├── README.md ├── Standard Chinese.md └── ʼPhags-pa.md /README.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # PhonoCollection 2 | 3 | The phonology and transcription collection of many languages/dialects. 4 | 5 | - [ʼPhags-pa Script / 八思巴字](ʼPhags-pa.md) 6 | - [Standard Chinese / 汉语普通话](Standard%20Chinese.md) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /Standard Chinese.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # Standard Chinese / 汉语普通话 2 | 3 | ## Initials 4 | 5 | | No. | Pinyin | IPA-U | IPA-L | 6 | | ---- | ------ | ----- | ----- | 7 | | 1 | b | p | p | 8 | | 2 | p | pʰ | pʰ | 9 | | 3 | m | m | m | 10 | | 4 | f | f | f | 11 | | 5 | d | t | t | 12 | | 6 | t | tʰ | tʰ | 13 | | 7 | n | n | n | 14 | | 8 | l | l | l | 15 | | 9 | g | k | k | 16 | | 10 | k | kʰ | kʰ | 17 | | 11 | h | x | x | 18 | | 12 | j | tɕ | tɕ | 19 | | 13 | q | tɕʰ | tɕʰ | 20 | | 14 | x | ɕ | ɕ | 21 | | 15 | zh | tʂ | tʃ̺ | 22 | | 16 | ch | tʂʰ | tʃ̺ʰ | 23 | | 17 | sh | ʂ | ʃ̺ | 24 | | 18 | r | ɻ | ɹ̺ | 25 | | 19 | z | ts | ts | 26 | | 20 | c | tsʰ | tsʰ | 27 | | 21 | s | s | s | 28 | | 22 | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | 29 | 30 | - ∅: Zero initial. 31 | 32 | ## Finals 33 | 34 | | No. | Pinyin | IPA-U | IPA-L | 35 | | ---- | ------ | ----- | ----- | 36 | | 1 | a | a | a | 37 | | 2 | ia | ja | ia | 38 | | 3 | ua | wa | ua | 39 | | 4 | o | o | uo | 40 | | 5 | io | jo | / | 41 | | 6 | uo | wo | uo | 42 | | 7 | e | ɤ | ɤ | 43 | | 8 | ê | ɛ | / | 44 | | 9 | ie | jɛ | ie | 45 | | 10 | üe | ɥɛ | ye | 46 | | 11 | i | i | i | 47 | | 11a | i₁ | ɹ̩ | ɹ̩ | 48 | | 11b | i₂ | ɻ̍ | ɹ̩ | 49 | | 12 | u | u | u | 50 | | 12a | u₁ | ʋ̩ | u | 51 | | 13 | ü | y | y | 52 | | 14 | ai | aɪ | ai | 53 | | 15 | uai | waɪ | uai | 54 | | 16 | ei | eɪ | ei | 55 | | 17 | ui | weɪ | uei | 56 | | 18 | ao | ɑʊ | au | 57 | | 19 | iao | jɑʊ | iau | 58 | | 20 | ou | oʊ | ou | 59 | | 21 | iu | joʊ | iou | 60 | | 22 | an | an | an | 61 | | 23 | ian | jɛn | ien | 62 | | 24 | uan | wan | uan | 63 | | 25 | üan | ɥæn | yen | 64 | | 26 | en | ən | ən | 65 | | 27 | in | in | in | 66 | | 28 | un | wən | uən | 67 | | 29 | ün | yn | yn | 68 | | 30 | ang | ɑŋ | aŋ | 69 | | 31 | iang | jɑŋ | iaŋ | 70 | | 32 | uang | wɑŋ | uaŋ | 71 | | 33 | eng | ɤŋ | əŋ | 72 | | 34 | ing | iŋ | iŋ | 73 | | 35 | ueng | wɤŋ | uəŋ | 74 | | 36 | ong | ʊŋ | uŋ | 75 | | 37 | iong | jʊŋ | iuŋ | 76 | | 38 | er | ɚ | ɚ | 77 | | 39 | m | m̩ | / | 78 | | 40 | n | n̩ | / | 79 | | 41 | ng | ŋ̍ | / | 80 | 81 | - *i*₁: *i* after *z*, *c*, and *s*. 82 | - *i*₂: *i* after *zh*, *ch*, *sh*, and *r*. 83 | - *u*₁: *u* after *f*. 84 | - Although *èr* (二, 贰) is pronounced [ɐɚ˥˩] by most speakers now, its conservative varient [ɚ˥˩] is still used in IPA-U for simplicity. 85 | 86 | ## Rhotacized Finals 87 | 88 | | No. | Pinyin | IPA-U | IPA-L | 89 | | ---- | ----------- | ----- | ----- | 90 | | 1 | ar | a˞ | aɚ | 91 | | 2 | iar | ja˞ | ia˞ɚ | 92 | | 3 | uar | wa˞ | ua˞ɚ | 93 | | 4 | or | o˞ | uo˞ | 94 | | 5 | uor | wo˞ | uo˞ | 95 | | 6 | er | ɤ˞ | ɤ˞ | 96 | | 7 | ier | jɝ | iɚ | 97 | | 8 | üer | ɥɝ | yɚ | 98 | | 9 | ur | ʊ˞ | u˞ | 99 | | 10 | anr/air | ɐɚ | aɚ | 100 | | 11 | ianr | jɐɚ | iəɚ | 101 | | 12 | uanr/uair | wɐɚ | ua˞ɚ | 102 | | 13 | üanr | ɥɐɚ | yəɚ | 103 | | 14 | enr/eir/ir₁ | ɚ | əɚ | 104 | | 15 | inr/ir | iɚ | iɚ | 105 | | 16 | unr/uir | wɚ | uəɚ | 106 | | 17 | ünr/ür | yɚ | yɚ | 107 | | 18 | aor | ɑ˞ʊ˞ | au˞ | 108 | | 19 | iaor | jɑ˞ʊ˞ | ia˞u˞ | 109 | | 20 | our | o˞ʊ˞ | ou˞ | 110 | | 21 | iur | jo˞ʊ˞ | io˞u˞ | 111 | | 22 | angr | ɑ̃˞ | ãɚ̃ | 112 | | 23 | iangr | jɑ̃˞ | ĩã˞ɚ̃ | 113 | | 24 | uangr | wɑ̃˞ | ũã˞ɚ̃ | 114 | | 25 | engr | ɤ̃˞ | ə̃ɚ̃ | 115 | | 26 | ingr | iɘ̃˞ | ĩɚ̃ | 116 | | 27 | uengr | wɤ̃˞ | ũə̃ɚ̃ | 117 | | 28 | ongr | ʊ̃˞ | ũ˞ | 118 | | 29 | iongr | jʊ̃˞ | ĩũ˞ | 119 | 120 | - *ir*₁: *ir* after *zh*, *ch*, *sh*, *r*, *z*, *c*, and *s*. IPA-L transcribes *ir₁* as [ɹ̩ɚ], different from *enr/eir*. This is incorrect for Standard Chinese or Beijing Mandarin. 121 | 122 | ## Tones 123 | 124 | | No. | Pinyin | IPA-U | IPA-L | 125 | | ---- | ------ | ----- | ----- | 126 | | 1 | ◌̄ | ˥ | ˥ | 127 | | 2 | ◌́ | ˧˥ | ˧˥ | 128 | | 3 | ◌̌ | ˨˩˦ | ˨˩˧ | 129 | | 4 | ◌̀ | ˥˩ | ˥˩ | 130 | | 5 | ∅ | ∅ | * | 131 | 132 | - ∅: Neutral tone (轻声). In IPA-U, no tone letters are written for neutral-tone syllables. In IPA-L, neutral tones are ˧˩, ˥˩, ˧, and ˩ when following the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th tones, respectively. 133 | 134 | ## Field Description 135 | 136 | - **No.**: Index of phonemes. 137 | - **Pinyin**: [*Hànyǔ Pīnyīn* (汉语拼音)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin), the official romanization system of Standard Chinese. 138 | - **IPA-U**: The broad transcription of fairly conservative varieties by unt[1]. 139 | - **IPA-L**: The broad transcription of younger speakers in Beijing by Wai-Sum Lee & Eric Zee[2]. 140 | 141 | # References 142 | 143 | 1. unt. [新老派普通话的宽严式记音（含儿化韵）](https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/38258415). 144 | 2. Wai-Sum Lee, Eric Zee. [Standard Chinese (Beijing)](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association/article/standard-chinese-beijing/050A393AF2D3C325E3C6796FE8CA99A3). *Journal of the International Phonetic Association*, **2003**, *33* (1): 109–112. 145 | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- /ʼPhags-pa.md: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 | # ʼPhags-pa Script / 八思巴字 2 | 3 | | No. | ʼPhags-pa | 照那斯图 | Coblin | IPA | 书史会要 | 字韵 No. | 蒙古字韵 | 4 | | ---- | --------- | -------- | ------ | ---- | ----------------- | -------- | -------- | 5 | | 1 | ꡀ | k | k | k | 葛 | 3 | 群 | 6 | | 2 | ꡁ | kʻ | kh | kʰ | 渴 | 2 | 溪 | 7 | | 3 | ꡂ | g | g | ɡ | 𠱥 | 1 | 見 | 8 | | 4 | ꡃ | ŋ | ng | ŋ | 誐 | 4 | 疑 | 9 | | 5 | ꡄ | tš (č) | c | tʂ | 者 | 11 | 澄, 床 | 10 | | 6 | ꡅ | tšʻ (čʻ) | ch | tʂʰ | 車 | 10 | 徹, 穿 | 11 | | 7 | ꡆ | dž (ǰ) | j | dʐ | 遮 | 9 | 知, 照 | 12 | | 8 | ꡇ | ň | ñ | ɲ | 倪 | 12 | 娘 | 13 | | 9 | ꡈ | t | t | t | 怛 | 7 | 定 | 14 | | 10 | ꡉ | tʻ | th | tʰ | 撻 | 6 | 透 | 15 | | 11 | ꡊ | d | d | d | 達 | 5 | 端 | 16 | | 12 | ꡋ | n | n | n | 那 | 8 | 泥 | 17 | | 13 | ꡌ | p | p | p | 鉢 | 15 | 並 | 18 | | 14 | ꡍ | pʻ | ph | pʰ | 癹 | 14 | 滂 | 19 | | 15 | ꡎ | b | b | b | 末 | 13 | 幫 | 20 | | 16 | ꡏ | m | m | m | 麻 | 16 | 明 | 21 | | 17 | ꡐ | ts | ts | ts | 拶 | 22 | 從 | 22 | | 18 | ꡑ | tsʻ | tsh | tsʰ | 攃 | 21 | 清 | 23 | | 19 | ꡒ | dz | dz | dz | 惹 | 20 | 精 | 24 | | 20 | ꡓ | w | w | ʋ, w | 嚩 | 19 | 微 | 25 | | 21 | ꡔ | ž | Zh | ɻ | 若 | 35 | 日 | 26 | | 22 | ꡕ | z | z | z | 薩 | 24 | 邪 | 27 | | 23 | ꡖ | ꞏ | ' | ʔ | 阿 | 30 | 影 | 28 | | 24 | ꡗ | j̊ (y) | Y | ʔj | 耶 | 31 | 影 (幺) | 29 | | 25 | ꡘ | r | | r | 囉 | | | 30 | | 26 | ꡙ | l | l | l | 羅 | 34 | 來 | 31 | | 27 | ꡚ | š₁ (š) | zh | ʐ | 設 | 26 | 禪 | 32 | | 28 | ꡛ | s | s | s | 沙 | 23 | 心 | 33 | | 29 | ꡜ | h | h, ʰ | h | 訶 | 27 | 曉 | 34 | | 30 | ꡝ | ʼ | x | ∅ | 啞 | 32 | 喻 (鱼) | 35 | | 31 | ꡞ | i | i | i | 伊 | 36 | (喻) | 36 | | 32 | ꡟ | u | u | u | 鄔 | 37 | (喻) | 37 | | 33 | ꡠ | e | e | ɛ | 翳 | 38 | (喻) | 38 | | 34 | ꡡ | o | o | ɔ | 汚 | 39 | (喻) | 39 | | 35 | ꡢ | ɢ | | q | 遐軽呼 | | | 40 | | 36 | ꡣ | ɣ | X | ɣ | 霞 | 28 | 匣 (合) | 41 | | 37 | ꡤ | hu̯ | Hw | f | 法 | 17 | 非, 奉 | 42 | | 38 | ꡥ | | | | 惡 | | | 43 | | 39 | ꡦ | ė (◌̈) | ÿ | je | 也 | 40 | (喻) | 44 | | 40 | ꡧ | u̯ | w | w | 咼 | 41 | (喻) | 45 | | 41 | ꡨ | i̯ | y | j | 耶軽呼 | 42 | (喻) | 46 | | 42 | ꡩ | ṯ | | ʈ | | | | 47 | | 43 | ꡪ | ṯʻ | | ʈʰ | | | | 48 | | 44 | ꡫ | ḏ | | ɖ | | | | 49 | | 45 | ꡬ | ṉ | | ɳ | | | | 50 | | 46 | ꡭ | j | y | j | | 33 | 喻 | 51 | | 47 | ꡮ | š₂ | sh | ʂ | | 25 | 審 | 52 | | 48 | ꡯ | ħ | H | ɣj | | 29 | 匣 | 53 | | 49 | ꡰ | ħu̯ | hw | fʰ | | 18 | 敷 | 54 | | 50 | ꡱ | r | | | | | | 55 | | 51 | ꡲ | r | | | | | | 56 | 57 | ## Field Description 58 | 59 | - **No.**: Index of ʼPhags-pa letters encoded in Unicode[1]. 60 | 61 | - **ʼPhags-pa**: ʼPhags-pa letters. 62 | - **Junast**: Transcription by Junast (照那斯图)[2–3]. Characters in brackets are used when transcribing Mongolian. 63 | - **Coblin**: Transcription by W. South Coblin[4]. 64 | - **IPA**: Reconstruction compiled by unt. Retroflex sibilants are retroflex when spelling Chinese, and are alveolo-palatal or postalveolar when spelling Mongolian. 65 | 66 | - **书史会要**: Name of letters in *Shūshǐ Huìyào* (書史會要) ([Vol. 7: p. 22a](http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Phags-pa/Images/ShushiHuiyao_7_22a.jpg)). The order is the same as the order (of first 41 letters) in Unicode. 67 | - **字韵 No.**: Index of letters as in *Měnggǔ Zìyùn* (蒙古字韵) (Vol. I: p. 7). 68 | - **蒙古字韵**: Name of letters in *Měnggǔ Zìyùn*. Names 幺, 鱼, and 合 are from Gǔjīn Yùnhuì Jǔyào* (古今韵会举要) instead of *Měnggǔ Zìyùn*. 69 | 70 | ## Notes on Characters 71 | 72 | | Use | Instead of | 73 | | ----------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------- | 74 | | ʻ `U+02BB` (Modifier Letter Turned Comma) | ‘ `U+2018` (Left Single Quotation Mark) | 75 | | ʼ `U+02BC`(Modifier Letter Apostrophe) | ’ `U+2019` (Right Single Quotation Mark) | 76 | | ꞏ `U+A78F` (Latin Letter Sinological Dot) | · `U+00B7` (Middle Dot) | 77 | 78 | ## References 79 | 80 | 1. [*Phags-pa*](https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA840.pdf). [Unicode 12.1 Character Code Charts](https://www.unicode.org/charts/). **2019**. 81 | 2. 照那斯图, 杨耐思. 蒙古字韵字母正体及转写表. 蒙古字韵校本. 北京: 民族出版社, **1987**: 7–8. 82 | 3. 宋洪民. 元代蒙、汉语言接触在喉音声母和复元音韵母上的表现——论蒙语音系对《蒙古字韵》标音体系的影响. 中国语文, **2017**, (2): 195–208. 83 | 4. W. South Coblin. Analysis and Interpretation of the 'Phags-pa Alphabet. [*A Handbook of 'Phags-Pa Chinese*](https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt6wr4xs). Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press, **2007**: 32–68. 84 | 5. [*Phags-pa Script*](http://www.babelstone.co.uk/Phags-pa/). BabelStone. **2006**. 85 | 6. [八思巴字](http://www.ccamc.org/phagspa_intro.php). 古今文字集成. 86 | 7. 照那斯图. 八思巴字蒙古语文献的语音系统. 民族语文, **2007**, (2): 44–51. 87 | 8. Turrell Wylie. [A Standard System of Tibetan Transcription](). *Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies*, **1959**, *22*: 261–267. 88 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------