrimoine Naturel 60 | - Willem Coetzer - South Africa Inst Aquatic Biodiversity 61 | 62 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/_config.yml: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | theme: jekyll-theme-tactile -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/plan/step1.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Theoretical definition of *Biological Interactions* 2 | 3 | The main goal on this step is to collaborative create a robust definition of *biological interactions* which can handle different cases, like food webs, ecologial networks, microorganism interactions. 4 | 5 | ## Definitions 6 | 7 | - **[United Nations, 1997, page 43](#united-nations-1997)**: 8 | - >Interaction (between species): positive and negative associations between species that favour or inhibit mutual growth and evolution of populations. It may take the form of competition, predation, parasitism, commensalism or mutualism. 9 | - Ecological definiton of `species interaction`. 10 | - **Species-level**. 11 | - Interspecific interactions. 12 | - **Association**: population dynamics and evolution of populations (positive and negative impacts on an individual's fitness). 13 | - **[Nakazawa, 2020](#nakazawa-2020)**: 14 | - >As the second benefit, the simplified view of the ecological community makes ecological research more accessible to, and facilitates collaboration with, other research fields (consolidation). For example, analyses of chemical compounds and stable isotopes have already become a common approach for assessing material flows via "species interactions" (Dyer et al., 2018; Layman et al., 2012). More recently, DNA metabarcoding has been proven to detect the presence of "species interactions” (Evans, Kitson, Lunt, Straw, & Pocock, 2016; Pompanon et al., 2012; Ushio et al., 2015). Theoretical approaches (e.g., mathematics, statistics and computer science) are powerful tools for predicting community dynamics mediated by "species interactions” (King, 2014; May & Mclean, 2007; Petrovskii & Petrovskaya, 2012). In addition, the concept of "species interaction” is currently of great public interest for its applications in ecosystem management for various issues such as agriculture (Tittonell, 2014), climate change (Post, 2013), environmental engineering (Peralta‐Maraver, Reiss, & Robertson, 2018), epidemiology (Johnson, de Roode, & Fenton, 2015), landscape design (Wainwright et al., 2018) and so on. This would be because the concept of "species interaction” provides a mechanical basis of biodiversity maintenance and ecosystem functioning. Ecology has become truly interdisciplinary probably due to the simplified view of ecological community, which would be ultimately due to the concept of "species interaction." 15 | - >The term "species interaction” is apparently intelligible (see above) but its definition is somewhat ambiguous and controversial (vagueness). Specifically, it can often be replaced by other similar terms such as "biotic interaction” and "inter(‐)specific interaction” ([Figure 1](#figure-1)). 16 | - >In addition, "species interactions” can be quantified using various metrics that reflect different mathematical definitions. According to Berlow et al. (2004), there are at least 15 interaction strength metrics (e.g., interaction matrix, community matrix, nonlinear functional response and relative prey preference). This polysemy has sometimes caused miscommunication even among expert ecologists. These problems can prevent the successful conduct of ecological research. 17 | - >**More conceptually, the term "species interaction” is misleading, because interactions occur between individuals but not between species in real nature.** 18 | - >More conceptually, the term "species interaction” is misleading, because interactions occur between individuals but not between species in real nature. This contradicts the species‐based concept of "species interaction” that has promoted traditional ecology (see above). In other words, the term can mask and distract our attention from the fact that interactions occur at the individual level. This inconsistency between the species‐based (Figure 2a) and individual‐based views (Figure 2b) can be resolved by the assumption that "all conspecific individuals are effectively interchangeable” (Bolnick et al., 2011), but that is also not true because intraspecific variations are ubiquitous due to factors such as ontogeny, sex and genotype (see reviews cited below). This argument can be applied to a wide range of taxonomic groups (e.g., animals, plants and microbes) and their interactions, except for the case that both species are completely homogeneous in an interaction; even if one side of species is completely homogeneous in an interaction, the other side of species may have individual heterogeneity. Consequently, the term leads us to distort and obscure the true nature of ecological communities mediated by individual heterogeneity (concealment). 19 | - >Notably, individual heterogeneity does matter for community dynamics. As an example of this in action, Bolnick et al. (2011) showed that the consumption rate expected from the species‐averaged attack rate is always higher than the species‐averaged consumption rate expected from attack rates of individual consumers in the case of Holling Type II functional response. This is known as an example of Jensen's inequality. Likewise, Nakazawa, Ushio, and Kondoh (2011) showed that the estimation of predator–prey mass ratio, a key parameter in size‐structured food‐web modeling, can vary substantially depending on whether species‐averaged or individual body masses are used (reviewed by Nakazawa, 2017). This problem arises from the difference between the average of ratios and the ratio of averages. These examples illustrate that community dynamics predicted by species‐averaged parameters can be inaccurate. Indeed, numerous studies have recently shown that individual heterogeneity caused by ontogeny, sex, genotype, plasticity and personality are all crucial for community dynamics (reviewed by de Roos & Persson, 2013; Hairston, Ellner, Geber, Yoshida, & Fox, 2005; Hendry, 2016; Giery & Layman, 2019; Kobayashi, 2019; Miller & Rudolf, 2011; Miner, Sultan, Morgan, Padilla, & Relyea, 2005; Nakazawa, 2015; Raffard, Santoul, Cucherousset, & Blanchet, 2019; Turcotte & Levine, 2016; Werner & Peacor, 2003 Wolf & Weissing, 2012). Nevertheless, most ecologists have not yet fully considered those individual‐based community perspectives in their research, as the mainstream of ecology remains species‐based. Almost all textbooks of ecology introduce the concept of food webs or ecological communities as a network of interactions between homogeneous species (e.g., Begon et al., 2006; Molles Jr & Sher, 2019; Smith & Smith, 2015; Stiling, 2015). Furthermore, internet image searching can easily find thousands of similar topological views of interspecific links, in which individual heterogeneity of interactions is rarely depicted. Hence, the term can reinforce the prejudice that interactions occur between homogeneous species (reification). 20 | - >The main concern on this side of the argument would be how we can reach a practical consensus that interactions occur between individuals, despite the majority of ecologists assuming that "species interactions” are species‐level phenomena in their research (Figure 2a). Intriguingly, this concern is reminiscent of the time when evolutionary biologists were believing that evolution occurs for the good of the species. In the 1930s, only a small part of population genetics researchers casted doubt on this view (Fisher, 1930; Haldane, 1932). A breakthrough was made in the 1960s, when some evolutionary biologists claimed that natural selection acts on individuals or genes (e.g., Maynard Smith, 1964; Williams, 1966), and when Hamilton (1964) formulated inclusive fitness theory. Their views were thereafter established and incorporated into modern evolutionary theory. As a consequence, the primary unit of selection was changed from species to individuals (or genes) in evolutionary biology (Brandon & Burian, 1984; Sober & Wilson, 1994). Ecology may require a similar paradigm shift in the unit of interaction from species to individuals, since interactions between organisms occur at the individual level (Figure 2b). This scenario, if it takes place, can mitigate the demerits of concealment and reification (see above). 21 | 22 | # Figures 23 | 24 | ## Figure 1 [Nakazawa, 2020](#nakazawa-2020) 25 | 26 | ![figure 1][fig-1] *Number of publications including the term "species interaction” and other similar terms throughout the years. Web of Science was used (April 2020) to search for Research articles including those words in Topic and published between 1970 and 2019 in the field of Ecology. Both singular and plural forms were counted. Different line colors indicate different terms: species interaction (red), biotic interaction (blue), ecological interaction (green), inter(‐)specific interaction (orange), biological interaction (light blue) and community interaction (light green). The most frequently used term is "species interaction.” The relative frequency of "biotic interaction” is rapidly increasing since the late 2000s probably due to growing interest in environmental sciences* 27 | 28 | ## Figure 2 [Nakazawa, 2020](#nakazawa-2020) 29 | 30 | ![figure 2][fig-2] *Species‐based and individual‐based views of "species interaction.” (a) The species interaction is a species‐level phenomenon in which species are assumed to consist of identical individuals with invariant traits. The unit of interaction is species under the assumption of species homogeneity. (b) The species interaction is a set of individual‐level phenomena in which intraspecific trait variation (individual heterogeneity) mediates interactions between heterospecific individuals. Solid and dashed lines indicate that interaction strength varies between individual pairs. In both panels, large and small circles indicate species and individual identities, respectively 31 | 32 | [fig-1]: https://esj-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/asset/ace005ae-2529-4c29-8329-b4ac3e08a2c2/ere12164-fig-0001-m.jpg 33 | [fig-2]: https://esj-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/asset/b1d565c2-9094-4cd7-a23c-3f7eab87f584/ere12164-fig-0002-m.jpg 34 | 35 | ## References 36 | 37 |

Nakazawa, T. Species interaction: Revisiting its terminology and concept. Ecological Research. 2020; 35: 1106– 1113. [doi.org/10.1111/1440-1703.12164](https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1703.12164)

38 | 39 |

United Nations, Glossary of Environment Statistics, Studies in Methods, Series F, No. 67, United Nations, New York, 1997.Url: [unstats.un.org/unsd/environmentgl/](https://unstats.un.org/unsd/environmentgl/)

40 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/plan/step2.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Landscaping review 2 | 3 | The main goal on this step collect information of available resources about species interaction data, study cases and *standard* development, creating a list and providing a detailed description of funcionalities, advantages and disadvantages of each resource. 4 | 5 | ## Planning 6 | 7 | ### Datasets 8 | 9 | We analyzed **392** datasets from [GloBI sources](https://www.globalbioticinteractions.org/sources) and those found with [Google Dataset Search](https://datasetsearch.research.google.com/). 10 | 11 | The Google Dataset Search was used to search for interaction datasets not indexed by GloBI, using the follow *search string*: 12 | ``` 13 | "species interaction" OR "biotic interaction" OR "interaction network" OR "trophic interaction" OR "food web" OR "plant-pollinator" OR "predator-prey" 14 | ``` 15 | 16 | The search returned **81** datasets which are not indexed by GloBI. 17 | 18 | ### Dataset metadata 19 | 20 | The analysis of the datasets were conducted in order to understand how people organize and share interactions data. For each dataset the follow metadata are extracted (when available): 21 | - Metadata about the related scientific publication (i.e. DOI, title, year, abstract, publication type, keywords, authors, journal). 22 | - Repository where the dataset is stored 23 | - General data structure/schema used, classified in following categories: 24 | + *TABULAR/INTERACTION_RECORDS*: interactions are represented by individual records (one interaction per line/row). Each record contains data about both interaction partners (**source** and **target** species). 25 | + *TABULAR/CHECK_LIST*: interactions are given as a list of interaction partners for a specific taxon (not mentioned in the dataset) 26 | + *DWCA*: Darwin Core Archives which may use *associatedTaxa*, *associatedOccurrences*, *ResourceRelationship* or another DwC term to stored interaction data. 27 | + *ADJ MATRIX*: adjacency matrix are used to share interactions network where the first row/column are species name or identifiers. The adjancency matrix can be binary or non-binary matrix, and usually a **0** represents no interaction and a value greater than **0** indicates an interaction between species at given row/column. 28 | + *G(V,E)*: a network interactions where a list of nodes (species) and a list of links (interactions) are given separately 29 | + *NATURAL_LANGUAGE*: interactions are given in natural language (textual) within publications. 30 | + *CUSTOM_API*: custom API's comprising different schemas are grouped together. 31 | - Dataset file format (e.g. CSV, ZIP, HTML, RData) 32 | - Dataset Metadata (ie. title, description, keywords, year, metadata URL) 33 | - Interaction types classified according to [Relation Ontology](http://www.ontobee.org/ontology/RO). 34 | - Interaction level: 35 | + *species-species*: species interaction. No spatial or temporal information about the interacting species are given, just taxa. 36 | + *occurrence-species*: Spatial or temporal information are given to just one of the interacting partners. 37 | + *occurrence-occurrence*: Spatial or temporal information are given for both interacting partners. 38 | - Relational model: 39 | - *single*: data is store in just one file (flat-table). 40 | - *multiple*: data is store in multiple files (relational). 41 | 42 | ## Results 43 | 44 | ### Datasets by Year of Publication 45 | 46 | ![Datasets by Year](/docs/resources/images/dataset-years.png) 47 | 48 | ### Datasets Keywords 49 | 50 | ![Dataset keywords](/docs/resources/images/wc-keywords.png) 51 | 52 | ### Repositores 53 | 54 | ![Dataset repositories](/docs/resources/images/dataset-repos.png) 55 | 56 | ### File Formats 57 | 58 | ![Dataset formats](/docs/resources/images/dataset-format.png) 59 | 60 | ### Structure/Schema 61 | 62 | ![Dataset schema](/docs/resources/images/dataset-schemas.png) 63 | 64 | ### Interaction Level 65 | 66 | ![Dataset interaction level](/docs/resources/images/dataset-interaction-level.png) 67 | 68 | ### Topic Modelling 69 | 70 | ![TM k 4](/docs/resources/images/tm-k-4.png) 71 | 72 | ### Darwin Core Archives 73 | 74 | Proportion of DwC-A that uses **associatedTaxa**, **associatedOccurrences** and **ResourceRelationship**. Data were not investigated in order to verify if interaction information are given using this terms/class. It just summarizes the proportion of DwC-A which have non-empty values of any of those terms/class. 75 | 76 | ![DwCA terms](/docs/resources/images/dwca-chart.png) 77 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/plan/step3.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Shared bibliography references 2 | 3 | Share bibliography references (articles, reports, documents etc.) between collaborators to enrich discussions and promote a standarization of species data. 4 | 5 | ## Planning 6 | 7 | UNDER DEVELOPMENT -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/plan/step4.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Biological Interactions Core Standard 2 | 3 | Create a **core** vocabulary of terms and data models for *species interaction data*. 4 | 5 | ## Planning 6 | 7 | UNDER DEVELOPMENT -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/plan/step5.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Data aggregation 2 | 3 | Development of conceptal models for data centralisation and aggregation. 4 | 5 | ## Planning 6 | 7 | UNDER DEVELOPMENT -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/resources.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Shared Resources 2 | 3 | This page provides a list of resources shared between the group participants. 4 | 5 | ## Meetings 6 | 7 | * [Notes from TDWG meeting at Costa Rica on 2015-12-06](resources/2016-12-06-notes-from-meeting-costa-rica.MD) 8 | * [Notes from Interesting Group on 2021-01-20](resources/2021-01-20-notes-meeting.md) 9 | 10 | ## Projects, websites and documents 11 | * [List of resources of interest on Interaction Data](resources/list-of-resources-of-interest-on-Interaction-Data.md) 12 | 13 | 14 | ## References 15 | * [Shared References](https://www.zotero.org/groups/1554696/interaction_data) **External (Zotero.org)** 16 | 17 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/resources/2016-12-06-notes-from-meeting-costa-rica.MD: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Species Interaction Data Group 2 | 3 | The main objectives of the interaction data group at this initial work contemplate the following elements: 4 | 5 | * **List of what is avaible:** 6 | * Data aggreagator [e.g. GloBI] (http://www.globalbioticinteractions.org). 7 | * Standalone systems. 8 | * **Interaction Data:** 9 | * Biotic factors of interaction data. 10 | * Abiotic factors of interaction data. 11 | * **Definitions:** 12 | * Set of very basic definitions. 13 | * Ontologies [e.g. https://github.com/jhpoelen/eol-globi-data/wiki/Ontologies-and-Vocabularies] (https://github.com/jhpoelen/eol-globi-data/wiki/Ontologies-and-Vocabularies). 14 | * **Species interaction granularity:** 15 | * What level? Taxa level x Individual level. 16 | * What types of ecological interactions? Symbosis, competition, comensalism, parasitism, etc. OR behavoural description of interaction: visiting flower, eats a prey, inhibition of grow, etc. 17 | * **Interactions for all taxa:** 18 | * Microorganisms x Macroscopic organisms? 19 | * Viruses? 20 | * **Data Formats - Standards:** 21 | * What is necessary to digitize interaction data? 22 | * What is necessary to aggregate interaction data? 23 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/resources/2021-01-20-notes-meeting.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Notes from 2021-01-20 meeting 2 | 3 | ## TDWG Species Interaction Data Meeting Notes 4 | 5 | Date: `2021-01-20` 6 | [Meeting Recording](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LKXQ0p6NGHqCfi7nAfn165OfdXFEvzsy/view?usp=sharing) 7 | 8 | ### Participants: 9 | 10 | Antonio Saraiva, University of São Paulo 11 | Quentin Groom, Meise Botanic Garden 12 | Dmitry Schigel, GBIF Secretariat 13 | Maarten Trekels, Meise Botanic Garden 14 | José Augusto Salim, University of São Paulo 15 | Kayna Agostini, Federal University of São Carlos 16 | Paula Zermoglio, VertNet 17 | Francisco Pando, Real Jardin Botanico, Madrid /GBIF-Spain 18 | Willem Coetzer, South Africa Inst Aquatic Biodiversity 19 | 20 | ### Notes from the meeting 21 | 22 | - Salim shared an interested publication calling the community to debate the definition of *species interactions*: [Species interaction: Revisiting its terminology and concept 23 | ](https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1703.12164) 24 | - Salim point out that Event Sample Data has been used to create and share datasets of plant-pollinator interactions within Brazilian Network on Plant-Pollinator Interactions. At this moment, a vocabulary of terms is being developed to be used with DwC:MeasurementOrFact to describe characteristics of Interaction. 25 | - Dmitry Schigel, GBIF Secretariat, confirms that GBIF is (long-term) interested in interactions data, and the timing is great as GBIF is working on the next strategic period in 2021, which will be for the 2023-2028 26 | - Dmitry put the questions to be handle by the group: 27 | - Possible question to ask and to answer to help inform practical work on developing efficient - and popular! - standard: 28 | - How do people handle, store, exchange, export their interactions data today? Landscaping review paper on the world of interactions data today (task group paper?) 29 | - What would be the efficient way to handle and to output interactions data to enable uptake and reuse? As we want i-data to be reused, and not only in sci context, but also policy such as indicators, EBVs, etc. 30 | - Kayna presented a great schema - on ecological interactions: 31 | ![ecological interaction schema][image2] 32 | - Dmitry mention that Pensoft’s journals introduce a standard appendix template for primary biodiversity data to provide direct harvesting and conversion to interlinked FAIR data 33 | [https://blog.pensoft.net/2020/04/24/how-to-get-data-from-research-articles-back-into-the-research-cycle-%D0%B0t-no-additional-costs/](https://blog.pensoft.net/2020/04/24/how-to-get-data-from-research-articles-back-into-the-research-cycle-%D0%B0t-no-additional-costs/) 34 | - Francisco presented the Plinian Core (Species Information IG > https://github.com/tdwg/PlinianCore ) approach for Biological Interactions at the aggregation level (organism-organism), and reuses DwC terms for it: [https://github.com/tdwg/PlinianCore/wiki/InteractionsType](https://github.com/tdwg/PlinianCore/wiki/InteractionsType) 35 | ![plinian core][image1] 36 | - A presentation on the whereabouts and issues found of this approach was delivered at TDWG 2017: (https://api.zotero.org/users/7403307/publications/items/YNS4J57J/file/view) 37 | - Some concerns have been expressed about using dwc:ResourceRelationship in RDF: 38 | - "Any Darwin Core class IRI may be used as a value for rdf:type, although it is not clear whether dwc:ResourceRelationship instances make sense in the context of RDF" (RDF Guide, Section 2.3.1.5, [https://dwc.tdwg.org/rdf/](https://dwc.tdwg.org/rdf/) 39 | - [TDWG dicussion on ResourceRelationship and RDF](https://github.com/tdwg/rdf/blob/master/ResourceRelationship.md) 40 | - [Open Annotation Model and ResourceRelantionship](https://github.com/tdwg/rdf/blob/071d40c2412fc9a032183a92e64757aaa412c539/OpenAnnotationAndTDWG.md) 41 | - [Open Annotation Model and ResourceRelantionship 2](https://github.com/tdwg/rdf/blob/071d40c2412fc9a032183a92e64757aaa412c539/OAThread.md) 42 | - **Possible solutions** (still in discussion): 43 | - [RDF Reification](https://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-primer-20040210/#reification) 44 | - [N-ary Relations](https://www.w3.org/TR/swbp-n-aryRelations/) 45 | - A old discussion about *species interaction data* in GBIF mail list: [https://lists.gbif.org/pipermail/ipt/2018-July/000713.html](https://lists.gbif.org/pipermail/ipt/2018-July/000713.html) 46 | - Salim speak about the experience with plant-pollinators interactions, it has shown that most of the descriptors/terms/fields are more or less related to species traits than with the interactions. And proposed that each community should create its own vocabulary of traits (e.g. traits most important to interactions) and use Ecological Trait Data Standard (ETS) [https://terminologies.gfbio.org/terms/ets/pages/index.html](https://terminologies.gfbio.org/terms/ets/pages/index.html). 47 | 48 | ### Possible work setup: 49 | - Figure out and use a robust theory of biological interactions, including food web and network ecology concepts (thanks QG!). Some refs: 50 | - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_interaction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_interaction) 51 | - [https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1703.12164](https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1703.12164) 52 | - Landscaping review **standard development**: case studies for dynamic refine of the developing model, such as pollinators, soil, microbes, etc. 53 | - Calls for separating occurrence, fact recording capture and management of interactions data from human interpretations of those co-occurrences from species level summaries (which is not data, but knowledge) 54 | - Data centralisation, aggregation means compromise 55 | 56 | ### What can DwC can do today? 57 | - Dmitry presented a sketch of data model for *species interaction data* based on DwC Event Sample Data. 58 | ![wild sketch][image3] 59 | - Salim confirms that the sketch presented by Dmitry is similar of one used within Brazilian Network on Plant-Pollinators. 60 | - Questions to be addressed: 61 | - A good glossary / ontology to document interactions is available at GloBI? 62 | - Salim brings a (short) list of examples of how and who has been used DwC to document *species interaction*: 63 | - Catalogue of the Rust Fungi of Belgium: [https://trias-project.github.io/uredinales-belgium-checklist/dwc_mapping.html](https://trias-project.github.io/uredinales-belgium-checklist/dwc_mapping.html) 64 | - Plinian Core [https://github.com/tdwg/PlinianCore/wiki/InteractionAtomizedClass](https://github.com/tdwg/PlinianCore/wiki/InteractionAtomizedClass) 65 | - Non-standard DwC *association extension* developed by Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) and employed in the Global Biotic Interactions and in the Tri-Trophic Thematic Collection Network (TTD): [https://content.iospress.com/articles/semantic-web/sw190](https://content.iospress.com/articles/semantic-web/sw190) 66 | - GloBI:[https://www.globalbioticinteractions.org/2018/08/16/models-in-fashion/](https://www.globalbioticinteractions.org/2018/08/16/models-in-fashion/) 67 | - Tri-trophic Thematic Collection Network (TTD): [http://tcn.amnh.org/](http://tcn.amnh.org/) 68 | - Species Interactions of Australia Database [https://www.discoverlife.org/siad/](https://www.discoverlife.org/siad/) with examples of datasets and vocabulary of *interaction types* 69 | 70 | 71 | [image1]: images/image1.png 72 | [image2]: images/image2.png 73 | [image3]: images/image3.png 74 | 75 | 76 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/resources/images/dataset-format.png: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/interaction/8799aa3298a63309b6cc408057a584904b6a7d0c/docs/resources/images/dataset-format.png -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/resources/images/dataset-interaction-level.png: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/interaction/8799aa3298a63309b6cc408057a584904b6a7d0c/docs/resources/images/dataset-interaction-level.png -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/resources/images/dataset-repos.png: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/interaction/8799aa3298a63309b6cc408057a584904b6a7d0c/docs/resources/images/dataset-repos.png -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/resources/images/dataset-schemas.png: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/interaction/8799aa3298a63309b6cc408057a584904b6a7d0c/docs/resources/images/dataset-schemas.png -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/resources/images/dataset-years.png: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/interaction/8799aa3298a63309b6cc408057a584904b6a7d0c/docs/resources/images/dataset-years.png -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/resources/images/dwca-chart.png: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/interaction/8799aa3298a63309b6cc408057a584904b6a7d0c/docs/resources/images/dwca-chart.png -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/resources/images/image1.png: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/interaction/8799aa3298a63309b6cc408057a584904b6a7d0c/docs/resources/images/image1.png -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/resources/images/image2.png: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/interaction/8799aa3298a63309b6cc408057a584904b6a7d0c/docs/resources/images/image2.png -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/resources/images/image3.png: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/interaction/8799aa3298a63309b6cc408057a584904b6a7d0c/docs/resources/images/image3.png -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/resources/images/tm-k-4.png: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/interaction/8799aa3298a63309b6cc408057a584904b6a7d0c/docs/resources/images/tm-k-4.png -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/resources/images/wc-keywords.png: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tdwg/interaction/8799aa3298a63309b6cc408057a584904b6a7d0c/docs/resources/images/wc-keywords.png -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /docs/resources/interaction_types_all.tsv: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | Count InteractionTypeName 2 | 82116 "" 3 | 3 "#9 TLC" 4 | 6 "% Cover" 5 | 1 "& Fouquieria. Unusual species include" 6 | 7 "& Hemlock. Assoc. species" 7 | 6 "(After burn" 8 | 3 "(Gunnerus)" 9 | 1 "(Reduvidae" 10 | 1 "(Syn." 11 | 1 "(algue" 12 | 64 "(ate)" 13 | 10756 "(collected with)" 14 | 87 "(eaten by)" 15 | 38881 "(host of)" 16 | 14 "(in amplexus with)" 17 | 392 "(littermate or nestmate of)" 18 | 46 "(mate of)" 19 | 11894 "(offspring of)" 20 | 38411 "(parasite of)" 21 | 11622 "(parent of)" 22 | 940 "(same assemblage as)" 23 | 28 "(same collection as)" 24 | 31462 "(same individual as)" 25 | 22016 "(same lot as)" 26 | 4 "(scraps" 27 | 5708 "(sibling of)" 28 | 1 "+ (N.B." 29 | 3 "+(N.B." 30 | 1 "+Allantoparmelia almquistii (trace" 31 | 3 "+Allantoparmelia alpicola (méd." 32 | 1 "+Bryoria cf. trichodes spp. trichodes ( méd. et cortex" 33 | 2 "+Collema subflaccidum/furfuraceum" 34 | 2 "+Drepanocladus aduncus var. polycarpus det." 35 | 1 "+Gymnostomum boreale (base de la nervure" 36 | 2 "+Lichen crustacé noirâtre avec apothécies convexes (cf. Placynthiella det. Claude Roy" 37 | 1 "+Ochrolechia frigida (coralloïde" 38 | 1 "+Peltigera didactyla (soralies" 39 | 4 "+Pertusaria ophtalmiza (Thalle et soralies" 40 | 1 "+Rhizocarpon hochstetteri" 41 | 2 "+Scapania hyperborea det." 42 | 1 "-121.911882408 County" 43 | 1 ". Assoc. sp" 44 | 3 ". Assoc. species" 45 | 2 "...folios espinoses (higher" 46 | 860 "1" 47 | 3 "1-5% Populus tremuloides (samplings) HERB" 48 | 4 "10 plants seen. Associated species" 49 | 10 "10-20 degree slope with loamy soil. Associated plants" 50 | 35 "10-20 percent slope with loamy soil. Associated plants" 51 | 64 "100 yr selectively cut Picea abies forest with remnant Pinus sylvestris. Dominant understory vasculars" 52 | 4 "100+ year old Picea abies with older Pinus silvestris & some Betula verrucosa. Dominant understory vasculars" 53 | 4 "13 - 14 m 19 (4 / 15) 23 4 / - Key" 54 | 1 "15 m 22 (13 / 9) 13 6 / 2 NW shore" 55 | 1 "15 m 28 * 66 - # W shore" 56 | 4 "18 m. In the same sample there were other serpulids" 57 | 7 "1862). Kuang Si waterfall. The red dot indicates the exact place where the specimens were collected. Photo" 58 | 1 "1864 (cf. Van Soest 1993" 59 | 6 "1875. Eleven baicaliids including Pseudobaikalia michelae sp. n. and three species of the genus Pseudobaikalia" 60 | 2 "1925]. Flowers visited" 61 | 2 "1958" 62 | 6 "1981).

Algae on AlgaeBase" 63 | 148 "1993" 64 | 2 "1996. Seed planted" 65 | 6 "20 degree slope in sandy to clay loam soil. Full sun. Associated plants" 66 | 50 "2002) chaparral" 67 | 9 "2002) edge of chaparral" 68 | 16 "2002) transition chaparral" 69 | 200 "2002)" 70 | 8 "2003) W-facing slope at margin of dry meadow" 71 | 363 "2003)" 72 | 32 "2005) and Raorchestes gryllus. Figure 14. Ophryophryne elfina sp. n. in situ" 73 | 12 "2007" 74 | 9 "2012 and juveniles of the isopod family Janiridae. High abundances of other benthic taxa were found co-occurring with Leucothoe kawesqari" 75 | 52 "2014)" 76 | 1 "2015. The left side of Nam Khan ca. 18 km SE of Muang Xiang Ngeun. The red dot indicates the approximate place where the specimens were collected. Photo" 77 | 7 "2017 (in" 78 | 4 "262 m." 79 | 35 "30percent slope in clay soil. Associated plants" 80 | 12 "33 - 216 m. On coral debris. Pillai and ten Hove (1994) recorded the species from 0.5 to 200 m. In the same samples studied there were other serpulids" 81 | 1 "33 Tegmen in ventral and lateral view 34 Penis apex 35 - 36 E. undulatus" 82 | 4 "4 locations" 83 | 4 "40m x 4m. Associated species" 84 | 1 "42 Tegmen in ventral and lateral view 43 Penis apex 44 - 47 P. pubescens" 85 | 12 "6% Aralia community. Associated species include" 86 | 3 "65 m. On coral debris. Pillai and ten Hove (1994) recorded the species from depths of 10 - 30 m. The sample also contained two Spiraserpula species" 87 | 5 "65 m. The same sample contained other serpulids" 88 | 3 "700 m (photograph by P. K. Khine). Figure 4. Habitat of Selliguea kachinensis" 89 | 5 "90 percent slope in pure granite rock. Associated plants" 90 | 12 "92)" 91 | 1 "

Marsupial - nome vulgar" 93 | 1 "

Ordem" 94 | 1 "

Roedor silvetre - rato do arroz

Família Cricetidae

Tribo" 95 | 2 "

The pollen collecting behavior and foraging activity of this solitary bee on Salvia bogotensis was studied by Gonzalez et al. (2006) in the Eastern Andes of Colombia. Bees foraged from 7" 96 | 3 "

Víquez and Arms (2005)" 97 | 3 "A lot of Tamarix sp. That had signs of a die back. Other alkaline species include" 98 | 3 "A lot of Tamarix sp. That had signs of die back. Other alkaline species include" 99 | 4 "A thin layer of clayey soil over gravel. Other plants collected here include" 100 | 4 "A thin layer of clayey soil over gravel. Other sedges and rushes collected here include" 101 | 3 "A wide variety of sedge and herb spp. Assoc. sp" 102 | 5 "A. rubrum. Subdominants" 103 | 1 "APG" 104 | 4 "AQssociated species" 105 | 4 "Aassociated species" 106 | 2 "Abielas community. Dominant understorey species" 107 | 2 "Abies balsamea. Other trees" 108 | 10 "Abies balsamea. Understory" 109 | 10 "Abies concolor. Margins of lake dominated by Agrostis idahoensis. Associated species" 110 | 2 "Abies lasiocarpa community. Understorey species" 111 | 6 "Abies magnifica. Other associated plant species include" 112 | 30 "Abies magnifica. Other associated plants include" 113 | 5 "Abundance" 114 | 4 "Ace rubrum. Subdominants" 115 | 4 "Acer negundo. Subdominants" 116 | 5 "Acer nigrum. Subdominants" 117 | 5 "Acer rubra. Subdominants" 118 | 26 "Acer rubrum. Subdominants" 119 | 37 "Acer rubrum. Subdominants" 120 | 9 "Acer saccharinum. Subdominants" 121 | 4 "Acer saccharinum. Fraxinus pennsylvanica. Assoc. species" 122 | 17 "Acer saccharinum. Subdominants" 123 | 5 "Acer saccharinum. Understory" 124 | 9 "Acer saccharum. Subdominants" 125 | 19 "Acer saccharum. Subdominants" 126 | 1 "Acer spicatum. Assoc. species" 127 | 6 "Achillea millefolium. Other nearby plants include" 128 | 5 "Active stream channel" 129 | 4 "Adenostoma fasciculatum abundant. Found near" 130 | 1 "Adjacent community" 131 | 4 "Adjacent to Pinus remorata forest. Associated species" 132 | 2 "Adjacent to Rhus integrifolia and mixed chaparral. Associate" 133 | 11 "Adjacent to mixed chaparral. Associates" 134 | 3 "Adjacent to montane chaparral. Associates" 135 | 1 "Adjacent to riparian woodland. Associates" 136 | 16 "Adjacent vegetation chaparral. Associated species" 137 | 3 "Adjacent vegetation chaparral. Associateed species" 138 | 5 "Adjacent vegetation" 139 | 1 "Afroalpine grassland.rrfrom" 140 | 1 "Alimento" 141 | 7 "Alkaline Sink Scru" 142 | 1 "Alluvial plain. Assoc" 143 | 3 "Alnus-Salix riparian woodland" 144 | 4 "Alnus. Shrubs" 145 | 1 "Along active stream channel" 146 | 2 "Along margin of large wash in mixed gravels. Occasional. Associates" 147 | 10 "Along river wash" 148 | 3 "Along shore of lake" 149 | 14 "Along trail. Dominants" 150 | 3 "Along trail. Mixed chaparral. Associates" 151 | 1 "Alower Sonoran" 152 | 60 "Also collected here" 153 | 1 "Also collected in these pits" 154 | 32 "Also collected nearby" 155 | 8 "Also collected or seen nearby" 156 | 1 "Also contains" 157 | 7 "Also flowering" 158 | 1 "Also here" 159 | 10 "Also in area" 160 | 38 "Also seen or collected here" 161 | 13 "Also seen or collected nearby" 162 | 3 "Amaranthus palmeri" 163 | 2 "Amazonia" 164 | 2 "Among boulders. Mixed chaparral. Associates" 165 | 3 "Among the plants occuring in this area are" 166 | 7 "Amongst shrubs. Associated species" 167 | 1 "Amongst" 168 | 1 "Amphimela citri (Bryant 1922" 169 | 49 "Amsonia grandiflora. Moist bank at water's edge with" 170 | 1 "Annual" 171 | 42 "Annuals" 172 | 2 "Anoplolejeunea conferta Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35" 173 | 4 "Aquatic surrounded by chaparral and coastal sage scrub. Dominant plants" 174 | 1 "Araneae). The geoecological context of Tham Houey Ye is indicated also in its name" 175 | 4 "Arbosufrutescente" 176 | 2 "Arbusto" 177 | 1 "Arbusufrutescente" 178 | 12 "Arctostaphylos alpinus and a high proportion of lichen cover including" 179 | 6 "Area burned 2002. Assoc." 180 | 13 "Arid Transition" 181 | 4 "Arid transition" 182 | 6 "Arizona uplands vegetation on a gently sloping alluvial fan. Dominat perennials" 183 | 9 "Arnicor. Common species" 184 | 5 "Arroyo" 185 | 3 "Artemisia filifolia/ Sporobolus airoides/ Andropogon gerardii" 186 | 6 "Artemisia filifolia/Bouteloua gracilis" 187 | 51 "Artemisia filifolia/Schizachyrium scoparium" 188 | 3 "Artemisia filifolia/Sporobolus airoides/Andorpogongerardii" 189 | 3 "Artemisia filifolia/Sporobolus airoides/Andropogon gerardii" 190 | 80 "Artemisia filifolia/Sporobolus airoides/Andropogongerardii" 191 | 45 "Artemisia filifolia/Sporobolus cryptandrus" 192 | 5 "Artemisia filifolia/Sporobolus cryptandrus/Bouteloua hirsuta" 193 | 9 "Artemisia filifolia/Sporobolus cryptandrus/Boutelouahirsuta" 194 | 6 "Artemisia filifolia/Sporobolus cryptandrus/Sporoboluscontractus" 195 | 3 "Artemisia filifolia/Sporobolus cryptandus" 196 | 6 "Artemisia filifolia/Sporobolus crytandrus" 197 | 2 "Artemisia tridentata" 198 | 13 "Asociaco" 199 | 2 "Asociadas" 200 | 3 "Asociado a" 201 | 7 "Asociado" 202 | 9 "Asociated species" 203 | 3 "Aspen deciduous forest. Associated species" 204 | 6 "Aspen forest" 205 | 1 "Aspen woodland" 206 | 2 "Aspen woodland. Assoc. species" 207 | 6 "Aspen woodlands. Assoc. sp." 208 | 5 "Ass iatedl pp" 209 | 6 "Ass" 210 | 2 "Ass. spp." 211 | 42 "Assc. species" 212 | 20 "Asscoiated species" 213 | 5 "Assn" 214 | 7 "Assoc Genera" 215 | 13 "Assoc genera" 216 | 7 "Assoc include" 217 | 7 "Assoc sp" 218 | 4 "Assoc species" 219 | 36 "Assoc spp" 220 | 29 "Assoc ssp" 221 | 5 "Assoc trees" 222 | 480 "Assoc" 223 | 64 "Assoc. Genera" 224 | 4 "Assoc. Species" 225 | 4 "Assoc. Taxa" 226 | 7 "Assoc. carices" 227 | 14 "Assoc. genera" 228 | 10 "Assoc. plants" 229 | 16 "Assoc. sp" 230 | 33 "Assoc. sp." 231 | 107 "Assoc. species" 232 | 6 "Assoc. spp include" 233 | 42 "Assoc. spp" 234 | 4 "Assoc. spp. include" 235 | 16 "Assoc. spp." 236 | 30 "Assoc. ssp" 237 | 3 "Assoc. taxa" 238 | 2 "Assoc. trees" 239 | 8 "Assoc. with" 240 | 437 "Assoc." 241 | 5 "Assocaited species" 242 | 6 "Assocaited taxa include" 243 | 2 "Assocaites with" 244 | 1 "Assocaites" 245 | 2 "Associatd species" 246 | 2 "Associate species" 247 | 9 "Associate" 248 | 7 "Associated Genera" 249 | 11689 "Associated Insect" 250 | 12203 "Associated Plant" 251 | 17 "Associated Plants" 252 | 308 "Associated Species" 253 | 56 "Associated Vegetation" 254 | 6 "Associated cacti (all rare here)" 255 | 3 "Associated flora" 256 | 23 "Associated genera" 257 | 4 "Associated orchids include" 258 | 16 "Associated plant species" 259 | 12 "Associated plants include" 260 | 27 "Associated plants included" 261 | 93 "Associated plants" 262 | 18 "Associated sedges include" 263 | 87 "Associated sp." 264 | 2 "Associated speceis" 265 | 7 "Associated specieds" 266 | 474 "Associated species include" 267 | 5 "Associated species of wash" 268 | 6356 "Associated species" 269 | 4 "Associated speciesS" 270 | 28 "Associated speciess" 271 | 12 "Associated speckes" 272 | 5 "Associated speices" 273 | 4 "Associated speies" 274 | 34 "Associated spp" 275 | 5 "Associated spp." 276 | 5 "Associated ssp" 277 | 35 "Associated taxa include" 278 | 169 "Associated taxa" 279 | 2 "Associated trees" 280 | 8 "Associated vegetation" 281 | 2 "Associated with other bunch grasses" 282 | 11 "Associated with other plants that came up the first year after the fire include" 283 | 1 "Associated with species" 284 | 1 "Associated with" 285 | 8 "Associated woody plants" 286 | 22 "Associated" 287 | 4 "Associates collected here" 288 | 3 "Associates in opening of mixed evergreen forest" 289 | 4 "Associates in the immediate vacinity include" 290 | 326 "Associates include" 291 | 4 "Associates species include" 292 | 4 "Associates species" 293 | 67 "Associates with" 294 | 3552 "Associates" 295 | 4 "Associatess" 296 | 2 "Association species" 297 | 10 "Association" 298 | 5 "Associations" 299 | 5 "Associats" 300 | 5 "Associatse" 301 | 4 "Associqated species" 302 | 4 "Associqatess" 303 | 4 "Associted species" 304 | 6 "Assocites include" 305 | 4 "Assodciated species" 306 | 4 "Assofciated species" 307 | 11 "Asssociated species" 308 | 1 "Aster macrophyllus.. Assoc. species" 309 | 50 "At edge of burned chaparral" 310 | 8 "At edge of canopy of Quercus pacifica. Associated species" 311 | 2 "At flowers of" 312 | 5 "At stream edge" 313 | 3 "Ataca la madera de" 314 | 3 "Atacado por" 315 | 3 "Atremisia filifolia/ Schizachyrium scoparium" 316 | 13 "Atriplex canescens. Associate species" 317 | 2 "Atriplex sp. Other species" 318 | 16 "Atriplex spinescens. Annuals included" 319 | 4 "Attached to" 320 | 227 "Attendant" 321 | 7 "Avalon lawn area. Associated species" 322 | 1 "Ave" 323 | 30 "Baccharis salicifolia. At nearby outcrop" 324 | 99 "Baccharis salicifolia. uplands" 325 | 3 "Baccharis sarothroides. Upland" 326 | 480 "Baccharis sergiloides in wash. On slopes" 327 | 153 "Baccharis sergiloides. On sand dunes" 328 | 1 "Basalt Grassland" 329 | 1 "Base of impressive white chalky limestone crags. Occasional. Associates" 330 | 1 "Basswood. Assoc. species" 331 | 1 "Bazzania triangularis [annotator note" 332 | 7 "Bazzania tricrenata" 333 | 27 "Beach pine forest including" 334 | 5 "Beech & Red Oak. Assoc. species" 335 | 4 "Beech & White Ash. Assoc. sp" 336 | 4 "Before recent burn" 337 | 2 "Below shrubs of mixed chaparral" 338 | 1 "Bemisia tabaci (Aleyrodidae) (Moddarres-Awal 2012). Figures 48 - 55. Morphological details and male genitalia of Chilocorini species. 48 - 50 P. nigripennis" 339 | 5 "Beneath Xylococcus bicolor of mixed chaparral. Associates" 340 | 5 "Beneath shrub of mixed chaparral. Associates" 341 | 2 "Beneath shrubs at edge of mixed chaparral" 342 | 1 "Berberis aquifolium 3) forest floor" 343 | 5 "Betula alleghaniensis. Understory" 344 | 6 "Betula glandulifera. Flarks" 345 | 7 "Betula glandulosa. Rare Picea glauca and Populus tremuloides. Ground cover" 346 | 2 "Betula lenta. Shrubs" 347 | 9 "Betula lutea. Subdominants" 348 | 43 "Betula lutea. Subdominants" 349 | 133 "Betula verrucosa & Populus tremula. Dominant understory vasculars" 350 | 6 "Big cone douglas fir forest. Associated species" 351 | 2 "Big-cone douglas-fir forest. Associated species" 352 | 1 "Bikasha tenuipunctata Maulik and Bikasha fortipunctata Maulik (1931" 353 | 2 "Bluegum - Acacia grove. Associates" 354 | 24 "Body part (not genitalia)" 355 | 156 "Body" 356 | 2 "Boerhavia wrightii. Also nearby" 357 | 90 "Boggy area with" 358 | 4 "Boojum / Cardon / Torote blanco forest. Associated species" 359 | 2 "Borowski 2007) is a subsequent incorrect spelling of this taxon (cf. Borowski 2013" 360 | 1 "Bosque de Pino con" 361 | 1 "Bosque de Pino y Encino. La vegetacion aleda¤a se compone de" 362 | 1 "Bosque de arboles varios" 363 | 7 "Bosque de encinos y Selva Baja Caducifolia. La Vegetacion aledana se compone de" 364 | 2 "Bosque de pino encino" 365 | 7 "Bosque de" 366 | 1 "Boteloua gracilis. Vegetation type" 367 | 17 "Bothriochloa laguroides/Bouteloua curtipendula/Buchloedactyloides" 368 | 1 "Boulders adjacent to mixed chaparral. Associates" 369 | 3 "Bouteloua gracilis/ Buchloe dactyloides" 370 | 3 "Bouteloua gracilis/ Buchloe dactyloides/ Panicum obtusum" 371 | 3 "Bouteloua gracilis/ Buchloë dactyloides" 372 | 7 "Bouteloua gracilis/Aristida purpurea/Bouteloua hirsuta" 373 | 1 "Bouteloua gracilis/Bothriochloa laguroides" 374 | 1 "Bouteloua gracilis/Bouteloua hirsuta" 375 | 21 "Bouteloua gracilis/Buchloe dactyloides" 376 | 97 "Bouteloua gracilis/Buchloe dactyloides/Boutelouacurtipendula" 377 | 14 "Bouteloua gracilis/Buchloe dactyloides/Hilaria mutica" 378 | 47 "Bouteloua gracilis/Buchloe dactyloides/Panicum obtusum" 379 | 2 "Bouteloua gracilis/Buchloe dactyloides/Panicum obutusum" 380 | 6 "Bouteloua gracilis/Buchloe dactyloides/Prosopis glandulosa" 381 | 3 "Bouteloua hirsuta/ Bouteloua curtipendula" 382 | 3 "Bouteloua hirsuta/Aristida purpurea" 383 | 78 "Bouteloua hirsuta/Bouteloua curtipendula" 384 | 2 "Bouteloua hirsuta/Buchloe dactyloides" 385 | 32 "Bouteloua hirsuta/Buchloe dactyloides/Prosopis glandulosa" 386 | 1 "Branch" 387 | 510 "Brickellia coulteri. On east slope" 388 | 14 "Brickellia coulteri. On east slope" 389 | 17 "Brustel et al. 2013). The species is however known to develop on other Pinaceae including" 390 | 3 "Bryophytes most frequent assoc. Nearby assoc" 391 | 24 "Buchloe dactyloides/Eleocharis erythropoda" 392 | 6 "Buchloe dactyloides/Panicum obtusum" 393 | 65 "Burned (Pines Fire 2002)" 394 | 68 "Burned Northern Mixed Chaparral" 395 | 14 "Burned chaparral (Chamise chaparral). Dominant species" 396 | 24 "Burned chaparral (Pines Fire 2002)" 397 | 20 "Burned hillside by riparian area. Stream flowing south. Spp" 398 | 4 "Burned in Oct 2003. Valley bottom. riparian. In stream course. Stream flowing south. spp" 399 | 16 "Burned in Oct 2003. Valley bottom. riparian. Stream flowing south. spp" 400 | 15 "Burned oak and chaparral (2003 Cedar Fire)" 401 | 85 "Burned riparian (Pines Fire 2002)" 402 | 80 "Burned riparian vegetation (Pines Fire 2002)" 403 | 39 "C & E Brazil (S of the Amazon)" 404 | 2 "C. & Nemomissa S. 2005" 405 | 10 "C. pallida. Vitis. Euphorbia xanti. Ambrosia ambrosioides. Amauria rotundi folia. Prosopis" 406 | 2 "C.sulphurina (Michaux) Fr. TLCMN960 +961" 407 | 2 "CN" 408 | 40 "Cacti include" 409 | 2 "Calamagrostis canadensis community around springs. Assoc. sp." 410 | 12 "Calamagrostis canadensis. Associated species" 411 | 9 "Calamagrostis sp. Shrubs" 412 | 8 "Calamagrotis sp. Shrubs" 413 | 16 "California Fan Palm Grove" 414 | 2 "California" 415 | 3 "Californica sage scrub" 416 | 3 "Calystegia macrostegia. Other" 417 | 6477 "Canis latrans (Canidae)" 418 | 4 "Canopy dominated by Acer saccharum and Tilia americana. Other sedges collected here include" 419 | 22 "Canopy dominated by Fraxinus nigra and Quercus macrocarpa. Other sedges collected here on this date include" 420 | 21 "Canopy dominated by Fraxinus nigra. Other sedges collected here on this date include" 421 | 16 "Canopy" 422 | 2 "Canyon Bottom" 423 | 8 "Canyon bottom and adjacent dry slopes" 424 | 2 "Canyon bottom" 425 | 6 "Canyon bottom. Associated species" 426 | 1 "Canyon cut through conglomerate. Assoc" 427 | 25 "Canyon near small creek with scattered live oaks and willows.Spp" 428 | 6 "Canyon/riparian vegetation" 429 | 2 "Carex aquatilis and Eleocharis sp. Assoc sp." 430 | 9 "Carex rostrata. Assoc. sp." 431 | 3 "Carex-Dryas tundra with Carex rupestris. Associates" 432 | 1 "Carpobrotus edulis. Note" 433 | 3 "Carya ovata. Subdominants" 434 | 5 "Carya ovata. Subdominants" 435 | 4 "Caulophyllum. Assoc. species" 436 | 5 "Cedar Fire 2003" 437 | 98 "Cedar Fire 2003)" 438 | 448 "Celtis reticulata. Herbaceous wetland flora" 439 | 13 "Central America" 440 | 2 "Cercocarpus betuloides shrubland. Associated species" 441 | 7 "Cercocarpus. Abundant perennial herb. Fowers" 442 | 2 "Chamaesyce micromera. In wash" 443 | 8 "Chamise chaparral. Assoc" 444 | 6 "Chaparal. Associated species" 445 | 4 "Chaparral & coastal sage scrub. Dominant plants include" 446 | 3 "Chaparral / Grassland. Associated species" 447 | 4 "Chaparral and Riparian" 448 | 4 "Chaparral and coastal sage scrub communities. Assoc. species" 449 | 4 "Chaparral and coastal sage scrub communities. Associated species" 450 | 7 "Chaparral burned in 1980 fire" 451 | 1023 "Chaparral components are" 452 | 21 "Chaparral components" 453 | 4 "Chaparral dominates site with individual Coulter pine trees widely spaced. Assoc. sp." 454 | 504 "Chaparral had components of" 455 | 16 "Chaparral on slopes" 456 | 6 "Chaparral shrubs" 457 | 3 "Chaparral with scattered Pinus monophylla and Juniperus californica on hillsides. Area around pullout disturbed" 458 | 6 "Chaparral with shaly barren openings. Associates" 459 | 88 "Chaparral with" 460 | 645 "Chaparral" 461 | 8 "Chaparral-Upland Sonoran Desert transition. Assoc. spp" 462 | 4 "Chaparral. Asscoiated species" 463 | 10 "Chaparral. Assoc. species" 464 | 1 "Chaparral. Associate" 465 | 171 "Chaparral. Associated species" 466 | 49 "Chaparral. Associates" 467 | 5 "Chaparral. Burned in 2007. Spp" 468 | 25 "Chaparral. Dominant plant species" 469 | 7 "Chaparral/coastal scrub to 3 m tall" 470 | 3 "Chaparral/grassland. Associated species" 471 | 7 "Chapparral" 472 | 8 "Chara spp. Edge cover" 473 | 3 "Chem" 474 | 2 "Chem." 475 | 2 "Chemistry" 476 | 1 "Chestnut" 477 | 4 "Chief associated" 478 | 3 "Chilopsis... in high desert- Grassland community" 479 | 3 "Chrysothamnus nauseosus scrub. Associated species" 480 | 1675 "Cianobiont" 481 | 43 "Cicadellidae" 482 | 2 "Cladonia coniocraea TLCMN1055" 483 | 2 "Cladonia fimbriata TLC MN1060" 484 | 3 "Cladonia macilenta Hoffm. Chem" 485 | 2 "Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hoffm. TLCMN711" 486 | 3 "Cladonia symphycarpa (Florke) Fr. TLCMN791" 487 | 13 "Clayey loam soils. Other sedges collected here include" 488 | 1 "Closely related with occasional hybridization" 489 | 1 "Closely related with some hybridization" 490 | 4 "Closest shoreline vegetation" 491 | 3 "Cnyon bottom" 492 | 4364 "Co-occurring" 493 | 6 "Coastal Dunes. Associates" 494 | 6 "Coastal Sage Scrub and Chapparral" 495 | 36 "Coastal Sage Scrub" 496 | 5 "Coastal Sage Scrub. Associates" 497 | 174 "Coastal Sage Scrub/Chaparral mix adjacent to Coast Live Oak Woodland along a drainage" 498 | 64 "Coastal Sage Scrub/Chaparral with" 499 | 4 "Coastal Sage scrub. Associated species" 500 | 1 "Coastal Thorn Forest on low stabilized san dunes among saline flats. Cattle grazing here. Assoc. sp." 501 | 4 "Coastal chaparral and nonnative grasses. neighbors" 502 | 6 "Coastal dunes. Stable back side of dand dunes dominated by Helianthus niveus. Assoc." 503 | 17 "Coastal dunes. Stable back side of sand dunes dominated by Helianthus niveus. Assoc." 504 | 6 "Coastal flats. Associated species" 505 | 6 "Coastal flats. Openings between shrubs. Associated species" 506 | 1 "Coastal grassland with a few bishop pines on windy peninsula tip and on bluff facing it. Dominants" 507 | 90 "Coastal marsh reserve (W) disturbed coastal sage & chaparral (E)" 508 | 4 "Coastal mesa. Associates" 509 | 4 "Coastal sage brush vegetation leading into chapparal" 510 | 4 "Coastal sage scrub and chaparral. Associated species" 511 | 6 "Coastal sage scrub community. Associated species" 512 | 4 "Coastal sage scrub on low lying hills. Associated plants" 513 | 6 "Coastal sage scrub" 514 | 3 "Coastal sage scrub. Assoc" 515 | 7 "Coastal sage scrub. Associated species" 516 | 37 "Coastal sage scrub. Associates" 517 | 88 "Coastal sage scrub. Spp" 518 | 44 "Coastal sagebrush transitioning into chaparral at higher elevation" 519 | 3 "Coastal salt marsh. Associated species" 520 | 4 "Coastal scrub community. Associated species" 521 | 4 "Coastal scrub" 522 | 18 "Coastal scrub. Associated species" 523 | 6 "Coastal shrubland. Dry mixed shrub community. Assoc." 524 | 1 "Coastal shrubland. Dry mixed shrub community. Associates" 525 | 4 "Coastal strand. Associates" 526 | 3 "Coastal vegetation" 527 | 2 "Colectada por" 528 | 99 "Colectado de" 529 | 1 "Coleoptera" 530 | 18 "Coletado em" 531 | 1 "Collected at same location and time" 532 | 1 "Collected in same pond" 533 | 1 "Collected in same sample" 534 | 5 "Collected nearby" 535 | 56 "CollectedWith" 536 | 1 "Collector number" 537 | 6 "Colorado Desert Galleta Grass Wash" 538 | 26 "Colorado Desert Sand Field" 539 | 3 "Comarum palustre. In hollows" 540 | 20 "Comm" 541 | 1 "Common annual in a Pachycereus/Fouquieria/Larrea/Ambrosia/Viscainoa/Simmondsia community. Other associated taxa include" 542 | 11 "Common aquatics include" 543 | 4 "Common asscociates" 544 | 4 "Common assoc" 545 | 13 "Common associated include" 546 | 10 "Common associated species include" 547 | 9 "Common associates include" 548 | 250 "Common associates" 549 | 50 "Common name" 550 | 2 "Common on lee slope of large perched dunes. Associated species" 551 | 22 "Common organisms" 552 | 63 "Common species include" 553 | 20 "Common species throughout the canyon include" 554 | 3 "Common tree species include" 555 | 3 "Common" 556 | 2 "Common. Associates" 557 | 7 "Community Associations" 558 | 2 "Community type" 559 | 34 "Community" 560 | 1 "Companion plants" 561 | 2 "Compositae" 562 | 16 "Con" 563 | 1 "Coniferous forest" 564 | 1 "Contact zone of limestone and grinitic rocky substrates. Occasional. Associates" 565 | 2 "Cornus stolonifera - Ribes glandulosum - Calamagrostis canadensis scrubland. Assoc. sp." 566 | 21 "Cornus stolonifera. Assoc. sp." 567 | 1 "Cover type" 568 | 1 "Crece debajo" 569 | 41 "Crece sobre" 570 | 48 "Crecocarpus ledifolius on surrounding slopes. Wet and dry areas within meadow had" 571 | 6 "Creekbed in riparain woodland with north to north-west exposure on 8 degree slope in shade. Associated plants" 572 | 32 "Creosote Bush Disturbed Roadside Scrub" 573 | 79 "Creosote Bush Scrub" 574 | 20 "Creosote bush scrub open space" 575 | 4 "Creosote bush scrub. Assoc. spp" 576 | 11 "Creosote bush scrub. Assoc." 577 | 2 "Creosote flats. Assoc species" 578 | 2 "Creosote flats. Assoc. species" 579 | 3 "Creosote flats. Associated species" 580 | 12 "Creosotebush scrub. Assoc." 581 | 4 "Creosotebush scrub. Associates" 582 | 1 "Cultured on" 583 | 3 "Cupressaceae" 584 | 2 "Cybnodon dactylon lawn. Associated species" 585 | 4 "Cyn bot" 586 | 3 "Cyn bot." 587 | 6 "Cyn bottom" 588 | 1 "Cyn. Bot" 589 | 6 "Danthonia intermedia. Associated sp." 590 | 1 "Degraded alluvial shrubland on benches" 591 | 9 "Dense chaparral" 592 | 1 "Dense oak woodland" 593 | 2 "Dense woodland" 594 | 279 "Depredador" 595 | 2 "Deschampsia flexuosa" 596 | 6 "Desert Scrub community" 597 | 366 "Desert Scrub" 598 | 44 "Desert Wash Scrub" 599 | 6 "Desert pavement and mixed succulent and yucca scrub. Assoc." 600 | 4 "Desert scrub along road. Assoc. taxa" 601 | 4 "Desert scrub with" 602 | 3 "Desert scrub" 603 | 6 "Desert scrub. Associated species" 604 | 3 "Desert scrub. Associates" 605 | 12 "Desert shrub community" 606 | 5 "Desert. Plants" 607 | 3 "Det." 608 | 22 "Diegan coastal sage scrub" 609 | 8 "Direct associates" 610 | 3 "Disclimax Diegan Scrub" 611 | 18 "Disked field" 612 | 14 "Distichlis spicata. Note" 613 | 6 "Distichlis spicata/ Sporobolus airoides" 614 | 51 "Distichlis spicata/Sporobolus airoides" 615 | 9 "Distrurbed flats. Associated species" 616 | 8 "Disturbed Lakeshore" 617 | 28 "Disturbed area of mainly weedy forbs. Spp" 618 | 7 "Disturbed area" 619 | 4 "Disturbed area. Associated species" 620 | 1 "Disturbed cattle tank area" 621 | 3 "Disturbed chaparral. Assoc. species" 622 | 5 "Disturbed chaparral. Associated species" 623 | 5 "Disturbed coastal sage scarub. Assoc species" 624 | 75 "Disturbed coastal sage scrub. Burned in 2003. Spp" 625 | 20 "Disturbed coastal sage scrub. Spp" 626 | 20 "Disturbed coastal sage scrub. Upper slope overrun by Brassica. Other spp" 627 | 13 "Disturbed flats. Associated species" 628 | 5 "Disturbed grassy slope. Associated species" 629 | 6 "Disturbed meadow. Associates" 630 | 16 "Disturbed riparian and roadside vegetation. Spp" 631 | 16 "Disturbed riparian forest and scrub with many introduced species" 632 | 45 "Disturbed riparian. Other spp" 633 | 9 "Disturbed roadside" 634 | 4 "Disturbed upper salt marsh. Dominant species" 635 | 4 "Disturbed vegetation.Associated species" 636 | 35 "Disturbed wash. Burned in 2003. Also disturbed by human uses (lots of dumping). Spp" 637 | 2 "Dominant Associates" 638 | 4 "Dominant associate" 639 | 4 "Dominant associated plants included" 640 | 4 "Dominant associates include" 641 | 25 "Dominant associates" 642 | 4 "Dominant bryophyte associates" 643 | 7 "Dominant canopy species include" 644 | 1 "Dominant grass of area. Assoc" 645 | 20 "Dominant ground" 646 | 4 "Dominant in Chaparral" 647 | 3 "Dominant nearby road shoulder plants" 648 | 1 "Dominant perennial herb" 649 | 2 "Dominant plant species" 650 | 928 "Dominant plants include" 651 | 98 "Dominant plants" 652 | 5 "Dominant sp." 653 | 17 "Dominant species include" 654 | 442 "Dominant species" 655 | 3 "Dominant sub-shrub" 656 | 4 "Dominant subshrub" 657 | 15 "Dominant trees include" 658 | 16 "Dominant vegatation" 659 | 385 "Dominant vegetation" 660 | 48 "Dominant" 661 | 10 "Dominants in chaparral" 662 | 5 "Dominants in mesic areas" 663 | 58 "Dominants in woodland" 664 | 13 "Dominants inc." 665 | 52 "Dominants incl." 666 | 343 "Dominants include" 667 | 774 "Dominants" 668 | 20 "Dominated by Carex sterilis and C. aquatilis. Associated species include" 669 | 21 "Dominated by Carex stricta. Other Cyperaceae collected here include" 670 | 9 "Dominated by Carex stricta. Other species collected here include" 671 | 3 "Dominated by Celtis occidentalis and Tilia americana. Common associates include" 672 | 21 "Dominated by Fraxinus nigra and Populus tremuloides. Other sedges collected at this site include" 673 | 33 "Dominated by Fraxinus nigra and Populus tremuloides. Other sedges collected here on this date include" 674 | 51 "Dominated by Fraxinus nigra and Populus tremuloides. Other species collected here include" 675 | 5 "Dominated by Fraxinus nigra and Populus tremuloides. Sedges collected at this site include" 676 | 5 "Dominated by Fraxinus nigra and Populus tremuloides. Sedges collected here on this date include" 677 | 5 "Dominated by Fraxinus nigra. Other sedges collected here on this date include" 678 | 18 "Dominated by Populus tremuloides and Fraxinus nigra. Other sedges collected here on this date include" 679 | 26 "Dominated by Quercus macrocarpa and Tilia americana. Other sedges collected here on this date include" 680 | 13 "Dominated by Tilia americana and Fraxinus pennsylvanica. Other sedges collected here include" 681 | 5 "Dominated by early succession elements including" 682 | 16 "Dominated by" 683 | 4 "Domonants" 684 | 2 "Douglas fir-Ponderosa pine-white fir forest with scatered cork bark fir. Assoc. spp" 685 | 294 "Draba cuneifolia. On cliff" 686 | 1 "Dry coastal scrub. Associated taxa" 687 | 8 "Dry desert scrub including" 688 | 4 "Dry desert scrub" 689 | 4 "Dry desert shrub including" 690 | 4 "Dry mud flats. Associated species" 691 | 5 "Dry riparian area. Associated species" 692 | 6 "Dry wash surrounded by mixed conifer and chaparral on slopes and flats. Associated species" 693 | 6 "Dry wash within coastal. Maritime succulent scrub. Sparse shrub vegetation dominated by Bebbia juncea. Assoc." 694 | 6 "Dry wash within coastal/ maritime succulent scrub. Sparse shrub vegetation dominated by Bebbia juncea. Assoc." 695 | 21 "Dry wash within coastal/ maritime succulent srub. Sparse shrub vegetation dominated by Bebbia juncea. Assoc." 696 | 6 "Dry wash within coastal/maritime succulent scrub. Assoc." 697 | 8 "Dryas-Equisetum meadow. Associates" 698 | 6 "Drying margins of lake. Associated taxa" 699 | 2 "Drymarchon sp." 700 | 4 "Dryopteris. Assoc. sp" 701 | 36 "Dudleya variegata. Pools" 702 | 2 "Dune swale on edge of bluff. Associated species" 703 | 12 "Duplicate" 704 | 2 "E and C Amazonian Brazil" 705 | 6 "E-facing slope. Associated species" 706 | 3 "EZA/ZZA 1" 707 | 15 "Echinochloa crus-galli/Kochia scoparia" 708 | 78 "Echinochloa crus-gallii/Kochia scoparia" 709 | 1 "Ecology in Vietnam. Quercus bella was found on the slopes in evergreen forests in Ba Vi National Park" 710 | 17 "Ecology" 711 | 25 "Ecology. All specimens of P. elvisi sp. nov. were found associated with vertebrate bones or wood (Table 5). Fig. 6 F shows the holotype observed in situ on sediment next to a whalefall just before collection. Fig. 6 G shows paratype SIO-BIC A 9699 observed in situ on a deployed pig bone before collection. Figure 13. Micrographs of P. elvisi sp. nov. holotype SIO-BIC A 8488 A right parapodium from segment 10 B right parapodium from segment 7 C notochaetae D superior neurochaetae (supra-acicular) E inferior neurochaetae (subacicular). Abbreviations" 712 | 3 "Ecology. Ancylocaris brevicarpalis is obligatory associated with sea anemones (Cnidaria" 713 | 7 "Ecology. C. muttensis sp. n. only occurs in the Mutt glacial stream where larvae are apparently confined to the lotic part of springs and the rhithral (crystalline to calcareous water). Emergence from July to early August. Associated species found in the same locality include" 714 | 1 "Ecology. Crenophilous species inhabiting cold mountain springs and cold streams with crystalline to calcareous water. Emergence" 715 | 6 "Ecology. Currently no information on the ecology is known with the exception of the northernmost species that was collected via traps baited with a local corn beer known as chicha" 716 | 3 "Ecology. Depth range" 717 | 12 "Ecology. Depth" 718 | 1 "Ecology. Glacial springs and cold mountain streams with crystalline to calcareous water. Emergence" 719 | 1 "Ecology. High mountain springs and cold streams with crystalline to calcareous water. Emergence" 720 | 3 "Ecology. Host plant" 721 | 24 "Ecology. Host plants" 722 | 1 "Ecology. Philopona usambarica Csiki (in Heikertinger and Csiki 1940" 723 | 3 "Ecology. Physodactyla rubiginosa (Gerstaecker 1871" 724 | 1 "Ecology. Polyphagous (cf. Jolivet and Hawkeswood 1995). There is no ecological information on this genus for the Afrotropical region. Luperomorpha biondii Doeberl (2012" 725 | 16 "Ecology. Preferred environment" 726 | 15 "Ecology. Specimens of M. orientalis were collected from two locations on Qinling Mountain. We captured all of our new material at midday (11" 727 | 1 "Ecology. The Afrotropical species of Blepharida are generally associated with shrubs of Rhus (Anacardiaceae) (Furth and Young 1988" 728 | 3 "Ecology. The species in this genus are mainly associated with plants in the family Malvaceae (cf. Jolivet and Hawkeswood 1995" 729 | 2 "Ecology. The species of the present genus are all obligate associates of sea anemones (Cnidaria" 730 | 2 "Ecology. The species was collected in localities BH 023 and BH 025 together with Exocelina polita in ratios 1" 731 | 1 "Ecology. The species was collected in two localities on Nok Mountain together with Exocelina evelyncheesmanae and Exocelina waigeoensis and in one locality together with Exocelina evelyncheesmanae in ration ca. 1" 732 | 15 "Ecology. The subspecies is found in canyons and rocky slopes in forests and is associated with" 733 | 4 "Ecology. This genus is probably polyphagous and has been reported mainly from the following plant families" 734 | 1 "Ecology. This species feeds on the mealybugs Phenacoccus aceris and Planococcus citri (Pseudococcidae) (Moddarres-Awal 2012). Figures 32 - 39. Morphological details and male genitalia of Chilocorini species 32 - 34 E. quadripustulatus" 735 | 2 "Ecology. This species was found near the opening of rivers or lagoons [salinity range" 736 | 3 "Ecology. We observed that D. adenocarpus has a tubular calyx which can retain and immerse the buds in water (see Suppl. material 1" 737 | 151 "Ectoparasite Of" 738 | 402 "Ectoparasito de" 739 | 5 "Elements of tropical caducifolious forest" 740 | 6 "Eleocharis erythropoda" 741 | 1 "ElyW" 742 | 36 "En" 743 | 2 "Encelia californica. Other associates" 744 | 16 "Encelia farinosa dense herbaceous roadside cover" 745 | 246 "Encontrado en" 746 | 23462 "Encontrado sobre" 747 | 2 "Epipactis helleborine (+). Aufn." 748 | 1 "Episcythrastis" 749 | 1 "Epriophorum-Carex-dwarf shrub meadow" 750 | 1 "Epífita" 751 | 8 "Equisetum arvense. Assoc. sp." 752 | 30 "Eria" 753 | 12 "Ericameria linearifolia dominant. Associates" 754 | 1 "Eriocaulon" 755 | 6 "Eriodictyon trichocalyx Dominants in mesic areas" 756 | 4 "Eriodictyon-dominated chaparral. Associated spediess" 757 | 18 "Eriodictyum trichocalyx. Dominants in mesic areas" 758 | 3 "Eriogonum f." 759 | 5 "Eriogonum wrightii is dominant. Associates" 760 | 3 "Eriogonum" 761 | 6 "Eroded caliche area. Associated species" 762 | 10 "Erodium cicutarium). Common shrubs" 763 | 84 "Eryngium. Uplands" 764 | 45 "Established dunes including" 765 | 5 "Eucalyptus grove. Associated species" 766 | 3 "Exotics" 767 | 16 "F. nigra. Subdominants" 768 | 23 "Fagus grandifolia. Subdominants" 769 | 3542 "Fauna associated with" 770 | 2 "Feeding on" 771 | 2 "Firebreak recovering well. ith annual grasses. Associated species" 772 | 62 "Flarks" 773 | 5 "Flat chaparral with annual grasses. Associated species" 774 | 3 "Flat chaparral. Associated species" 775 | 1 "Flat open meadow in hanging valley. Associated species" 776 | 7 "Flat ridgetop just S of planted pine population. Associated species" 777 | 2 "Flat sandy alluvial substrate. Occasional. Associates" 778 | 4 "Flat-top Buckwheat herbland" 779 | 7 "Flats with scattered shrubs. Associated species" 780 | 7 "Flats. Associated species" 781 | 1 "Floating mat associates include" 782 | 1 "Floodplain with dense riparian vegetation growing in sand and cobble. Associated species" 783 | 472 "Flower" 784 | 8 "Food plant of host" 785 | 2 "Food plant" 786 | 10 "Food" 787 | 10 "Forbs" 788 | 59 "Formicidae" 789 | 2 "Found at" 790 | 2 "Found with host species" 791 | 77 "Found_on_plant" 792 | 1 "Fouquieria. Unusual species" 793 | 1 "Frankenia salina. Note" 794 | 11 "Fraxinus americana. Subdominants" 795 | 1 "Fraxinus americana. Assoc. spe" 796 | 6 "Fraxinus americana. Sub-dominants" 797 | 40 "Fraxinus americana. Subdominants" 798 | 5 "Fraxinus americanum. Subdominants" 799 | 3 "Fraxinus nigra. Subdominants" 800 | 3 "Fraxinus nigra> Subdominant" 801 | 5 "Fraxinus pennsylvanica. Subdominants" 802 | 40 "Fruit" 803 | 3 "Frullania eboracensis" 804 | 30 "Fuente alimento" 805 | 3 "Full of weedy plants. Associated species" 806 | 1 "Fungal Parasite Laboulbenia philonthi Thaxt. Harvard University Herbaria specimens Hesperomyces virescens Thaxt. Harvard University Herbaria Specimen Laboulbenia philonthi Thaxt. Harvard University Herbaria specimen Clonophoromyces nipponicus Terada & I. I. Tavares Laboulbenia philonthi Thaxter. .- Englera 17" 1693 | 2248 "Sonoran Desert" 1694 | 4 "Sonoran Desertscrub. Assoc. spp" 1695 | 12 "Sonoran desertscrub. Assoc. spp" 1696 | 1 "South-facing slopes of mixed limestone and volcanics. Occasional. Associates" 1697 | 2 "Southern mixed chaparral. Associated species" 1698 | 35 "Sparse Joshua Tree woodland. Assoc." 1699 | 20 "Sparse Joshua Tree woodland. Associates" 1700 | 6 "Sparse Joshua tree woodland. Associates" 1701 | 4 "Sparse Juniper / Joshua Tree Woodland. Assoc" 1702 | 8 "Sparse Juniper/Joshua Tree Woodland. Associates" 1703 | 7 "Sparse Juniper/Joshua Tree woodland. Associates" 1704 | 25 "Sparse Juniper/Joshua tree woodland. Associates" 1705 | 12 "Sparse coastal sage scrub. Spp" 1706 | 3 "Sparse herbs. Associates" 1707 | 8 "Sparse vegetation within desert habitat. Flat river bottom had plant species of" 1708 | 4 "Sparse vegetation" 1709 | 4 "Sparse vegetation. Assoc. sp." 1710 | 1 "Sparsely vegetated gravelloy to rocky volcanic hills and pavements. Associates" 1711 | 36 "Sparsely vegetated. Associates" 1712 | 2 "Species nearby" 1713 | 23 "Sphaeralcea ambigua. Other annuals" 1714 | 1 "Spier & V. Wirth (TLC1323-2" 1715 | 1 "Spier & V. Wirth (TLC1323-3" 1716 | 1 "Spier & V. Wirth (TLC1323-4" 1717 | 1 "Spodoptera litura" 1718 | 1 "Sporobolus cryptandrus Community" 1719 | 5 "Spp." 1720 | 1 "Spruce and deciduous forest. Associated species" 1721 | 6 "Stabilized dunes. Open habitat w/ few weeds. Assoc." 1722 | 1 "Stabilized dunes. Open habitat with few weeds. Associates" 1723 | 101 "Stem" 1724 | 1 "Stenorrhina freminvillii UTEP" 1725 | 34 "Stipa speciosa. and Xylorhiza tortifolia. Annuals" 1726 | 1 "Stream channel" 1727 | 79 "Strings" 1728 | 4 "Sub Alpine Forest with" 1729 | 1 "Sugar Maple & Red cedar saplings. Assoc. species" 1730 | 1 "Sugar Maple. Assoc. species" 1731 | 9 "Surface cover of water" 1732 | 5 "Surrounded by Pinus jefrreyi and Abies concolor forest. Associated species" 1733 | 175 "Sustrato" 1734 | 1532 "Symbiont of" 1735 | 9 "Syns." 1736 | 2 "TALL SHRUB" 1737 | 3 "TALL SHRUBS" 1738 | 3 "TALL and LOW SHRUBS (open)" 1739 | 1 "TLC MN903" 1740 | 1 "TLCMN1110" 1741 | 1 "TLCMN1116" 1742 | 2 "TLCMN357" 1743 | 2 "TLCMN521" 1744 | 3 "TLCMN531" 1745 | 2 "TLCMN683" 1746 | 2 "TLCMN959" 1747 | 1 "TREE" 1748 | 2 "TREES" 1749 | 1 "Taken from" 1750 | 1 "Taxilejeunea sp. (?))" 1751 | 12 "Taxus canadensis.. Assoc. species" 1752 | 1 "Tended by" 1753 | 124 "Tending" 1754 | 20 "Tessaria sericea" 1755 | 9 "The dominants" 1756 | 1 "This is a voucher specimen for anticancer and antiAIDS screening. NCI Sample Number" 1757 | 14 "This small creek had plants next to the edge and a little father away that include" 1758 | 4 "Thorn forest. Assoc" 1759 | 6 "Thorn scrub vegetation. Assoc. sp." 1760 | 30 "Thornscrub on S-facing slopes mixed w/oaks" 1761 | 3 "Three manzanitas present" 1762 | 2 "Thuja occidentalis. Assoc. species" 1763 | 16 "Tilia americana. Subdominants" 1764 | 36 "Tilia americana. Subdominants" 1765 | 5 "Timber. Plants" 1766 | 1 "Tipo de vegetación" 1767 | 1 "Tops of bluffs and bare ledges" 1768 | 6 "Toxicodendron diversilobumChaparral" 1769 | 3 "Transition area" 1770 | 153 "Transition chaparral" 1771 | 2 "Transition from oak woodland to coastal sage scrub/chaparral. Associated species" 1772 | 3 "Translation (English)" 1773 | 12 "Tridens muticus. At nearby spring" 1774 | 8 "Trifolium spp. & Lupinus microcarpus. [Associated species written as shown on actual label- several of the names are incorrect/incomplete- Accurate names are likely" 1775 | 1 "Trillium grandiflorum" 1776 | 21 "Triodanis biflora. Other associates" 1777 | 5 "Tropical evergreen forest" 1778 | 106 "Trunk" 1779 | 5 "Trxis californica nearby" 1780 | 1 "Tsuga canadensis understory dominants" 1781 | 1 "Two closely related species were collected from the same site." 1782 | 3 "Type or Association" 1783 | 2 "Type" 1784 | 4 "U. americana. Understory dominants" 1785 | 1 "USNM. Scale bars" 1786 | 2 "UTEP" 1787 | 1 "Ulmus americana and Tilia americana. Assoc. species" 1788 | 3 "Ulmus americana. Subdominants" 1789 | 3 "Ulmus americana. Subdominants" 1790 | 9 "Ulmus americana. Sundominants" 1791 | 9 "Unburned Oct 2003. North of Clairmont Mesa Blvd. Spp" 1792 | 3 "Under Acer sacharrum. Associated species" 1793 | 1 "Under Populus tremuloides & Abies sp. Assoc. sp" 1794 | 1 "Under White Pine & Balsam. Assoc. sp" 1795 | 25 "Under bark" 1796 | 1 "Under jackpine. Assoc." 1797 | 2 "Under mixed conifers" 1798 | 3 "Underneath Ceanothus shrub. Dominants" 1799 | 1 "Understory dominant" 1800 | 4 "Understory of mature cottonwood gallery forest. Assoc species" 1801 | 4 "Understory of mature cottonwood gallery forest. Associated species" 1802 | 4 "Understory" 1803 | 100 "Uneven aged Picea abies forest with much Bettula verrucosa. Dominant understory vasculars" 1804 | 6 "Upland Sonoran vegetation. Associated species" 1805 | 149 "Upland" 1806 | 196 "Uplands" 1807 | 1 "Upper Sonora" 1808 | 18 "Upper Sonoran" 1809 | 2 "Upper sonoran" 1810 | 2 "Uppoer Sonoran" 1811 | 4 "Urtica urens. On slopes" 1812 | 3 "Utricularia spp. Edge cover" 1813 | 1 "VINE" 1814 | 1 "Vallisneria Americana Edge cover" 1815 | 4 "Various possible hosts" 1816 | 5 "Various. Disturbed alkaline habitat. Associates included" 1817 | 17 "Vascular plants" 1818 | 1 "Vasculars" 1819 | 1 "Veg type" 1820 | 2 "Veg" 1821 | 2 "Veg. type" 1822 | 4 "Vegetacion arbofructescente" 1823 | 4 "Vegetacion arbofructescentes" 1824 | 2 "Vegetacion arbofrutescente" 1825 | 3 "Vegetacion arbosufrutescente" 1826 | 8 "Vegetacion asociada con" 1827 | 2 "Vegetaci¢n" 1828 | 30 "Vegetated hollows including" 1829 | 4 "Vegetation dominated by dense stands of Tamarix chinensis and including" 1830 | 7 "Vegetation type" 1831 | 62 "Vegetation" 1832 | 2 "Vegitacion arbosufrutescente" 1833 | 6 "Venezuela" 1834 | 5 "Vernal pool on flat terrace. Assoc species" 1835 | 6 "Vernal pool on flat terrace. Associated species" 1836 | 2 "Vernal pool. Associates" 1837 | 6 "Vernal pools. Associates" 1838 | 32 "Very disturbed coastal sage scrub. Other spp" 1839 | 14 "Very sparse vegetation" 1840 | 1879 "Vicinity" 1841 | 2642 "Visitante floral" 1842 | 294 "Visiting" 1843 | 1 "Visitng" 1844 | 3762 "Visits flowers of" 1845 | 3 "Vitis arizonica Uplands" 1846 | 3 "Vitis arizonica Uplands" 1847 | 2 "W Amazonia" 1848 | 7 "W facing grassy slope. Associated species" 1849 | 6 "W-facing slope. Associated species" 1850 | 4 "Wash plants that weren't in bloom and that we did'nt collect were" 1851 | 3 "Weeds" 1852 | 5 "Weedy opening on firebreak surrounded by chaparral. Native shrubs starting to fill in firebreak. Invasive annual grasses growing. Associated species" 1853 | 4 "Weedy roadside habitat dominated by Johnsongrass. Assoc. sp" 1854 | 13 "Weedy&riparian plants" 1855 | 4 "West Indies" 1856 | 7 "Wet seepage area" 1857 | 88 "Wetland transition zone near edge of water. Spp" 1858 | 3 "Wetlands" 1859 | 3 "White & Yellow Birch & small Sugar Maple. Assoc. sp" 1860 | 1 "White Oak with Grasses. Assoc. species" 1861 | 1 "White Oak. Assoc. species" 1862 | 1 "White chalky hills (calcareous). Associates" 1863 | 7 "White spruce stand with feathermosses. In vicinity" 1864 | 1 "Wide gravelly wash in canyon among tall sandy bluffs. Common. Associates" 1865 | 1 "Wide sandy and gravelly canyon bottom with washes and gravel bars" 1866 | 1 "Wide variety of Sedge & Herb species. Assoc. sp" 1867 | 2 "Wide variety of Sedge & herb species. Assoc. sp" 1868 | 1 "Wide variety of Sedge and Carex sp. Assoc. sp" 1869 | 1 "Wide variety of Sedges & Herbs & other grasses. Assoc. sp" 1870 | 1 "Wide variety of sedge and other herb spp. Assoc. sp" 1871 | 12 "Willow - alder swamp with abundance of Calamagrostis canadensis. Assoc. sp." 1872 | 50 "Willow-sycamore riparian woodland. Spp" 1873 | 2 "Willows present" 1874 | 1 "With Baccharis and Salix" 1875 | 2 "With Baccharis glutinosa. Dominants" 1876 | 5 "With L" 1877 | 11 "With dominants" 1878 | 161 "With" 1879 | 3 "Woodland-savannah" 1880 | 2 "Woodland/Meadow" 1881 | 5 "Woody plants and succulents" 1882 | 1 "Xylographa parallela (Ach." 1883 | 1 "Yellow Birch & White Elm. Assoc. species" 1884 | 5 "Yellow pine forest in area burned in 2002. Associated trees" 1885 | 6 "Yellow pine forest. Assoc. trees" 1886 | 12 "Yucca Associates" 1887 | 2 "Yucca carnerosana (higher" 1888 | 7 "Yunnan Prov ince (Fig. 1). The holotype was found calling on a tree branch approximately 0.5 m above near a dry puddle in a fruit garden in Lenquan Village (Fig. 8). All other specimens were found on vegetation near the dry puddle in Lenquan Village or vegetation near a reservoir in Yangjiatian Village. Males began to call at about 19" 1889 | 1 "Z. 2001" 1890 | 2 "Zizania sp. Submergent cover" 1891 | 3 "Zone 12. Aspect" 1892 | 2 "Zu Nr. KW 2507. Vegetationsaufnahme. Baumschicht [Tree Layer]" 1893 | 1 "[...] a xerophyte chiefly confined to semidesert vegetation types. An annual mean precipitation above 400 mm and a minimum temperature below 0 °C delimit its distribution in SE Spain [...]. This largely holds true also for NW Africa as its abscence from the more humid areas [...] indicates. [...] Inland populations [in NW Africa] are most frequently confined to wadi beds and certain habitats in mountain areas.rrfrom" 1894 | 1 "[annotator note" 1895 | 3069 "[plantensoort" 1896 | 4 "[potencial" 1897 | 15 "a 15 mL falcon tube placed at a depth of 12.5 cm below the ground surface. It contained ethanol 70 % and was baited with tuna mixed with honey (see Suppl. material 1" 1898 | 26 "a canopy of Acer saccharum and Tilia americana. Other ferns collected here include" 1899 | 51 "a canopy of Acer saccharum and Tilia americana. Other sedges collected here include" 1900 | 2 "a few hundred feet inland from beach dunes. Assoc" 1901 | 3 "a mix of green and brown plants with some skeletons. Associates" 1902 | 1 "a scattering of black ash and white cedar. Assoc. sp" 1903 | 17 "about 6 m depth) (Fig. 4 d). Habitats recorded outside the Black Sea include the following" 1904 | 9 "above Opuntias" 1905 | 6 "above vernal pool. Associates" 1906 | 4 "active stream channel" 1907 | 13 "adjacent annuals" 1908 | 6 "adjacent to coastal sage scrub. Associates" 1909 | 12 "adjacent to dry wash" 1910 | 19 "adjacent to mixed chaparral" 1911 | 20 "adjacent to mixed chaparral. Associates" 1912 | 3 "adjacent to mixed shrub. Associates" 1913 | 3 "adjacent to mxed chaparral. Associates" 1914 | 12 "adjacent to trail. Associates" 1915 | 93448 "adjacentTo" 1916 | 1 "adults resting on the stones and in flight between grasses at the top of Dushak Mountain. Flowers visited" 1917 | 4 "aledana se compone de" 1918 | 1 "along active stream channel" 1919 | 1 "along active streamchannel" 1920 | 13 "along road cut. Associates" 1921 | 3 "along shaded slope. Associated species" 1922 | 6 "along water's edge" 1923 | 3 "alongside common weeds" 1924 | 9 "also present" 1925 | 36 "and Abies concolor. Meadow plants include" 1926 | 17 "and Abies concolor. Other plant species include" 1927 | 17 "and Acacia saligna. Note" 1928 | 2 "and Adenostoma fasiculatum. Other" 1929 | 8 "and Agrostis pallens. Note" 1930 | 2 "and Apocynum androsaemifolium. Note" 1931 | 41 "and Artemisia douglasiana. Note" 1932 | 2 "and Asteraceae spp. Other" 1933 | 1 "and Astragalus alpinus. Assoc" 1934 | 17 "and Avena barbata. Note" 1935 | 8 "and Baccharis spp. Note" 1936 | 3 "and Betula glandulosa. Ground cover" 1937 | 1 "and Bikasha minor Maulik (1931" 1938 | 22 "and Bromus rubens. Burn area. Associated species" 1939 | 50 "and Bromus spp. Note" 1940 | 42 "and C. buxbaumii. Bog" 1941 | 24 "and Calystegia macrostegia ssp. tenuifolia. Note" 1942 | 8 "and Carex geyeri abundant. Forbs" 1943 | 3 "and Caulanthus heterophyllus. Note" 1944 | 45 "and Ceanothus leucodermis. Note" 1945 | 7 "and Ceanothus palmeri. Note" 1946 | 31 "and Ceanothus tomentosus. Note" 1947 | 2 "and Centaurea melitensis. Other" 1948 | 12 "and Cercocarpus betuloides. Valley components" 1949 | 492 "and Cercocarpus betuloides. Valley had components of" 1950 | 18 "and Cercocarpus minutiflorus. Note" 1951 | 7 "and Chamaebatia foliolosa. Close to the parking area along the road or close to disturbed areas nearby were" 1952 | 5 "and Chamerion angustifolium. Assoc" 1953 | 5 "and Chenopodium alb." 1954 | 1 "and Clarkia unguiculata. Other" 1955 | 4 "and Collybia sp. (Fungi" 1956 | 31 "and Cryptantha. Note" 1957 | 123 "and Dicentra chrysantha. Note" 1958 | 29 "and Dichelostemma capitatum. Note" 1959 | 1 "and Digitalis. Common name" 1960 | 3 "and Dimorphotheca sinuata. Note" 1961 | 13 "and Eleocharis montevidensis. Note" 1962 | 2 "and Encelia californica. Other associates" 1963 | 6 "and Equisetum arvense. Note" 1964 | 19 "and Equisetum hyemale affine in some places. Other plant taxa include" 1965 | 22 "and Eriodictyon trichocalyx. Note" 1966 | 6 "and Eriogonum fasciculatum. Associated annuals" 1967 | 40 "and Eriophyllum confertiflorum. Note" 1968 | 5 "and Erysimum capitatum. Note" 1969 | 1 "and Fragaria virgiiana Assoc" 1970 | 14 "and Hesperocallis undulata. Annuals" 1971 | 10 "and Hesperoyucca whipplei. Note" 1972 | 9 "and Heteromeles arbutifolia. Note" 1973 | 7 "and Hirschfeldia incana. Note" 1974 | 2 "and Hordeum murinum. Other" 1975 | 3 "and Hordeum murinum. Others" 1976 | 1 "and Hypochaeris glabra. Note" 1977 | 780 "and Ivesia santolinoides. Wet meadow areas had" 1978 | 6 "and Juglans nigra. Shrubs" 1979 | 57 "and Juncus spp.. Note" 1980 | 4 "and Juniperus communis. Assoc" 1981 | 3 "and Keckiella ternata. Note" 1982 | 15 "and Laportea canadensis. Additional associates include" 1983 | 9 "and Lepechinia ganderi. Note" 1984 | 7 "and Lepidium fremontii. The broad wash coming out of the mountains had shrubs of" 1985 | 16 "and Lilium humboldtii. Note" 1986 | 4 "and Lupinus spp. Note" 1987 | 47 "and Malacothamnus densiflorus. Note" 1988 | 20 "and Malosma laurina. Note" 1989 | 50 "and Marah macrocarpus. Note" 1990 | 40 "and Marrubium vulgare. Associated annuals" 1991 | 30 "and Mimulus aurantiacus. Note" 1992 | 24 "and Mimulus clevelandii. Note" 1993 | 20 "and Mimulus guttatus. Dry slopes have plant species of" 1994 | 5 "and Mirablilis laevis ssp. crassifolia. Note" 1995 | 7 "and P. jeffreyi. Note" 1996 | 71 "and Parkinsonia florida. Annuals" 1997 | 22 "and ParkinsoniaJlorida. Annuals" 1998 | 9 "and Petalonyx thurberi. Other annuals" 1999 | 12 "and Phacelia grandiflora. Note" 2000 | 6 "and Pluchea sericea. Chaparral slopes above are" 2001 | 11 "and Populus balsamifera. Ground cover" 2002 | 2 "and Populus tremuloides saplings. Mature P. tremuloides and Picea glauca saplings rare. Ground cover" 2003 | 7 "and Populus tremuloides saplings. Mature Populus tremuloides and Picea glaucea saplings rare. Ground cover" 2004 | 10 "and Potentilla. Assoc" 2005 | 16 "and Psorothamnus polydenius. Other annuals" 2006 | 12 "and Pteridium aquilinum. Note" 2007 | 9 "and Quercus agrifolia. Note" 2008 | 30 "and Rhamnus crocea. Note" 2009 | 24 "and Rhamnus ilicifolia. Note" 2010 | 2 "and Rhamnus tomentellus. Note" 2011 | 68 "and Rhus ovata. Note" 2012 | 2 "and Ribes montigenum Assoc" 2013 | 2 "and Riccocarpus natans. Minor amounts" 2014 | 23 "and S. speciosa. Other annuals include" 2015 | 10 "and Salix glauca var. acutifolia. Ground cover" 2016 | 9 "and Salix lasiolepis. Exotic invasives" 2017 | 18 "and Salix myrtillifolia. Occasional Salix glauca var. acutifolia. Ground cover" 2018 | 17 "and Salvia apiana. Note" 2019 | 42 "and Senna armata. Other annuals" 2020 | 930 "and Solanum xanti. Riparian components are" 2021 | 48 "and Sphaeralcea ambigua. Annuals" 2022 | 24 "and Sphaeralcea ambigua. Other annuals" 2023 | 19 "and Stephanomeria pauciflora. Annuals" 2024 | 17 "and Stephanomeria pauciflora. Other annuals" 2025 | 24 "and Stillingia linearifolia. Associated annuals" 2026 | 10 "and Stipa hymenoides. Annuals" 2027 | 9 "and Stipa speciosa. Annuals" 2028 | 29 "and Suaeda moquinii. Other annuals included" 2029 | 10 "and T. ramosissima. Annuals" 2030 | 1 "and Thymus spp. Flight period" 2031 | 23 "and Tiquilia latior. Annuals" 2032 | 23 "and Tiquilia latior. Annuals" 2033 | 13 "and Tiquilia latior. Other annuals" 2034 | 142 "and Tiquilia nuttallii. Other annuals" 2035 | 1 "and Toxicodendron diversilobum. Other associates" 2036 | 6 "and Verbena urticifolia. Nearby trees" 2037 | 1 "and Vicia villosa. Others" 2038 | 15 "and Viguiera laciniata. Note" 2039 | 8 "and Xylococcus bicolor Note" 2040 | 24 "and Xylorhiza lorlifolia. Annuals" 2041 | 105 "and Xylorhiza tortifolia. Annuals included" 2042 | 534 "and Xylorhiza tortifolia. Annuals" 2043 | 4 "and Yucca brevifolia. Annuals" 2044 | 2 "and Yucca brevifolia. Other" 2045 | 68 "and Yucca hrevifolia. Annuals" 2046 | 61 "and Yucca schidigera. Annuals" 2047 | 15 "and Yucca schidigera. Associated annuals" 2048 | 3 "and a little more shady areas had" 2049 | 30 "and chaparral spp." 2050 | 3 "and disturbed roadside begetation" 2051 | 3 "and disturbed roadside vegetation" 2052 | 5 "and esp" 2053 | 5 "and esp." 2054 | 17 "and fluff-grass (Tridens pulchellus). Within ten meters" 2055 | 1 "and for mentoring me. The spelling ' maccoshiana ' follows recommendation 60 C. 5. a of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code McNeil et al. 2006). Conservation status. Surveys in 2010 revealed about 60 plants in four sites (see supplementary file 1" 2056 | 3 "and forbs" 2057 | 4 "and graminoids" 2058 | 61 "and many annuals and herbaceous perennials. Associated species include" 2059 | 7 "and mosses. Assoc" 2060 | 6 "and nearby" 2061 | 3 "and other polychaetes" 2062 | 24 "and scattered Carnegiea gigantea. Most annuals and herbaceous plants along small washes" 2063 | 15 "and scattered Carnegiea gigantea. Most annuals and herbaceous plants along small washes" 2064 | 46 "and scattered Juniperus. Also here" 2065 | 781 "annuals" 2066 | 3 "antes bosque nublado con" 2067 | 9 "aquatic surrounded by chaparral and coastal sage scrub. Dominant plants" 2068 | 6 "aquatics" 2069 | 3 "arbosufrutescente" 2070 | 2 "arid transition" 2071 | 1 "as Cercyonia quadrinotata Bryant 1936" 2072 | 2 "as Schistoceros bimaculatus). Its aedeagus was figured by Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1976" 2073 | 26 "as Schistoceros bimaculatus). Table 1. Bostrichidae recorded from Maltese Archipelago and neigbouring islands with respective chorotype codes. Abbreviations" 2074 | 15 "ass. species" 2075 | 15 "assic species" 2076 | 1 "assoc sp" 2077 | 9 "assoc species" 2078 | 6 "assoc spp" 2079 | 6 "assoc" 2080 | 9 "assoc. species" 2081 | 1 "assoc. spp" 2082 | 2 "assoc. with" 2083 | 9 "associated dominants" 2084 | 4 "associated dormants" 2085 | 18 "associated in creek are" 2086 | 5 "associated species include" 2087 | 64 "associated species" 2088 | 13 "associated with Astragalus sp." 2089 | 1 "associated with Atriplex sp." 2090 | 5 "associated with Ceanothus sp." 2091 | 1 "associated with Cercocarpus montanus Raf." 2092 | 2 "associated with Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber S. Watson F. L. Martin" 2093 | 1 "associated with Chrysolepis chrysophylla" 2094 | 1 "associated with Eriodictyon angustifolium" 2095 | 2 "associated with Eriodictyon californicum Hook. & Arn. Torr." 2096 | 1 "associated with Eriogonum fasciculatum Benth." 2097 | 2 "associated with Grayia spinosa" 2098 | 1 "associated with Juniperus californica Carri�re" 2099 | 1 "associated with Juniperus sp." 2100 | 6 "associated with Lotus scoparius Torr. & A. Gray Ottley" 2101 | 5 "associated with Lupinus ludovicianus Greene" 2102 | 38 "associated with Lupinus sp." 2103 | 2 "associated with Quercus sp." 2104 | 31 "associated with Salvia dorrii Kellogg Abrams" 2105 | 23 "associated with Salvia mellifera Greene" 2106 | 76 "associated with Salvia sp." 2107 | 1 "associated with Salvia vaseyi" 2108 | 192 "associated with Sarcobatus vermiculatus Hook. Torr." 2109 | 1 "associated with Scutellaria mexicana Torr. A.J.Paton" 2110 | 5 "associated with Symphoricarpos longiflorus A. Gray" 2111 | 5 "associated with Symphoricarpos oreophilus var. utahensis Rydb. A. Nelson" 2112 | 1 "associated" 2113 | 5 "associates include" 2114 | 3138 "associates with" 2115 | 31 "associates" 2116 | 6 "at edge of Creosote Bush Scrub" 2117 | 9 "at margin of burned chaparral adjacent to dry wash" 2118 | 1 "at rocky limestone outcrop. Occasional.l Associates" 2119 | 3 "at streambank" 2120 | 72 "attached part" 2121 | 78 "bad duplicate of" 2122 | 6 "becoming more weedy near runway. Associated species" 2123 | 3 "beech and red oak understory dominants" 2124 | 2 "beech and red oak. Assoc. species" 2125 | 2 "beech and red oak. Understory dominants" 2126 | 2 "behind the sea levee. Associate species include" 2127 | 24 "below juniper woodland" 2128 | 2 "below shrubs of mixed chaparral" 2129 | 2 "berry vines. Tree cover" 2130 | 7 "blackbush scrub. Associates" 2131 | 3 "blossoms" 2132 | 4 "bred from" 2133 | 10 "brood parasitized by" 2134 | 319 "burned (Cedar Fire 2003)" 2135 | 143 "burned (Pines Fire 2002)" 2136 | 35 "burned Pines Fire 2002" 2137 | 48 "burned chaparral (Cedar Fire 2003)" 2138 | 46 "burned chaparral" 2139 | 24 "burned chaparral-oak woodland (Cedar Fire 2003)" 2140 | 50 "burned chaparral-oak woodland" 2141 | 25 "burned in 2007. Spp" 2142 | 6 "burned last fall & now dominated by herbs" 2143 | 10 "burned pine-oak woodland (Cedar Fire 2003)" 2144 | 45 "burned pine-oak woodland" 2145 | 6 "burned pines and chaparral (Pines Fire 2002)" 2146 | 35 "burned riparian (Pines Fire 2002)" 2147 | 6 "but burned last fall & now dominated by herbs" 2148 | 9 "but burned last fall and now dominated by herbs" 2149 | 1 "but flats now partially second growth or disturbed. Dominant species" 2150 | 1 "but only occasional on these flats. Associated species" 2151 | 42 "but other host plants are also recorded including" 2152 | 32 "but recently burned" 2153 | 3 "but recovery appears slow. Associated species" 2154 | 1 "but the herbaceous texture suggests that it is deciduous. Figure 1. Selliguea kachinensis. A habit B detail showing venation pattern. After Kine et al. 14 - 047 - 022 (L). Drawing by Esmee Winkel. Figure 2. Selliguea kachinensis - Distribution. Figure 3. Habitat of Selliguea kachinensis" 2155 | 8 "but the immature stages are unknown. Figure 12. Genus Talahua Fluke" 2156 | 6 "but the precise elevation of the locality is neither indicated on the label nor in the publication (Madl 1997" 2157 | 1 "but the species probably feeds on an unidentified broad-leaved Saxifraga species growing on steep rocks. The adults have been collected in the last third of July from light. The species occurs in rocky habitat on calcareous soil. Vertical distribution" 2158 | 8 "by fogging the following trees" 2159 | 2 "ca. 25 m above base of mountain. Associated species" 2160 | 19 "canopy Dominated by Acer saccharum and Quercus rubra. Other sedges collected here include" 2161 | 13 "canyon bottom" 2162 | 49 "cast of specimen" 2163 | 8 "cast(s) of elements of this specimen used in the creation of" 2164 | 3 "cf. Teratomyces actobii Thaxter